LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

RIV::SIDE 


SCHOLAE    ACADEMICAE 


OR 


UNIVERSITY   STUDIES   IN   THE   EIGHTEENTH 
CENTURY 


CAMBRIDGE    UNIVERSITY   PRESS 

aoniton:    FETTER  LANE,   E.G. 

C.  F.  CLAY,  Manager 


OFfimburglj :    100,  PRINCES  STREET 

ISCTlin:    A.   ASHER  AND  CO. 

ILcipjtg:    F.  A.   BROCKHAUS 

i^cbj   liork:    G.  P.   PUTNAM'S  SONS 

ISombag  nnts  ffalctitta:    MACMILLAN  AND  CO..  Ltd. 


SCHOLAE    ACADEMICAE 

SOME   ACCOUNT   OF   THE 

STUDIES   AT  THE   ENGLISH   UNIVERSITIES 

IN  THE 

EIGHTEENTH   CENTURY 


CHRISTOPHER  WORDSWORTH,    M.A. 

SOMETniE    SCHOLAR    OF    TRINITY    COLLEGE,    CAMBRIDGE 
FELLOW    OF    PETERHOUSE 


"  Antiquam  exquirite  Matrem." — Verg. 


CAMBRIDGE: 
AT   THE   UNIVERSITY   PRE8S 

1910 


First  published  1877 
Ee-issned  1910 


All  rights  reserved 


PEEFACE. 


No  one  wlio  has  any  experience  of  the  working  and  life  of 
Cambridge  can  be  ignorant  how  completely  we  have  been 
removed  from  Cambridge  of  half  a  century  ago,  or  that  we 
have  lost  almost  the  last  glimpse  of  what  our  University, 
even  forty  years  since,  was  like. 

Not  only  has  she  changed,  as  all  that  lives  must  change, 
but  one  after  another  the  men  of  advanced  3'ears  or  of  clear 
memory  (such  as  Dr  Gilbert  Ainslie,  Francis  Martin,  Sedgwick, 
Shilleto  and  Dr  Cookson)  have  passed  away,  leaving  no  such 
memoranda  as  Gunning  or  Pryme  left,  at  least  none  which 
are  at  present  generally  accessible,  to  tell  us  what  were  the 
methods  and  processes  of  University  Study  through  which 
were  educated  the  minds  which  have  done  much  to  make  our 
University  and  our  Country  what  they  are. 

In  this  quick  transition  of  our  academical  methods,  cus- 
toms, and  institutions,  the  difficulty  becomes  intense  when  we 
set  ourselves  to  attempt  to  picture  either  of  our  Universities 
(for  the  like  holds  good  of  Oxford^)  at  a  period  removed  still 
further  from  us  by  two  or  three  generations. 

^  It  is  as  well  here  (as  elsewhere)  to  apprise  the  Reader  that  in  the  names  of 
persons  or  colleges  mentioned  in  this  volume  the  italic  ti/jye  has  been  reservetl 
(except  where  no  confusion  was  anticipated,  e.g.  on  pp.  140 — 142,  or  in  a  reprint) 
for  those  which  belong  to  Oxford  or  some  foreign  seminary. 

w.  b 


VI  TREFACE. 

Though  I  am  conscious  how  unworthy  my  work  is  of  the 
Universities,  to  the  knowledge  of  whose  history  I  desire  even 
remotely  to  contribute,  I  have  endeavoured  to  collect  in  this 
volume  some  of  the  materials  which  are  requisite  for  a  faithful 
account  of  Cambridge  and  Oxford  in  the  Eighteenth  Century. 
These  lay  scattered  and  isolated,  partly  in  memoirs  and  mis- 
cellaneous publications,  and  I  have  taken  some  pains  to  bring 
to  light  some  of  the  secrets  of  University  history  and  of 
literary  lore  which  have  lain  dormant  in  manuscripts,  known 
perhaps  to  a  few,  and  read,  it  may  be,  by  fewer. 

The  Table  of  Contents  and  the  Index  will  enable  the  curious 
to  use  the  volume  as  a  book  of  reference. 

The  following  method  of  arrangement  has  been  adopted : 
Six  chapters  (it — vii)  are  devoted  to  the  history  and 
method  of  the  old  Cambridge  test  and  examination  for  the 
first  degree  in  Arts,  and  of  mathematics,  the  study  predomi- 
nant ;  after  which  a  place  is  given  (ch.  viii)  to  the  '  trivials  * 
(grammar,  logic  and  rhetoric),  which  under  the  more  ancient 
regime  led  the  undergraduate  on  his  four  years'  march.  Classics 
and  Moral  Philosophy,  the  subsidiary  studies  of  the  old  Tripos 
(X,  xi),  close  this  portion  of  the  work. 

The  elements  of  professional  education  are  next  considered, 
viz.  Law  (ch.  Xi),  with  which  Oxford  has  taught  us  to  associate 
modern  history,  thereby  encouraging  us  to  give  a  place  to 
the  complete  equipment  of  a  man  of  the  world  (xii). 

Oriental  Studies  (xiii)  supply  so  much  of  the  special  edu- 
cation of  a  Divine  as  can  be  well  divorced  from  the  topic 
of  Religious  Life,  which  is  not  here  under  our  consideration. 
The  elementary  methods  of  the  Physician's  education  are 
described  in  five  chapters  (xiv — xviii)  on  physics,  anatomy, 
chemistry,  mineralogy  and  botany. 


PREFACE.  VU 

Special  qualification  for  the  second  degree  in  Arts,  though 
barely  recognized  at  Cambridge,  was  more  fully  developed  at 
Oxford  (xix) ;  but  its  antient  '  qiiadrivial'  subjects  were  cither 
neglected,  studied  independently  as  music  (xx),  or  anticipated 
in  the  course  of  astronomy,  &c.  (xxi). 

The  concluding  chapter  (xxii)  is  miscellaneous  and  sup- 
plementary ;  while  the  nine  Appendices  contain  documents 
relating  chiefly  to  old  courses  and  schemes  of  study,  methods 
of  examination  and  disputations,  honorary  degrees,  Cambridge 
University  Calendars,  and  the  University  Press.  A  collection 
of  undergraduates'  letters  will  probably  interest  several  readers 
as  they  have  beguiled  me  in  transcribing  them. 

In  producing  the  present  publication  I  have  been  enabled, 
by  the  generosity  of  the  Syndics  of  the  Cambridge  University 
Press,  to  complete  the  second  of  three  works  on  University 
Life  and  Studies  in  England  daring  the  Eighteenth  Century, 
which  Avere  announced  in  the  Preface  to  a  book  on  Social 
Life,  published  by  Messrs  Deighton,  Bell  and  Co.  in  1874,  in 
compliance  with  the  provision  for  the  Le  Bas  Essay  prize. 

That  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  the  materials  which 
I  have  collected  and  published  already  will  be  worked  up  and 
turned  to  good  account  by  one  Avho  is  well  qualified  for  the 
task,  I  have  good  reason  to  hope. 

For  the  present  I  will  record  my  thanks  to  the  Kev,  Pro- 
fessor John  E.  B.  Mayor  of  S.  John's,  and  to  Mr  H.  Jackson  of 
Trinity,  who  with  great  patience  and  kindness  have  suggested 
improvements  and  corrections  while  the  sheets  have  been  pass- 
ing through  the  press:  to  Mr  H.  Bradshaw  of  King's,  the 
University  Librarian,  and  to  the  past  and  present  Librarians 
of  Gonville  and  Caius  College  ;  to  the  Rev.  H.  R.  Liuard,  the 
University  Registrary,  to   Professor  T.  WK.  Hughes,  Mr  J. 


yui  PREFACE. 

W.  L.  Glaislier,  and  tlic  Rev.  Ri.  Apploton  of  Trinity,  to  the 
Rev.  T.  G.  Bonney  of  S.  John's,  to  Mr  R.  L.  Bensly  of  Gon- 
ville  and  Caius,  and  to  Mr  J.  D.  Hamilton  Dickson  and  the 
Rev.  Arthur  Lloyd  of  Peterhouse,  as  well  as  to  the  Rev.  Pro- 
fessor J.  R.  T.  Eaton  of  Merton,  the  Rev.  Professor  T.  Fowler 
of  Lincoln,  and  the  Worshipful  Walter  G.  F.  Phillimore  of  All 
Souls  College,  Oxon.,  for  criticizing  or  supplementing  certain 
sections  or  passages ;  to  the  Rev.  H.  G.  Jebb,  rector  of  Chet- 
wynd,  and  to  Mr  F.  Madan,  fellow  of  Brasenose  College,  as 
well  as  to  Professor  John  E.  B.  Mayor,  the  Rev.  W.  G.  Searle 
of  Queens',  and  Mr  J.  W.  Clark  of  Trinity,  for  their  liberality 
in  communicating  papers  or  MS.  collections  in  their  possession. 

My  obligations  to  books  are,  I  hope,  sufficiently  expressed 
in  the  text  and  notes  of  this  work,  unless  it  be  to  Mr  Thompson 
Cooper's  New  Biographical  Dictionary  (1873),  a  work  of  most 
agreeable  comprehensiveness. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  VXCE 

I.         General  Introduction 1 — 15 

Libraries.     Uffenbach 3 

College  Lectures  . 11 

Gibbon  and  Gentlemen-commoners  ...  15 

IL        The  Tripos,  name  and  thing 16 — 21 

III.  The  Sophs'  Schools  before  1765  ....  22—31 

A.  de  la  Piyme 23 

Ei.  Langliton,  Byrom        ......  25 

Dr  Paris  and  Anstey  ......         26 

Cumberland,  Chafin,  and  Fenn         .         ,        ,        .  27 — 31 

IV.  Acts  and  Opponencies  after  1772 32 — 43 

Scholastic  latinity 40 — -13 

V.  The  Senate-House 44r— 58 

VI.  The  Admission  of  Questionists.    Huddling         -        .  59 — 63 

VII.  The  Mathematicks 64—81 

Introduction  of  Newton  .....  65 

Clarke,  Whiston,  Nic.  Saunderson,  Ei.  Laughton,  &c., 

Waring,  &c 67—71 

Anti-Newtonianism 69 

Oxford  opinion 71,  72 

The  limits  of  reading 73—77 

Mathematical  Test-books 78—81 

VIII.  The  Trivial  Arts 82-89 

Grammar 83,  84 

Logick 84—87 

Ehetorick 87—89 

IX.       Humanity 90-119 

Foreign  Classical  Scholars  and  Reviews,  Kuster,  Euhn- 

ken,  Wyttenbach,  &c 92—119 

English  Magazines 96—98 


X  CONTENTS. 

CHAI'TEB  PA02 

Frankfort-on-Oder  Jubilee 98,  99 

Publick-Scbools,  Wixichester  and  Westminster,  Vin- 
cent Bourne,  latin  verse  .....  100 — 104 
Quantity  and  Pronunciation  .....  10.5 — 109 
I'orson  and  Greek  verse  .....  112 — 115 
Aristotle,  Xenopbou,  Cicero,  Greek  Plays,  &c.  .  .  116 
Lack  of  Examination  in  Greek  ....  110,  117 
Classical  books  at  the  end  of  the  century  .        .         .  118,  119 

X.        Morals  and  Casuistry 120 — 134 

Text-books 121,  122 

A  Short  and  Easy  Way  at  Oxford           .        .        .  123 

Aristotle  and  Descartes        ......  124 

Locke's  Essay            .......  12G 

Paley,  and  Philosophical  Essays           ....  128 

Text-books 129—132 

Casuistiy 132—184 

XL      LawI 135—146 

Canon 135—138 

Civil 139—142 

Common  (and  Civil)             142 — 145 

International             146 

XII.       Modern  Studies 147—161 

History      .        •        .         .        .        .   -     .         .        ,  147 

The  King's  Modem  Professors  and  Scholars       .         .  148 — 152 

Political  Philosophy  and  Economy           .         .        .  151,  152 

Modern  Languages        .......  153 

Travellers  and  Travelling  Studentships            .         .  154—156 

Wits  and  Poets 156 — 158 

Antiquaries        ........  158 

Saxonists 159—161 

XIII.  Oriental  Studies ^ 162—170 

at  Cambridge 103—167 

at  Oxford 107—170 

XIV.  PnvsiCK^     . 171—181 

XV.  Anatomy 182—186 

XVI.  Chemistry 187 — 195 

XVn.      Geology  and  Mineralogy 196 — 201 

Ballad  on  E.  D.  Clarke      .            .....  199—201 

1  See  also  pp.  264,  265.  -  -  See  pp.  266—268. 

3    Sf>f>  nlsr>  11    9.0 J. 


Sec  also  p.  204. 


CONTENTS. 


XI 


CHAPTER 

XVin.  Botany: 

at  Oxford 

List  of  PuhUcatioiis 

at  Cambridge 

List  of  Publications 


XIX, 


XX. 


The  Degree  of  M.A '   . 

The  Oxford  Course           ..... 
The  M.A.  Examination — Statute 
Vioesimus  Knox  on  the  Oxford  Course   . 
[Prof.]  Conington's  sagacious  remarks  on  Oxford 
Cambridge 


and 


MrsicK  ...... 

Graduate  Anthem- Writers 

Ballad  on  Ld.  Sandwich's  Concert 


XXI.      Astronomy 

Cambridge  Text-books,  cir.  1730 

List  of  Mathematical  Publications  (1731- 


-1800) 


XXII.     Conclusion 

Work  at  Oxford,  and  Cambridge  (cir.  1793) 
Hard  reading         ...... 

The  Tutorial  System  .... 

Suspicions  of  Partiality         .... 

Private  Tutors.     Tutorial  Fees 
Professorships,  Privileges  and  Disabilities    . 
SupiJlementary  notes  to 

chapters  xi,  xiv  (Law  and  Physick) 
and  XIII  (Orientalists) 


PAGE 

202-212 
203—206 
206,  207 
207—212 
208,  209 

213-234 
215—221 

222 227 

228—233 

233,  234 

235-240 

237,  238 
238—240 

241-251 
248,  249 
249—251 

252-270 

253 — 256 

257,  258 

259 

260,  261 

261,  262 

262,  263 

264,  265 
266—268 


APPENDICES. 

i.         Kelliquiae  Comitiales  ex  codd.  Caiensibus  ms.tis  .       273—288 

Duporti  Praevaricatio  desiderata.     1631.1     ^  ,         _    273 — 286 

Shcphcardi  Musica  Praelectio,  Terrae-Filius,  et  Philo- 

sophus  Kespondens  Raleigh.     Oxon.  1615  .         287,  288 

ii.         Letters   from  Persons  in   Statu  Pupillari   at  Cambridge 

170^-1791 289—329 

W.  Eeneu  (Jes.)   to  J.  Strype,  &c.  .        .         .        290—312 

T.  Goodwin  &  T.  Hinckesman  (Trin.)  to  S.  Jebb  312,  315,  318,  319 
J.  Hinckesman  (Queens')  to  S.  Jebb  .  .  313,  314,  316—318 
W.  Gooch  (Caius),  Letters,  accounts,  &'C.  .         .         .    319—329 

1  The   ground   or  excuse  for  printing  this  17th  century  document  iu  the 
present  collection  will  bo  found  stated  below  on  p.  273, 


XU  CONTENTS. 

APPENDIX  PAOK 

iii.       A  Stubknt's  Guide  1706—1710 330—337 

*  Advico  to  a  young  Student'  [l)y  D.  Watcrland  (Magd.)]^ 

iv.        'E7Ki'/c\o7rat5e/a,  or  A  Method  of  lustmcting  Pui^ilB,  1707, 

by  Dr  Eo.  Green  of  Clare  Hall  .        .         .  338—342 

V.         Trinity  College  Examinations 343 — 351 

for  Fellowships 343—310 

Scholarships 346,  3-47 

Directions  for  Study  for  T.  Zouch  (17;"5r))  .        .  347,  348 

Esaminatiou  Paper  for  Fellowships  (1797)      .        .  348,  349 

Freshmen  (1799)    .        .         .  350,  351 

vL        St  John's  College  Examinations  (1765—1775)     .        .       352—356 
Old  Examination  Paper  from  a  MS.  in  Gonville  and 

Caius  Coll.  Library 357 

vii.       Antiquities  of  the  Tkipos  Lists  and  Calendaes         .       358 — 367 
Proctors'  Optimes,  Honorary  and  ^grotat  Degrees    .    358 — 362 
A  Junior  Proctor's  Paper  (1752)      ....        363,  364 
Notes  on  the  earliest  Cambridge  Calendars        .         .    364 — 365 
Cover  of  the  Calendar  for  1802       ....  366 

A  few  peculiarities  of  later  editions    ....         367 

viii.       Antiquities  of  the  Schools  from  MSS.  in  Gonville  and 

Caius  Coll.  (1772—1792) 368—376 

Specimens  of  the  Arguments  at  the  Acts  .        .    369 — 374 

Names  of  Disputants '.        374,  375 

Theses  or  Questions 375,  376 

is.        Annals  of  the  Cambridge  Press 377 — 393 

Chronological  List  of  Classical  and  other  works 

produced  from  the  Universities  (1701 — 1800)  .  394 — 417 

Index 418—435 


^  This  tract,  or  one  with  the  same  full  title,  is  ascribed  in  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit, 
985  i.  to  W.  Wotton,  D.D.,  author  of  Reflexions  on  Antient  and  Modern  Learn- 
ing, who  graduated  B.A.  at  Catharine-hall  in  1679,  and  subsequently  gained  a 
fellowship  at  S.  John's  and  a  prebend  at  Salisbury. 


UNIVEESITY    STUDIES. 


CHAPTER  I. 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION.      LIBRARIES   AND   LECTURES. 

'  Books  were  there 
Right  many,  and  in  seeming  fair. 
But  who  knows  what  tliereiu  might  be 
'Twixt  board  and  board  of  oaken  tree  ? ' 

The  Ring  given  to   Venus.— W.  Morris. 

The  eighteenth  century  is  hardly  far  enough  removed  from  us 
to  be  canonized  among  '  the  good  old  times,'  and  the  tradition 
of  abuses  which  have  been  since  reformed  or  partially  reformed, 
is  sufficiently  strong  an  advocatus  diaholi  to  deter  us  even  from 
beatifying  it. 

Nevertheless,  if  we  search  into  its  records,  wx  shall,  I  be- 
lieve, find  no  lack  of  interest  in  them,  though  in  form  (with  the 
exception  of  such  books  as  Boswell's  Johnson)  they  are  apt  to 
be  almost  repulsive. 

Considering  the  two  great  shocks  which  England  had  .sus- 
tained in  the  preceding  sixty  years,  the  last  century,  or  at  least 
the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  might  be  said  to  have  opened  hope- 
fully. 

Politically  there  was  not  sufficient  cause  for  either  Jacobite 

or  Whig  to  despair  for  the  future  ;  the  star  of  the  national  army 

and  navy  was  in  the  ascendant,  and  our  commercial  prospects 

had    markedly    impi'oved    even    before    the    Revolution.      The 

w.  1 


2  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Church  was  improved  in  temporalities  by  the  Queen,  in  re- 
spect both  of  her  fabrics  and  of  her  poverty-stricken  clergy  :  the 
Lower  House  of  Convocation  was  making  efforts  to  revive  eccle- 
siastical discipline,  and  to  repress  immorality.  The  venerable 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge  had  originated  in 
1699 :  a  branch  of  it  was  already  doing  missionary  work  in  the 
plantations  of  Maryland,  and  received  a  charter  in  1701  as  the 
Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel.  Hammond  and 
Jeremy  Taylor  were  dead,  but  Lake  and  Ken  both  lived,  and 
the  works  of  all  of  them  were  keeping  alive  a  secret,  but  a  very- 
clear  and  strong,  flame  in  the  hearts  of  some  of  our  men  and 
women. 

In  the  province  of  literature,  which  more  nearly  concerns 
our  present  subject,  matters  were  even  more  hopeful,  except  in 
the  department  of  amusement,  where  Steele  and  Addison  had 
not  yet  produced  their  wares  as  a  set-off  against  the  pernicious 
artificial  comedy,  nor  had  the  Spectator  as  yet  drawn  the  atten- 
tion of  the  public  to  the  charms  of  Shakespeare  and  Milton. 

Clarendon's  History  of  the  Rebellion,  destined  to  become  a 
source  of  twofold  advantage  to  his  own  university,  came  out 
in  1702 — 1^ ;  while  Burnet's  'romance,'  as  the  .staunch  Church- 
men called  it,  had  reached  its  second  volume. 

Sir  Isaac  Newton  had  published  his  Principia  in  1687,  and 
John  Locke  his  Essay  in  1689  : — which  two  works  were  to 
mould  the  mind  of  Cambridge  for  the  coming  century. 

John  Ray  had  published  his  important  works,  and  was  alive 
imtil  1705,  two  years  before  the  birth  of  Linnaeus.  Robert 
Boyle  had  died  at  the  end  of  1691. 

Among  the  'heads'  at  Oxford  the  most  noted  was  John  Mill, 
principal  of  S.  Edmund  Hall.  To  him  Richard  Bentley  ad- 
dressed an  Epistle  in  1690,  and  after  publishing  Boyle  Lectures 
and  Dissertations  on  Phalaris,  was  installed  master  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  Feb.  1,  1699—1700.  To  his  activity,  as 
much  as  to  the  writings  of  Newton  and  Locke,  we  may  attri- 
bute the  revival  of  Cambridge  studies  since  the  Revolution. 

When  Zachary  Conrad  von  Uffenbach  visited  the  English 
Universities  in  the  summer  of  1710,  few  things  seem  to  have 
impressed  him  so  much  as  the  wretched  state  in  which  most  of 
the  college  libraries  were  kept. 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION.      LIBRARIES   AND    LECTURES.         3 

The  great  exception,  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  say,  was  the 
noble  library  of  Trinity  College. 

But  even  here  the  librarian  knew  little  of  his  charge,  while 
at  the  smaller  colleges  the  condition  of  things  was  most  de- 
plorable. In  '  Tschies  Colledge,'  (Kdse  Collegium)  as  his  servant 
called  the  enlarged  foundation  of  Gonville,  the  librarian  was  not 
to  be  found,  and  all  the  books  that  were  to  be  seen  were  in  a 
miserable  attic  haunted  by  pigeons ^  and  so  dusty  that  the 
German  was  forced  to  take  off  his  ruffles^ 

So  of  the  other  colleges,  with  a  few  exceptions.  In  one  he 
noticed  that  the  illuminated  initials  had  been  snipt  recklessly 
out  of  a  manuscript  of  Aulus  Geliius.  But,  alas  !  '  Pembrocks- 
Colledge'  is  not  the  only  place  at  Cambridge  where  this  bar- 
barity has  been  committed  ;  nor  is  the  Vatican  the  only  library 
where  the  keeper  has  turned  a  dishonest  penny  by  selling  the 
paintings  from  tlie  vellum.  We  can  sympathize  with  Uflfen- 
bach's  blunt  aheat  in  malam  crucem  talis  Bihliothecarius^ !  But 
what  should  we  think  now-a-days  if  Bodley's  librarian  employed 
his  time  as  Hudson  did  in  disturbing  the  readers  with  a  noisy 
'he!  he!  he!'  or  in  making  a  profit  from  the  sale  of  duplicates ? 
We  should  not  then  be  surprised  to  find  that  the  under-libra- 
rians,  ill-paid  and  well-worked  like  master  Crab  and  Tom 
Hearne,  looked  anxiously  lest  they  should  lose  the  expected 

1  111  T.  Baker's  Act  at  Oxford  (1704)  Small  blame  to  chapters  cut  down  to 
one  of  the  characters  talks  of  putting  four  or  five  clergymen.' —  Quarterly 
up  his  horses  in  the  College  Library  at  Jiev.  cclix.  249,  250.  In  Peteihouse 
Balliol  on  that  festive  occasion.  library  the  gUding  &c.  of  some  of  the 

2  Ulienbach,  Eeisen  in.  13  &c.  (Ulm,  initials  of  Fust  and  Schaeffer's  Latin 
1754).  Bible  (Mentz,  1462)  has  been  scratched 

3  I6id.  III.  59,  CO;  cp.  37.  'A  great  and  mutilated  in  days  when  even 
bibliographer  relates  with  glee  how  by  choristers  were  allowed  free  access  to 
a  present  of  some  splendidly  bound  the  room,  which  was  in  sad  disorder 
modern  books  he  obtained  possession  of  when  Uffenbach  \'isited  it,  Aug.  7, 
the  chief  treasures  of  a  certain  cathedral  1710.  One  of  the  offenders  (a  fresh- 
library.  In  that  library  you  j^et  may  man  or  a  jimior  sojih)  has  left  not 
tm"n  over  volume  after  volume  out  of  only  his  name  but  the  date  of  his 
which  the  illuminations  have  been  indenture  in  the  burnished  gold — 
sliced  by   the   penknives   of  visitors.  [Jacques]  '  Spearman,  1732'. 

In  that  library  you  still  see  strata  as  Dr.W.  Stanley, ox-masterofC.C.C.C, 

it  were  of  collections — plenteous  ore  in  printed  (at  Bowyer's)  in  1722,  at  his 

one  generation  from  folios  to  broad-  own  expense,  a  catalogue  of  the  Parker 

sheets,  in  the  next  teiiuix  ar()iUa.  .  .  .  MSS.whicli  Nasniith  improved  in  1774. 

1—2 


4  L'NIVEII.SITV    STUDIES. 

douceur.  When  such  days  return  we  may  expect  to  see,  as 
Uffenbach  saw  tliem,  the  country  folk  staring  in  amazement  at 
the  Bodleian  'like  a  cow  at  a  new  gate\' 

With  Mr  W.  Dunn  Macray's  Annals  of  the  Bodleian  Li- 
hraty,  Oxford  before  us,  we  cannot  complain  that  there  is  lack 
of  information  about  the  past  history  of  that  institution.  Some- 
thing of  the  same  kind  on  a  smaller  scale  has  been  contributed 
in  behalf  of  the  Cambridge  University  Library  by  Mr  Bradshaw ; 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  he  will  not  allow  this  to  remain  in  so 
inaccessible  a  place  as  the  pages  of  the  Universitrj  Gazette"^ 
of  18G9.  In  1870  Mr  Luard  edited  for  the  university  a 
Chronological  List  of  the  Graces,  Documents,  &c.  which  concern 
the  Library. 

In  Isaac  Casaubon's  time  (1613)  the  Bodleian  collection  w-as 
meagre,  but  was  more  conveniently  open  for  readers  than  those 
of  Paris.  Its  apjiearance  in  1691  is  described  by  Mrs  Alicia 
D'Anvers  in  Academia :  or  the  Humours  of  the  university  of 
Oxford  in  Burlesque  Verse  (pjD.  20 — 23).  Its  arrangement  had 
varied  little  from  what  it  was  about  1675  when  David  Loggan 
sketched  it  for  his  Oxonia  Illustrata,  the  duodecimos  on  the 
lower  shelves,  the  folios  with  chains  at  the  top^ 

But  in  the  more  important  respect  of  its  contents  it  was  in 
Hearne's  time  (1714)  double  what  it  had  been  when  Casaubon 
was  at  Oxford  a  century  before,  i.  e.  at  the  latter  date  its  manu- 
scripts were  5916,  and  printed  books  30169. 

Uffenbach  spent  about  two  months  at  Oxford  in  the  autumn 
of  1710,  and  some  of  his  impressions  of  the  Bodleian  have  been 
translated  by  Mr  Macray  from  the  Commercium  Epistolare.  A 
no  less  curious  account,  to  which  I  have  already  made  allusion, 
is  contained  in  his  German  diary*,  of  which  professor  Mayor's 
summary  is  tarrying  in  the  press.  L^ffenbach  seems  to  have 
little  higher  opinion  of  'bookseller'  Hudson  and   Crabb  than 


1  Ihid.  III.  88, '  wie  eine  Kuh  ein  neii  the  back :   they  were  arranged  in  the 

Thor  ansahen.'    Cp.  157.  shelves  with  their  fore-edge  outward, 

*  Nos.  IX— sv.    pp.  69,   77,  85,  93,  and  on  it  was  written  the  name  or 

101,109,117.  class-mark.   At  Peterhonse  a  catalogue 

3  Cp.  the  Guardian,  No.  lx.  (1713).  of  each  shelf  was  written  on  the  oaken 

The  hooks  m  libraries  doA\-n  to  the  be-  panel  at  its  end. 

ginuuig  of  last  century  had  no  titles  on  ''  Eciscn  iii.  87 — 179. 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTIOX.      LIBRARIES   AND   LECTURES.  o 

Hearue  himself  had,  but  he  commends  the  latter,  and  notices 
his  great  share  (and  Crabb's)  in  the  new  catalogue  which  came 
out  eventually  in  1738  (2  vols.)  with  no  mention  of  him  whatever. 
Uffenbach  includes  all  three  officials  in  the  charge  of  over- 
anxiety  for  fees  :  but  it  must  be  admitted  that  they  were  miser- 
ably under-paid.  After  the  foreigner  had  got  formal  admission 
as  a  reader  he  made  his  first  regular  visit,  which  he  describes 
after  the  following  sort : — I  asked  the  way  to  the  Baroccian 
mss. ;  Mr  Crabb  told  me  that  he  would  bring  me  any  ms.  I  re- 
quired ;  I  told  him  that  I  wished  to  go  through  the  principal 
mss.  by  the  catalogue  and  make  notes  of  each.  At  last  he 
agreed  to  go  up  with  me  if  I  would  give  him  a  good  present. 
So  I  was  fain  to  open  my  purse  and  give  him  a  guinea.  I  pre- 
ferred giving  the  profit  to  him,  diesem  armen  Teufel,  rather 
than  to  the  head-librarian  Hudson  ;  for  first  I  must  have  given 
him  more,  and  next  I  should  have  seen  less ;  for  he  does  not 
always  stay  to  the  end :  whereas  Mr  Crahh  is  poking  about  the 
whole  time.  Next  morning  I  wished  to  return  to  the  Baroc- 
cian mss. ;  but  as  IVIr  Crahh  was  occupied  with  strangers  and 
had  much  besides  to  do,  I  turned  over  the  register  of  donations. 
It  was  probably  most  unfortunate  for  the  library  that 
Hearne,  its  most  devoted  worker,  was' excluded  on  some  paltry 
charge  of  Jacobitism  in  1715.  Between  1730  and  1740  we 
learn^  that  many  days  passed  without  there  being  a  single 
reader  in  Bodley,  and  rarely  above  two  books  per  diem  were 
consulted,  whereas  about  1G48-50  the  average  was  above  a 
dozen.  In  1787  complaints  were  formally  lodged  against  the 
librarian  for  neglect  and  incivility  by  Dr  T.  Beddocs  {Pemh.) 
the  chemistry  reader.  New  rules  were  drawn  up,  and  matters 
began  to  improve^  about  1789.     In  1794  we  find  the  curators 

1  Macray,  152.  The  advantage  wliich  Works  i.  5.3).     It  was  not  until  18-29 

undergi-aduates  enjoyed  of  easy  access  that  B.A.s  were  allowed  to  have  books 

to  the  Bodleian  and  other  libraries  on  out  of  the  Cambridge  hbrary,  after  a 

theii-  tutors'  introduction  is  insisted  on  two  years'  struggle  for  the  privilege, 

by  prof.  Bentham  (Divinity  Leetureg,  In  1833  some  rules  were  printed  re- 

p.  37)  in  1774,  and  by  Philalethes  in  lating  to  the  admission  of  undergrad- 

answer  (p.  7)  to  V.  Knox's  misstate-  uates,  and  in  183-1  it  was  ordered  that 

ments,    6  Feb.   1790.      Gibbon,   as   a  they  should  ring  a  bell  before  entering 

gentleman-commoner,    had   a  key  of  the  library. 

Magdalen     hbrary     in     1752     {Misc.  ^  Macray 's  Aniuils,  75,  152. 


6  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

in  consultation  with  tlie  librarians  of  tlie  colleges  respecting 
scarce  books*,  &c. 

Uffenbach  had  visited  the  Cambridge  public  library  a  fort- 
night before  he  went  to  Oxford.  In  those  days,  when  the 
present  Catalogue-room  was  still  the  Senate-house,  our  col- 
lection of  books  was,  as  he  saw  it,  contained  in  'two  mean 
rooms  of  moderate  size.  In  the  first  on  the  left-hand  side  are 
the  printed  books,  but  very  ill  arranged,  in  utter  confusion. 
The  catalogue  is  only  alphabetical,  and  lately  compiled  on  the 
basis  of  the  Bodleian  catalogue.  It  is  also  local,  indicating 
where  the  books  are  to  be  sought.  In  the  second  room,  which 
is  half  empty,  there  were  some  more  printed  books,  and  then 
the  MSS.,  of  which,  however,  we  could  see  nothing  well,  because 
the  librarian,  Dr  Laughton  (or  as  they  pronounce  it,  Laffton), 
was  absent;  which  vexed  me  not  a  little,  as  Dr  Ferrari  highly 
extolled  his  great  learning  and  courtesy.  Rara  avis  in  Ids 
terris. 

*  We  met  here  however  by  accident  the  librarian  of  St 
Johns  library,  Mr  Baker,  a  very  friendly  and  learned  man, 
by  whose  help  we  saw  several  other  things ;  for  otherwise  the 
maid,  who  had  opened  the  door  and  was  with  us,  would  have 
been  able  to  shew  us  but  little.'  He  describes  the  Codex 
Bezse,  some  Anglo-Saxon  MSS.,  which  he  saw,  and  an  untidy 
drawer  of  miscellaneous  coins.  The  under  library-keeper,  who 
was  there,  gave  him  a  leaf  of  an  imperfect  codex  of  Josephus 
written  with  thick  ink,  as  a  curiosity  to  take  away^ ! 

We  cannot  but  look  with  envy  upon  the  donation-book 
and  enriched  catalogues  of  the  Bodleian.  Although  the  Gough 
and  Douce  collections  did  not  come  in  until  the  present 
century  (1809,  and  1834),  yet  Hi.  RawUnsons  (including 
Hearne's  curious  papers)  was  acquired  in  175.5,  and  the 
(original)  Godwyn  collection  was  imported  in  1770.  But  beside 
these,  numerous  smaller  legacies,  &c.  came  pouring  in  from 
Locke,  Hody,  Narcissus  Marsh,  South,  and  Grabe  (1704 — 24), 
Tanner  (173G),  J.  Walker  (1754),  and  Browne  Willis  in  1760 : 
— not  to  mention  many   other   less    eminent    donors.     Mean- 

'  Macray's  Annuls,  p.  200.  70 — 75.  81.     Baker,  Ferrari  aud  Ncw- 

-  Eiisen   iii.   p.  20   (prof.   Mayor's      come   enriched    St  Jolin's  library  in 
version,   p.   110).       Also   pp.   33—40,       1740,  '14,  '65. 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION.      LIBRARIES   AND   LECTURES.         7 

while  Cambridge  came  off  very  poorly,  wlietlier  because  she 
did  not  make  such  graceful  speeches  to  her  benefactors,  or 
because  the  inexorable  care  with  which  Bodley  kept  the  books 
within  his  walls  pleased  book-collectors  better  than  the  ex- 
cessively accommodating  open-handedness'  wherewith  we  lent, 
and  practically  gave  away  our  treasures, — or  from  whatever 
cause,  I  cannot  say.  Since  Holds  worth's  books  in  1649  and 
Hackett's  in  1G70  Cambridge  acquired  no  considerable  collec- 
tions wdth  one  grand  exception^  and  her  treatment  of  that 
one  was  not  very  encouraging  to  future  donors. 

In  September,  1710,  Sherlock  received  an  announcement 
from  Lord  Townshend  that  King  George  I.  was  about  to  present 
to  the  University  (whether  out  of  regard  to  whiggish^  ration- 
ality or  ignorance,  the  party  wits  could  not  agree)  the  valuable 
library  of  the  late  Bishop  Moore  of  Ely,  which  he  had  pur- 
chased for  GOOO  guineas.  This  collection  exceeded  the  number 
of  thirty  thousand  volumes  (including  1790  MSS.),  and  was  more 
than  double  of  the  existing  stock  of  our  University  Library. 

In  the  course  of  fifteen  years  a  new  Senate-house*  was 
built  in  order  to  set  free  the  present  catalogue-room  for  the 
reception  of  this  noble  gift;    but,   as   Mr  Bradshaw   says,   it 

'  The  convenience  of  our  system  was  poraiy  account  is  given  bj'  Eeneu  to 

appreciated  by  the  learned   Oxonian,  Strype  in  an  appendix  to  this  Tolume : 

Humphrey  Wauley,  in  1699.  He  testi-  but  it  was  not  until  a  century  later 

fies  thus   (Ellis'  Letters  of  Lit.  Men,  that  this  part  of  the  fimd  was  applied 

289) :    '  The  truth  is,  the   Cambridge  to  this  object.     It  is  now  worth  about 

gentlemen  are  extremely  coiu'teous  and  a  thousand  pounds   annually  to  the 

obliging,  and,  excepting  those  of  Ben-  library. 

net  College  [where  they  were  bound  by  ^  It  is  curious  that  in  1718,  the  year 

sterner  laws  than  the  Bodleian],  I  can  of  Beutley's  degradation,  Philip  Brooke 

borrow  what  books  I  please.'     The  in-  (Joh.)  the  librarian   was   admonished 

convenient  part  of  the  Oxford  conserva-  for  neglect  in  July  and  resigned  under 

live  system  is  much  relieved  by  the  a  charge  of  want  of  loyalty  in  Decem- 

use  of  the  'camera,'  and  the  liberty  ber,  and  the  V.-C.(Gooch)  was  inhibited 

which  the  curators  now  have  to  lend  by  the  proctor   Towers  on  the  same 

out  MSS.  and  rare  books  when  really  plea  for  his  leniency  in  dealing  with 

wanted ;  while  the  peril  attcutling  our  him. 

Cambridge  liberty  has  been  diminished  *  An  account  of  expenses  of  building 

of  late  years  by  a  wholesale  draught-  the  senate-house,  17'2'2 — 32,  is  in  Cains 

ing-off  of   the  rarer  books  into   sur-  Coll.  Library,  MS.  621,  No.  10.     Also 

veillancc.  for  fm'ther  completion,  1767 — 9,  ibid. 

2  We  might  mention  also  the  Worts'  MS.  601  ( =  339  red),  No.  53  ;  JIS.  602 

benefaction  (1709),  of  which  a  coutcm-  ( =  278  red).  No.  6 ;  and  MS.  621,  N<\  16. 


UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 


was  '  upwards  of  five  and  thirty  years  before  the  new  library 
was  ready  for  use,  and  during  that  time  the  pillage  was  so 
unlimited  that  the  only  wonder  is  that  we  have  any  valuable 
books  left.'  When  at  last  the  arrangement  was  completed 
(July,  1752)  the  MSS.  were  bundled  into  shelves  with  no  care 
or  order\  though  a  respectable  inventory  was  made  of  them. 

At  the  same  period  (iT-lS)  no  less  than  902  volumes  were 
reported  as  missing  from  the  old  library,  so  that  our  loss  was 
not  only  from  Bishop  Moore's  collection.  Yet  in  that  very 
year  the  new  '  Orders  for  the  publick  library '  gave  readers 
freedom  of  access  to  the  books.  Indeed  it  was  not  until  1809 
that  any  special  restriction  was  put  upon  the  borrowing  of 
MSS.  The  result  was  that  at  the  review  of  the  library  in 
1772  a  large  number  of  rare  books  were  not  forthcoming. 
Graduates  were  convicted  of  stealing  books  in  1731  and  1736 ; 
and  in  1846  J.  Dearie  was  transported  for  the  same  offence. 


1  The  following  extracts  from  T. 
Baker's  letters  to  J.  Strype  in  1715 
and  the  following  years,  maybe  thought 
interesting. 

Univ.  Camb.  MS.  Add.  10,  No.  95. 
♦  Cambr.  Oct.  6«i  [1715]  You  see  our 
university  flourisheth,  by  the  King's 
Koyall  bounty.  It  is  indeed  a  noble 
gift,  I  wish  we  may  finde  as  noble  a 
Eepository  to  lodge  it  in,  wch  is  much 
talkt  of,  and  I  hope  will  be  effected. 
In  the  mean  while  I  doubt  it  will  be 
some  time  before  I  can  have  the  turn- 
ing of  the  MSS:  otherwise  I  should 
hope  to  have  somewhat  to  impart.' 

No.  96.  '  Cambridge,  Oct.  16.  As 
to  a  new  Library,  I  have  nothing  cer- 
tain to  inform.  The  Law  Schools 
have  been  spoke  of,  bi\t  as  there  is 
hardly  roome  enough,  so  they  that 
think  of  that,  seem  neither  to  consult 
the  honor  of  the  Donor,  or  of  the  uni- 
versity. The  great  design  wch  is  Uke- 
wise  spoke  of,  is  a  new  Building  to 
front  ye  present  Schools  on  either  side 
the  Eegent  walks,  with  an  Arch  in  the 
middle.  For  this  money  is  wanting, 
and  yet  if  it  were  begun,  I  should  hope, 
such  a  jJublic  work  would  hartUy  stick 


for  want  of  encouragement!  In  the 
mean  while  that  wing  of  the  Library 
is  spoke  of  for  the  MSS :  in  the  part  of 
wch  the  present  MSS.  are  lodg'd  al- 
ready, and  the  printed  Books  remov'd.' 

No.  98.  (18  Feb.  1715—16.)  Baker 
regrets  that  he  is  still  unable  to  get  at 
the  books. 

No.  99.  [28  June,  1716.]  'We  seem 
to  have  come  to  a  resolution,  to  fit  up 
the  Law  Schools  for  the  Bp  of  Ely's 
Books,  but  as  the  execution  wiU  be 
slow,  so  I  am  sure  that  there  will  want 
roome  for  a  great  part  of  them. ' 

No,  100.  '  Cambridge,  Nov.  9,  1716. 
'  When  the  Bp  of  Ely's  Books  are 
opened  (wch  I  doubt  they  will  not  be 
in  hast)  I  shall  hope  to  meet  with 
somewhat  worth  imparting.' 

No.  107.  28  Sept.  1717.  'not  one 
book  yet  pi;t  up ;  nor  one  class  towards 
receiving  them,  and  when  all  is  finisht 
will  be  a  very  unequal  Eepository  to  so 
noble  a  gift.'  And  the  King  expected 
to  visit  Cambridge. 

No.  117.  8  Mar.  1717—18.  'One 
part ...  almost  finisht,  tho'  it  will  not 
hold  much  above  half  the  Books.' 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION.      LIBRARIES   AND   LECTURES.         9 

In  1766  it  was  agreed  to  print  a  catalogue  of  the  printed 
books,  but  no  trace  even  of  a  commencement  of  the  work  is 
known  to  exist.  It  was  not  until  1794  that  Nasmith  undertook 
to  make  a  fuller  list  of  the  MSS.  on  the  basis  of  the  then 
existing  one.  About  this  time  the  library  hours  were  from 
10  a.m.  to  2  p.m. 

In  1740  vols  XXIV — xlii  of  Baker's  MSS.  were  acquired, 
and  the  Askew  classical  MSS.  in  178G.  Donations  are  recorded 
from  Mr  Worthington  (1725),  Archd.  Lewis  (1727),  Duke  of 
Newcastle  (1759),  King  Charles  III.  of  Spain  (1764),  Duke  of 
Marlborough  (1782),  Earl  of  Hardwicke  (1798),  and  Sir  R. 
Worsley  (1799)  for  small  presents,  such  as  Oxford  received  in 
abundance. 

From  the  nature  of  the  terms  of  admission  into  the  Cam- 
bridge library^  it  is  impossible  to  measure  the  use  made  of 
it  at  any  period  as  was  done  in  the  case  of  the  Bodleian,  but 
one  of  the  causes  which  probably  deterred  some  from  frequent- 
ing that  building  in  the  more  studious  months,  was  not  wanting 
here.  The  severity  of  cold  in  winter  of  which  Mr  Macray 
speaks  had  power  to  dishearten  even  the  enthusiastic  Thomas 
Baker,  whose  health  was  not  good^.  It  was  not  until  1790  and 
1795  that  fire-places  were  put  into  our  library,  and  warming 
apparatus  was  recommended  in  1823,  and  1854 — 6.  About 
1797  Marshall,  the  library-keeper,  became  perfectly  crippled 
with  rheumatism,  and  his  assistants  could  not  stay  above  three 
years  in  the  library,  which  '  was  so  extremely  damp  that  few 
persons  could  pass  any  length  of  time  in  it  with  impunity^' 

But  to  return  to  Uffenbach's  visit  to  England  in  1710. 
The  absence  of  librarians  and  others  for  the  vacation  at  Cam- 
bridge obliged  hiui  to  betake  himself  to  other  occupations, 
which  he  recounts  in  a  no  less  interesting  way.  But  even  in 
tcrni-timo    when  he  reached  Oxford  it  was  unfortunate  that 

1  In  answer  to  K.  Charles'  quaere  in  University.     If  any  strangers  be  per- 

Aug.  1675   the   Cambridge   lieatls   de-  mittcd  the  use  of  the  Library,  it  is  by 

clared  that   '  No  University  members  licence  given  them  from  the  V.  Chau- 

uuder  the  Degree  of  Masters  of  Arts  ccUor.'     (Dyer  Pra'.  i.  370.) 

have  admittance  to  the  use   of    the  "  MS.  Add.    10,   No.  62   (19  April, 

publick  Library,  and  those  upon   no  1712). 

other  caution  but  their  Matriculation  »  Gunning  Bcminisc.  Vol.  ii.  ch.  iii. 
oath,  taken  at  their  admission  into  the 


10  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

wlicu  the  visitor  wanted  to  go  to  the  Ashraolean  museum,  the 
uiider-librarian  had  gone  off  to  the  Oxford  races  {Sept.  1(S), 
whither  Uffenbach  himself  went  in  a  barge  to  see  the  '  Smoak- 
race\'  horse  races,  &c.  Still  more  must  we  regret  that  he 
visited  the  universities  in  the  long  vacation,  both  for  the  credit 
of  the  country  and  for  the  knowledge  which  we  might  have 
gained  of  the  manners  of  the  time : — for  though  he  attended 
a  music  party  and  met  some  of  the  celebrities  of  the  day  at 
the  Greek's  Coffeehouse  and  elsewhere,  yet  many  of  the  senior 
members  of  the  University  were  not  in  residence  ;  and  of 
undergraduate-life  we  hear  next  to  nothing,  and  that  little 
not  from  personal  observation. 

Soon  after  his  arrival  in  Cambridge, — that  wretched  town 
which  he  described  as  about  the  size  of  Hochst  near  Frankfurt, 
— Uffenbach  was  astonished  to  hear  from  his  cicerone,  the 
Italian  Ferrari,  that  there  were  no  classes  or  lectures  {collegia) 
in  the  summer,  and  in  winter  only  three  or  four,  and  those 
generally  delivered  to  the  walls  (die  sie  vor  die  Wdnde  thun). 
It  is  possible  that  he  had  heard  an  account  of  what  were  at 
Oxford  actually  called  Wall-lectures'^ — the  sex  sollemnes  lectiones 
of  the  statutes,  '  read  j^ro  forma  in  empty  school '  (1773)  as  a 
qualification  for  the  degree  of  M.A.,  and  the  'ordinaries'  for 
D.D.,  which  were  performed  in  a  slovenly  way  and  to  the  bare 
walls,  unless  some  tiresome  visitor  came  in  and  shamed  the 
student  into  a  more  serious  exhibition  of  his  proficiency. 
Ferrari,  a  foreigner,  was  not  a  good  person  to  explain  to 
another  the  manners  and  customs  of  Cambridge,  which  both 
in  name  and  thing  differed  widely  from  those  of  the  seminaries 
with  which  tliey  were  familiar.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  if  they 
had  made  enquiry  in  term-time  they  would  have  found 
Roger    Cotes    of    Trinity,    Daniel   Waterland    of   Magdalene, 

1  Probably  a  smocli-race  :    see  The  twceu  two  ruuning  footmen  who  wore 

Sconring  of  the  White  Horse  (by  the  even  less  covering  than  the  athletes  of 

author  of  '  Tom  Brown'),  which  illus-  the  present  dnj—iraccatos,  immd  ne 

trates  the  sports  of  Thames-country.  Iraccatos  quidem,  as  an  Oxford  proctor 

Compare  also  Uffenbach's  account  of  called  them. 

the  contest  '  der  das  garstigste  Gesicht  ^  [BUss']  Oxoniana  i.  62.     Cp.  Con- 

dazu  macht'  with  'grinning  thi-ough  sideration   on    the    Puhlic    Exercises, 

horse-collars.'    Also  Hearne's  account  Oxon.  1773.  p.  x. 
{Diary,  20  Sept.   1720)  of  a  race  be- 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION.      LIBRARIES   AND   LECTURES.       11 

Nicholas  Sanderson  of  Christ's,  Chr.  Anstey  (the  ekler)  and 
J.  Newcome  of  St  John's,  and  I  know  not  who  beside^  with 
well-filled  lecture-rooms  in  1710.  And  if  they  failed  to  find 
in  his  college  auditorium  their  friend  Kichard  Laughton  of 
Clare,  the  popular  '  iJujDil-monger,'  it  would  be  only  because 
then,  as  in  the  preceding  year,  he  was  proctor,  and  in  his  own 
person  (as  we  shall  see  below)  fulfilling  the  office  of  moderator 
in  the  schools  for  the  University  at  large,  where  he  was  en- 
couraging the  senior  sophs  and  questionists  to  adopt  the  New- 
tonian philosophy  in  the  exercises  for  their  bachelor's  degree. 

I  have  shewn  already  in  my  University  Life  (pp.  83 — 87)  that 
at  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century  a  large  number  of  professors 
at  each  University  did  not  pretend  to  lecture.  But  though 
this  was  doubtless  a  bad  state  of  things,  and  would  have  sounded 
still  more  deplorable  to  a  foreigner  who  was  ignorant  of  our 
English  system  of  college  tutors  and  lecturers  ;  still  this  would 
not  prove  that  even  at  the  dead  time,  a  century  after  Uffcn- 
bach's  visit,  all  teaching-life  was  extinct  at  our  Universities. 

There  was  always  a  supply  of  coUer/e  tutors  who,  like 
Tl.  Laughton  of  Clare,  fulfilled  their  duty  scrupulousl}^,  and 
consequently  made  their  colleges  popular  with  careful  parents 
and  aspiring  students.  Nor  indeed,  as  I  have  previously 
shewn,  was  the  common  neglect  by  any  means  universal  among 
the  professors.  In  a  small  society  it  sometimes  happened  (as 
indeed  it  may  now)  that  some  precocious  freshman^  read  faster 
than  his  tutor  did  in  lectures  with  the  bulk  of  the  men  of  his 
year,  and  in  the  lack  of  the  new  intercollegiate  system  was 
excused  attendance.  But  [Waterland's]  Advice  to  a  Young 
Student  (a  thoroughly  practical  and  popular  guide,  which  had 
a  '  run '  in  MS.  and  print  for  at  least  thirty  years)  is  only  one 
among  several  witnesses  which  might  be  produced  to  prove 
that  students  relied  upon  their  college  tutors  for  initiation  in 
each  subject  which  they  took  up.  Even  Gibbon,  when  it  Avas 
represented  that  he   had  generalized  too  much  from  his  own 

^  William  Whiston  of  Clare,  Lucas-  autumn  of  that  year, 

ian  professor,  published  Pradcctiones  -  e.g.  Sir  J.  Fcini,  Caius,  1757;   Sir 

rhysico-Mathematicaf,      Cantabrigiao  IJ'.  Jones,   Univ.  1701 ;    II.   Gunning, 

in  Scholis  imhlicis  habitae  up  to  that  Chr.  1785. 
time,   and   was   silenced   only  in   the 


12  UxXIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

brief  and  deplorable  experience  at  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  ■whither  he  went  in  his  fifteenth  year  in  1752, 
and  remained  but  fourteen  months,  diversifying  that  short 
period  by  'schemes'  or  excursions  to  Bath,  to  Buckinghamshire, 
and  four  to  London, — even  Gibbon  was  able  to  mention  the 
names  of  John  Burton  (D.D.  1752),  who  before  his  time  had 
been  a  most  painstaking  tutor  of  Corpus  Christi,  Oxon.  for 
fifteen  years,  and  of  Sir  William  Scott,  M.A.  1767  (afterwards 
Camden  Reader  of  History,  and  celebrated  as  a  judge  under 
the  name  of  Lord  Stowell),  who  after  his  time  migrating  from 
Corpus  Christi  became  a  good  and  popular  tutor  at  University 
College,  Oxon.  One  of  his  own  tutors  at  Magdalen  (for  Gibbon 
had  the  misfortune  to  change  his  instructor)  was  T,  Waldgrave 
or  Waldegrave  (D.D.  1747),  whom  he  describes  as  'a  good, 
sober  man,  but  indolent ;'  and  who  frequently  walked  with  his 
pupil  to  the  top  of  Heddington-hill  and  '  freely  conversed  on  a 
variety  of  subjects ^'  though  the  lad  was  pleased  to  neglect  his 
Terence  lectures  which  others  attended  for  an  hour  every 
morning.  In  Gibbon's  second  term  his  tutor  went  out  of 
residence  and  was  succeeded  by  a  careless  man  as  it  appears. 
But  at  that  very  time  George  Home  was  a  fellow  of  the 
college ;  about  the  time  Gibbon  should  have  taken  his  degree 
Hi.  Chandler,  learned  in  inscriptions,  came  into  residence, 
and  at  least  two  years  before  he  wrote  his  '  Autobiography  ^ ' 
Martin  Joseph  Routh  had  edited  the  Euthydemus  and  Gorgias 
of  Plato,  and  was  already  deep  in  theological  research.  Forty 
years  earlier  E.  Holdsworth,  a  Wykehamist  well  versed  in 
Virgil,  had  been  a  successful  tutor  at  Magdalen  (1711-15) 
until  he  chose  rather  to  leave  his  demyship  and  the  certainty 
of  a  fellowship  than  to  take  the  oaths  of  allegiance  \ 

But,  as  we  see,  Gibbon  had  generalized  unduly  from  the 
condition  of  the  '  monks  of  Magdalen '  (where  no  '  commoners ' 
were  admitted)  in  1752  to  the  normal  condition  of  that  and 
all  '  the  other  colleges  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge.'     In  answer 

1  HaiT  he  known  his  former  pupil's  -  Gibbon  seems  to  have  commenced 

theological     difficulties,     Waldegrave  his  '  Autobiography '  after  he  went  to 

would  in  1753  have  striven  to  dispel  Lausanne  in  1782.     It  was  published 

them.      (See   Gibbon's   Misc.   Works,  posthumously  by  Ld  Sheffield  in  1796. 

Vol.  II.  Letter  xi.)  ^  Nichols'  Lit.  Anccd.  iii.  67  n. 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION.      LIBRARIES   AND   LECTURES.      13 

to  this  assumption  Dr  Parr  in  note  84<  to  his  Spital  Sermon 
(Easter  Tuesday  1800)^  has  merely  to  array,  with  occasional 
comments,  some  three  hundred  and  fifty  names  of  eminent  men 
of  letters  and  science  who  had  resided  in  the  universities  in  his 
own  time. 

The  following  list  of  certain  subjects  on  which  there  were 
lectures  at  different  periods  in  the  colleges  is  taken  at  random 
from  biographies  &c.,  and  is  of  course  a  mere  specimen. 

1710.  St  Johns,  Camb.,  for  freshmen,  M.  Hierocles*,  Tu.,  Th., 
Sat.,  Logic.  In  a  later  term,  Algebra :  for  junior  sophs. 
Ethics :  senior  sophs,  Tacquet's  Euclid^,  Rohault's 
Physics. 

1737.  St  Johns,  Camb,     Logic. 

1738.  Ch.  Ck  Oxon.    Puffendorf. 

1747.     Trin.  Coll.  Camb.     Cicero  de  Officiis. 

1752.     Magd,  Oxon.     Terence  for  freshmen  daily. 

1755.  Trin.  Coll.  Camb.  Puffendorf,  Clarke  on  the  Attributes, 
Locke,  Duncan's  Logic.  Daily  early  lectures  in  hall, 
with  a  weekly  viva  voce  examination  conducted  in 
Latin. 

1766.  Trinity  Hall,  Camb,     Cicero  de  Officiis. 

1767,  Peterhouse,  Camb.     Newton's  Principia,  Greek  Testa- 

ment. 
1770*.    Christ's   Coll.,    Camb.      Classics   and   Locke   alternate 

mornings.     Two   evenings,  Greek   Testament,    one  a 

Greek  or  Latin  book. 
1772.     Jesus,    Camb.     Algebra,    and  Duncan's  Logic,     These, 

1  Sydney  Smith  in  tlie   1st  no.   of  '  Cambridge  editions   of  Tacqnct's 

the  EfZiJitiir^/i  JicriVu' compared  Parr's  Euclid  in  1702 — 3,  1710,  by  Winston 

sermon,  with  its  abnormal  notes,  to  (then  Lucasian  professor),  with  select 

the  wig  which  its  author  wore : — 'while  Theorems  of  Archimedes  and  practical 

it  trespasses  little   on    the   orthodox  corollaries. 

magnitude  of  perukes  in  the  anterior  ■*  This  date  and  place  are  conjectural 

parts,  it  scorns  even  episcopal  limits  —from  the  Monthly  Mafjazine,  17'.(7, 

behind,  and  swells  out  into  boundless  i.  p.  3G0  a.     For  the  year  1772  one 

convexity  of  frizz,  the  fi^ya  Oav/xa  of  authority  mentions  only  two  subjects 

barbers,  and  the  terror  of  the  literary  at  Jesus  Coll.,  another  mentions  three 

•vyorld.'  others  as  well,  and  that  for  freshmen 

^  i.  e.  the  work   of   Hierocles   the  only ;   which  shews  that  wo  must  not 

Neo-Platonist,  edited  by  P.  Needham,  take  the  rest  of  my  list  as  exhaustive. 
Camb.  170i). 


14  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

with  classical  books,  Euclid  and  Arithmetic,  were  the 
freshmen's  lectures  at  all  colleges,  the  Logic,  however, 
not  being  universally  taught. 

1780.     Cath.  Hall,  Camb.     Moral  Philosophy. 

1785.  Christ's  Coll.,  Camb.  Euclid,  I — VI.,  Maclaurin's  Al- 
gebra, Classics,  Locke,  Moral  Philosophy,  Grotius  and 
Logic  and  (?)  Chemistry.     (Gunning's  Reminisc,  1. 11.) 

1793.     Trinity  College,  Camb.     A  junior  soph,  Euclid,  XI. 

It  will  be  observed  that  our  first  and  fullest  list  (Ambrose 
Bonwicke's  at  St  John's,  in  1710-13),  just  coincides  with  the 
time  of  which  Uffeubach  conceived  so  gloomy  an  impression. 
A  glance  at  Waterland's  Scheme,  which  will  be  found  in  the 
second  appendix  to  this  present  volume,  will  give  us  a  still 
clearer  and  more  encoui'aging  view  of  Cambridge  College- 
lectures  between  1710  and  1740. 

I  have  mentioned  the  weekly  examination  at  Trinity,  con- 
ducted in  the  Latin  language.  Yearly  college  examinations 
were  the  exception  in  that  century,  but  some  account  of  those 
established  at  St  John's,  Cambridge,  in  Dr  Powell's  days,  will 
be  found  in  another  appendix.  Under  Dr  Postlethwaite  yearly 
examinations  of  freshmen  and  junior  sophs  were  instituted  at 
Trinity  in  1790.  Bp  Monk,  when  head-lecturer  in  1818, 
extended  the  college  examination  to  students  of  the  third 
year\  We  find,  moreover,  that  throughout  the  century  can- 
didates for  degrees  were  examined  sometimes  nominally,  some- 
times thoroughly,  by  the  fellows  of  their  own  colleges  before 
they  were  allowed  to  pass  to  the  public  examination  of  the 
schools  or  senate-house.  Examples  of  college  tutors  examining 
their  pupils  privately  to  see  whether  they  made  proper  progress 
are  not  wanting^. 

One  of  Gibbon's  reflexions  on  his  experience  of  Magd.  Coll., 
Oxon.  in  1752,  is — *A  tradition  prevailed  that  some  of  our 
predecessors  had  spoken  Latin  declamations  in  the  hall;  but  of 


1  Life  ofBcnUey,  ii.  42i.  the  Deau  once  a  week  a  Latin  theme' 

2  Gimniug  Eeminisc.  i.  ch.  i.  In  besides  their  lectures.  This  was  just 
chapter  ii.  the  same  author  says  it  two  years  before  Gibbon  ^rrote  his  'Au- 
was  the  custom  of  his  college  (Christ's)  tobiography. ' 

'for  the  undergraduates  to  send  in  to 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION.      LIBRARIES   AND   LECTURES.       15 

this  ancient  custom  no  vestige  remained :  the  obvious  methods 
of  public  exercises  and  examinations  were  totally  unknown.' 

If  he  referred  to  the  order  of  gentlemen-commoners  alone, 
we  may  make  repl}^  as  Evelyn  testifies  (anno  1G37),  that  at 
Balliol  they  '  were  no  more  exempted  from  exercise  than  the 
meanest  Scholars  there '  and  Erasmus  Phillips  of  Pembroke, 
nearer*  his  own  time,  had  in  1721  to  take  an  eSsay  to  the 
Master,  and  to  declaim  in  hall.  But  it  is  also  true  that  in  1774 
(fourteen  years  before  Gibbon's  Memoir  was  written)  the  fellow- 
commoners  of  St  John's,  Cambridge,  were  obliged  to  attend 
the  examination  : — in  1790,  in  all  the  colleges  of  Oxford,  a 
more  rigorous  discipline  was  enforced  upon  noblemen  and 
gentlemen-commoners  than  the  amendments  of  V.  Knox  pro- 
posed, and  in  several  the  heirs  of  the  first  families  of  the  king- 
dom submitted  to  the  same  exercises  and  the  same  severity 
of  discipline  with  the  lowest  members  of  the  society.  In  1802, 
S.  M.  Phillipps,  a  fellow-commoner  of  Sidney,  was  8th  wranglerj__^ 
Nevertheless,  it  must  be  admitted  that  even  in  later  times, 
students  of  this  rank  were  in  some  instances  allowed  to  be  idle 
or  even  encouraged  in  idleness.  Indeed,  the  university  as  dis- 
tinct from  their  college  examinations  appear  scarcely  to  have 
reached  them,  and  it  is  even  asserted  that  Felix  Vaughan,  of 
Jesus  College  (who  was  also  a  good  classical  scholar),  Avas  the  first 
fellow-commoner  whose  name  appeared  on  the  tripos.  He  was 
eleventh  senior  optime  in  1790,  being  two  places  below  John 
Tweddell.  James  Scarlett  (Lord  Abinger,  Exchequer  Baron)  of 
Trinity,  who  took  his  degree  in  that  same  year,  though  not  in 
honours,  is  said  by  Peacock  [Statutes,  p.  71  n.)  to  have  been  the 
first  fellow-commoner  who  in  later  times  appeared  in  the  schools. 

In  1750  however  Gray  mentions  (Letter  to  Wharton,  iii.  78) 
the  election  to  a  fellowship  at  Pembroke,  Camb.,  of  E.  Delaval, 
a  fellow-commoner  '  who  has  taken  a  degree  in  an  exemplary 
manner,  and  is  very  sensible  and  knowing.' 

Also  T.  Gisborne,  fellow-commoner  of  St  John's,  B.A.  1780, 
was  sixth  wrangler  and  senior  medallist. 

But  if  Gibbon's  remarks  related  to  all  ranks  of  students 
impartially,  the  following  pages  must  serve  to  limit  the  scope 
of  his  censure. 


CHAPTER  II. 


THE   TRIPOS. 


'Cry  you  mercy,  I  took  you  for  a  joint-stool.' 

K,  Lear,  Act  iii.  So.  6. 


Before  entering  upon  the  details  of  the  university  exercises 
and  examinations,  we  ought  to  tr}'  to  divest  ourselves  of  a 
modern  opinion,  that  study  exists  for  examinations  rather  than 
examinations  for  study.  Indeed,  to  apply  the  measure  of  their 
prevalence  and  efficiency  to  the  education  of  past  generations, 
would  be  to  commit  an  anachronism. 

We  might  look  in  vain  for  any  public  examination  to  justify 
the  learning  and  research  which  in  the  seventeenth  century 
made  English  students  famous : — whose  efforts  were  fostered, 
rather  by  the  encouragement  of  tutors  and  friends,  than  by  the 
disputations  in  the  schools.  Examinations  in  our  modern  ac- 
ceptation there  were  none.  As  books  became  cheaper,  the 
quicker  and  the  more  diligent  students  discovered  that  they 
could  acquire  knowledge  for  themselves  where  previous  gene- 
rations had  been  dependent  on  the  oral  teaching.  Then  arose 
the  necessity  of  examination,  and  as  this  has  come  to  be  more 
scientifically  conducted,  and  its  results  to  be  more  public,  and 
at  last  in  a  sense  marketable,  there  has  been  a  fresh  demand 
for  oral  instruction. 

Again,  the  increased  use  of  paper  and  of  printing^  which  has 

^  There  was  a  paper  duty  in  Eng-  cal  part  of  the  senate-house  exaruina- 
land  from  1694  to  1861  (Haydn,  Diet.  tion  was  demonstrated  on  paper  by 
of  Dates).  About  1770  the  mathemati-       the  candidates,  hut  the  questions  v.ere 


THE   TRIPOS.  17 

done  much  to  improve  and  facilitate  the  art  of  examining,  has 
in  a  great  measure  changed  the  character  of  the  tripos  itself. 

The  Cambridge  tripos  is  a  development  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  and  its  growth  may  be  fairly  taken  as  a  sign  of  tlie 
vitality  of  Cambridge. 

The  ground  in  which  it  was  nursed  was  the  new  senate- 
ho,use,  which  was  in  course  of  preparation  in  the  3'ears  1722-30. 
The  name  of  'the  mathematical  tripos'  was  indeed  unknown: 
for  not  only  was  it  not  exclusively  mathematical  until  the  intro- 
duction of  the  Previous  Examination,  nor  was  it  called  so  until 
there  was  a  classical  tripos  from  which  to  distinguish  it ;  but 
the  very  name  of  tripos  by  no  means  implied  an  examination. 

The  history  of  its  name  is  scarcely  less  remarkable  than  the 
development  of  the  examination  to  which  in  process  of  time 
it  came  to  be  applied. 

In  the  ceremonies  which  were  performed  on  Ash- Wednesday, 
in  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century,  at  the  admission  of 
questiouists  to  be  bachelors  of  arts,  an  important  function  was 
executed  by  a  certain  '  ould  bachilour '  who  was  appointed  as 
first  champion  on  the  side  of  the  examining  and  honour-holding 
university.  He  had  to  '  sit  upon  a  stoole  before  Mr  Proctours ' 
and  to  dispute  first  wath  the  '  eldest  son '  (the  foremost  of  the 
questiouists)  and  afterwards  with  *  the  father '  (a  graduate 
representing  the  paternal  or  tutorial  piety  of  the  hall  or  college 
coming  to  the  rescue  of  the  young  combatant)  on  the  two 
questions  thrown  down  as  a  challenge  by  the  eldest  son.  At 
this  i^eriod,  the  only  '  tripos '  was  the  three-legged  stool. 

When  we  next  catch  full  sight  of  these  proceedings  a  century 
later,  soon  after  the  Restoration  of  K.  Charles  II.,  we  find  the 
'  ould  bachilour,'  if  not  recognised  already  as  a  licensed  bufibon, 
yet  needing  to  be  exhorted  by  the  Senior  Proctor  '  to  be  witty 
but  modest  withall.'  Whether  it  was  the  contempt  for  cere- 
monies which  was  rife  in  England  in  the  Reformation  period, 
or  the  example  of  the  royal  patron  of  Ignoramus  (who  would, 

dictated  orally  by  the  moderator  wbo  the  year  1801  the  problem  papers  (but 

sat  at  a  table  with  them.      At  certain  not  the  other  questious)  began  to  be 

times  they  were  engaged  by  themselves  printed.     I  do  not  remember  to  have 

with  a  problem  paper,  of  which  they  seen  one  above  eighty  years  old. 
must  have  obtained  a  MS.  copy.  Before 

w.  2 


I'S  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

it  may  be  supposed,  have  thoroughly  cujoyed  the  incongruities 
ot  a  noisy  Couimcmoration),  or  from  these  and  other  influences, 
the  university  Quadragesimal  ceremonies,  though  not  entirely 
stript  of  their  religious  character,  (private  prayer  being  sub- 
stituted for  Mass  and  the  de  profundis,)  had  lost  their  dignity. 
We  find  in  the  second  year  of  K.  Charles  I.  (May,  1626)  the 
Heads'  protesting  against  this  degoneracy.  Not  only  had  the 
'  eldest  son '  or  questianist,  whom  we  may  consider  as  the  prin- 
cipal, handed  over  the  conduct  of  his  ease  to  the  'father'  whose 
client  he  was,  but  the  serious  exposition  of  the  argument  on 
the  part  of  the  university  had  now,  by  custom,  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  the  first  and  second  regent  Master  of  Arts,  while  '  the 
bachelor,'  their  junior  counsel,  was  apt,  in  spite  of  the  protests 
of  disciplinarians,  to  open  the  case  against  the  petitioner  in  a 
speech  more  remarkable  for  personalities  than  for  artisprudence. 
For  upwards  of  a  century  we  find  the  university  authorities 
scandalized  by  this  functionary  and  falling  foul  of  him.  Ac- 
cordingly there  was  some  appropriateness  in  the  change  of 
language  which  (apparently  some  time  betAveen  1560  and  1620) 
recognised  him  no  longer  as  the  *  old  bachelor  answering '  but 
as  '  the  tripos^ '  (or  '  Mr  Tripos '  quasi  dicerent '  Mr  Three-legged 
stool')  according  to  the  figure  whereby  important  personages  are 
sometimes  referred  to  as  'the  Chair,' 'the  Woolsack,' or  'the  Bench.' 
We  find  the  name  Tripos  or  Tripus  applied  to  the  B.A. 
speaking  at  the  '  prior '  and  '  latter  '  acts  of  Comitia  Minora  or 
Bachelors'  Commencement,  both  colloquially  and  in  academical 
documents,  for  a  period  of  more  than  a  century^      Possibly 

'  Cooper,    Annals,    iii.    185,    says  Mr  Leslie  Stephen  has  pointed  out) 

8th  May. — Dyer,  Prij'i?.  i.  293,  gives  was    'tripos'    at    the    later    act,    'in 

the  date  as  1^  Mai.  comitiis  posterioribus'  of  the   Bache- 

"  When  wi-iting  CHji;.  Z/ft',  p.  41?i.l,  lors'  Commencement— only  he  seems 

I  was  inclined  to  think  that  in  Hearne's  to  have  been  something  more  than  an 

day  Tryjos  had  come  to  be  used  as  an  ould   bachilour  — a  yoiuig   M.A.      J. 

equivalent  for  Praevarlcator  or  Varier,  Byrom,  who  mentions  the  degi-adatiou 

the  corresponding  of  disputant  of  the  of   'one   Law,'  a  M.A.  and  fellow  of 

Major  Commencement.   A  comparison  Emmanuel,  to  be  a  soph,  says  that  his 

with  p.  231  in  that  volume  makes  me  speech  was  '  at  the  Trypos.' 

conclude  that  this  was  no  exception  to  3  g^gj.^  jgoo,  1626, 1665,  1607,  1702, 

the  ordinary  distinction  of  the  terms,  1740.     See  references  in  Univ.  Life, 

but  that  Mr  Law  or  Lawes  (no  other  pp.  218,  220,  228—231. 
than  the  author  of  the  Serious  Call,  as 


THE   TRIPOS.  19 

because  of  the  capabilities  wliich  it  afforded  for  puus  and 
allusions  classical  to  the  Delphic  Oracle,  mathematical  to  tri- 
laterals,  and  personal  to  any  one  who  in  some  way  or  another 
could  be  likened  to  the  fylfot  which  quocumque  ieceris  stahit. 

But  this  use  of  the  title  was  not  destined  to  continue.  In 
the  course  of  the  period  (a  hundred  and  twenty  years  or  more) 
which  has  been  indicated  as  assigning  the  name  Tripos  to  a 
personage,  we  find  frequent  references  to  the  humorous  orations 
delivered  in  the  schools  by  those  who  filled  this  office.  These 
at  first  were  known  as  Tripos- Speeches  (1713, 1740),  but  in  pro- 
cess of  time  shared,  if  they  did  not  finally  appropriate,  their 
composers'  title. 

When  it  was  that  Mr  Tripos  ceased  to  take  part  in  the  argu- 
ments of  the  Sojihs'  schools  I  cannot  exactly  determine.  I 
should  conjecture  that  the  custom  was  not  allowed  long  to  sur- 
vive the  opening  of  the  senate-house  in  1730  and  the  improve- 
ment which  took  place  in  university  examination  between  that 
date  and  1750.  For  many  years  it  had  been  usual  to  circulate 
copies  of  Latin  verses  {carmina  comitialia^)  bearing  reference 
to  the  formal  'questions'  under  disputation.  Among  other  dis- 
putants the  two  Messieurs  Tripos  of  the  year  were  expected  to 
produce  each  his  two  sets,  which  composition  custom  has  con- 
tinued ;  and  at  the  present  time  these  verses  (still  known  as 
Tripos-verses,  though  the  writer  is  never  called  the  Tripos)  are 
the  only  rcliques  of  the  disputations  which,  so  far  as  the  Arts 
faculty  is  concerned,  have  been  entirely  superseded  by  the  Pre- 
vious Examination  and  improved  examination  for  the  degree. 
These  papers  of  verses  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century 
afforded  the  single  opportunity  still  conceded  to  the  Triposes 
for  giving  vent  to  their  wit  and  humour,  and  these  broadsheets 
came  (like  the  speeches  of  their  predecessors)  to  usurp  the  title 
of  their  composers. 

About  the  year  1747-8  the  moderators  began  the  custom 
of  printing  honour-lists  on  the  back  of  the  two  yearly  triposes 
{i.  e.  sheets  of  tripos- verses)  so  that  instead  of  the  first  Mr  Tripos 
and  his  speech  upon  one  of  two  questions  at  the  former  Act  on 
Ash- Wednesday,  and  a  second  Mr  Tripos  and  his  speech  more  or 
less  humorous  upon  one  of  two  other  questions  at  the  latter  Act 

^  Such  verses  were  publislied  as  early  as  the  lOtli  century. 

2—2 


20  ITNIVRRSITY   STUDIRS. 

of  the  Bachelors'  Commencement  in  Lent,  there  were,  in  the 
middle  of  the  last  century  and  subse([iiently,  two  sets  of  Latin 
verses  more  or  less  humorous,  composed  by  two  nominees  of 
the  Proctors,  upon  two  questions,  and  at  the  back  a  list  of 
Baccalaurei  quibus  sua  reservatur  semoritas  Comitiis  Priorihus 
who  had  done  more  than  satisfij  the  moderators  by  their  dis- 
putations in  the  schools  during  the  previous  year  and  in  their 
subsequent  examination,  viva  voce  and  on  paper,  in  the  senate- 
house.  Their  names  in  the  year  1753  and  subsecjucntly  were 
further  distinguished  as  '  wranglers '  and  '  senior  optimes.'  Se- 
condly two  other  sets  of  verses^  backed  by  a  list  of  Baccalaurei 
quihus  sua  reservatur  senioritas  Comitiis  Posteriorihus  or  junior 
optimes  and  ol  iroXkoi.  Since  1859  the  two  papers  (prior  and 
posterior)  have  been  combined ;  and  the  lists  (known  as  tripos- 
lists)  are  circulated  entire  at  the  June  Commencement.  Such 
interest  as  is  now  attached  to  them  belongs  rather  to  the  verses 
than  to  the  lists  of  the  several  triposes  (for  the  name  has  now 
at  last  come  to  signify  degree  examinations)  which  have  been 
circulated  already  severally.  But  in  times  when  there  was  but 
one  examination  in  the  Arts  faculty  (viz.  before  the  classical 
tripos  was  established  in  1824,  distinct  from  or  rather  in  ad- 
dition to  the  mathematical  and  philosophical  senate-house 
examination)  the  honour-list  printed  with  the  verses  on  the 
paper  must  have  been  a  more  precious  document ;  and  in  com- 
mon parlance  an  honour-man's  name  was  said  to  stand  in  such 
and  such  a  place  in  the  tripos  of  the  year,  i.e.  upon  the  back  of 
the  tripos-verses.  And  lastly,  as  the  honour-list  was  considered 
as  representing  the  examination  itself,  so  the  name  has  come 


^  It  was  customary,  at  least  about  ■written  audacious  tripos-verses  in  the 
the  close  of  the  last  century,  for  the  previous  year,heing  judged  first).  Gun- 
classical  medallists  to  make  Latin  ning,  Reminisc.  i.  vii.  (cp.  ii.  iii.)  says 
speeches  or  declamations  in  the  law  '  on  the  first  Tripos  day.'  This  I 
school  after  the  distribution  of  verses  think  must  be  an  oversight,  for  accord- 
on  the  second  tripos  day.  They  may  iug  to  his  own  edition  of  WalVs  Cere- 
have  had  some  licence  of  speech  given  mojiies,  pp.  86,  90,  the  candidates  for 
them  as  Mr  Tripos  had  in  earUer  days.  the  Chancellor's  Medals  sent  in  their 
At  all  events,  in  1790  Tweddell  took  names  the  day  after  the  first  tripos, 
that  occasion  to  reflect  upon  the  medals  and  the  successful  ones  declaimed  on 
examination,  in  which  he  was  only  the  second  tripos  day. 
second  medallist  (Wraugham,  who  had 


THE   TRIPOS.  21 

in  the  last  stage  to  be  transferred^  from  tlie  list  to  the  exami- 
nation, the  result  of  which  is  published  in  that  list. 

Thus  step  by  step  we  have  traced  the  word  TRIPOS  passing 
in  signification  Proteus-like  from  a  thing  of  wood  {plim  truncus) 
to  a  man,  from  a  man  to  a  speech,  from  a  speech  to  two  sets  of 
verses,  from  verses  to  a  sheet  of  coarse  foolscap-paper,  from  a 
paper  to  a  list  of  names,  and  from  a  list  of  names  to  a  system 
of  examination. 

1  However,  as  early  as  1713  J.  By-  when  speaking  of  Law's  Jacobite  speech 
rom  of  Trinity  applies  the  term  to  an  he  says  it  was  delivered '  at  the  Trypos, 
occasion  and  not  to  ai^rson  or  paper,       a  pTihlic  meeting  of  the  university.' 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  sophs'  schools  IN  THE  EARLY  PART  OF  THE  CENTURY. 

'Bona  noua,  Mater  Academia,  bona  noua.' 

Bedell  Buck's  Book  (16G5). 

In  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  many  students  may 
have  got  their  first  degree  in  Arts  with  little  examination  or 
none  at  alV.  Each  was  called  upon  to  answer  one  question  in 
'  Aristotle's  Priorums '  and  to  be  able  to  walk  through  the  Re- 
spondent's Stall!  In  1555  and  1665  we  read  of  all  candidates 
being  required  to  keep  the  Lenten  exercise  of  '  sitting  in  xl™^ ' 
(quadragesima),  which  ceremony  is  also  described  in  D'Eiues^ 
diary  (1619),  p.  67.  'It  was  the  custom  for  the  Bachelor  com- 
mencers  to  sit  in  the  Schools  during  the  whole  of  Lent,  "except 
they  bought  it  out,"  and  to  defend  themselves  against  all  oppo- 
nents.' But  it  must  have  depended  entirely  upon  the  Regents 
whether  any  student  was  called  upon  to  dispute ;  and  the  argu- 
guments  and  questions  which  ivere  uttered  seem  to  have  been 
often  frivolous  and  undignified.  At  Oxford  the  proceeding 
seems  to  have  been  conducted  in  a  still  more  unseemly  manner. 
Just  before  Laud's  cancellariate  a  number  of  'necessary  regents' 
in  addition  to  the  '  masters  of  the  schools '  had  to  be  called  in 
to  aid  the  proctors  in  quelling  the  fights  and  in  checking  the 
potations  and  lounging  which  disgraced  the  schools  of  that 
university  ^ 

^  Some  account  of  the  early  process  eloquent   exposition    in    Lis   Terence) 

for  degrees  is  given  in  my  Univ.  Life,  Lave  not  been  used  since  1843. 
pp.  209,  213,  214,  217,  219.     The  in-  ^  See  Oxford  Univ.  Commission  Ee- 

Kignia  doctoralia  (in  spite  of  Bentlej-'s  port  (1852),  p.  57. 


THE  sophs'  schools  IN  THE  KUILY  PART  OF  THE  CENTURY.       23 

From  tLe  answers  of  Heads  and  Presidents,  Aug.  9,  1675, 
to  the  enquiries  sent  by  Monmouth  the  Chancellor  on  the 
King's  command,  it  appears  that  it  was  then  possible  to  receive 
a  degree  after  putting  in  'cautions  for  the  performance'  of  the 
statutable  exercises,  and  then  forfeiting  the  payment,  and  that 
this  was  not  seldom  done  at  Cambridge  \ 

One  very  curious  thing  which  we  must  notice  is,  that  the 
'acts'  in  the  'Schools'  as  distinct  from  the  examination  in  the 
senate-house  were  by  no  means  exclusively  mathematical  In 
Puritan  times^  the  mathematics  were,  comparatively  speaking, 
neglected  at  Cambridge  (though  Ptolemy,  Apollouius'  Conies 
and  Euclid  were  generally  read),  and  in  the  latter  half  of  the 
following  century,  after  the  mathematical  revivals  about  1645 
and  1708,  metaphysical  and  moral  questions  began  to  monopolize 
the  '  Schools.' 

The  year  1680  brought  one  of  the  most  important  inno- 
vations, viz.,  the  appointment  of  moderators.  Up  to  that  time 
the  proctors  had  presided  in  the  sophs'  schools  ex  officio.  Thus 
provision  was  made  that  the  disputations  should  be  conducted 
by  persons  chosen  especially  for  their  scientific  qualifications 
and  judgment.  The  advantage  of  the  new  office  seems  to 
have  been  at  once  recognised,  for  in  1684  the  moderators  were 
appointed  to  take  a  prominent  part  in  the  examination  of  those 
who  had  passed  through  their  disputations^. 

An  account  of  the  ordeal  passed  by  a  candidate  for  the 
B.A.  degree  at  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century  is  given  in 
the  Diary  of  Abraham  de  la  Prymc.  A  summary  of  this  is 
given  in  the  Autobiuctrapliic  BecoUections  (p.  55)  of  his  de- 
scendant. Professor  G.  Pry  me.  The  following  fuller  and  more 
accurate  edition  was  put  forth  by  the  professor's  son  Charles 
de  la  Pryme  for  the  Surtees  Society,  1869 — 70,  vol.  54.  p.  32. 

'1694.  January.  Tliis  month  it  was  that  we  sat  for  our 
degree  of  bachelors  of  arts.  We  sat  three  days  in  the  colledge 
[St  John's]  and  were  examin'd  by  two  fellows  thereof  in  retorick, 
logicks,  ethicks,  physicks,  and  astronomy ;  then  we  were  sent  to 
the  publick  schools,  then  to  be  examined  again  three  more  days 

1  Dyer,  Priril.  i.  369.  Acidi'minrinn,  1654,  c.  8. 

2  Seth   Ward    (Sid.    Camh.;     Prof.  ^^  See  Monk's  7>VH//cy,  i.  p.  11. 
Savil,    Pros.    Trin.    Oxon.)    ]'tiuUclae 


24  UNIVERSITY   STUDIKS. 

l)y  nny  one  that  would.  Then  when  the  day  came  of  our  being 
cap'd  by  the  Vice-Chancellur,  wee  were  all  call'd  up  in  our 
soph's  yowns  and  our  new  square  caps  and  lamb-skin  hoods  on. 
[Till  1769  undergraduates  wore  round  caps.]  There  we  were 
presented,  four  by  four,  by  our  father  to  the  Vice-Chancellor, 
saying  out  a  sort  of  formal  presentation  speech  to  him.  Then 
we  had  the  oaths  of  the  dutys  we  are  to  observe  in  the  univer- 
sity read  to  us,  as  also  that  relating  to  the  Articles  of  the  Church 
of  England,  and  another  of  allegiance,  Avhich  we  all  swore  to. 
Then  we  every  one  register'd  our  own  names  in  the  university 
book,  and  after  that  one  by  one,  we  kneel'd  down  before  the 
Yice-Chancellor's  knees,  and  he  took  hold  of  both  our  hands 
with  his  saying  to  this  effect,  "  Admitto  te,"  &c.  "  I  admitt 
you  to  be  batchellour  of  arts,  upon  condition  that  you  answer 
to  your  questions ;  rise  and  give  God  thanks."  Upon  that  as 
he  has  done  with  them  one  by  one  they  rise  up,  and,  going  to  a 
long  table  hard  by,  kneel  down  there  and  says  some  short 
prayer  or  other  as  they  please  \ 

'About  six  days  after  this  (which  is  the  end  of  that  day's 
work,  we  being  now  almost  batchellors)  we  go  all  of  us  to  the 
schools,  there  to  answer  to  our  questions,  which  our  father 
always  tells  us  what  we  shall  answer  before  we  come  there,  for 
fear  of  his  putting  us  to  a  stand,  so  that  he  must  be  either 
necessitated  to  stop  us  of  our  degrees,  or  else  punish  us  a  good 
round  summ  of  monny.  But  we  all  of  us  answei^'d  without  any 
hesitation  ;  we  were  just  thirty-three  of  us,  and  then  having 
made  us  an  excellent  speech,  he  (I  mean  our  father)  walk'd 
home  before  us  in  triumph,  so  that  now  wee  are  become  com- 
pleat  battchellors,  praised  be  God  ! 

'  I  observed  that  all  these  papers  of  statutes  were  thus  im- 
perfect at  bottom,  which  makes  one  believe  that  they  were  very 
much  infected  with  Jacobitism.'  (This  refers  I  suppose  to  the 
forms  of  the  Oath  of  Allegiance.) 

1  Each  having  done  'his  obeisance  side  of  the  Senate-Honse  (TTaU—Gun- 

to  Mr  V.  C  kneels  at  the  upper  table  7nng  1828,  p.  78).   Buck  mentions  that 

and  'giveth  God  thanks  in  his  Private  '  they  which  are  admitted  ad  practi- 

Prayers  &c.'  Bedell  Buck's  Book  IGGiy.  candum  in  3Iedieina  vel  CMrurgia  do 

Perhaps   this   was   the   origin   of   the  never  kneel  at  the  Table;    neither  do 

ceremony  of  the  Esquire  Bedells  di-  they  which  are  incorporated.' 
reding  the  questioniits  to  the  South 


THE  sophs'  schools  IN  THE  EARLY  PART  OF  THE  CENTURY.       25 

It  was  Bentley's  boast^  that  about  1708-10  by  the  example 
of  Trinity  College,  '  the  whole  youth  of  the  University  took  a 
new  spring  of  inJustry...mathematicks  was  brought  to  that 
height  that  the  questions  disputed  in  the.  Schools  were  quite  of 
another  set  than  were  ever  heard  there  before.' 

Of  the  good  part  taken  by  Ri,  Laughton,  Whiston  and  Nic. 
Sanderson,  in  adding  life  to  the  mathematical  teaching  and 
exercises  in  our  university,  we  shall  have  occasion  to  speak 
hereafter. 

It  was  at  this  period  that  John  Byrom,  scholar  of  Trinity, 
was  looking  forward  to  'change  this  tattered  blue  gown  for 
a  black  one  and  a  lambskin,  and  have  the  honourable  title 
of  Bachelor  of  Arts.'  Previous  to  that  time  he  had  read 
Plutarch,  Locke's  Essay,  Grew's  Cosmologia  Sacra  (prescribed 
by  his  father  as  an  antidote),  Ray's  JVisdom  of  God  in  the 
Creation,  Whear's  Method  of  Reading  Histories,  his  tutor's 
ms.  Chronology,  lectures  in  Geometry,  the  Tatler,  Bntish  Apollo, 
and  had  composed  themes,  and  declamations,  besides  reading 
French,  Italian,  Spanish  and  Hebrew.  Writing  from  Cam- 
l)ridge  to  John  Stansfield,  21  Dec.  1711,  he  had  previously 
been  'busy  in  preparing  to  defend  my  questions,  though  I 
might  have  spared  my  pains;  for  my  first  opponent  was  a 
sottish  and  the  second  a  beauish  fellow,  neither  of  them  con- 
jurers at  disputing ;  the  third  lad  put  me  to  my  defence  a 
little  more  tightly,  but  urged  nothing  that  was  unanswerable ; 
so  I  came  off  very  gloriously,  though  I  wish  I  had  had  better 
antagonists,  for  I  think  I  could  have  maintained  those  ques- 
tions well  enough.  I  most  of  all  mistrusted  my  want  of 
courage  to  speak  before  such  a  mixed  assembly  of  lads.  Bache- 
lors, Masters  of  Arts,  &c.,  but  I  was  well  enough  when  once 
up.  When  I  came  down  I  was  overjoyed  that  I  had  done  the 
last  of  my  school  exercises  in  order  to  my  degree.'  A  Trinity 
man  had  been  stopped  that  week  for  insufficiency ^ 

Three  or  four  years  later  the  royal  addition  to  our  Univer- 
sity Library  led  to  a  rearrangement  of  our  public  buildings, 
and  it  is  very  likely  that  the  temporary  disestablishment  of  the 


'  Ri.  Bentley  to  T.  Batcman,  Xt.mas  =   Chrtham  Soc.    1854,  pp.    15—17. 

Pay  [1712].  Corrcsp,  no.  CLWi.  p.  H'J.        Byrom's  Memoirs,  i. 


26  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

old  scnato-liouse  and  Pbysick,  Law  and  Greek  schools  may 
have  contributed  to  the  degeneracy  and  disorder  of  the  acade- 
mical proceedings  for  the  B.A.  degree  between  171  •">  and  1730. 
In  July  of  the  latter  year  the  present  senate-house  was  inau- 
gurated, and  in  December  of  the  following  year  an  attempt  was 
made  by  Dr  Mawson,  V.-C,  to  improve  the  exercises  of  the 
sophs  and  questionists  which  had  grown  disorderly  and  irre- 
gular, partly  (it  may  be)  through  the  perpetuation  in  1721  of  a 
grace  which  had  been  passed  on  an  emergency  in  1684,  whereby 
the  examinations,  declamations,  &c.  were  not  held  at  one 
regular  time  for  all.  The  publication  of  Johnson's  Quaestiones 
points  also  to  some  temporary  revival  about  1730. 

In  1739,  which,  to  judge  from  Gray's  Cor7'espondence,  might 
be  considered  as  the  midst  of  one  of  the  dark  ages  of  Cam- 
bridge, in  the  decline  of  Bentley  and  Baker,  there  was  light 
enough  for  some  to  see  the  need  of  revising  or  reviving  the 
oath  taken  at  degreesS  On  Feb.  25,  1747-8,  the  form,  in- 
volving a  declaration  on  the  part  of  the  candidate,  that  accord- 
ing to  the  best  of  his  knowledge  he  had  performed  the  sta- 
tutable and  customary  exercises,  was  adopted ^  It  is  from  this 
time  that  the  honour-lists  printed  in  the  Gamb.  Univ.  Calendar 
date,  Dr  Paris  (who  had  been  on  the  Oaths'  Syndicate  of 
1739)  was  now  Vice-chancellor,  and  exerted  his  influence 
to  revive  some  of  the  exercises  which  had  been  disused  for 
several  years.  Among  these  were  the  declamations  to  be  made 
by  bachelors  for  the  degree  of  M.A.  This  revival  was  unpopu- 
lar with  the  bachelors ;  and  Chr.  Anstey,  junior,  a  fellow  of 
King's,  afterwards  author  of  the  New  Bath  Guide,  took  occasion 
to  ridicule  the  authorities  in  two  Latin  declamations^,  April  and 
June,  1748,  which  provoked  his  suspension.  A  few  months  later 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle  was  elected  Chancellor  of  Cambridge, 
and  it  appears  from  the  ephemeral  literature  which  sprang  up 
about   the   reforms   ushering   in   his    cancellariate,  that   there 

1  Cooper's  Annals,  iv.  212.  forcement  of  the  regulation  in  his  o-svn 

'  Ihid.  258.  case  as  an  infringement  of  the  privi- 

3  One  of  them  was  a  mere  rhapsody  leges  of  King's  Coll.    (Cooper's  Annals 

of  adverbs  in  the  fashion  of  the  Ox-  iv.  261,  and  C'y?t' ap.  Mayor's  5o;!u/cAr, 

onian  hnmorist  Tom  Brown.     It  ap-  p.  258.) 

pears  that  Anstey  considered  the  en- 


THE  sophs'  schools  IN  THE  EAKLY  PART  OF  THE  CENTURY.   27 

were  some  tokens  of  revived   studiousness   among  underofra- 
duates  \ 

It  was  at  this  time  that  Richard  Cumberland  (the  dramatic 
writer  and  essayist),  was  an  undergraduate  at  Trinity.  He  had 
received  the  elements  of  a  sound  and  elegant  scholarship  at 
Bury  under  Kinsman,  and  at  Westminster  in  the  days  of 
Nichols  and  Vincent  Bourne,  while  his  early  holidays  had 
been  sj)ent  in  playing  battledore-and-shuttlecock  in  the  lodge 
with  master  Gooch,  the  son  of  his  grandfather's  antagonist,  in 
beating  such  undergraduates  as  he  could  get  to  run  short  races 
in  the  walks,  and  in  listening  to  Bentley's  learned  conversation 
with  his  visitors.  When  he  matriculated  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen he  was  put  into  rooms  in  the  turret-staircase,  in  close 
proximity  to  the  '  Judges'  Chambers,'  where  he  had  been  born, 
and  under  the  wing  of  his  grandfather's  successor,  Dr  Smith, 
and  of  his  tutor,  old  Dr  Morgan,  who  (being  troubled  by  the 
gout,  and,  it  may  be,  by  his  pupil's  inattention  at  his  lectures 
on  De  Officiis)  left  him  to  his  own  resources  until  he  took 
the  living  of  Gainford.  Cumberland  w^as  then  handed  over  to 
Dr  P.  Young  (Bp.  of  Norwich),  then  professor  of  Oratory,  who 
paid  him  still  less  attention,  and  in  his  third  year  to  James 
Backhouse  the  efficient  Westminster  tutor.  He  had  not  read 
the  first  proposition  of  Euclid  when  his  name  appeared  among 
the  'opponents'  for  the  'act'  which  was  to  open  the  schools  for 
that  year.  His  tutor  begged  him  off,  and  after  some  encourage- 
ment from  the  master  (cousin  of  Roger  Cotes,  and  founder  of 
the  Smith's  prizes),  he  set  to  work  and  mastered  'the  several 
branches  of  mechanics,  hydrostatics,  optics  and  astronomy'  in 
the  best  treatises  of  the  day,  allowing  himself  only  six  hours' 
sleep,  and  dieting  himself  with  milk  and  cold  bathing.  Having 
acquired  the  habit  of  making  his  notes,  working  his  proposi- 
tions, and  even  tJiinJcing,  in  the  Latin  language,  he  no  longer 
felt  that  terror  which  he  had  experienced  before,  though  now 
he  was  called  upon  to  keep  not  a  mere  'opponency'  but  an  'act' 
itself,  and  though  his  first  antagonist  was  'a  North-country 
black-bearded  philosopher,  who  at  an  advanced  age  had  been 


1  [Green's]  Academic,  1750,  pp.23— 26,  meutiouecl  in  Uidi\  Society,  pp.  72, 
610,  624. 


28  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

admitted  at  Saint  John's  to  qualify  for  lioly  orders  (even  at  that 
time  a  finished  mathematician  and  a  private  lecturer  in  those 
studies).'  *  After  I  had  concluded  my  thesis  which  precedes 
the  disputation'  (says  Cumberland  in  his  Meynoirs^),  'when  he 

ascended  his  seat  under  the  rostrum  of  the  moderator I 

waited  his  attack  amid  the  hum  and  murmur  of  the  assembly. 
His  argument  was  purely  mathematical,  and  so  enveloped  in. 
the  terms  of  his  art,  as  made  it  somewhat  difficult  for  me  to 
discover  where  his  syllogism  pointed  without  those  aids  and 
delineations,  which  our  process  did  not  allow  of;  I  availed 
myself  of  my  privilege  to  call  for  a  repetition  of  it,  when  at 
once  I  caught  the  fallacy  and  pursued  it  with  advantage, 
keeping  the  clue  firm  in  hand  till  I  completely  traced  him 
through  all  the  windings  of  his  labyrinth.  The  same  success 
attended  me  through  the  remaining  seven  arguments,  which 
fell  off  in  strength  and  subtlety,  and  his  defence  became  sullen 
and  morose,  his  Latinity  very  harsh,  inelegant,  and  embarrassed, 
till  I  saw  him  descend  with  no  very  pleasant  countenance, 
whilst  it  appeared  evident  to  me  that  my  whole  audience  were 
not  displeased  with  the  unexpected  turn  which  our  controversy 
had  taken.  He  ought  in  course  to  have  been  succeeded  by  a 
second  and  third  opponent,  but  our  disputation  had  already 
been  prolonged  beyond  the  time  commonly  allotted,  and  the 
schools  were  broken  up  by  the  Moderator  with  a  compliment 
addressed  to  me  in  terms  much  out  of  the  usual  course  on  such 
occasions.'... 

*  Four  times  I  went  through  these  scholastic  exercises  in  the 
course  of  the  year,  keeping  two  acts  and  as  many  first  oppo- 
nencies.  In  one  of  the  latter,  where  I  was  pitched  against  an 
ingenious  student  of  my  own  college,  I  contrived  to  form  cer- 
tain arguments,  which  by  a  scale  of  deductions  so  artfully 
drawn,  and  involving  consequences,  which  by  mathematical 
gradations  (the  premises  being  once  granted)  led  to  such  un- 
foreseen confutation,  that  even  my  tutor,  Mr  Backhouse,  to 
whom  I  previously  imparted  them,  was  effectually  trapped, 
and  could  as  little  parry  them,  as  the  gentleman  who  kept 
the  act,  or  the  Moderator  who  filled  the  chair.' 

His  second  act  was,  like  the  former,  for  a  time  delaj^ed ;  for 
1  pp.  75,  76. 


THE  sophs'  schools  IX  THE  EARLY  PART  OF  THE  CENTURY.   20 

the  junior  moderator''  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  compel 
liim  to  comply  with  the  custom  of  the  schools  by  bringing 
forward  one  metaphysical  in  the  place  of  a  third  mathematical 
question. 

In  due  course  of  time  the  senate-house  examinatioji  came 
on,  to  supplement,  rectify,  or  confirm  the  impressions  given 
by  the  disputations  in  the  schools.  Cumberland  says  that  it 
*  was  hardly  ever'  his  '  lot  during  that  examination  to  enjoy 
any  respite.'  He  'seemed  an  object  singled  out  as  every 
man's  mark,  and  was  kept  perpetually  at  the  table  under  the 
process  of  question  and  answer''.' 

By  the  time  he  was  convalescent  from  a  fever  induced  by 
the  exertions  of  his  tardy  application  to  mathematics,  he 
learnt  that  his  name  would  appear  tenth  at  the  back  of  the 
first  tripos  verses,  viz.  among  tlie  wranglers  and  senior  optimes, 
for  we  have  no  formal  distinction  between  them  till  three  years 
later. 

The  next  glimpse  that  we  get  of  the  schools  is  in  the  year 
1752,  which,  with  the  account  of  Fenn,  ten  years  later,  does 
not  differ  materially  from  Cumberland's  account,  except  in 
some  curious  details  which  were  peculiar  to  the  several  occa- 
sions, although  they  add  to  our  general  view  of  the  proceedings, 
shewing  as  they  do  what  accidents  might  diversify  the  public 
exercises  and  examinations. 

In  the  former,  which  is  W.  Chafin's  (of  Emmanuel)  account 
of  one  of  the  preliminary  acts  kept  in  17-52,  the  writer  says,  '  I 
was  keeping  an  act  as  respondent  under  Mr  Eliot  [Lawr.  Elliot, 
Magd.]  the  moderator;  and  [W.]  Craven  [4th  wrangler,  after- 
wards Arabic  prof,  and  master]  of  St  John's  was  my  second 
opponent.  I  had  gone  through  all  the  syllogisms  of  my  first,  who 
was  [W.]  Disney  [Trin.,  senior  wrangler,  and  only  four  years 
later  prof,  of  Hebrew],  tolerably  well ;  one  of  the  questions 
was  a  mathcniatical  one  from  Newton's  Fri)icipia,  and  Mr 
Craven  brought  an  argument  against  me  fraught  with  tiuxions;  of 
which  I  knew  very  little  and  was  therefore  at  a  nonplus,  and 

1  CumLerland,  \slio  boars  testimony  chaplain  to  the  Abp.  of   Cantcrlnin'. 

to  the  generosity  of   this  moderator,  In  the  Univ.  Calendar  he  appears  as 

calls  him  the  Reverend  Mr  Hay,  fellow  Tliomas  Wray,  M.A.  Chr. 

of  C(;)7Ji<.s- C7()/-sn'... afterwards  domestic  ^  Ihid.  p.  7!). 


30  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

should  in  one  minute  have  been  exposed,  had  not  at  that 
instant  the  esquire  bedell  entered  the  schools  and  demanded 
the  book  which  the  moderator  carries  with  him,  and  is  the 
badge  of  his  office.  A  convocation  was  that  afternoon  held 
in  the  senate-house,  and  on  some  demur  that  happened,  it  was 
found  requisite  to  inspect  this  book,  which  was  immediately 
delivered,  and  the  moderator's  authority  stopped  for  that  day, 
and  we  were  all  dismissed ;  and  it  was  the  happiest  and  most 
grateful  moment  of  my  life,  for  I  was  saved  from  imminent 
disgrace,  and  it  was  the  last  exercise  that  I  had  to  keep  in  the 
schools  \' 

Our  next  extract  relates  not  to  the  acts  in  the  schools  but 
to  the  'preliminary  canter'  in  college  and  the  Senate-house 
examination. 

Sir  John  Fenn  (editor  of  the  Paston  Letters)  took  his 
degree  at  Cambridge  (Caius)  in  1761,  sixty-seven  years  after 
A.  de  la  Pryme.  Having  read  the  Cambridge  books  on  Arith- 
metic, Algebra,  and  Geometry  in  his  school-days,  he  received 
permission  from  the  tutor,  J.  Davy,  to  absent  himself  from 
lectures  when  he  pleased.  In  his  Early  Thour/hts,  &c.  he 
says : — 

'  The  week  we  took  our  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  we  sat 
in  the  little  combination-room  of  the  College  for  three  days 
to  be  examined  by  such  of  the  fellows  as  chose  to  send  for  us 
to  their  rooms. 

'  I  sat  my  three  days  with  the  other  questionists  (or  candi- 
dates for  degrees)  but  was  never  once  sent  for  during  the  whole 
time.  I  believe  the  fellows,  not  having  lately  applied  them- 
selves to  the  studies  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Philosophy, 
did  not  choose  to  examine  those  who  were  in  the  habit  of  those 
studies ;  but  be  that  as  it  may,  I  was  the  only  one  of  the  candi- 
dates not  sent  for^ 

'On  the  following  Monday,  Tuesday,  and  Wednesday,  we 

1  Gent.  3Iafi.  Jan.  1818,  p.  11.  Being  his  year  in  that  college.     Perhaps  the 

invalided  by  small-pox  at  the  time  of  fellows  wished  only  to  make  sure  that 

the  tripos,  Chafin  received  an  'hono-  no  one  who  would  disgrace  their  col- 

rary    senior    optime.'     Baker-Mayor,  lege  should  be  presented  for  the  uni- 

II.  1090.  versity  competition. 

-  There  was  no  other  lionour-man  of 


THE  sophs'  schools  IN  THE  EARLY  PART  OF  THE  CENTURY.   SI 

sat  in  the  Senate-house  for  public  examination ;  during  this 
time  I  was  officially  examined  by  the  Proctors  and  Moderators, 
and  had  the  honor  of  being  taken  out  for  examination  by 
Mr  [W.]  Abbott,  the  celebrated  mathematical  tutor  of  St 
John's  College,  by  the  eminent  jarofessor  of  mathematics  Mr 
[E.]  Waring,  of  Magdalene,  and  by  Mr  [J.]  Jebb  of  Peterhouse, 
a  man  thoroughly  versed  in  the  academical  studies,  afterwards 
famous  for  his  various  writings  and  opinions  unfavorable  to 
the  Established  Church,  of  which  he  was  sometime  a  member, 
but  afterwards  deserting  it,  resigned  his  preferment,  and  prac- 
tised as  a  physician.  On  the  Friday  following,  the  28rd  of 
January,  1761,  I  was  admitted  to  my  degree  and  had  the 
honor  of  being  placed  high  [5th]  in  the  list  of  wranglers.' 

J.  Wilson  of  Peterhouse,  afterward  judge  of  the  Common 
Pleas,  was  senior,  T.  Zouch  of  Trin.  was  third,  Fenn  was 
elected  to  an  honoraiy  fellowship  at  Caius,  but  did  not  reside 
there  much  after  takinjf  his  deg-ree. 

We  learn  from  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  of  1766  (29  Jan.), 
that  the  sophs  were  to  deliver  copies  of  their  'theses'  to  be 
read  at  their  disputations  to  the  moderators,  and  that  the  best 
were  to  be  printed  by  the  university.  At  this  time,  by  the 
efforts  of  Wearing,  Jebb,  Law  and  Watson,  our  schools  grew  into 
a  flourishing  condition,  which  they  retained  until  they  quietly 
withered  away  in  the  fresh  growth  of  the  Mathematical  and 
Classical  Triposes. 


CHAPTER   IV. 

ACTS    OR    DISPUTATIONS    IN     THE    SCHOOLS    IN    THE    LATTER 
PART   OF   THE   CENTURY. 


'  See  Gray,  so  used  to  melt  the  tender  eyes, 
Stretch'd  on  the  orbit  of  a  circle  dies! 
And  Goldsmith,  -whom  deserted  Auburn  haled, 
See  on  a  pointed  triangle  impaled ! 
And  to  encrease  their  torment,  while  they're  rackt 
Two  undergraduate  DevUs  keep  an  act: 
Who  stun  their  ears  with  Segments  and  Equations. 
Moons  horizontal,  Tangents,  and  Vibrations, 
And  all  the  jargon  of  your  schools  they're  pat  in; 
Bating  they  speak  a  little  better  Latin.' 

The  Academick  Dream  (1774),  p.  14. 


In  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  examination 
for  degrees  was  not  in  all  cases  adequate  to  the  measure  of 
knowledge  or  to  the  capacity  of  the  candidates. 

In  1731,  just  after  the  new  senate-house  was  in  use,  the 
exercises  of  sophisters  and  questionists  were  ordered  to  be  per- 
formed in  the  Lent  term  on  the  same  days  and  in  the  same 
form  as  in  the  terms  after  Easter  and  Michaelmas.  Lent  terra 
'for  many  years  had  been  a  time  of  disorder  by  reason  of  divers 
undue  Liberties  taken  by  the  younger  Scholars,  an  Evil  that 
had  been  much  complained  of;  and  all  Exercise  had  either 
been  neglected  or  performed  in  a  trifling  ludicrous  manner\' 

1  Masters'  Hist,  of  C.  C.  C.  Cmnh.,  p.  196. 


ACTS   OR  DISPUTATIONS   IN  THE   SCHOOLS.  S3 

Fifty  years  later  we  find  this  trifiing  (so  far  as  the  degree  of 
B.A.  was  concerned)  confined  only  to  the  *  huddling,'  which  Avas 
done  (as  will  be  seen  in  due  course)  after^  a  fair,  though  not 
fully  statutable,  modicum  of  solemn  exercises  and  exami- 
nations. 

It  might  have  been  inferred  from  the  condition  of  Oxford 
that  Cambridge  needed  Jebb's  agitation  in  1774-6  to  arouse 
hostile  authorities  to  improve  the  time-honoured  academical 
exercises.  However,  such  was  not  the  case ;  and  it  is  satis- 
factory to  know  that  this  great  reformer  had  little  fault  to  find 
with  the  existing  trial  of  the  Sophs'  year.  He  felt  the  need 
of  inquiry  into  the  work  of  undergraduates  in  the  earlier  part  of 
their  course  alone ;  and  for  this  the  personal  reminiscences  of 
Cumberland  and  Paley  are  his  justification.  As  it  was,  in 
Jebb's  time  (1772)  the  ordeal  was  not  despicable  nor  despised, 
and  idle  men  were  apt  to  think  themselves  driven  to  take 
refuge  in  the  ranks  of  the  fellow-commoners  (at  that  period  not 
liable  to  examination) ;  or  else  to  declare  their  intention  of 
proceeding  in  Civil  Law  as  harry-sophs^. 

From  such  authorities  as  are  mentioned  in  the  foot-notes*, 
we  are  able  to  gather  a  fairly  complete  and,  in  some  respects,  a 
minute  account  of  the  exercise  requii-ed  at  Cambridge  from 
Senior  Sophs  and  Questionists  in  the  last  year  of  qualification 
for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  during  the  period  which  lies 
between  the  years  1772  and  1827. 

The  first  and  very  important  ordeal  through  which  all 
candidates  had  to  pass  were  the 

Acts  and  Opponencies, 

or  public  exercises  of  the  Schools,  conducted  in  Latin  umlor  the 
superintendence  of  the  two  Moderators,  who  were  usually  scni(^r 
or  second  wranglers  of  past  time,  and  to  whom  also  fell  the 

^  See  my  Univ.  Life,  pp.  556,  643,  (copied  largely  from  Jehh). 

644.  "  Gradus  ad  Cantab.  1803,  1824. 

2  JehVs  Worhs  (1772—87),  ii.  284—  [J.   M.  F.  Wright's]   Alma  Mater, 
300.  1827  (relating  to  1818). 

Gunniiiri's  Reniinisc.   R.  ami.  1780,  Facetiae  Cantahrigieitses.     183G. 

1787.  Dr  Whfwell,  '  Of  a  Liberal  Ednca- 
Camb.lJniv.Calendar,im2.l\\ivoA.  tinn.'     1845. 

w.  3 


34  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

chief  responsibility  of  the  public  examinations  of  the  senate- 
house,  wliich  constituted  the  final  triaP. 

In  the  student's  third  year,  after  the  Senate-house  exami- 
nations of  those  lucky  wights  who  were  his  seniors  in  university- 
standing  by  a  twelve-month,  the  Moderators  having  received  a 
list  of  the  students  aspiring  to  honours  at  the  next  examination 
from  the  tutors  of  the  several  colleges  (King's^  excepted)  by  the 
hand  of  a  Proctor's  servant,  with  appropriate  marks  (such  as 
reading,  non-7^eading^,  hard-reading  man,  &c.) — send  notice  on 
the  second  and  subsequent  Mondays  in  Lent  Term  to  five  students 
to  'keep  their  act'  on  the  five  first  days  beginning  with  that- 
day-fortnight.  The  Moderator's  man  (who  expects  a  fee  of  six- 
pence for  his  trouble,  as  well  as  eighteen-pence  at  the  time  of 
the  act,  and  other  fees  from  the  three  opponents)  delivers  the 
notice  in  the  following  form  : 

Respondeat  Gunning,  Coll.   Christ. 
5*°  die  Februarii  1787.     T.  Jones,  Mod'. 

The  '  Respondent'  or  '  Act,'  as  he  now  may  call  himself,  is 
ready  in  the  course  of  an  hour  or  so  to  wait  upon  the  Moderator 
with  three  copies  of  three  subjects  on  which  he  puiposes  to 
argue  (liaving  selected  them,  perhaps,  from  the  numerous  ex- 
amples in  Johnsons  Qiiaestiones  Philosophicae  in  Vsum  Juvent. 
Jicad.*) — in  the  following  form  : 

1  Tlie  last  act  for  a  B.A.  degree  at  ^  K.  H.  C.  writing  in  the  Monthly 
Cambridge  was  performed  in  1839.  Magazine  in  1797,  p.  266,  asserts  that 
They  must  have  been  discontinued,  as  the  so-called  non-reading  men  were 
Mr  H.  Sidgwick  has  observed  to  me,  generally  studious,  only  they  read 
by  the  independent  action  of  the  mode-  other  subjects  than  mathematics, 
rators  of  the  time  (T.  Gasldn,  Jes.,and  ^  Not  that  he  would  have  found 
Joseph  Bowstead,  Pemb.),  for  these  anything  so  modern  as  Paleij  there. — 
exercises  were  commended  as  a  guide  The.  Jolmson,  of  Eton,  King's,  and 
to  the  moderators  in  the  report  of  the  Magd.  Colleges.  His  Qiiaestiones  were 
Examination  Syndicate  in  the  previous  jn-inted  at  Cambridge  (pp.  1 — 54,  8vo.) 
year,  confirmed  May  30, 1838.  Modera-  typis  Acad.  1732.  The  demand  for  such 
tors  have  been  appointed  annually  since  amanual,givingreference  to  authorities 
1680.  Up  to  that  time  the  Proctors  on  certain  stock  '  questions,'  may  be 
held  the  responsibihty  of  moderating,  taken  as  a  proof  of  the  good  effect  of 
and  in  1709 — 10  Ei.  Laughtou,  Clar.  Dr  Mawsou's  reformation  of  the  Lent 
being  proctor,  chose  to  preside.  disputations   when   he   was    V.  C.    in 

2  Jebb  adds  '  Trinitv-Hall.'  1730,  1731. 


ACTS   OR   DISPUTATIONS   IN   THE   SCHOOLS.  35 

Q.     S/ 
Recte  statuit  Newtonus  in  2'^-'  sectione  Libri  i. 
Recte  statuit  Newtonus  in  3'^  sectione  Libri  i. 
Recte  statuit  Palcius  de  Utilitate. 

Except  in  such  cases  as  that  of  Palcy  himself  who,  when  a 
Senior  Soph  in  1762,  proposed  to  deny  the  eternity  of  Hell  Tor- 
ments and  the  Justice  of  Capital  Punishment^  (though,  even  in 
his  case,  the  objection  to  this  was  not  raised  by  the  Moderators 
— Jebb  and  Watson — themselves),  but  was  induced  to  com- 
promise the  matter  by  affirming  the  former  question  which 
he  had  proposed  to  deny,  so  leaving  the  negative  to  the  three 
opponents,  who  were  always  expected  to  espouse  the  Worse 
Cause  founded  on  some  fallacy^; — the  Moderator  generally  ac- 
cepted the  theses  brought  to  him,  and  'at  his  leisure'  (says  the 
garrulous  Calendar  of  1802,  quoting  Jebb,  1772)  transcribes 
into  his  book  the  questions,  together  with  the  names  of  the 
Respondent,  and  of  three  other  students  whom,  from  enquiry  of 
their  tutors,  he  thinks  suitable  to  oppose  his  arguments.  To 
each  of  them  he  sends  a  copy  of  the  questions  with  their  own 
names  and  the  words  opponentiuni  primus,  secundus,  or  tertius, 
denoting  the  order  in  which  the  three  are  to  dispute. 

In  earlier  times  there  was  Disputa-  '  V tr.  Aeternitas  Poenarum  contradicit 

tionum  Academicantm  Formulae  hy  B:.  divinis  Attributes?     Origin  of  Evil  in 

F.     8vo  and  IGmo  1G38.  Ap.  §  2.     Burnet  de  Statu  Mortuorum 

1  I  suppose  these  initials  meant  xi.  p.  290.  Tillotson's,  Fidcles's  and 
Quaestiones  semt :  cp.  Wesley's  Guide  Lupton's  Sermoris  on  Hell  Tormentn. 
to  Syllogism,  p.  109.  S.  Collihcr's  Impartial  Enquiry,  p.  103, 

2  Jehb's  specimen,  1772,  was  and  his  Essay  on  Nat.  and  Revealed 

,  p.    a  Religion,  112.    Swinden's  Appendix  to 

Treatise  on  Hell.     Episcopii  liespons. 

Planetae  primariao  retmentur  m  orb.-       ^^^  ^^^^^^^   ^^^  ^^      Whitby's  Appendix 

tis  suis  vi  gravitatis,  ot  motu  pro-       ^^^  jj   ^^^^,^.^_     j^^^^^,^  Jievealed  lieli- 


jectili 


ginn,   vii.     NichoUs's  Conference,   m. 


Iridis  primariae  et  secnndariae  phao-  :^^,g_      g^^^^,^   ^,^^_    ^^^' ^^  g  g_  ^^ 

nomena  solvi  possunt  ex  pnnopns  ^^^^^,   _g,^.^.^^„^,   „^  ^„^^   ^„_     ^^^ 

^P*^*'^^-  Dawes's   Semi.   v.  73.      Fabricius   dc 

Non  licet  magi.stratui  civem  mort.  tra-  y^^..^^^^  j^,i  Christ.  720.' 

dcre  nisi  ob  crimen  homiculn.  ^  ^  ^  ,  ^,^^^^,^  .^^  ^^^^^^^^_  p_  ^20.   Watson's 

Eesp.  Jan.  10'""'  Autobiog.  Anecdotes,  i.  31.     Wesley's 

In    Johnson's    Quaestiones   {Metaphy-  Guide    to     Syllogism,     Appendix     on 

sicae),  1732,  reference  is  madc^  to  tbo  Academical  Disjmtation,  p.  97. 
following  authorities  on  the  question: 

3—2 


36  UNIVERSITY    STUDIKS. 

The  first  Respondent  of  the  year,  under  the  overwhelming 
responsibility  which  has  devolved  upon  him — that  of  'opening 
the  Schools' — takes  out  a  dormiat^  from  the  dean  of  his  college, 
enabling  him  to  sit  up  late  at  night  to  study,  without  thought 
of  having  to  rise  early  to  the  chapel  service.  He  then  sets  to 
work  to  practise  and  prepare  himself  for  the  coming  encounter. 
In  the  course  of  the  fortnight  he  asks  the  three  opponents  to 
take  wine  with  him,  partly  perhaps  to  secure  personal  good- 
will, when  the  wordy  encounter  comes  on,  partly,  it  appears,  to 
arrange  the  sham-fight  beforehand^. 

In  1782  'Jemmy'  Wood  (the  future  senior  wrangler  and 
Master  of  St  John's)  was  the  worse  for  one  of  these  act's-wines, 
and  subsequently  and  consequently  more  sober  act' s-hreakfasts^ 
were  substituted  for  them. 

Soon  after  the  beginning  of  this  century  it  became  usual  for 
the  three  opponents  to  return  the  compliment  in  the  form  of 
'  tea  and  turn-out*.'  From  the  last  of  these  festive  gatherings, 
the  Respondent  retired  early  to  give  the  Opponents  fair  oppor- 
tunity of  comparing  their  proposed  arguments  and  making  sure 
to  avoid  repetitions^ 

When  the  fateful  day  arrives,  the  Moderator  of  the  week,  pre- 

^  Cp.Gunning's  Eemimsc.  I.  iii.,  and  '  vailguses,'  or  sold  by  poor  students, 

my  Univ.  Life,  p.  590.  or  such  characters  as  Jemmy  Gordon. 

2  This,  however,  was  a  comparative-  At  least,  it  is  recorded  of  T.  Kobinson, 

lylate  refinement.    'The  Eev.  Eeginald  of  Trinity,  7th  wrangler  in  [Bp.  Prety- 

Bligh,  A.B.'  in  the  advertisement  (1781)  man]  Tomline's  yeai-1772,  as  something 

at  the  end  of  his  second  frantic  attack  esxeptional  that  'he  always  made  his 

upon   Plumptre   and   Milner   for    not  oicn  argiunciits  when  he  kept  an  oppon- 

giving  him   a  fellowship   at   Queens'  chc?/' (Life  by  E.  T.  Vaughan,  pp.  28, 

when  he  was   one   place    above   the  29). 

'wooden-spoon,'   accuses    G.  Law    of  3  Gradus   ad   Cantai.   ed.  1,  1803, 

having  '  bribed  his  opiDonent  to  shew  s.  v. 

him  his  Arguments,  and  teach  him  to  ^  Id.  ed.  2,  1824,  s.  v. 

take  them  off.'  5  Gunning Eeminisc.  s.  a.  1787.  Alma 

Not  only  were  there  stock  subjects  Mater,  ii.  37.     Li  Sij77ionds  D'Eiccs' 

to  which  it  was  usual  to  resort,  but  time  (1619)  the  Eespondent  treated  the 

even  the  line  of  ai-giiment  was  provided  combatants  after  the  disputation.     So 

either  by  references  to  standard  loci  also  after  his  act  in  the  College  Chapel 

classici  such  as  are  indicated  in  John-  of  St  John's,  he  entertained  the  fel- 

son's  Qaaestiones,  or  even  by  tradi-  lows  and  fellow-commoners  with  sack- 

tional '  strings '  (as  they  were  caUed  at  possets  in  the  '  parlour '  or  Combina- 

Oxford),which  no  doubt  were  preserved  tion-room.     (Diary,  ed.  HaUiwell,  G7, 

after   the  manner   of    Tom    Brown's  68.) 


ACTS   OR   DISPUTATIONS   IN   THE   SCHOOLS.  87 

ceded  by  the  Proctor's  man  (or  'bull-dog')  carrying  the  (quarto 
volume  of  Statutes \  enters  the  Philosophical  Schools  at  3  p.?/i., 
(1  p.m.  in  1818),  and,  ascending  his  chair^  at  the  side  of  the 
room,  says  Ascendat  Dominus  Respondens. 

The  Respondent  accordingly  mounts  the  rostrum  on  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  Schools,  and  reads  a  Latin  thesis  on  whichever 
of  his  three  subjects  he  prefers.  This  is  usually  'the  moral 
question^' — 'Recte  statuit  Paleius  de  Utilitate'  in  our  supposed 
case : — if  not  from  Paley,  it  is  generally  taken  from  the  writings 
of  Locke,  Hume,  Butler,  Clarke,  or  Hartley.  The  thesis  takes 
about  ten  minutes.  Then  the  Moderator  says,  Ascendat  Oppo- 
nentium  primus,  and  the  first  Opponent  enters  the  box  below 
the  Moderator's  chair,  and  facing  the  Respondent.  He  opposes 
the  thesis  in  eight  arguments  of  syllogistical  form,  the  Respond- 
ent attempting  to  'take  off'  or  reply  to  each  in  turn,  the 
entire  discussion  being  carried  on  in  Latin  more  or  less  debased. 
The  Moderator,  who  has  been  acting  all  the  while  as  umpire, 
when  the  disputation  has  begun  to  slide  into  free  debate,  says 
to  the  Opponent,  Probes  aliter*,  whenever  an  argument  has  been 
disposed  of.  At  last  he  dismisses  the  first  Opponent  with  some 
such  compliment  as  Domine  Opponens,  bene  dispatasti — {optime 

^  See  above,  p.  30.  ha\'ing  already  distinguished  himself 
2  Until  1669  the  professor's  original  in  mathematical  argument, 
gothic  stone  chair  with  those  of  the  *  GwmmgReminisc.u.x.  The  forms 
opponent  and  respondent  stood  in  the  of  syllogisms,  &c.  commonly  in  use 
Divinity  School  at  Oxford.  See  Wood  may  be  found  in  Mr  C.  Wesley's  Guide 
ap.  Warton's  Balhurst,  p.  91.  The  to  Syllogism  1832,  pp.  99-106,  and  in 
wooden  ones  in  the  Cambridge  Schools  Notes  and  Queries,  1st  S.  vi.  p.  55. 
still  remain.  Gil.  Wakefield  (Memoirs,  1804,  ii.  75  n.) 
*  As  early  as  1710-11  it  needed  all  tells  of  '  a  Moderator  in  the  Astrono- 
the  influence  of  an  enthusiastic  proctor  mical  Schools  at  Cambridge,  very  ill 
and  moderator  (Ei.  Laughtou  of  Clare)  quahfied  for  his  office,  who  was  in- 
to induce  a  soph  (Sir  W.  Browne  of  capable  of  settling  the  debate  between 
Pet. )  to  keep  his  acts  in  mathematical  a  resolute  opponent  and  his  respondent; 
questions  (Niclwls^ Lit.  Anecd. 111.328).  and  to  pacify  the  former  was  accus- 
But  by  the  middle  of  the  century  the  tomed  to  terminate  the  controversy  by 
Cambridge  examination  was  so  far  a  look  of  complacency  on  the  opponent 
crystallizing  into  the  mathematical  tri-  and  this  conciliatory  decision  :  Domine 
pos  that  a  questionist  (R.  Cumberland)  opponens  !  hoc  fortasse  verum  esse  possit 
was  enabled  by  academical  authority  in  quibusdam  casibus,  sed  non  in  hoc 
in  1750  to  resist  the  demands  of  a  casu.  Probes  al iter.'  ['Probo,'I  take 
moderator  who  had  requhed  him  to  it,  is  a  misprint,  and  rerum  for  verum.] 
produce  one  metaphysical  question,  he 


38  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

disputasti,  or  optime  quidem  disputasti),  and  his  place  is  taken 
by  the  second  Opponent,  who  has  to  array  five  arguments 
against  the  Respondent,  and  in  his  tiim  makes  way  for  Dominus 
Opponentium  tertius,  of  whom  but  tltree  are  required.  The 
Respondent  has  to  do  his  best  to  '  take  tliera  off,'  as  with  his 
first  Opponent ;  and  when  his  task  is  done,  he  is  examined  by 
the  Moderator  as  to  his  mathematical  knowledge,  that  he  may 
be  the  better  classed  for  the  coming  Senate-house  examination: 
and  at  last  is  dismissed  with  Tu  aufem,  domine  Respoiidens, 
satis  et  optime  quidem,  et  in  Tliesi  et  in  Disjnitationibus,  tuo 
officio  functus  es  (in  which  case  he  may  have  good  hopes  of 
turning  out  a  wrangler) ;  or  even  sumino  ingenii  acuniine  dispu- 
tasti, which  may  suggest  very  high  expectations  indeed;  or  with 
the  more  guarded  praises  of  satis  et  bene,  or  simply  bene,  or  satis, 
disputasti.  Such  compliments  gave  rise  to  the  classification  of 
students  as  senior  and  junior  Optimes. 

In  general  optime  quidem  was  the  highest  praise  expected 
even  by  future  wranglers ;  but  in  1790  W.  Lax  of  Trinity  intro- 
duced a  fashion  of  giving  high-flown  compliments  as  moderator. 
He  also  extended  the  length  of  the  Acts  to  two  hours,  which 
duration  custom  seems  to  have  continued — so  at  least  it  was  in 
1820.  In  the  eighteenth  century  an  hour  and  ten  minutes  was 
the  usual  time.  Was  this  a  Jewish  mode  of  reckoning  a  dispu- 
tation per  tres  horas  consecutivas^  ? 

'The  distinguished  men  of  the  year  appear  eight  times  in  this 
manner  in  the  schools, — twice  as  Acts  (or  Respondents),  and 
twice  in  each  grade  of  Opponency.  One  act  and  three  opponen- 
cies  are  kept  before  the  Commencement  (the  beginning  of  July), 
and  the  other  moiety  in^  the  October  term.  The  ol  iroXkol 
(generally  non-reading  men)  have  less  to  do,  some  of  them  not 
appearing  more  than  once  or  twice,  except  in  the  farce  of 
huddling,  which  will  be  described  below  :  and  on  some  of  them 
occasionally  a  Descendas^  is  inflicted,  or  an  order  to  quit  the 

1  Cp.  Gunning's  Reminisc.  i.  v.  and  grace,   Feb,   14,  1792,  providing  that 

Jebb's  aecoimt  (1772),  '  the  Moderator  the  exercises  should  take  place  fi-om 

appearing  a   little  before   two.'     The  3  to  5  p.m. 

change  of  the  usual  dinner-hour  (see  ^  In  the  Calendar  'before'  was  an 

my  Univ.  Life,  p.  657  ;  Gil.  "Wakefield's  erratum. 

Mem.  eh.  vii.)  was  the  cause  of  this  ^  Facetiae  Cantab.  \\  5-i.  Alma  Mater 

jilteration,   which   was   effected   by    a  ii.   129,   and   my  Univ.   Life,  p.  .588. 


ACTS   OR   DISPUTATIONS   IN   THE   SCHOOLS.  39 

box  for  incompetency.  This,  however,  is  not  very  frequent : 
whenever  it  does  happen,  the  stigma  is  indelibly  fixed  on  the 
unfortunate  object^' 

I  have  ventured  to  expand  an  'argument'  of  three  'con- 
ditional syllogisms'  from  the  last  page  of  Mr  C.  Wesley's  Guide 
to  Syllogism. 

'  Quaestio  tertia  est :  Recte  statuit  Paleius  de  Virtute.' 

The  Respondent,  having  read  his  Latin  thesis  founded  upon 
Paley's  Moral  Philosophy,  is  confronted  by  the  first  Opponent, 
who  begins  the  attack  at  the  Moderator's  bidding.  '  Ascendat 
Dominus  Opponentium  primus.' 

Op.  '  Si  Dei  voluntas  sit  virtutis  regula,  cadit  quaestio. 
Sed  Dei  voluntas  est  virtutis  regula.  Ergo  cadit  quaestio.' 
Besj).  '  Concedo  antecedentem,  et  nego  consequentiam^' 
Op.  'Probo  consequentiam : — Si  Dei  voluntas  ideo  nos 
astringat  quia  praemia  poenaeque  vitae  futurae  ex  Dei  arbitrio 
pendent,  valet  consequentia.  Sed  Dei  voluntas  nos  astringit 
propter  haece  praemia  et  poenas  quae  ex  arbitrio  Ejus  pen- 
deant.     Ergo  valet  consequentia.' 

Resp.  '  Concedo  antecedentem,  et  nego  consequentiam.' 
Op.  *  Iterum  probo  consequentiam  : — Si  igitur  posito  quod 
angelorum  malorum  princeps  summo  rerum  imperio  potitus 
esset,  voluntas  ejus  nos  pari  jure  astringeret,  valent  conse- 
quentia et  argumentum.  Sed  posito  quod  Sathanas  summo 
rerum  arbitrio  potitus  esset,  voluntas  ejus  nos  pari  jure  astrin- 
geret.    Ergo  valent  consequentia  et  argumentum.' 

Resp.     '  Ut  alia  taceam,  Deus  homines  felices  vult ;  ange- 
lorum malorum  princeps,  miseros ;  huic  ut  resistaraus,  lUi  ut 

Even  in    the  bachelors'  schools  the  conditional  syllogism.     The  argnment 

Moderator  in  Nov.    1733   had  to   ad-  given  in  the  text  seems  exactly  to  fit 

monish  T.  Ferrand,  a  fellow  of  Trm.,  the  syllogistic  form,  '  Si  A  sit  B  cadit 

vfiih'3Iodestetegeras.'(Byrom's Diary.)  quaestio,'   &c.   &c.,   which   forms  the 

1  Univ.  Calendar  for  1802.   Introd.  subject  of  an  inquiry  by  '  M.'  in  Notes 

p.  xvi.  (ind  Queries,  1st  S.  vi.  55  b.    By  later 

a  The   consequentia  {"avWoyiaixo^,  logicians  the  word  minor  is  used  in- 

collectio,  conchisio.     Sec  also  Ar.Rhet.  stead  oi  antecedens.     In  earher  times 

II.  xxi.  Cic.  Acad.  Post.  ii.  8,  9,  30)  is  the  eonsequcns  was  also  called  asscrtio, 

the  connexion  between  the  antecedent  and  the   consequentia    called    loosely 

and  consequent  (consequens)  of  such  a  ronsequens. 


4.0  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

obediauius,  ratio  ct  iiatura  suadcnt.  Priusquam  angelonim  ma- 
lorura  princeps  liominum  felicitatem  velle  possit,  naturarn  suara 
se  exuat  necesse  est,* 

Mod.  (to  Ojyponent)  '  Probes  aliter/  &c.,  &c.,  to  n  argu- 
ments ;  viz.,  in  the  last  century,  eight. 

If  ever  a  mathematical  question  was  chosen  instead  of  the 
'moral'  one,  a  very  small  stock  of  Latin  would  suffice.  An 
argument  on  the  9th  Section  of  Newton,  and  another  on  the 
tiuth  of  the  Differential  and  Integral  Calculi,  are  given  by 
Mr  C.  Wesley.     In  the  latter  the  Opponent  begins  with 

(dec  ct 

'Si  inter  limites  a;  =  a,  x  =  h,     —  flat  hoc  loco  j,   cadit 

J   X  0 

quaestio.'      And  the  Respondent's  final  reply  consists  of  six 

lines  of  algebraical  symbols  jmre  and   simple,  and   then   the 

conclusion — 

a"  —  i" 

*  Ergo  valor  fractionis   ,  cum  n  =  0,  non  evanescit,  sed 

^  n 

fit  hoc  loco  J  ,  ideoque  nulla  discrepantia  existit.' 

Though  about  1830  men  were  called  upon  to  defend  all 
three  of  the  questions  on  their  papers  against  a  limited  number 
of  'arguments' ;  it  is  easy  to  see  wdiy  at  the  end  of  the  previous 
century  the  third  or  '  moral '  question  was  the  popular  one,  and, 
as  a  general  rule,  the  only  one  discussed.  However,  we  have 
seen  above,  p.  29,  that  in  1753  an  act  was  kept  in  Newton 
with  fluxions.  In  1772  there  does  not  seem  to  have  been  any 
general  rule  as  to  which  question  the  respondent  should  choose. 
It  may  be  that  the  grace  of  19  Ma7\  1779  may  have  given  the 
first  impetus  to  the  study  of  Moral  Philosophy,  which  about 
that  time  became  the  favourite  subject  for  the  acts. 

As  to  the  Latinity  of  the  schools,  several  typical  anecdotes 
are  current.  W.  Parish  of  Magdalene  (afterwards  professor 
of  Chemistry*),  who  was  moderator  in  1783  and  later  years, 
usually  figures  in  them. 

1  W.  Farish  was  vicar  of  S.,  Giles,  churcli  a  paraboloid  somiding-board, 
Cambridge,  where  he  was  well  kno^\'n  which  was  hkeued  to  a  tin  coal-scuttle 
for  his  mechanical  contrivances.  He  bonnet.  While  it  enabled  aU  the  con- 
put  up   over  the   pulpit   in    the    old  gregatiou  in  that  most  irregularly  built 


ACTS   OR   DISPUTATIONS   IN   THE  SCHOOLS.  41 

The  faithful  dog  of  some  dominus  opponentium  tertius  having 
followed  his  master  into  the  schools,  felt  no  doubt  complimented 
when  the  astonished  moderator  in  his  own  canine  Latin  ex- 
claimed : 

Verte  canem  ex ! 

Another  choice  phrase  of  Farish's  was  facimus  tain  bene 
sine  quam  cum^.  Yet  again;  a  poll-man  running  into  the 
Schools  in  haste  having  neglected  to  put  on  a  small  item  of  his 
academical  habit,  which  was  de  rigiieur  on  these  occasions,  was 
thus  reminded : 

Domine  Opponentium  Tertie,  non  hales  quod  dehes. —  Ubi 
sunt  tui...eh. !   eh  !   Anglice  Bands  ? 

He  is  said  to  have  answered  thus,  hesitatingly, 
Doviine  Moderator,  simt  in  meo...Anglich  Pocket. 

The  following  anecdote  will  give  a  notion  of  a  certain  class 
of  arguments  which  were  occasionally  brought  forward  in  this 
century,  when  the  disputations  were  on  their  last  legs,  and  the 
establishment  of  the  Classical  Tripos  had  given  courage  to 
clever  men  who  had  no  special  capacity  for  mathematics.  I 
have  heard  it  from  Mr  Shilleto,  of  Peterhouse,  who  (I  had 
hoped)  would  have  revised  this  account.  He  was  then  a  scholar 
of  Trinity  keeping  a  second  opponency  under  Francis  Martin, 
who  was  then  moderator  (late  bursar  of  Trinity,  seventh  wrangler 
in  1824). 

edifice  to  hear  tlie  weak  voice  of  the  the  division  from  above,  forgetful  of 

preacher,    it    conducted    not    a    few  his   guests   on   the   upper  floor,   who 

whispers  to  his  ear.    His  house  (which  awoke  from  their  first  sleep  to   find 

Dr  Whewell  was  about  to  occupy  when  themselves  bewitched  into   a  double- 

Dr  Wordsworth  resigned  the  master-  bedded  room.     Such  was  his  absence 

ship  of  Trinity  in  1841,  and  is  now  of  mind  that  on  one  occasion  he  gave 

inhabited  by E.  WajTnan,  Esq.)  in  the  'the  measles'  to  his  congregation  in 

neighbourhood  of  tlio  School  of   Py-  place  of  'the  Blessing.'     His  brother 

thagoras  has  still  the  grooves  whereby  was  author  of  Tvleration  of  Marriage. 

a  partition  was  run  up   at  pleasure  ^  Alma  Mater  i.  198.     Jacob  Brj'aut 

through  the  ceiling  of  one  floor  to  the  records  the   following   elegancy  of    a 

room  above,  or  vice  versa.  One  evening  College  Moderator  of  the  same  period 

having  almost  sat-out  his  dining-room  (about   178'J),    'Domine  opponcns  non 

fire  in    some   dynamical   calculation,  video  vim  tuum  argumentum.'   Nichols' 

being  suddenly  seized  with  a  desire  to  Lit.  Anccd.  viii.  541. 
make  liimself  more  snug,  he  let  down 


42  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES. 

The  qvicstion  to  be  disputed  was  a  trite  and  favourite  sub- 
ject*, Recte  statidt  Faleius  de  Suicidiis.  This  last  word  is  no 
doubt  a  barbarism,  though  to  most  English  ears  unequivocal,  and 
sanctioned  by  time-honoured  use  in  the  Philosophical  Schools. 
The  Opponent  aforesaid  being  called  upon  for  an  argument 
began  thus  :  Non  recte  judical  Dominus  Respondens  de  suicidio, 
lit  ego  quidem  censeo,  ergo  cadit  quaestio :  si  sues  enim  omnino 
non  caedemus,  wide  quaeso  pernam,  hillas,  sumen,  unde  in- 
quam  petasonem  sumus  hahituri  ?  Est  profecto  judaicum  et,  ut 
ita  dicam' — '  Err  as,  Domine  Opponens/'  interrupts  the  Mode- 
rator, '  non  enim  de  suibus  caesis  loquitur  Respondens,  sed  de 
aliquo  qui  ultro  sibi  necem  consciverit.'  (All  this  while  the 
Respondent,  good  mathematician  and  Johnian  though  he  was, 
being  unacquainted  with  the  terms  of  Latin  pork-butchery, 
was  puzzling  his  brain  to  think  how  he  could  'take  off'  an 
argument  which  he  could  not  well  understand.)  '  Quid  est  ergo 
suicidium'  (continues  the  Opponent)  '  ut  latine  nos  loquamur, 
nisi  suum  caesio  V 

Mr  Martin,  who  had  won  Bell's  and  Craven  Scholarships, 
and  might  (it  was  thought)  have  been  senior  classic,  if  he  had 
been  a  candidate  for  honours  in  that  new  Tripos,  enjoyed  the 
joke,  which  would  have  been  thrown  away  on  Professor  Farish 
had  he  been  the  moderator. 


Jebb's  opinion  of  the  worth  of  these  acts  in  1772  is  interest- 
ing and  satisfactory,  as  coming  from  a  rigid  disciplinarian  and 
a  radical  reformer  as  times  went.  He  says,  'These  exercises 
are  improving  ;  are  generally  well  attended  ;  and  consequently 
are  often  performed  with  great  spirit.  But  many  persons  of 
good  judgment,  observing,  with  pain,  the  unclassical  Latin, 
generally  uttered  by  the  student  upon  these  occasions,  have 
maintained  that  the  knowledge  of  that  language  is  not  pro- 
moted by  the  present  method  of  disputation ;  and  have  de- 
livered it  as  their  opinion,  that  these  exercises  should  be  held 
in  English  in  order  to  their  absolute  perfection.' 

^  Cp.  Alma  Jilatcr  ii.  36.  In  earlier  iu  1732  on  the  Quaestio  '  Utrum  Suici- 
times  the  only  authority  to  which  T.  cliiim  sit  iUicitum?'  vras  Adams  on  Self- 
Johnson  referred  'the  acailcmie  vouth'       Murder. 


ACTS   OR  DISPUTATIONS  IN   THE   SCHOOLS.  43 

Forty-seven  years  later  the  Senate-bouse  examination  had  so 
far  left  the  disputations  in  the  rear,  that  Whewell  said^  these 
had  no  immediate  effect  upon  a  man's  place  in  the  tripos,  yet 
although  the  syllogisms  were  'such  as  would  make  Aristotle 
stare,  and  the  Latin  would  make  every  classical  hair  in  your 
head  stand  on  end,'  still  it  was,  he  thought,  '  an  exercise  well 
adapted  to  try  the  clearness  and  soundness  of  the  mathematical 
ideas  of  the  men,  though  they  are  of  course  embarrassed  by 
talking  in  an  unknown  tongue.' 

^  Wliewoll's  Writinijs  and  Letters  (Todhiuitcr)  ii.  35,  36. 


CHAPTER  V. 


THE   SENATE-HOUSE   EXAMINATION. 


We'll  send  Blark  Antony  to  the  Senate  house, 
And  ho  shall  say  you  are  not  well  to  day. 

Julius  Cccsar,  Act  ii.  Sc.  2. 


The  candidates  having  been  in  the  three  terms  beneath  the 
scrutiny  of  two  pai7^s  of  Moderators  \  at  least  in  the  capacity 
of  opponent,  have  arrived  at  the  dignity  of  Questionists  by 
about  the  middle  of  January,  six  weeks  before  the  First  Tripos'"* 
is  published.  They  breakfast  with  the  'Father'  of  their  col- 
lege^ at  7  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  Plough-Monday  (ominous 
name  to  modern  academical  ears  for  the  Monday  after  Epi- 
phany !)  se'nnight.  Then  (though  they  are  not  yet  formally 
admitted  ad  respondendum  Quaestioni)  the  B.A.  examination 
begins :  the  Admission  of  Bachelors  taking  place  on  the  fol- 
lowing Friday,  five  weeks  before  'the  First  Tripos  comes  out' ; 
this  is  the  expression  of  the  Univ.  Calendar,  but  it  does  not 
mean  the  first  publication  of  the  honour  list. 

The  examiners  have  already  made  a  preliminary  assortment 

^   Univ.    Calendar,    1802.       Introd.  ^  By  Statutum  Acad.  Eliz.  cap.   l. 

xvi.,  xvii.  §  28,  the  usual  expense  of  breakfasts 

^  As  at  the  present  day,  the  printing  and  dinners  at  the  time  of  the   dis- 

and  pubhshing  of  the    Tripos  Paper  putation   is   to   be  lightened   and  di- 

with  its  Verses  was  by  no  means  con-  miuished  by  the  Master  and  the  ma- 

temporaneous  with  the  settlement  and  jority  of  the  Fellows, 
proclamation  of  the  honoiur  list. 


THE   SENATE-nOUSE   EXAMINATIONS.  4.'> 

of  the  examinees,  into  '  classes'  of  six,  cioljt,  or  ten,  accordin"- 
to  the  notes  made  by  the  moderators  at  their  acts  (the  persons 
in  each  class  being  arranged  alphabetically),  and  half-a-dozen 
of  these  classes  (eight,  or  so,  in  all)  have  been  published  at 
Deigh ton's,  or  elsewhere ^  on  the  previous  Thursday. 

Those  who  were  placed  by  the  Moderators  in  the  1st  or  2nd 
classes  were  allowed  on  even  a  slight  pretext  to  claim  an  aegro- 
tat Senior  Optivie' — 'a  Nervous  Fever,  the  Scald  of  a  Tea-kettle, 
or  a  Bruise  of  the  Hand,  frequently  put  a  period  to  the  ex- 
pectation of  their  friends'"  in  the  case  of  some  who,  having  done 
well  in  disputation  beyond  their  hopes,  in  greater  discretion 
than  valour  thought  good  to  retire  with  a  vague  honour  degree, 
without  being  subjected  to  further  examination.  This  was 
called  ' gnlpliing  it*.' 

The  following  account  of  the  Senate-house  Examinations 
is  quoted  [with  the  exception  of  rem^arks  enclosed  in  square 
brackets]  from  John  Jebb's  account  (1772),  and  the  revision  of 
it  adopted  in  the  Introduction  to  'the  Cambridge  University 
Calendar  for  the  year  1802,'  and  was  true  up  to  1827. 

'On  the  Monday  morning,  a  little  before  eight  o'clock,  the 
Students,  generally  about  a  Hundred,  enter  the  Senate-House, 
preceded  by  a  Master  of  Arts,  who  on  this  occasion  is  styled 
the  Father  of  the  College  to  which  he  belongs.  On  two  pillars 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Senate-House  are  hung  the  Classes ;  and 
a  Paper  denoting  the  hours  of  examination  of  those  who  are 
thought  most  competent  to  contend  for  Honors. 

'Immediately  after  the  University  clock  has  struck  eight, 
the  names  are  called  over,  and  the  Absentees,  being  marked,  are 
subject  to  certain  fines.  The  classes  to  be  examined  are  called 
out,  and  proceed  to  their  appointed  tables,  where  they  find 
pens,  ink,  and  paper  provided  in  great  abundance.  In  this 
manner,  Avith  the  utmost  order  and  regularity,  more  than  two 
thirds  of  the  young  men  are  set  to  work  within  less  than  five 
minutes  after  the  clock  has  struck  eight.  There  are  three  chief 
tables,  at  which  six  examiners  preside.  At  the  first,  the  Senior 
Moderator  of  the  present  year  and  the  Junior  Moderator  of  the 

1  Univ. Calendar  for  1802,  pp.xvii.  Ix.       dar,  will  be  found  iu  au  Appendix. 

2  A  list   of  Proctor's    Optimes   and  ^  Univ.  Calend.  p.  xliii. 
aegrotats,  omitted  in  the  Camb.  Calen-  ■•  Alma  Mater,  1827,  ii.  CO. 


4G  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

preceding  year*.     At  the  second,  the  Junior  Moderator  of  the 
present,  and  the  Senior  Moderator  of  the  preceding  year.     At 
the  third,  the  Two  Moderators  of  the  year  previous  to  the  ttm 
last,  or   Two  Examiners  appointed  by  the  Senate.     The  two 
first  tables  are  chiefly  allotted  to  the  six  first  classes;  the  third 
or  largest  to  the  ol  iroSXoL     The  young  men  hear  the  Propo- 
sitions or  Questions  delivered  by  the  Examiners  [from  books  in 
their  hands] ^;   they  instantly  apply  themselves;  demonstrate, 
prove,  work  out,  and  write  down,  fairly  and  legibly  (otherwise 
their  labour  is   of  little  avail)   the  answers  re(][uired«  All  is 
silent ;  nothing  heard  save  the  voice  of  the  Examiners ;  or  the 
gentle  request  of  some  one  who  may  wish  a  repetition  of  the 
enunciation.     [The  examination  was  conducted  in  English  even 
before  the  year  1770.]      It  requires  every  person  to  use  the 
utmost  dispatch  ;  for  as  soon  as  ever  the  Examiners  perceive 
any  one  to  have  finished  his  paper  and  subscribed  his  name  to 
it,  another  Question  is  immediately  given.     A  smattering  de- 
monstration will  weigh  little  in  the  scale  of  merit ;  every  thing 
must  be  fully,  clearly,  and  scientifically  brought  to  a  true  con- 
clusion.    And  though  a  person  may  compose  his  papers  amidst 
hurry  and  embarrassment,  he  ought  ever  to  recollect  that  his 
papers  are  all  inspected,  by  the  united  abilities  of  six  examiners, 
with  coolness,  impartiality,  and  circumspection.    The  Examiners 
are  not  seated  (1802)  ^  but  keep  moving  round  the  tables,  both 
to  judge  how  matters  proceed,  and  to  deliver  their  Questions  at 
proper  intervals.    The  examination,  which  embraces  Anthmetic, 
Algebra,  Fluxions,  the  Doctrine  of  Infinitesimals  and  Increments, 
Geometry,  Trigonometry,  Mechanics,  Hydrostatics,   Oi^tics,  and 
Astronomy,  in  all  their  various  gradations,  is  varied  according 
to  circumstances  :  no  one  can  anticipate  a  question ;  for  in  the 
course  of  five  minutes  he   may  be   dragged   from  Euclid  to 
Newton;   from  the  humble  arithmetic  of  Bonnycastle,  to  the 
abstruse  analytics  of  Waring.     While  this  examination  is  pro- 


1  Previous  to  1779  the  two  Modera-  Poll-men  especially, 

tors  of  the  year  were  the  only  regular  ^  Alma  Mater. 

examiners.     At  that  date  those  of  the  ^  In  Jehh's  time  (1772)  the  Modera- 

yireceding  year  were  given  equal  and  tors  sat  at  the  same  tahle  with   the 

final  authority  with  them.     In   1791  candidates, 
they  had  been  deputed  to  examine  the 


THE   SENATE-HOUSE    EXAMINATIONS.  47 

ceeding  at  the  three  tables  between  the  hours  of  eif)}it  and 
nine,  printed  Problems... are  delivered  to  each  person  of  the 
first  and  second  classes ;  these  he  takes  with  him  to  any  window 
he  pleases,  where  there  are  pens,  ink,  and  paper  prepared  for 
his  operations.  It  is  needless  to  add  that  every  person  now 
uses  his  utmost  exertion,  and  solves  as  many  Problems  as  his 
abilities  and  time  will  allow.' 

In  Jebb's  time  the  examination  by  the  Moderators  was  the 
least  important ;  when  not  engaged  with  them,  any  student  was 
liable  to  be  taken  aside  for  an  hour  and  a  half  together  by  the 
Father  of  some  other  college,  to  undergo  a  scrutiny  in  every 
part  of  mathematics  and  philosophy  which  he  professed  to  have 
read.  In  like  manner  any  M.A.,  or  a  doctor  in  any  faculty, 
might  subject  him  to  the  same  ordeal.  All  such  examiners 
were  expected  to  give  an  account  of  their  impressions ; — Fathers 
to  Fathers,  and  other  graduates  'to  every  person  who  shall 
make  the  inquiry.' 

This  plan  was  not  always  very  satisfactory.  John  Frere 
(Caius),  of  Koydon,  (M.P.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.  &c.,  elder  brother  of 
Lady  Fenn,  the  writer  of  Cobwebs  to  Catch  Flies  and  other 
delightful  productions  of  'Mrs  Teachwell'  and  'Mrs  Lovechild'), 
was  expected  by  many  to  beat  Paley  in  17G3.  '  He  had  already 
acquired  singular  fame  in  the  schools,  as  well  from  the  fluency 
of  his  language  and  his  dexterity  in  repelling  the  arguments  of 
an  antagonist,  as  from  a  confidence  in  his  own  abilities,  and  an 
overbearing  manner,  which,  till  he  very  happily  apologized  for 
it  in  the  thesis  to  his  second  act,  had  excited  a  general  disgust... 
Mr  Frere's  tutor,  who  was  one  of  the  examiners,  requested  of 
Mr  Paley  on  the  morning  of  the  first  day,  that  in  case  any 
other  gentleman  offered  to  examine  him  he  would  say  that  he 
was  engaged  as  he  wished  to  examine  him  himself,  though  he 
never  made  good  his  intimation.  He  afterwards  applied  to  the 
Moderators  for  permission  to  look  over  the  Problems  given  to 
the  first  class  (which  consisted  of  Paley,  Frere,  Hutton  and 
Hall,  all  of  whom  had  distinguished  themselves  in  the  schools 
and  gained  the  highest  mark  of  excellency  in  the  Moderator's 
book),  together  with  the  solutions  which  each  individual  had 
returned;  a  request  which,  as  implying  a  suspicion  of  undue 
partiality,  Avas  instantly  and  peremptorily  refused.     Mr  Paley 's 


48  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

tutor,  on  the  other  hand,  though  not  a  member  of  the  Senate, 
by  anxiously  enquiring  of  one  of  the  Moderators  how  his  pupil 
liad  acquitted  himself,  was  enabled  to  correct  a  mistake  which 
had  arisen  from  two  sets  of  papers  having  been  delivered  with- 
out names,  and  the  inferior  set  attributed  to  Mr  Paley.  When 
on  being  first  called  upon  for  examination,  the  first  class  came 
to  the  bottom  of  the  stairs,  which  led  up  to  the  gallery  where 
the  Moderators  were  seated,  Mr  Paley,  after  some  hesitation 
amongst  the  whole  party,  ascended  first,  Mr  Frere  followed, 
then  Mr  Hutton,  and  lastly  Mr  Hall.  On  the  subsequent  days 
of  examination  the  same  order  was  observed,  a  circumstance 
which  appears  singular,  as  their  names  were  afterwards  so 
arranged  in  the  honour  list.  As  soon  as  Mr  Paley  was  an- 
nounced to  be  senior  wrangler,  one  of  the  fellows  of  Caius 
accused  the  Moderators  of  partiality  in  giving  him  the  pre- 
cedence of  Mr  Frere ;  but  that  gentleman,  on  hearing  the  alter- 
cation, came  forward  and  ingenuously  acknowledged  that  Mr 
Paley  was  his  superior.'  He  had  been  promised  a  handsome 
estate'  if  he  had  been  senior. 

'The  Moderators  and  Fathers^  meet  atbreakfast  and  at  dinner. 
From  the  variety  of  reports,  taken  in  connection  with  their 
own  examination,  the  former  are  enabled  about  the  close  of  the 
second  day  (1772)  so  far  to  settle  the  comparative  merits  of  the 
candidates  as  to  agree  upon  the  names  of  four-and-twenty,  who 
to  them  appear  most  deserving  of  being  distinguished  by  marks 
of  academical  approbation.'  [These  were  the  Wranglers  and 
Senior  Optimes.  These  together  numbered  only  12  in  1765; 
in  1759 — 60  they  reached  about  30 ;  with  those  exceptions  the 
aggregate  numbers  in  each  year  from  1747-8  to  1776  never 
exceeded  28  nor  fell  short  of  18 :  but  the  exact  number  four- 
and-twenty  was  adhered  to  only  four  times  in  those  twenty- 
nine  years.  The  four  honorary  patronage  degrees  and  occasional 
aegrotats  (which  then  were  classed)  may  have  altered  the  num- 
bers somewhat ;  but  the  numerical  limit  must  have  been  found 
to  be  absurd.  From  the  year  1777  there  is  hardly  any  sign  of 
an  attempt  to  control  the  number  of  the  names  on  the  '  first 
tripos  paper.'  In  1824  (the  year  of  the  institution  of  the  Classical 

1  £1000.     Bp.  Watsou's  Anecd.  i.  30. 
^  Jebb's  account  is  lierc  resumed. 


THE   SENATE-HOUSE    EXAMINATIONS.  4!i 

Tripos)  there  were  59,  thirty-one  being  wranglers,  and  twenty- 
eight  senior  optimes :  there  were  only  seven  junior  optimes  that 
year. 

Another  statement  of  Jebb's,  that  *  in  the  latter  list,  or  that 
of  Junior  Optimes,  the  number  twelve  is  almost  constantly 
adhered  to,'  applies  with  truth  to  a  period  of  nineteen  years 
(17o8-7G).  There  Avere  two  considerable  exceptions ;  17G0, 
when  there  were  as  many  as  18  junior  optimes,  and  the  ver^' 
year  in  which  he  wrote  (1772),  when  there  were  as  few  as  sice. 

The  sketch  of  the  examination  questions  given  on  pages 
46,  50,  refers  to  the  year  1802.  Jebb's  account  of  them, 
thirty  years  earlier,  when  there  were  only  two  days  and  a 
half  employed,  is  as  follows  :] 

'  The  examination  is  varied  according  to  the  abilities  of  the 
students.  The  moderator  generally  begins  with  proposing 
some  questions  from  the  six  books  of  Euclid,  plain  (sic)  trigo- 
nometry, and  the  first  rules  of  algebra.  If  any  person  fails 
in  answer,  the  question  goes  to  the  next.  From  the  elements 
of  mathematics,  a  transition  is  made  to  the  four  branches  of 
philosophy,  viz.  mechanics,  hydrostatics,  apparent  astronomy, 
and  optics,  as  explained  in  the  works  of  Maclaurin,  Cotes, 
Helsham,  Hamilton,  Rutherforth,  Keill,  Long,  Ferguson,  and 
Smith.  If  the  moderator  finds  the  set  of  questionists,  under 
examination,  capable  of  answering  him,  he  proceeds  to  the 
eleventh  and  twelfth  books  of  Euclid,  conic  sections,  spherical 
trigonometry,  the  higher  parts  of  algebra,  and  Sir  Isaac  New- 
ton's Principia;  more  particularly  those  sections  which  treat 
of  the  motion  of  bodies  in  eccentric  and  revolving  orbits;  the 
mutual  action  of  spheres,  composed  of  particles  attracting  each 
other,  according  to  various  laws ;  the  theory  of  pulses  propa- 
gated through  elastic  mediums ;  and  the  stupendous  fabric  of 
the  world.' 

'The  sul)jcct-matter  of  the  problems  of  those  days  was  gener- 
ally the  extraction  of  roots,  the  arithmetic  of  surds,  the  inven- 
tion of  divisers,  the  resolution  of  quadratic,  cubic,  and  bi- 
quadratic equations ;  together  Avith  the  doctrine  of  fluxions, 
and  its  application  to  the  solution  of  questions  "  de  maximis  et 
minimis"  to  the  finding  of  areas,  to  the  rectification  of  curves, 
the  investigation  of  the  centre  of  gravity  and  oscillation,  and  to 

W.  4 


50  UNIVEESITT  STUDIES. 

tho  circumstances  of  bodies,  agitated,  according  to  various 
laws,  by  centripetal  forces,  as  unfolded  and  exemplified  in  the 
fluxional  treatises  of  Lyons,  Saunderson,  Simpson,  Emerson, 
Maclaurin,  and  Newton.' 

The  first  problem  paper  of  1802  contained  fifteen  questions, 
of  which  the  following  are  specimens  : 

1.  Given  the  three  angles  of  a  plane  triangle^  and  the 
radius  of  its  inscribed  circle,  to  determine  its  sides. 

7.  The  distance  of  a  small  rectilinear  object  from  the  eye 
being  given,  compare  its  apparent  magnitude  when  viewed 
tlirough  a  cylindrical  body  of  water  with  that  perceived  by  the 
naked  eye. 

8.  Find   the    fluents    of   the    quantities    —==■    and 

x.a^  —of 

hi/ 


15.  From  what  point  in  the  periphery  of  an  ellipse  may  an 
elastic  body  be  so  projected  as  to  return  to  the  same  point, 
after  three  successive  reflections  to  the  curve,  having  in  its 
course  described  a  parallelogram  ? 

*  At  nine  o'clock  the  doors  of  the  Senate-Tiouse  are  opened. 
Each  man  bundles  up  his  papers,  writes  his  name  on  the  out- 
side sheet,  delivers  them  to  the  examiners,  and  retires  (only 
half-an-hour  being  allowed)  to  breakfast.  [Many  of  the  candi- 
dates, as  we  have  seen,  had  already  breakfasted  with  the  Father 
of  their  college.  But  Gunning  took  his  at  9  o'clock  with  a 
friend  in  Trinity,  throughout  the  examination  in  1786.] 

'  At  half-jyast  nine  all  return  again  to  the  Senate-house ; 
the  roll  is  called  over ;  particular  classes  are  summoned  up  to 
the  tables  [though  not  to  the  same  tables  and  examiners  which 
each  had  attended  during  their  first  session]  and  examined  as 
before  'till  eleven,  when  the  Senate-house  is  again  cleared ' 

The  following  are  some  of  the  specimens  of  miscellaneous 
questions  dictated  by  the  moderators  in  1802  ; 

Trisect  a  right  angle. 

Investigate  the  rule  for  the  extraction  of  the  square  root. 

Required  the  value  of  ,583  of  a  pound. 


THE   SEXATE-HOUSE   EXAMINATIONS.  51 

Assign  the  physical  cause  of  the  blue  appearance  of  the  sky 
on  a  clear  day,  and  its  redness  at  sun-set. 

Clear  the  equation  os^  —  - — V- r  =  0  of  fractions. 

*  in        n 

Compare  the  centripetal  with  the  force  of  gravity. 

Given  the  altitude  of  the  mercury  in  the  barometer  at  the 
top  and  bottom  of  a  mountain,  to  find  its  height. 

Prove  the  Binomial  Theorem  by  the  method  of  increments. 

Giv€n  a  beam,  and  the  weight  that  will  break  it,  to  find  the 
length  of  a  similar  beam,  which  being  similarly  situated  will 
break  by  its  own  weight. 

Find  the  fluxion  of  X"  when  it  is  a  minimum. 

'  Some  of  the  lower  classes  are  mostly  employed  in  demon- 
strating Euclid,  or  solving  Arithmetical  and  Algebraical  Ques- 
tions      The  examination  being  thus  continued  'till  eleven, 

an  adjournment  of  two  hours  take  place.  At  one  o'clock  the 
whole  return.  Problems  are  then  given  to  the  3rd,  4th,  5th, 
and  Gth  classes,  while  the  Table  Examinations  proceed  nearly  as 
before,' 

The  tliird  and  fourth  classes  had  twenty  problems  in  the 
afternoon — among  others, 

1.  Inscribe  the  greatest  cylinder  in  a  given  sphere. 

3.  Given  the  declination  of  the  sun,  and  the  latitude  of  the 
place,  to  find  the  duration  of  twilight. 

11.  Let  the  roots  of  the  equation  x^  —  px^  ■\- qx  —  r  =  () 
be  a,  b,  and  c,  to  transform  it  into  another  whose  roots  are 
a\  h\  c\ 

17.  If  half  the  earth  were  taken  off  by  the  impulse  of  a 
comet,  what  change  would  be  produced  in  the  moon's  orbit  ? 

The  jiftli  and  sixth  classes  had  fifteen  problems,  e.g. 

2.  Every  section  of  the  sphere  is  a  circle. — Required  a 
proof. 

6.     Inscribe  the  greatest  rectangle  in  a  given  circle. 
[Summation  of  simple  series  to  n  terms  and  ad  infinitum, 
some  very  simple  equations  with  one  unknown  quantity]. 

15.     How   far  must  a  body  fall  internally  to  acquire  the 

vel.  in  a  circle,  the  force  varying  -„2  ? 

4—2 


62  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

'  At  three  o'clock  the  Senate-house  is  again  cleared  for  half- 
an-hour ;  during  which  time  the  Proctors  treat  the  Fathers  and 
Compounders  with  tea  and  coffee \  On  the  return,  the  exami- 
nations are  resumed,  and  continue  till  five  o'clock,  when  the 
Senate-house  Examinations  break  up  for  the  day. 

'At  seven  o'clock  in  the  evening  [6  p.m.  in  1818]  the  first 
four  classes... go'  to  the  Senior  Moderator's  room  [or  the  Com-- 
bination-room  of  his  college],  where  they  continue  till  nine  [or 
ten,  1818]  to  solve  Problems;  and  are  treated  with  fruit  and 
wine.  [The  number  of  students  admitted  to  the  evening  pro- 
blem-papers became  gradually  less  and  less  exclusive^  In 
1788  only  those  in  the  first  two  classes  were  admitted  except 
under  exceptional  causes  ;  in  1802  we  find  four  classes,  and  in 
1818  six  (i.e.  all  the  candidates  for  honours).  The  entertain- 
ment provided  became  more  formal  in  corresponding  ratio.  In 
1788  the  students  helped  themselves  to  wine  and  dessert  at  a 
sideboard,  and  in  1818  they  were  all  given  tea  before  beginning 
their  twenty-four  problems.  At  the  earlier  date  it  was  con- 
sidered rather  severe  to  be  required  to  extract  the  square  and 
cube  roots  as  far  as  three  places  of  decimals  I  I  give  two  speci- 
mens of  those  set  fourteen  years  later  (1802). 

15.  Construct  the  equation  c^rf  —  x^y  —  a^  =  0. 

16.  Compare  the  time  of  descent  to  the  center  in  the 
logarithmic  spiral  with  the  periodic  time  in  a  circle,  whose 
radius  is  equal  to  the  distance  from  which  the  body  is  projected 
downward. 

The  work  of  Examination  Tuesday  was  similar  to  that  of 
the  Monday,  and  so  was  that  of  the  Wednesday  until  the  year 
1779,  when  it  was  determined  to  give  more  prominence  to  the 
examination  in  'Natural  Religion,  Moral  Philosophy,  and  Locke' 
which  was  at  that  time  very  superficial,  consisting  as  it  did  at 
best  of  an  occasional  question  or  two  in  Locke,  Butler's  Analogy, 
or  Clarke's  Attributes,  thrown  in  by  the  Moderator"  after  he  had 

1  They  were  relieved   from    giving  Hall,  in  the  c-venmg,  to  solre  i)robIems. 

more    elaborate   eutcrtaiumeuts  by  a  Similar  examinations  in  the  Moderators' 

grace  of  March  2G,  1784.  rooms  in  the  evenings  of  Monday  and 

'^  However  in  Gil.  Wakefield's  time  Tuesday  for  the  first  s/.r  classes  are 
{Memoir  i.  109)  '  the  three  first  classes  mentioned  as  late  as  1828  in  Wall- 
went  to  the  Blodcrator's  room  at  Clare  Gunning's  Ceremonies,  p.  71. 


THE   SENATE-HOUSE   EXAMINATIONS.  53 

exhausted  liis  mathematical  stock.  By  grace  of  Mar.  19,  1779, 
the  examination  was  continued  till  5  p.  m.  on  a  fourth  day, 
Thursday ;  and  all  Wednesday  was  devoted  to  the  moral  sub- 
jects\  At  the  same  time  the  Moderators  of  the  previous  year 
were  added  to  the  regular  official  staff  of  examiners,  and  (by  a 
grace  of  March  20)  the  system  of  brackets  {'  classes  quam  mini- 
mas')  introduced. 

In  1808  a  fifth  day  was  added  to  the  examinations ;  and  in 
1827  an  encroachment  was  made  on  the  Friday  and  Saturday 
of  the  preceding  week,  leaving  the  Wednesday  free.  Other 
changes  were  made  in  1832,  1838,  and  other  years,  until  in 
1868  we  find  no  acts  and  opponencies  (the  last  was  kept  in 
1839),  no  viva  voce  examination,  no  previous  classification  (the 
old  'classes'  were  abolished  in  1838),  but  the  four  days  and  tlie 
five  days  with  a  respite  of  ten  days  between. 

But  from  about  1780  until  1808  there  were  only  four  days 
(but  longer  days)  spent  in  the  senate-house.  And  here  we  will 
resume  the  course  of  the  examination  in  the  words  of  the  Nar- 
rative of  the  Sixth  Calendar  of  the  University  of  Cambridge.] 

*  Examination  Wednesday.  The  hours  of  attendance  are  the 
same  this  day  as  the  former.  The  examinations  are  confined 
solely  to  Logic,  Moral  Pldlosophy,  and  points  relative  to  Natural 
and  Revealed  Religion.  The  authors  chiefly  respected  are  Locke, 
Paley,  Clarke,  Butler,  &c.^  Wednesday,  comparatively  speak- 
ing, is  considered  a  day  of  leisure,  though  all  are  full  employed 
at  stated  periods  as  usual.  [Howbeit,  Gunning  and  many 
others  found  the  time  hang  heavy  on  their  hands,  and  solaced 

^  There  is  a  tradition  that  in  180-4  Reminixc.  i.  cli.  vi. 

J.    B.    Hollingworth    of    Peterhouse  "  ^Vhcn  Jebb  wrote  1772-5  there  was 

(afterwards   Norrisiau   Professor    and  no  special  day  for  'philosophy,'  but 

Archdeacon  of  Huntingdon)  won   his  after  the  other  subjects 'the  Moderator 

B.A.  degree  by  his  knowledge  of  Locke.  sometimes  asks  a    few  questions    in 

This  however  was  considered    extra-  Locke's  Essay  on  the  Human  I'ndcr- 

ordinary,  and  he  was  placed  no  higher  standing,  Butler's  Analogy,  or  Clarke's 

than  next  but  one   to  the    'wooden-  Attributes.     But  as  the  highest   aca- 

spoon.'      On  the   other    hand  James  demical     distinctions    are    invariably 

Blackburn  of  Trinity  got  his  place  as  given  to  the  best  proficient  in  mathe- 

14th  senior  optimc  in  1790  by  solving  niatics  and  natural  philosophy,  a  very 

one  very  hard  problem.  Inconsequence  superficial  knowledge  in  morality  and 

of  a  dispute  with  his  tutor  he  would  metaphysics  will  suffice.'  (ii.  292.) 
attempt  nothing  but  that.      Gunning 


54  UNIVEKSITY    STUDIES. 

themselves  with  teetotum  '  below  stairs*,'  perhaps  while  waiting 
for  their  class  to  be  called  up  for  their  one  hour's  examination.] 
Answers  to  the  respective  Questions  are  seldom  given  viva  voce, 
but  are  required  to  be  written  down  fully  and  legibly.  It  is 
expected  in  the  examinations  of  this  day,  all  persons,  whether 
they  be  candidates  for  Honors  or  not,  acquit  themselves  with 
respectability  in  the  solution  of  the  several  Questions  which  the 
examiners  may  think  proper  to  propose.  The  few  subsequent 
Questions  will  give  an  idea  of  this  day's  examination. 

For  what  purpose  does  Locke  recommend  the  study  of 
Geometry  and  Mathematics  ? 

Give  the  reasons  which  Gisborne  urges  against  Paley's  Prin- 
ciples of  Moral  Philosophy. 

What  is  Paley's  opinion  on  Subscription  to  Articles  of 
Religion  ? 

Define  simple  and  mixed  modes :  and  shew  wherein  Identity 
consists. 

How  is  Enthusiasm  to  be  discovered  ? 

'The  examinations  of  this  day  conclude,  as  usual,  at  Jive 
o'clock ;  but  the  fatigue  of  the  Examiners  is  by  no  means  di- 
minished ;  for  during  the  whole  of  this,  as  on  the  preceding 
nights,  they  have  a  multitude  of  Papers  to  inspect,  and  to  affix 
to  each  it's  degree  of  merit ;  according  to  which  a  new  arrange- 
ment of  the  classes  is  made  out  called  the  Brackets. 

^Examination  Thursday.... Kt  eight  o'clock  the  new  Classifi- 
cations or  Brackets  [an  invention  of  the  year  1779],  which  are 
arranged  according  to  the  order  of  merit,  each  containing  the 
names  of  the  candidates  placed  alphabetically,  are  hung  upon 
the  pillars  [in  the  Senate-House.  Should  the  Examiners  wish 
to  intimate  that  there  is  a  magnum  intervallum  between  two 
Brackets,  they  insert  between  them  a  number  of  lines  propor- 
tionable to  that  interval.  A  'bracket'  may  include  only  one 
name;  seldom  more  than  ten  are  so  classed  together.  In  1802 
there  were  fifteen  brackets  in  all :  the  names  of  two  men  after- 
wards in  the  fourth  (final)  class  were  unnoticed  in  the  Brackets]. 
Upon  the  exhibition  of  the  Brackets,  disappointment  or  satis- 
faction is  visible  in  the  countenances  of  the  Examined ;  some 

'  The  Moderators  sat  in  the  gallery  about  1763. 


THE  SENATE-HOUSE  EXAMINATIONS.  55 

think  their  merits  are  placed  too  low,  while  others  rejoice  in  the 
Bracket  assigned  them.     It  seldom  happens  that  a  person  either 
lises  or  falls  from  a  Bracket ;  his  ultimate  station  being  fixed 
somewhere  within  its  limits.    Each  Bracket  is  examined  [much 
as  the  Classes  were  on  the  preceding  days],  and  when  any  one 
evidently  appears  to  have  distinguished  himself  above  the  rest 
[of  those  associated  in  his  own  bracket],  his  proper  place  is  de- 
termined, and  the  Examiners  give  him  no  further  trouble  ;  and 
in  this  manner  the  rest  are  arranged.     Should  any  one  however 
be  dissatisfied,  as  frequently  happens,  he  has  the  power  of  chal- 
lenging (often  a  dangerous  experiment)  any  that  he  pleases  to  a 
fresh  examination ;  in  which  case  the  Moderators  call  to  their 
assistance  the  Proctors  and  some  Masters  of  Arts;  who,  after 
the  most  impartial  and  sometimes  laborious  scrutiny,  determine 
the  point  at  issue,  and  give  judgment  accordingly.    [Isaac  Mil- 
ner^  of  Queens'  was  often  thus  called  in  to  arbitrate :  if  he  was 
hearing  a  challenge  of  some  stupid  men  in  the  5th  or  6th  classes 
he  would  call  out  to  the  Moderator  at  the  other  end  of  the 
room,  In  i^ehus  fuliginosis  versatus  sum: — so  translating  his 
favourite  expression  '  Sootg  felloivs  / ' 

Fresh  editions  and  revisions  of  the  Brackets  are  published 
at  9  and  11a.  m.,  and  3  and  5  p.  m.,  according  to  the  course  of 
the  examination,  liberty  being  given  to  any  man  to  challenge 
the  bracket  immediately  above  his  own  on  each  occasion,  until] 
'ixt  five  o'clock  the  examinations  are  finished. 

'  The  Proctors,  Moderators,  and  Examiners  retire  to  a  room 
under  the  Public  Library  to  prepare  the  list  of  Honors,  and  de- 
termine the  situation  of  every  person  that  has  been  examined. 
Thousands  of  the  papers  are  frequently  again  produced,  and 
their  real  character  subjected  to  the  keen  criticism  of  an  aggre- 
gate tribunal  of  eight  learned  men.  The  whole  business  is 
sometimes  settled  without  much  difficulty  in  a  few  hours;  some- 
times not  before  two  or  three  o'clock  the  next  morning^  [The 
name  of  the  Senior  Wrangler  was  generally  published  at  mid- 
night.] At  this  meeting  it  is  determined  whether  all  arc  to 
have  their  degrees  passed;  sometimes  two  or  three  are  found 
deficient,  in  which  case  they  are  plucked,  i,  e.  turned  over  to 

^  A  ferocious  charge  of  unfairness      Lis  college  in  two  pampblots,  1780-81. 
was  hurled  at  him  by  Beg.  I31igh  of  '  See  W.  Gooch's  letters  in  Appendix. 


56  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Ash  Wednesday  {Dance's  Dcty),  or  'till  such  time  as  they  have 
([ualified  themselves  for  their  degree.  It  is  scarcely  necessary 
to  add,  that  so  little  is  required  of  these  low  men,  that  all  com- 
passion on  the  defeat  of  their  hopes,  is  totally  out  of  the 
question. 

[At  the  end  of  the  century^  'two  books  of  Euclid's  Geome- 
try, Simple  and  Quadratic  Equations,  and  the  early  parts  of 
Paley's  Moral  Pliilosophy  were  deemed  amply  sufficient.  Yet 
in  the  year  1800  three  students  failed  to  pass  even  this  test.' 
In  1774  a  Syndicate  was  appointed  to  consider  the  case  of  such 
idle  men  ' secordia  torpentihus'  as  well  as  that  of  those  who  'read 
too  high.'] 

'  In  consequence  of  the  insufficiency  of  many  of  the  Ques- 
tionists  in  1799,  Mr  Palmer  [Joh.],  Senior  Moderator,  signified 
that  for  the  future  no  degree  should  pass,  unless  the  Candidate 
should  have  a  competent  knowledge  of  the  first  book  of  Euclid, 
Arithmetic,  Vidgar  and  Decimal  Fractions,  Simple  and  Qua- 
dratic Equations,  and  Locke  and  Paley.  This  regulation  was 
communicated  to  the  Fathers  in  the  Senate-House,  January  18, 
1799,  and  agreed  to. 

'  Such  being  the  case,  it  is  esteemed  a  reproach,  both  to  the 
Father  and  the  College,  to  send  any  men  without  being  qua- 
lified, at  least  to  bear  an  examination  such  as  that  above 
prescribed ;  for  all  Societies,  some  time  previous  to  Examination 
Monday,  try  the  merits  of  their  own  men,  before  they  permit 
them  to  undergo  the  Senate-House  Examination.  A  select 
number  (thirty  at  least,  Stat.  Acad.)  of  those  who  have  most 
distinguished  themselves,  are  recommended  to  the  Proctors  for 
their  approbation;  and  if  no  reason  appears  to  the  contrary, 
their  names  are  set  down  according  to  merit,  and  classed  in 
three  divisions,  viz.  Wranglers,  Senior  Optimes,  and  Junior  Op- 
times ;  which  constitute  the  three  orders  of  Honor.  The  rest 
are  arranged  according  to  merit,  but  not  having  obtained  any 
Honor,  arc  styled  the  ol  nroXkol,  or  multitude.  [The  position 
rof  '  Captain  of  the  Poll'  was  one  of  distinction.  The  lowest 
\  honor,  or  last  Junior  Optime,  obtains  the  appellation  of  the 
/  Wooden  Spoon.     The  last  tJiree,  four,  &c.  of  the  ol  iroWoi,  who 

1  Ct.  Pryme's  rucoll.  p.  92. 


THE   SENATE-HOUSE   EXAMINATIONS.  57 

are  hard  run  for  their  degrees,  are  arranged  alphaheticaUy,  and 
usually  obtain  some  distinctive  title ;  such  as  the  Alphabet,  Ele- 
gant Extracts,  Rear  Guard,  Invincihles,  [Consta7it  Quantities, 
and  Martyrs'],  &c.,  or  sometimes  their  titles  are  deduced  from 
their  number  and  concurring  circumstances  of  the  day,  as  The 
Twelve  Judges  or  Apostles,  The  Consulate,  The  Executive  Di- 
rectory or  Septemvirate ;  &c.  [if  there  was  but  one,  he  was  called 
Bion,  who  carried  all  his  learning  about  him  without  the  slight- 
est inconvenience.  If  there  were  two,  they  were  dubbed  the 
Scipios  ;  Damon  and  Pythias  ;  Hercules  and  Atlas  ;  Castor  and 
Pollux.  If  three,  they  were  ad  libitum  the  Tliree  Graces ;  or 
Three  Furies ;  the  Magi;  or  Noah,  Daniel,  and  Job.  If  seven, 
they  were  the  Seven  Wise  Men;  or  the  Seven  Wonders  of  the 
W07M.  If  nine,  they  were  the  unfortunate  Suitors  of  the 
Muses.  If  twelve,  they  became  the  Apostles.  If  thirteen,  either 
they  deserved  a  round  dozen,  or,  like  the  Americans,  should 
bear  thirteen  stripes  on  their  coat  and  arms^],  &c. 

'In  the  list  of  Honors, ybwr^  additional  names  used  to  be  in- 
serted at  the  discretion  of  the  Vice-Chancellor,  the  two  Proctors, 
and  the  Senior  Regent.  Whether  from  abuse  in  bestowing 
these  Honors,  or  the  insignificance  attached  to  the  characters 
of  those  who  have  accepted  this  Cobweb  Plumage,  none  at 
present  [1802]  are  hardy  enough  to  offer,  and  none  so  ridiculous 
as  to  accept  them....' 

[These  were  known  as  Proctor  s  Senior  Optimes^  or  'gratui- 
tous Honorati'  (Gil,  Wakefield).  In  earlier  times  the  number 
was  not  thus  limited,  nor  the  names  always  put  at  the  foot  of 
the  Senior  Optimes,  but  '  distributed  ad  libitum  in  various  parts 
of  the  lists.'  Tim.  Lowten,  a  good  classic,  with  considerable  in- 
terest as  a  Johniau,  seems  thus  to  have  been  placed  next  the 
senior  wrangler  in  1761,  and  above  T.  Zouch  of  Trinity,  who 
was  properly  second  wrangler.  Thus  also  in  1G80,  Hi.  Bentley 
was  hustled  down  from  his  proper  place  as  third  wrangler  to 


1  Oxf.  and  Camb.  Nuts  to  Crack,  in  1G50  Tr  Arrowf;mitli,  master  of  St 
p.  217.  Joliu's,    '  by    the   j^roctor's   iiuhilnfiice 

2  Wraughani's  Memoirs  of  Zouch,  had  sent  him  unsoii(i]it  the  senioriti/  «/ 
p.  xxxi.  See  my  Uniiwrsitij  Life,  p.  all  his  year,''  wo  have  a  plain  i)roof  of 
210.  tlio  lack  of  any  formal  o^iaiuiuatiou  at 

•'  When  wo  road  of  M.  Ilobinson  that  that  time. 


58  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

sixth.  In  like  manner  in  1776  four  names'  were  placed  between 
the  senior  wrangler  and  GiL  Wakefield  of  Jesus.  Wakefield 
thought  this  was  an  artifice  of  the  V.  C,  Ri.  Farmer,  and  the 
senior  proctor  W.  Bennet,  both  Emmanuel  men,  to  make  the 
interval  seem  greater  between  him  and  their  senior  wrangler 
(Archdeacon)  John  Oldershaw.  Wakefield's  editor,  however, 
(1804)  thinks  that  it  was  done  with  the  purpose  rather  of  giving 
Bp  H,  W.  Majendie  a  lift.  About  1710  RL  Laughton,  Proctor  and 
Moderator,  used  *  a  promise  of  the  senior  optime  of  the  year'  to 
induce  (Sir)  Wm.  Browne,  then  a  student  of  Peterhouse,  to 
keep  his  acts  on  mathematical  questions ^ 

Gunning,  in  his  edition  of  WaUs  Ceremonies,  p.  72,  n.  (1828) 
says,  that  '  some  years  since  a  Person  thus  nominated  claimed 
to  be  a  Candidate  for  the  Classical  Medal,  His  claim  was  dis- 
allowed ;  and  in  consequence  of  the  discussion  which  took  place 
on  the  subject,  this  absurd  practice  was  shortly  afterwards  dis- 
continued.' However,  our  Appendix  will  shew  some  instances 
of  honorary  senior  optimes  winning  the  medal.} 

'Those  who  take  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  at  any 
other  than  this  time,  are  called  Bye-Term  Men ;  they  are  ar- 
ranged alphaheticaUy  in  classes  according  to  their  supposed 
acquirements,  either  as  Baccalaurei  ad  Baptistam  [if  admitted 
ad  respondendum  quaestioni  after  Ash  Wednesday]  or  ad  Diem. 
Cinerum  [if  on  or  before  that  day,  which  w^as  called  Dunce's 
Day];  and  inserted  in  the  list  of  seniority  among  the  ol  ttoXKoi, 
[i.  e.  they,  or  any  of  them,  may  be  placed  before  or  after  any 
one  or  other  of  the  classes  of  the  'Poll.*  They  pay  heavier  fees 
to  the  junior  proctor  and  marshall.} 

^  The  tripoa  for   1776   commenced  Nic.  Simons,  Clir. 

thus —  Gil.  Wakefield,  Jes. 

J.  Oldershaw,  Emm.  See  below,  Appendix  on  honorary  de- 

G.  Isted,  Trin.  grees. 

H.  W.  Majendie,  Chr.  "  Nichols'  Lit,  Anccd.  lu.  328. 
Ri.  Rellian,  Trin. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

THE  ADMISSION   OF  QUESTIONISTS.      HUDDLING. 


Haec  alii  sex 
Vel  plures  uno  conclamant  ore  Sopliistae. 

JnvBNAii  VII.  1C6,  167. 


It  is  unnecessary  to  go  through  all  the  details  of  the  admission 
of  the  Questionists  on  Friday  (afterwards  Saturday)  morning  as 
detailed  by  Mr  Raworth  in  the  Calendar  of  1802.  Suffice  it  to 
say  that  the  class-lists  of  the  Questionists  are  hung  on  the 
pillars  at  8  a.m.  At  10  a  Bedell  calls  up  the  Houses  to  hear 
the  Moderator's  Latin  speech,  and  admit  their  Supplicats  which 
are  approved,  and  carried  to  the  Scrutators  in  the  non-regent- 
house  to  be  placeted.  The  Questionists  come  down  from  the 
gallery  of  the  senate-house  ;  and  at  a  given  signal  the  hoodling 
begins,  i.e.  each  man's  bed-maker  puts  his  rabbit's-fur  hood 
over  his  head.  The  School-keeper  gives  all  men  so  distin- 
guished a  copy  of  the  following  oath : 

'lurabis  quod  nihil  ex  iis  omnibus  sciens  nolens  practcr- 
misisti,  quae  per  leges  aut  probatas  consuetudines  huius 
Academiae,  ad  hunc  gi-adum  quem  ambis  adipiscendum,  aut 
peragenda,  aut  persoluenda,  requiruntur,  nisi  quatenus  per 
gratiam  ab  Academia  concessam  tecum  dispcnsatum  fuerit. 
lurabis  etiam  quod  Cancellario,  et  Pro-cancellario  nostro  comi- 
ter  obtemperabis,  et  quod  statuta  nostra,  ordinationes,  et  con- 
suetudines approbatas,  obseruabis.     Denique  iurabis  quod  com- 


60  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

positioncm  inter  Actidcniiam  ct  collegium  Regale  factam  scions 
nolens,  non  iiiolabis.  Ita  te  Deus  adiuuet  et  sancta  Dei  Euan- 
gelia.' 

The  'Fathers'  present  their  'Sons'  to  the  Vice-Chancellor 
as  'tarn  moribus  quani  doctriua\..idoneos  ad  respondendum 
quaestioni.'  The  Vice-Chancellor  admits  them  authoritatively, 
ad  respondendum  quaestioni  (after  they  have  taken  the  oath 
aforesaid  with  those  of  Supremacy  and  Allegiance),  thereby 
licensing  them,  somewhat  tardily,  to  undergo  examination. 
This  doubtless  was  a  remnant  of  the  ancient  custom  of  admitting 
questionists  to  be  examined  in  '  Aristotle's  P?-to?'ums^'  by  the 
'Proctors,  Posers,  and  other  Regents.'  About  the  year  1555 
{Bedell  Stokys'  Book)  it  was  the  custom  for  the  Father  to  add 
his  conclusion  upon  the  answer  of  his  '  chyldren,'  and  if  he 
shewed  signs  of  making  any  lengthy  strictures  upon  them,  the 
Bedell  was  expected  to  'knock  hym  out,'  i.e.  to  drown  his 
remarks  by  hammering  on  the  schools  door^ !  This  part  of  the 
proceedings  was  not  more  seemlily  conducted  in  the  18th 
century.  For  as  the  Questionists  were  admitted  they  went  to 
the  Soiihs  schools*  under  the  Univ.  Library :  the  Father, 
Moderator,    or   some  other   Regent   ascended  the  moderator's 

1  '  A  scholar  that  was  to  take  his  de-  through  some  more  serious  acts  and 

gree  of  B.A.,  was  asked  by  the  Dean,  opponeucies    in   the   schools    already 

who  was  to  present  him  to  the  con-  and  only  made  up  the  deficit  in  the 

gregation,   with  what    conscience   ho  statutable  number  by  this  fiction,  but 

could  swear  him,  who  had  spent  his  by   some  abuse   of   authority  fellow- 

university  career  so  unprofitably,  to  be  commoners  were  admitted  (1772)  with 

fit  for  that  degree  both  in  learning  and  no  other  performance  than  this  which 

in  mamiers  ?      The  scholar  answered  they  desjiatched  in  the  space  of  ten 

him,  that  he  might  well  swear  him  to  minutes    '  reading  in   that   time    two 

he  &t 'tarn  moribus  quam  doctrina,^  tov  theses,  and   answering   sixteen    argu- 

so  the  oath  runs  in  Latin.'    Rejmnt  ments  against  sis  questions:  hearing 

by  Halliwell,  frorn  a  lltli  cent.  Jest-  also  two  theses,  and  proposing  at  least 

Book.  eight  argiaments  against  six  questions 

-  See  my  Univ.  Life,  pp.  203,  217.  in  his  turn.     From  the  precipitation 

*  One  taking  an  ordinary  degree  in  with  which  the   candidate   reads   his 

a  bye-term,   ad  diem  Cinerum,  or  ad  theses,   answers   and   proposes    argu- 

Baptistam,  answered  his  question  in  ments,  the  whole  of  the  ceremony  is 

the  Senate-House.    Ceremonies.  "Wall-  very  expressively  denominated,  "hud- 

Gimning,  1828,  p.  166.  dliug  for  a  degree." '      Jebb's  Works 

^  ap.  Notes  and  Queries,  2  S.  viii.  n.  298,  299.     At  last  they  spoke  such 

Most    of    the    candidates    had     gone  gibberisli  as  I-us  thinl--us  that-w. 


THE  ADMISSION   OF   QUESTIONISTS.  61 

pnlpit  and  made  a  pair  of  them  occupy  the  respondent's  and 
opponent's  boxes.  The  mock  Respondent  then  said  simply 
'  Recte  statuit  Neivtonus,'  to  which  the  mock  Opponent  as  simply 
answered  '  Recte  inon  statuit  Neiutonus!  This  was  a  disputation, 
and  it  was  repeated  as  many  times  as  the  statutes  required. 
The  parties  then  changed  their  sides,  and  each  maintained  the 
contrary  of  his  first  assertion.  'I  remember  (adds  the  late  Prof. 
A.  De  Morgan)  thinking  it  was  cajDital  practice  for  the  House 
of  Commons.'  By  the  side  of  this  the  specimen  syllogism  given 
in  the  Gradus  ad  Cantabrigiam,  1803,  (s.v.  Huddling), 

Asinus  mens  habet  aures 
Et  tu  habes  aures. 
Ergo:  Tu  es  asinus  mens — 

was  quite  rational.  '  This,  which  Sir  Thomas  More  says,  was 
"the  form  of  arguing  used  by  youge  children  in  gi'ammer 
schooles"  in  his  time,  would  be  thought  very  good  huddling 
for  old  boys  at  the  University.'  (1803). 

According  to  the  Cambridge  Ceremonies  (Wall-Gunning, 
1828,  p.  163),  the  huddling  Avas  performed  in  the  case  of  candi- 
dates for  an  ordinary  degree,  Avho  had  not  kept  all  their  statu- 
table exercises,  before  their  s^q^pUcats  were  presented  to  the 
Caput.  They  were  got  through  in  the  Sophs'  school  in  pre- 
sence of  the  Fathers  of  their  colleges,  a  B.A.,  and  a  Soph. 
They  were  also  examined  by  the  moderators  in  their  rooms. 
A  young  gentleman  who  was  not  conspicuous  for  mathematics 
was  asked  by  the  mock  moderator  in  the  mock  Latin  for  which 
the  schools  were  so  famous,  Domine  respondens,  quid  fecisti  in 
Academia  triennium  commorans  ?  Anne  circulum  quadrasti  ? 
To  which  he  made  answer,  shewing  his  trencher  cap  with  its 
angles  considerably  the  worse  for  rough  usage,  Minime,  Domine 
eruditissime ;   sed  quadratum  omnino  circidavi^. 

On  account  of  the  shortness  of  the  Lent  Term,  permission 
was  granted  in  1684  (Dec.  16),  to  make  the  work  lighter  by 
the  passing  of  two  graces"'',  allowing  inceptors  in  arts  to  make 
their  disputatious  with  an  M.A.  any  day  in  term-time  in  the 
Logic,  Philosophy,  or  Law  schools,  from  7  to  0,  or  9  to  11  a.m., 
and  1  to  3,  or  3  to  5  p.m.,  in  tlie  presence  of  the  Proctor  (or  a 

1  Noti'x  and  Querit'i!,  2  S.  viii.  191.  -  Dijrr  Prir.  Comh.  i.  20r>,20(;. 


62  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES. 

regent  his  deputy)  and  at  least  six  B.A.'s,  and  to  hold  disputa- 
tions or  declamations  of  inceptors  and  questionists,  even  out  of 
term,  at  the  Proctors'  pleasure,  provided  that  the  questions  were 
duly  posted  on  the  doors  and  a  Moderator  present,  as  well  as 
twelve  Sophs  at  the  Sophs'  disputations,  and  six  B.A.'s  at  the 
Bachelors'  declamations.  That  day,  thirty-seven  years  later, 
Dec.  16,  1721,  these  exceptional  graces  were  made  jyeiyetual. 

But  we  find  Bentley's  opponent,  Serjeant  Miller,  complain- 
ing as  early  as  1717,  that  'when  the  Students  come  to  take 
the  degree  of  B.A.,  among  other  things  they  swear ^  that  they 
have  learned  rhetoric  in  the  first  year  of  their  coming  to  the 
University ;  in  the  second  and  third,  logic ;  and  in  the  fourth 
year,  philosophy ;  and  that  they  have  performed  several  other 
exercises,  which  through  the  multitude  of  scholars  and  the  want 
of  time  appointed  for  them  if  they  are  performed  at  all,  they 
are,  the  greatest  part  of  them,  in  the  manner  which  they  call 
huddling — which  is  in  a  slighter  manner  than  the  usual  moot- 
ings  are  in  the  inns  of  court.' 

It  appears  that  the  licence  granted  by  the  graces*  of  Dec.  16, 
in  1684  and  1721  had  brought  the  more  ancient  Lenten  dispu- 
tations into  contempt,  so  that  just  ten  years  after  the  latter 
date  {i.e.  on  Dec.  16,  1731)  it  was  ordered  by  a  grace  that  the 
exercises  of  Questionists  and  Sophisters  should  be  performed  in 
that  term  as  regularly  as  they  were  after  Easter  and  Michael- 
mas !  All  exercises  had  for  some  time  been  'neglected  or  per- 
formed in  a  trifling  and  ludicrous  manner^.'  There  is  no 
appearance  of  any  cessation  of  these  mock  exercises  up  to  the 
year  1840*. 

The  question  asked  by  the  Moderator  was  usually  some- 
thing ridiculous,  and  the  answer  quite  immaterial.  The  com- 
monest question  was  Quid  est  nomen  ?  and  the  answer  Nescio. 
About  1830  it  was  customary  to  ask  a  student  whether  he  had 

*  There  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  nations  at  Trinity  between  chapel  and 

the  students  knew   the    statute    well  breakfast  in  1755.    Unii\  Life,  p.  117. 
enough   to  understand  that    all  this  -  Dj'er  Privil.  Camb.  i.  265-6,  269. 

was   implied  in  their  oath.      In  the  '  Masters'    Hist.    C.  C.  C.  C.     196. 

18th  cent,  teachers  in  Rhetoric,  Logic,  Cooper's  Annals  rv.  211. 
and  Ethics,  &c.   were    appointed    at  ■*  The  '  classes '  continued  till  1839, 

Peterhouse  every  year.      There  were  the  '  acts '  till  1840. 
Logic  and  Locke  lectures  and  exami- 


THE   ADMISSION   OF   QUESTIONISTS.  C<o 

been  to  the  opponents'  tea-party,  and  his  expected  answer 
again  Nescio^.  If  any  fun  could  be  made  of  the  student's  name 
the  opportunity  was  not  lost.  For  example,  Joshua  King, 
[afterwards  president]  of  Queens',  senior  wrangler  in  1819,  was 
asked  Quid  est  Rex  ?  He  answered  boldly  Socius  lieginalis. 
J.  Brasse  (sixth  wrangler)  was  accosted  in  1811  with  Quid  est 
aes  ?  (then  pronounced  ease).  Nescio,  nisi  finis  examinationis 
was  his  reply.  E.  Hogg  was  attacked  [180G]  with  Tu  es 
porcus :  to  which  he  retorted  (the  moderating  M.A.  being  a 
Johnian)   Sed  non  e  grege  porcorum. 

It  should  be  remembered  that  these  jests  were  allowed  only 
after  the  business  of  examinations  was  over.  When  a  man 
was  asked  in  the  Senate-house  to  give  a  definition  of  Happi- 
ness, and  answered  '  an  exemption  from  Payne ' — that  being 
the  name  of  an  examiner — he  was  justly  'plucked'  for  want  of 
discrimination  in  time  and  place*.  The  art  of  playing  upon 
names  was  carried  to  great  perfection,  and  more  opportunely, 
by  the  late  registrary,  Jos.  Romilly,  at  matriculations. 

A  good  specimen  of  his  wit  is  found  in  his  remark  to  a 
fresliman  (1834)  who  was  asked  how  he  spelt  his  name — one  of 
no  uncommon  sound — and  replied  '  W,  double  0,  double  i).' 
'I  trust.  Sir,  that  the  simplicity  of  your  character  will  make 
amends  for  the  duplicity  of  your  name'?' 

^  Cp.  WhewelVs  Writings  and  Letters  every  thing,  and  was  pronounced  by 

(Todlumtcr)  ii.  5.  the  moderator  to  have  disputed  mngno 

*  Facetiae  Cantab.  103,  142,  8o.  Iwnore,  I  never  had  such  a  strain  of 
Alma  Mater  ii.  103.  Another  man  thought  in  my  life.  For  the  inferior 
ventured  in  the  littlc-go  of  1847  to  opponents  wore  made  as  sharp  as  tlieir 
emphasize  his  translation  of  Livy's  betters  by  their  tutors,  who  kept  lists 
'horrida  palus'— </ia«  horrid  Marsh,  of  queer  objections  diawn  from  all 
this  being  the  examiner's  name.  quarters.' 

*  The   real    disputations,'    says    Dc  '  Cp. 

Morgan   {Budget  of  Paradoxes,   305),  '  Quo  can  think  of  the  pun 

'  were   very  severe  exercises.     I  was  Ho  would  make  just  for  fun ; 

badgered  for  two  hours  [1826]  with  One  can  think  of  his  ever  kind  look 

arguments  given  and  answered  in  La-  And  the  pains  ho  would  take 

tin — or  what  we  called  Latin— against  To  prevent  a  mistake 

Newton's  first  section,  Lagrange's  De-  As  Jcs  put  his  name  in  the  booL' 

rived  Functions,  and  Locke  on  innate  Narrative  of  Mr  Jcx  Jox   of  Corpus, 

Principles.     And   though    I    took  off  By  A.  C.  D.  Bardc  (18C4)  p.  11. 


CHAPTER   VII. 


THE  MATHEMATICKS. 


'There  is  figures  in  all  things.' 

K.  Henry  V.  Act  vi.  Sc.  7. 


A  UNIVERSITY  speech  made  probably  in  the  year  1654!  by  Isaac 
Barrow^  (who  a  few  years  later  had  the  singular  fortune  to  be 
predecessor  of  Newton  as  Lucasian  professor,  of  Bentley  as 
master  of  Trinity,  and  of  Person  as  Greek  professor)  will  give 
the  reader  a  notion  of  the  progress  of  Cambridge  mathematics 
previous  to  the  appearance  of  Newton. 

'Nempe  Euclidis,  Aixhimedis,  Ptolemaei,  Diophanti,  horrida 
olim  nomina  iam  multi  e  nobis  non  tremulis  auribus  excipiunt. 
Quid  memorem  iam  uos  didicisse  arithmeticae  ope,  facili  et 
instantanea  opera  uel  arenaruni  enormes  numeros  accurate 
computare'  &c. — After  referring  to  astronomical  studies,  he 
continues — 'Sane  de  horribili  monstro,  quod  Algehram  nuncu- 
pant,  domito  et  profligate  multi  e  uobis  fortes  uiri  triumjjhanint : 
permulti  ausi  sunt  Opticem  directo  obtutu  inspicere ;  alii  sub- 
tiliorem  Dioptrices  et  utilissimam  doctrinam  irrefracto  ingenii 
radio  penetrare.  Nee  uobis  hodie  adeo  mirabile  est,  Catoptrices 
principia  et  leges  Mechanicae  non  ignorantibus,  quo  artificio 
magnus  Archimedes  romanas  naues  comburere  potuit,  nee  a  tot 
saeculis  immobilem  Vestam  quomodo  stantem  terram  concutere 
potuisset.' 

1  IVorhx  (Napier,  1850)  ix.  43,  44. 


THE   MATIIEMATICKS.-  65 

And,  to  speak  tlie  tnith,  tins  was  a  matter  of  contp-atulation 
for  seventeenth-century  Cambridge.  For  while  we  are  not  con- 
tent that  it  should  now  be  considered  as  exclusively  '  the  mathe- 
matical university,'  or  that  the  tripos  in  the  last  century  should 
be  called  'the  mathematical  tripos,'  it  appears  that  about  1635 
it  was  not  mathematical  at  all. 

Wallis,  who  was  at  Emmanuel  at  that  time,  says^  that  mathe- 
matics were  'scarce  looked  upon  as  Academical  studies,  but 
rather  Mechanical... And  among  more  than  Two  hundred  Stu- 
dents (at  that  time)  in  our  College,  I  do  not  know  of  any  Two 
(perhaps  not  any)  who  had  more  of  Mathematicks  than  I,  (if  so 
much)  which  was  then  but  little ;  And  but  veiy  few,  in  that 
whole  University.  For  the  Study  of  Mathematicks  was  at  that 
time  more  cultivated  in  London  than  in  the  universities.' 
Wallis  adds  that  he  first  learnt  logic,  and  proceeded  to  ethics, 
physics  and  metaphysics,  consulting  the  schoolmen  on  such 
points. 

But  Aristotle  and  the  Schoolmen  were  to  be  displaced  within 
a  very  few  years  by  the  influence  of  Bacon  and  the  discoveries 
of  astronomy  and  physical  science,  and  gradually  in  the  Cam- 
bridge schools  questions  in  moral  and  natural  philosophj^  took 
the  place  of  Aristotelian  problems,  and  this  (as  Peacock  ob- 
served^) without  the  slightest  warrant  on  the  part  of  the 
Statutes,  or  any  formal  alteration  of  them.  During  the  latter 
half  of  the  century  when  Barrow  wrote,  Descartes  was  in  the 
ascendant,  until  just  before  its  close,  as  we  shall  see,  Newton  was 
beginning  to  gain  some  footing  in  the  academical  disputations. 

And  when  Newton  was  established  the  schools  first  clave  to 
the  Principia  and  by  degrees  (but  not  for  another  half  century) 
revelled  in  fluxions.  Afterwards  when  the  Senate-house  ex- 
amination was  getting  the  better  of  the  Schools,  the  latter 
became  almost  exclusively  'philosophical'  (i.e.  addicted  to  the- 
moral  and  mental  science  of  the  day)  until  they  perished  in  the 
present  century ;  while  the  mathematics  migrated  in  a  body  to 
the  Senate-house  and  have  flomished  there  ever  since*. 

1  Hearne's  Longtoft,  i.  pp.  cxlvii.—  bridge  schools,  of  Lax  the  moderator 

cxlix.  (mentioned  p.   38),    and   tbo    Senate- 

'  Peacock  On  the  Statutes,  C}9.  house,  is  given  in  the  letters  of   W. 

3  An  interesting  picture  of  the  Cam-  Gooch  (Caius),  17',»1,  in  an  Appomlix. 

W.  5 


66  univehstty  studies. 

It  will  have  boon  remarked  tliat  to  get  a  degree  in  Arts  at 
Cambridge  iu  tlie  last  century  a  young  man  must  liave  some 
knowledge  of  mathematics  (indeed  in  the  latter  part  of  that 
period  as  much  as  or  more  than  he  could  well  acquire^),  a  trifle 
of  colloquial  Latin  and  of  formal  logic,  as  well  as  a  little  meta- 
physics ; — Newton, — at  least  a  part  of  the  Principia, — seems  to 
have  been  always  expected. 

In  later  times  (1818)  it  was  considered  a  great  concession  on 
the  part  of  the  moderators  to  allow  an  aspirant  to  mathematical 
honours — indeed  the  only  honours  then  attainable — to  '  keep'  in. 
the  Eleventh  Book  of  Euclid  instead  of  in  Newton. 

English  mathematicians  of  the  eighteenth  century  wor- 
shipped the  genius  of  Newton,  and  few  Cambridge  men  would 
have  dreamt  of  such  audacity  as  to  attempt  to  advance  upon  his 
discoveries.  And  who  shall  blame  them  ?  But  so  it  was  that 
no  progress  was  made.  For  example,  with  regard  even  to  the 
mechanical  part  of  his  work  in  hydrodynamics,  no  advance  was 
made  in  England  upon  the  speculations  of  Newton  until  the 
time  of  Thomas  Young'  (M.D.  Gottingen  1795,  Camb.  1808). 
This  remarkable  man,  who  was  destined  to  shake  the  New- 
tonian Emission  Theory  of  Light,  wrote  On  Soiind  and  Light  for 
the  Royal  Society  while  he  was  an  undergraduate  at  Emmanuel, 
aged  26,  in  1799. 

Dr  W.  Heberden  of  St  John's,  writing  of  the  examinations 
which  he  remembered  about  1730,  says  that  Locke,  Clarke,  and 
the  most  important  parts  of  the  four  branches  of  natural  philoso- 
phy were  studied ;  while  'Newton,  Euclid  and  Algebra  were  only 
known  to  those  who  chose  to  attend  the  lectures  of  Prof.  Saun- 
derson,  for  the  college  lecturers  were  silent  on  them.    The  works 

'^  *  You  may  do  an\-thing  with  young  admixture  of  the  study  of  natural  phi- 
men  by  encom-agement,  by  prizes,  losophy,  of  classics  and  literature,  and 
honours,  and  distinctions  :  see  what  that  university  honours  should  be  ac- 
is  done  at  Cambridge.  But  there  the  corded  to  all.  One  thing  I  always  set 
stimulus  is  too  strong ;  two  or  three  my  face  against ;  and  that  is,  exer- 
heads  are  cracked  by  it  every  year...  cises  in  English  composition.'  Paley's 
some  of  them  go  mad ;  others  are  conversation  in  1797  icith  H.  Best, 
reduced  to  such  a  state  of  debihty,  Personal  and  Lit.  :\Iemorials,  p.  171. 
both  of  mind  and  body,  that  they  are  ^  w^ewell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences, 
luifit  for  anything  during  the  rest  of  Vol.  ii.  Bk.  vi.  Ch.  iv.  §  2. 
their  lives.     I  always  counselled  the 


THE   MATIIEMATICK!?.  C7 

however  of  Dr  Smith ^  cand  Dr  RutlicrfortP  naturally  introduced 
a  greater  attention  to  the  subjects  of  which  they  treated  in  the 
two  great  colleges:'  whicli  spread  thence  and  soon  became  sub- 
jects in  the  public  examination'. 

Dr  Whewell  (disposing  of  Professor  Playfair's  misrepresenta- 
tions of  Cambridge  as  if  she  were  slow  in  recognising  her  hero*) 
shews  that  Newton  probably  taught  the  substance  of  the  Prin- 
cipia  in  lectures  at  Cambridge  before  it  was  j)ublished  in  1G87, 
one  or  two  of  which  had  been  heard  in  the  publick  Schools  by 
Whiston  [B.A.  1689],  who  became  his  deputy  in  1G99,  and  his 
successor  in  1703 ;  in  which  capacities  he  delivered  lectures 
explanatory  of  Newton,  which  were  published  in  1707,  1710,  in 
usum  juv&iitutis  Academicae.     Whewell  writes, 

'About  1694  the  celebrated  Samuel  Qarke  [of  Norwich], 
then  an  undergraduate,  defended  in  the  schools  a  question  taken 
from  the  philosophy  of  Newton :  a  step  which  must  have  had 
the  approbation  of  the  moderator  who  presided  at  the  disputa- 
tions: and  his  translation  of  Rohault  with  references  to  the 
Principia  was  first  published  in  1697;  and  not  in  1718  as  Pro- 
fessor Playfair  has  strangely  supposed.'  Eohault  was  indeed  an 
expositor  of  the  Cartesian  philosophy^,  and  Whiston  calls  this 
a  good  edition  of  'a  Philosophical  Romance:^  but  the  Newtonian 
Philosophy  which  had  already  crept  into  the  notes  was  soon 
about  to  usurp  the  text,  and  to  subjugate  the  editor.     For  he 

1  EoEKRT  Smith,  B.A.  1711,  a  con-  System  of  Natural  Philosophy  (lectures 

sin  of  Cotes,  whom  he  succeeded  as  on  mechauicks,  opticks,  hydrostaticks, 

Plumian  professor  of  astronomy  and  astronomy)  1748,  Institutes  of  Natural 

experimental    philosophy    171G  —  60,  Law  (St  John's  College  Grotius lectures) 

succeeded  Bentley  as  Master  of  Trinity  1754 — 6,  &c.,  &c. 

1742—08.      He  increased  the  endow-  *  Strictures  upon  the  DiscipUtie  of 

ment  of  the  Plumian  professorship,  and  Camhridge,  1792,  pp.  42,  43. 

founded  the  Smith's  prizes  17G8.      Ho  ^  Whewell  (1821)  On  the  Statements 

wrote  a  Syntem  of  Opticks  1728,  and  of  Prof.  Playfair  respecting  the  Univ. 

Harmonic.ks,  or  the  Philosophy  of  Mu-  of  Camhridge    (:ilusenm  Criticum,  ii. 

sical  Sounds,  17G0.  514—519.)     Monk  thinks  that  Bentley 

-  Thomas  Eutherford,  B.A.  1729,  learnt  the  secret  of  Newton's  disco- 
was  one  of  the  candidates  for  the  vcries  from  his  professorial  lectures 
mastersliip  of  St  John's  17(55.  He  was  before  1G80.  Life  of  Bentley,  i.  8. 
Regius  professor  of  Divinity  1756—71,  *  I  have  mentioned  elsewhere  that 
He  wrote  Ordo  Institutionum  Phi/si-  even  the  Tripos  Verses  attack  the 
car«)»  (dedicated  to  DrNewcome)  1743,  Cartesian  system  as  early  as  16U|. 
Nature  and  Obligations  of  Virtue,  1744,  This  is  a  most  significant  fact. 

5—2 


68  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES. 

republished  tlic  book  in  1702  '  with  more  copious  additions  from 
the  principles  of  Newton,  which  could  hardly  "escape  the  no- 
tice" of  any  body  who  saw  the  book,  since  they  are  mentioned 
in  the  title  page,'  says  Dr  WhewelP. 

We  next  find  Dr  Clarke  translating  Newton's  Ojiticks  into 
elegant  Latin,  a  performance  which  so  much  pleased  the  author 
that  he  gave  the  translator  100^.  for  each  of  his  five  children 2. 
This  was  in  170G. 

Long  before  this,  indeed  in  the  year  when  Clarke  took  his 
first  degree  (1694),  Richard  Laughton  became  tutor'  of  Clare 
Hall,  Winston's  college.  His  lectures  '  had  probably  been  on 
Newtonian  principles  for  the  whole  or  the  greater  part  of  his 
tutorship ;  but  it  is  certain  that  for  some  years  [before  1710]  he 
had  been  diligently  inculcating  those  doctrines,  and  that  the 
credit  and  popularity  of  his  college  had  risen  very  high^  in  con- 
sequence of  his  reputation.' 

The  study  of  the  new  philosophy,  and  with  it  mathematicks 
generally,  had  gained  some  ground  at  our  university  when  Sir 
W.  Browne  went  there  in  1707.  It  was  about  that  time^  that 
Laughton  published  'a  sheet  of  questions  for  the  use  of  the 
JSoph  Schools,'  on  the  mathematical  Xeiutonian  philosophy.  It 
was  in  this  year  that  '  the  celebrated  [Nic]  Saunderson  [LL.D.] 
having  acquired  an  extraordinary  portion  of  mathematical 
knowledge,  came  to  Cambridge  [Chr.  Coll.]  with  the  intention 
of  fixing  himself  in  the  university  by  means  of  it.'  And  though 
the  subject  was  already  occupied  by  Whiston,  the  blind  geome- 
ter® was  encouraged  with  the  permission  of  the  professor  himself 

^  In  a  paper  read  before  the  Camb.  system ;    and  according  to  him  these 

Philosophical   Society   in    1851,    and  instructions  were  very  late  in  receiv- 

printed  as  '  Appendix  G '  to  his  Philos.  ing  the  impression  of  Newtonianism.' 

of  Discovery,  Dr  WTiewell  has  shewn  Whewell,  Mus.  Crit.  ii.  517. 
how  the  Cartesian  Theory  of  Vortices  *  Thoresby's  Diary  (8  July,  171i). 

vas   gradually    (though    very  tardily)  ^  g^j.   s^t     Bi-owne's    Speech,   1772. 

Bupplanted  by  the  Newtonian  system  Nichols'   Lit.   Anecd.    in.    322.      Cp. 

at   PiU'is,   when   in  1711  a  Cartesian  Monk's  Bentley,  i.  288,  ii.  30  n. 
Essay  was  rewarded  with  a  prize  along  «  BLis   blindness  came  on  when  he 

with  three  Newtonian.  was  one  year  old.    A  portrait  of  Saun- 

"  Whiston's     Ilistor,     Memoirs     of  derson  with    his    eyehds    closed,    in 

Clarke,  p.  13.  bands  and  cape,  handling  a  skeleton- 

3  '  The  lectures  of  persons  in  that  globe,  was  painted  by  Vanderbanck, 

capacity  Prof.    Playfair  considers  as  engraved  by  G.  Vander  Gutch.    Saun- 

the  only  efl[^ctive  part  of  the  University  dersou's   Elements   of    Algebra    were 


THE  MATHEMATICKS.  GO 

to  give  a  course  of  lectures  on  '  the  Principia,  Optics,  and  Aritli- 
metica  Universalis  of  Newton  ;'  Public  exercises,  or  acts  as  they 
are  called,  founded  on  every  part  of  the  Newtonian  system,  are 
spoken  of  by  Saunderson's  biographers  as  very  common  in  1707. 
By  this  time  those  studies  were  extensively  diifused  in  the 
university,  and  copies  of  the  Principia  were  in  such  request  that 
in  1710  one  which  was  originally  published  at  ten  shillings  was 
considered  cheap  at  two  guineas.  In  1709  and  the  following 
year  Ri.  Laughton  was  enabled  to  stimulate  the  progress  of  the 
science  in  an  official  capacity  in  the  university  as  he  had  done 
in  Clare  Hall.  He  was  elected  proctor :  and  instead  of  deputing 
another  person  to  moderate,  according  to  the  usual  custom,  he 
chose  to  preside  in  the  schools  in  person,  and  to  discharge  the 
office  of  moderator  himself.  Among  his  college  pupils^  were 
Francis  Barnard,  preb.  of  Norwich,  and  Martin  Folkes,  the  cele- 
brated president  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1741.  Another  tutor 
of  Clare,  Ro.  Green,  in  his  Principles  of  Natural  Philusophy 
(Camb.  1712),  opposed  the  Newtonian  philosophy^ 

Meanwhile  Saunderson  was  teaching  'numerous  classes  of 
scholars  in  private  Lectures  annually^'  with  great  success;  and 
when  Whiston  was  removed  from  the  chair  of  BaiTow  and 
Newton  in  1710,  he  succeeded  to  the  Lucasian  professorship. 
And  the  testimony  of  the  next  generation  was  that,  although 
mathematics  had  become  more  generally  understood  since  his 

issued  postliiimously  in  1740  (2  vols.  gravity — he  maintained  also,  and  offers 
4to.)  and  of  its  'Select  Parts'  many  proof  of  tlie  possibility  of  squaring  the 
editions  were  published.  circle.  He  examined  also  varioua 
1  Nichols'  Lit.  Anecd.  iii.  328, 11. 578.  other  doctrines  that  are  comprehended 
*  Green's  Principles  of  Philosophy  in  Sir  Isaac  Newton's  Philosophy  aa 
of  Expansive  and  Contractive  Forces,  that  of  Sound,  Light,  and  Colour,  the 
Camb.  1727,  was  reviewed  soon  after-  Eaiubow,  Fluids,  &c.  He  thought 
wards  on  the  continent  in  Acta  Erudi-  that  the  new  systems  tended  to  under- 
tortim,  1729,  No.  vi.  pp.  241  sqq.  His  mine  the  authorit}'  of  Revelation,  iu 
Encyclopcedia,  or  scheme  of  study  for  which  he  appears  to  have  been  a  sin- 
undergraduates,  1707,  will  be  found  cere  and  zealous  believer.'  Dyer, 
reprinted  in  an  Appendix  to  this  pre-  Privil.  11.  ii.  200.  Like  H.  Lee,  Green 
pent  compilation.  opposed  Locke's  theory  of  the  Mind. 
'Dr  Green  maintained  there  is  Saunderson  said  he  was  accounted  mad. 
peither  a  Vacuum,  in  the  sense  of  the  See  De  Morgan,  Budget  of  Paradoxes^ 
moderns  (Newton,  Raphson,  Keil,  &c.)  80,  81. 

nor  a  Plenum  in  the  sense  of  Descartes  ^  Dyer  Priv.  Cant.  i.  539  n, 

— he   held   some  peculiar  notions  on 


70  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

premature  death  In  1739  (aged  5G),  yet  Sannderson  was  'justly 
famous  not  only  for  the  display  he  made  of  the  several  methods 
of  Reasoning,  for  the  improvement  of  the  mind  ;  and  the  appli- 
cation of  Mathematics  to  natural  Philosophy,'  but  by  the  '  reve- 
rential regard  for  Truth  as  the  great  Law  of  the  God  of  truth  \ 
with  which  he  endeavoured  to  inspire  his  Scholars,  and  that 
peculiar  felicity  in  teaching,  whereby  he  made  his  subject  familiar 
to  their  minds.'  It  may  be  remarked  that  Cotes,  Newton's 
friend  and  disciple,  and  Bentley,  who  made  Newton's  philo- 
sophy known  to  the  readers  of  general  literature*,  resided  in 
Cambridge  in  the  first  years  of  Saunderson's  professorship,  the 
one  as  Plumian  Professor  till  1716,  the  other  (who  survived  both 
his  colleagues)  as  Master  of  Trinity.  Saunderson's  Elements  of 
Algebra  and  Treatise  on  Fluxions  ^\ ere  published  posthumously. 
Smith  recommended  Ri.  Watson^,  then  a  sizar  of  Trinity,  to 
read  the  latter  work  in  1757  soon  after  its  publication. 

Saunderson's  successor  was  J.Colson  of  Sidney  and  Emmanuel, 
who  was  brought  to  Cambridge  by  Dr  Smith  after  being  master 
of  Rochester  school  and  vicar  of  Chalk.  He  edited  Neiutons 
Fluxions  1736,  and  decyphered  Saundersons  Palpable  Arithme- 
tic, prefixing  it  to  the  posthumous  'Algebra'  1740.  Other 
works  of  his  are  mentioned  in  Cooper's  Biographical  Dictionary. 

The  next  Luca&ian  professor  was  E.  Waring^  a  senior  wrangler, 
of  Magdalene.  He  was  appointed  in  1760  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
live,  before  he  got  his  fellowship.  He  wrote  Miscellanea  Anahjtica 
de  Aequationibus  Algebraicis  et  Curvarum  Proprietatihus,  Me- 
ditationes  Algehraicae,  Meditationes  Anahjticae,  &c.  The  first 
chapter  of  his  Miscellanea  Analytica  he  circulated  to  defend 
the  honour  of  the  University,  which  had  chosen  so  young  a 
man  to  sit  in  the  seat  of  Barrow,  Newton,  and  Saunderson. 
Dr  Powell  of  St  John's  attacked  this  production  in  some 
ObseiDations,  with  which  Waring  grappled  '  in  a  very  able  reply, 
for  which  he  was  indebted  to  Mr  J.  Wilson'*,  then  an  imder- 

1  Ri.  Davies,  M.D.,   Epistle  to  Dr  ^  WhewcU,  I.e.  p.  518. 

Hales  (Bath,  1759,)  p.  li.    Dyer,  how-  3  Watsou's ^/u'crf.  1. 1-4.  Dyer,  Privil. 

ever,   says  that  Saumlersou  was  '  no  ii.  i.  206. 

friend  to  Divine  revelation.'     But  he  •*  Wilson     (of    the    Theorem),    sen. 

mlds  that  '  he  desired  to  receive  the  wrangler   1761,    was    Paley's    private 

couimuuiou   before  he  died.'     Privil.  tutor.    A.  De  Morgan  UMc/^t-f  o/ Para- 

Camb.  II.  ii.  (-Suppl.  Hist.)  pp.  112-3.  xloxes,  132,  133. 


THE  MATHEMATICKS.  71 

graduate  of  Peter  House,  afterwards  a  Judge  of  the  Common 
Pleas.'  Powell  had  the  last  word\  In  1765  G,  Wollaston,  of 
Sidney,  joined  with  two  Peterhouse  men,  J.  Jebb  and  Ro.  Thorp, 
in  editing  Excerpta  qiiaedam  e  Newtoni  Pnncipiis  Philosophiae 
Naturalis,  cum  notis  variorum,  4to.  This  became  a  standard 
work  at  Cambridge.  Isaac  Milner,  of  Queens'  (senior  wrangler, 
1744),  succeeded  Waring,  1798 — 1820.  He  had  been  pre- 
viously professor  of  Natural  Philosophy.  He  took  little  part  in 
mathematical  instruction,  except  so  far  as  the  examinations 
went.  Long  before  this,  Newton's  name  was  familiar  in  the 
mouths  of  the  most  ignorant  persons  in  the  kingdom,  such  as 
Doiley  in  Mrs  Cowley's  Who  's  theDiipe?  (Act  ii.  sc.  2, 1779),  who 
exclaims  'Newton!  oh  ay— I  have  heard  of  Sir  Isaac — every- 
body has  heard  of  Sir  Isaac — great  man — master  of  the  mint ! ' 

At  Oxford  the  Principia  was  not  so  well  received^.  David 
Gregory,  secundus,  (editor  of  Euclid,  &c.,  Savilian  Professor), 
brought  something  of  this  philosophy  from  Edinburgh';  but 
the  old  Oxonians  were  somewhat  jealous  of  his  reputation. 

In  one  place  Heame  admits  that  Newton  was  '  a  very  great 
mathematician:'  but  in  another  he  states  that  Sir  Isaac  New- 
ton does  not  understand  a  bit  of  classical  learning,  only  studies 
chronology  for  relaxation,  and  is  beholden  to  others  for  the 
Latin  of  his  books.  Moreover  that  he  took  his  Principia  'from 
hints  given  him  by  the  late  Dr  Hook  (many  of  whose  papers 
cannot  now  be  found),  as  well  as  from  others  that  he  received 
from  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  both  of  which  were  equally  as 
great  men  as  Sir  IsaacV — and  had  the  advantage  of  being 
educated  respectively  at  Christ  Church,  and  Wadham  College, 
Oxon.  However  J.  Carswell  or  Caswell  (Wadh.  and  Hart  Hall), 
their  Savilian  professor  of  Astronomy  (1709 — 13),  did  not  give 
a  very  favourable  character  to  Ro.  Hooke ;  for  while  he  con- 
sidered him  a  good  mechanician,  he  thought  him  inclined  to 
overrate  his  own  discoveries\ 

1  Nichols'  Lit.  Anecd.  ii.  717.  ^  SirW.  Browne  (ret,  and  Queens') 

2  The  anti-Newtonian  J.  Hutchin-      pnhlisheJ  a   translation  of  Gregory's 
Bon's  Mosis  Principia  appeared  in  two       Catoptricks  and  Dioptricks. 

parts  1724 — 7.     He  was  followed  by  J.  •»  lifliqiiiae  Ilcariiianae  Ci\.2,n.21(j 

Parkhurst   (Clare)    in   articles   Jehova  (anno  172-1),  215,  277,  309,  310. 

Elohcim,  &c.,  in  his  Hebrew  lexicon,  ^  UlTenbach,  liri.^fii  in.  182,  which 

audby  G.Hornc  and  Jones  of  Naylaud.  passage  gives  evidence  of  this  Oxford 


72  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Jo.  Spence  of  New  College  also  gives  currency  to  the  ridi- 
culous popular  Anecdote  (p.  175)  that  Newton  could  not  make 
up  a  common  account  for  himself  even  when  he  was  master  of 
the  Mint.  If  Cambridge  desired  to  retort  upon  her  sister  she 
might  with  the  advantage  of  truth  on  her  side  proclaim,  that 
the  learned  and  generous  founder  of  the  lectureships  of  geome- 
try and  astronomy  at  Oxford,  the  warden  of  Merton  and  provost 
of  Eton,  Sir  Henry  Savile,  publicly  confessed  that  a  course  of 
lectures  on  the  definitions,  postulates,  axioms  and  first  eight 
propositions  of  Euclid  was  a  task  which  almost  overwhelmed 
him\  Dr  Whewell,  however,  takes  a  more  liberal  view  of  his 
words,  and  attributes  them  to  the  absorbing  process  of  the 
eommentatorial  spirit  working  in  a  critic  long  and  earnestly 
employed  on  one  author. 

Bp  G.  Home  at  the  age  of  19  wrote  a  Satire  on  Newton, 
'The  Theology  and  Philosophy  in  Cicero's  Somnium  Scipionis 
explained.'  Lond.  1751.  Two  years  later  when  fellow  of  Ilag- 
dalen  he  wrote  the  more  mature  'Fair,  candid,  and  impartial 
State  of  the  Case  between  Newton  and  Hutchinson.' 

At  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century,  Dr  Abram  Kobertson 
of  Christ  Church,  Savilian  professor  of  Geometry,  and  Dr  Thomas 
Homsby  of  Corpus,  Savilian  professor  of  Astronomy  ^  were  among 
those  Oxford  professors  of  whom  Adam  Smith  had  asserted  in 
1776  that  'the  greater  part... have  for  these  many  years  given  up 
altogether  even  the  pretence  of  teaching.'     Tempora  mutantur. 

Algebra^  lectures  were  begun  at  Cambridge  on  Lady  Sad- 
leir's  foundation  at  the  following  nine  colleges, — Emmanuel, 
King's,  St  John's,  Sidney,  Trinity,  Jesus,  Queens',  Peterhouse,  and 

professor's    interest    in    astronomical  an  account  of  certain  Cambridge  alge- 

and  practical  mechanics.  hi-aists — among  them  baron  Francis 

1  'Exolvi  per  Dei  gratiam,  Domini  Maseres  (fellow  of  Clare),  author  oi  A 

auditores,  promissum ;  liberavi  fidem  Dissertation  on  the  Negative  Sign  in 

meam  ;  explica\-i  pro  meo  modulo,  defi-  Algebra,   1758, — and  W.  Frend  (Jes.), 

uitionea,  petitiones,  communes  senten-  author  of  Principles  of  A  Igebra,  1796-9. 

tias,  et  octo  priores  propositioues  Ele-  Both  of  these  persons  set  themselves 

mentorum  Euelitlis.   Hie,  annis  fessus,  against  Saunderson,  Maclaurin  and  the 

cyclos  artemque  repono. '  Praelectiones.  rest  of  the  world ;  for  they  rejected  ne- 

See  Whewell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  gative  quantities  1,  -1,  no  less  than 

Bk.  iv.  ch.  ii.  v'-l;   aud,  like  Ro.    Simson,   'made 

*  Misprinted     'Anatomy'     in     my  war  of  extermination  on  all  that  dis- 

Univ.  Societij,  p.  87.  tinguishes   algebra  from   ajrithmetic' 

3  Dyer  (iVai/.  ii.  ii.  20o— 209)  gives  {De  Morgan.) 


THE   MATHEMATICKS.  73 

Pembroke  Hall.  The  foundress  was  widow  of  W.  Croune,  M.D.  of 
Emmanuel,  and  died  Sept.  30, 1706 \  In  the  present  century  the 
remaining  colleges  were  endowed  with  lectureships  from  the  same 
foundation^  They  were  commuted  for  a  professorship  about  ISGO. 

Dr  J.  Green,  bp  of  Lincoln,  says  in  the  Academic,  1750, 
(p.  23),  that  '  Mathematicks  and  Natural  Philosophy  are  so 
generally  and  so  exactly  understood,  that  more  than  twenty 
in  every  year  of  the  Candidates  for  a  Batchelor  of  Arts  Degree, 
are  able  to  demonstrate  the  principal  Propositions  in  the 
Principia ;  and  most  other  Books  of  the  first  Character  on 
those  subjects.  Nay,  several  of  this  Number,  they  tell  you, 
are  no  Strangers  to  the  higher  Geometry  and  the  more  difficult 
Parts  of  the  Mathematicks  :  and  others,  who  are  not  of  this 
Number,  are  yet  well  acquainted  with  the  Experiments  and 
Appearances  in  natural  Science.  In  Morality,  Metaphy sicks, 
and  Natural  Religion,  the  Authors  whose  Notions  are  the  most 
Accurate  and  Intelligible  are  generally  read  and  well  understood 
by  many  before  they  are  admitted  to  this  Degree. 

'  Logic  they  allow  to  be  at  present  rather  more  neglected 
than  it  deserves ;  as  Men  run  but  too  commonly  into  opposite 
Extremes ;  but  the  Error,  they  say,  begins  to  be  perceived  and 
will  probably  be  of  no  long  Duration.'  Dr  Green  is  here  men- 
tioning the  current  opinion  of  the  studies  at  Cambridge  in 
1750  ;  not  controverting  its  ti'uth,  but  its  significance. 

For  practical  instances  of  their  knowledge,  as  brought  to 
the  trial  of  examination,  we  have  a  tradition  of  Turner,  tutor 
of  Pembroke  Hall  in  Pitt's  time,  that  he  thus  advised  an 
undergraduate,  '  By  all  means  do  not  neglect  your  duodecimals. 
I  was  Senior  "Wrangler  in  1707  by  knowing  my  duodecimals V 

1  The  lecturer's  stipend  at   all  bnt  against  the  doctrine  of  prime  and  ul- 

Emmanuel  was  at  first  £20,   and  iu  timate  ratios  as  taught  by  one  of  our 

course  of  time  was  doubled.  ablest   mathematicians ;    which    (says 

*  C ami).  Calendar,  liii)2,^.^d.  Coop-  his  biographer,  E.  T.  Vaughau,  1816, 

er's  Annals,  iv.  77.  i).   29),   I  am  assured  has   never  j'et 

^  Of  T.Eobinson  of  Trinity  (seventh  been  satisfactorily  answered.'  Eubin- 
wranglcr  in  1772)  it  is  recorded  that  ho  son  '  gained  gi-eat  credit  from  his  ma- 
was  '  well  acquainted  with  natural  thematical  disputations  in  the  schools, 
philosophy,  though  but  little  with  the  year  previous  to  his  first  degree,' 
analytics,'  and  that  for  one  of  his  dis-  (ihid.  p.  28),  yet  rather  from  his  rea- 
putations  as  an  opponent  in  the  soning  powers  than  from  any  great 
schools   'ho    invented    an    argument  proficiency  iu  Algebra  and  Fluxions.... 


74  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

In  1770  Wakefield,  the  second  wrangler,  retired  from  competition 
for  the  Smith's  prizes  because  he  '  was  but  a  humble  proficient 
in  the  higher  parts  of  AUjehra  and  Fluxions^'  Then  ten  years 
hitcr  there  is  the  astonishment  of  the  expectant  wranglers  at 
being  recpiired  to  extract  roots  to  three  places  of  decimals^. 
And  later  we  have  a  current  story  of  an  old  fellow  cautioning 
an  aspiring  student  to  make  sure  of  his  quadratic  equations, 
because  a  hard  quadratic  equation  made  his  fortune.  This  is  no 
doubt  a  modern  reproduction  of  the  duodecimal  story,  but  it 
was  suited  to  the  times  (perhaps  about  1815).  However,  the 
books  read  by  candidates  tell  at  once  a  more  trustworthy  and 
a  more  favourable  tale. 

About  1756  Ri.  Watson  of  Trinity  read  L'Hopital's  Conic 
Sections.  H.  Gunning  of  Christ's  (1784-8),  who  was  fifth 
Avrangler,  does  not  give  us  much  information  on  this  point. 
He  says  merely  that  he  read  Euclid,  Algebra,  Newton  and 
Paley.  Maclaurin  was  their  text-book  in  Algebra,  supple- 
mented by  MSS.  examples.  Parkinson,  his  tutor  at  Christ's, 
lent  him  a  manuscript  on  Mechanics  (centres  of  oscillation, 
gyration,  and  percussion).  On  the  eve  of  examination  he 
crammed  six  forms  out  of  Waring's  Meditationes  Alfjehraicae, 
with  a  view  to  the  '  Evening  Problems.'  George  Pryme  of 
Trinity,  B.A.  1803,  is  equally  reticent,  merely  mentioning  that 
*  one  of  the  books  then  read  for  a  degree  was  that  of  Roger 
Cotes,  a  great  mathematician,  who  died  at  the  early  age  of  33, 
of  whom  Isaac  Newton  said,  "  had  Cotes  lived  longer  we  should 
have  kno^vn  something".'  Dr  Whewell  considers  the  Cam- 
bridge mathematical  course  of  that  time  to  have  included 
Newton's  Princijna,  the  works  of  Cotes,  Attwood,  Vince  and 
Wood  :  *  by  no  means  a  bad  system  of  mathematical  education.' 
As  early  as  1774  a  syndicate  was  appointed  to  prevent  men 
reading  too  high — '  in  quaecunque  recondita,  quaecunque  sub- 
limia,  impetu  quodam  fervido  ruentibus.'  And  a  grace  of 
March  20, 1770,  informed  them  that  they  would  get  no  credit  for 
advanced  subjects  unless  they  satisfied  the  examiners  in  Euclid 
and  elementary  Natural  Philosophy.  About  1780,  when  the 
examination   began  to   be   conducted   on   paper  to  a  greater 

Locke's  Essay  and  Butler's  Analogy,      tion.     (p.  30.) 

which  he  had  stuilied  attentively,  were  i  I\Iemoirs  (1804),  i.  111. 

altio  of  service  to  him  iu  the  csamiua-  ^  Giinning,  lieminisc,  i.  ch.  iii. 


THE   MATHEMATICKS.  75 

extent,  much  dependence  was  placed  upon  Sijllahnses,  tradi- 
tional treatises  called  in  later  times  'college  manuscripts';  and 
men  attempted  to  foretell  pieces  of  book -work  likely  to  be  set. 
At  the  close  of  the  century  the  works  of  Wood  and  Vince 
established  something  of  a  standard  and  system  of  study,  and 
about  1808  the  French  analytical  method  was  introduced. 

The  tenth  wrangler  of  1790  mentions  in  his  diary  (1793-5) 
reading  '  Trigonometry... Ratios  and  Variable  Quantities... 
copied  a  syllabus  of  Mechanics  (belonging  to  a  friend)... Astro- 
nomy, Euclid  XI  (the  college  lecture  subject)... Spherical  Tri- 
gonometry  Vince's   Conic   Sections... .Plane   Trigonometry.... 

Fluxional  Problems Cotes,  Newton  Opticks.... Hydrostatics.' 

His  brother,  W.  Wordsworth  (B.A.  1791),  had  learnt  Euclid, 
books  I — IV,  VI,  and  simple  and  quadratic  equations,  at  Hawks- 
head  school.  He  had  therefore  (as  he  afterwards  lamented) 
a  full  twelvemonth's  start  of  the  freshmen  in  his  year^ 

At  that  period  a  complaint  was  made^  against  the  mathe- 
matical method  then  in  fashion. 

'A  short  method  of  acquiring  many  truths  is  affected... 
it  is  deemed  a  terrible  waste  of  time  in  training  a  youth  for 
the  examination  of  the  Senate  [House]  to  attempt  to  hamper 
him  with  the  sound  method  of  the  antient  geometricians. 
Algebraic  calculations  are  generally  effected,  and  attempted 
to  be  applied  to  every  question,  with  the  assistance  of  a  little 
Geometry  and  Fluxional  principles,  which  can  be  proposed  in 
pure  or  mixed  mathematics.... It  is  evident  that  no  person  can 
understand  the  Principia  without  the  analysis  I  allude  to. 
But  I  object  to  the  excess  of  analytical  expressions,  which  are 
little  more  than  operose  combinations  of  letters  by  the  common 
signs  of  composition  which  convey  no  permanent  or  useful 
ideas.  As  an  illustration  of  what  I  mean  to  inforce,  let  me 
relate  a  fact  which  happened  not  many  years  ago,  and  will 
have  a  greater  force  than  any  thing  which  I  can  offer  further 
on  the  subject. 

'  A  bachelor  of  arts  was  some  years  ago  a  candidate  for  a 
fellowship ;  who  had  kept  an  exercise  upon  the  8rd  section  of 
the  1st  Book  of  the  Principia,  and  in  the  schools  had  occasion 

1  Memoirs  of  W.  Wordsworth,  i.  11.       By  a  Member  of  the  Senate.     1788. 
^  Considerations   on  the  Oatluf,  &c.        p.  18. 


70  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

to  t.'ilk  a  good  deal  about  the  motion  of  a  body  in  a  parabola,  and 
to  slicw  sonic!  symptoms  of  knowledge  of  the  fluxional  calculus. 
I  believe  too  he  was  a  wrangler.  He  was  asked  by  one  of  the 
senior  Fellows  to  find  the  area  of  a  given  rectilinear  triangle ; 
and  to  the  astonishment  of  the  poor  old  man,  who  thought  him- 
self absolutely  mocked  by  the  answer,  replied  that  he  could  do 
it  hi/  fluxions^.'' 

The  boys'  schools  about  17-50,  did  little  or  nothing  in  the 
way  of  mathematical  preparation.  '  Mr  Ayscough... writing  in 
1797  says^  Whatever  may  be  the  present  usage  [in  grammar- 
schools],  it  is  within  recollection  that  fifty  years  ago  there  were 
sent  from  capital  schools  to  the  universities  youths  of  good 
abilities,  and  not  by  any  means  wanting  in  grammar  and 
classical  learning,  yet  so  little  versed  in  common  figures  as  to 
be  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  a  master  of  a  day  school  in  the 
town  for  instruction  in  the  four  fundamental  rules  of  arithmetic!. 
But  in  1792  Ingram  complained^  that  the  example  of  Cam- 
bridge had  induced  'several  of  the  schools  in  the  kingdom'  to 
study  the  mathematics  to  the  neglect  of  the  classics,  '  an  evil  of 
some  magnitude.' 

About  1815-18,  John  M.  F.  Wright  of  Trinity  (who  but  for 
untoward  circumstances  might  have  taken  a  very  high  place) 
mves  a  formidable  list  of  books  which  he  had  read.  When  he 
came  to  Cambridge  he  had  read  onl}'-  Ludlam's  Elements  and 
Walkinghame's  Tutor's  Assistant.  In  his  Freshman's  year  he 
added  to  this  foundation  Wood's  Algebra  with  Ludlam  or 
Bridge ;  Woodhouse's  Plane  Trigonometry ;  and  learnt  to 
write  Newton's  Binomial  Theorem. 

In  his  second  year  he  applied  his  attention  to  old  examina- 
tion papers  and  '  College  MSS.'  and  the  problems  in  Bridge's 
Mechanics.  For  Statics  and  Dynamics  he  read  Wood,  Parkin- 
son, and  Gregory.  Then  (after  turning  his  mind  to  Paley's 
Evidences  and  Moral  Philosophy,  Locke  on  the  Human  Under- 
standing, and  Dugald  Stewart),  he  took  up  Parts  ii,  in,  iv.  of 
Wood's  Algebra  and  SjDherical  Trigonometry,  Garnier's  Algebra 
and  Analyse  Algt^brique,  Lacroix's  Algebra,  Cresswell's  Spherics. 
For  problems  and  deductions  he  had  recourse  to  Leybourne's 

1  ibid.  p.  19.  '  Necessity  of  Introducing  Divinity^ 

2  Houc's  Year  BooJ;,  col.  991.  &c,,  by  H.  A.  Ingram,  p.  101. 


THE   MATHEMATICKS.  77 

Mathematical  Repository  and  DoJson's  Repository.  He  com- 
piled for  himself  a  'College  MS.'  of  book-Avork,  &c. ;  and  read 
Conic  Sections,  Popular  and  Plane  Astronomy  in  Bonnycastle, 
Laplace's  Systeme  du  Monde,  Newton's  Principia,  Sections  I, 
II,  III. 

In  his  last  year  he  read  the  Jesuits'  Newton,  (the  college 
lecture  subject) ;  Monge's  G^ometrie  Analytiqiie,  Lagrange's 
Mecanique  Celeste ;  Vince,  Dealtry,  Lacroix,  Fluxions ;  Fran- 
(joeur's  Mecanique  and  Mathematiques  Pures ;  Poisson,  Gar- 
nier,Gergonne's  Annales  Mathematiques,  Journal  Poly  technique, 
Leybourue's  Mathematical  Repository,  Old  papers,  The  '  small 
Lacroix'  and  his  three  large  4tos ;  Bossut's  Hydrostatique  and 
Hydrodynamique.  He  attends  the  following  lectures : — Fari.sh 
on  machinery,  Clarke  on  mineralogy,  and  the  Plumian  Pro- 
fessor (S.  Vince,  Cai.)  who  explained  experimentally  Mecha- 
nics, Hydrostatics,  Optics,  Astronomy,  Magnetism,  Electricity, 
Galvanism,  &c. 

Dr  Parr,  writing  at  the  close  of  the  last  centur}^  says  with 
regard  to  the  mathematical  professors  and  teachers  at  Cam- 
bridge, that  'Dr  [Ed.]  Waring  [Magd.  Lucas.  Prof]  and  Mr 
[Sam.]  Vince  [F.R.S.,  Caius,  Plumian  Prof.  1796]  in  their 
writings  have  done  honour  to  the  science,  not  only  of  their 
University,  but  of  their  age.  The  profound  researches  of  Dr 
Waring,  I  suppose,  were  not  adapted  to  any  form  of  commu- 
cation  by  lectures.  But  Mr  Vince  has,  by  private  instruction, 
been  very  useful  both  to  those  who  were  novitiates  \sic\,  and  to 
those  who  were  proficients  in  mathematics.  Dr  [S.]  Halifax^ 
(Jes.,  Ai'abic  and  Civil  Law),  Dr  [T.]  Rutherford"  (S.  John's, 
Divinity),  and  Dr  [Ri.]  Watson'  (Trin.,  Chemistry  and  Divinity), 

1  Bp.  Hallifax  published  nomy,  read  in  St  John's  Coll.     2  vols. 
Analysis  of    the   Civil  Law.      8vo.      4to.     1748.     Camb.     31  plates. 

Camb.  1774.     (Also  Ogden's  Sermons  4.     Institutes  of  Natiu-al  Law.     2 

and  an  analysis  of  Butler's  Analogy.)         vols.     1754 — 6. 

2  Dr  Rutherford  was  the  author  of  ^  Bp.  Watson  printed 

1.  Ordo  lustitutioniun  rhysicarum.  Institutiones  Metallurgicae.  1763. 
4to.     Camb.  1743.  Theological  Tracts,  6  vols.     1785. 

2.  On  the  Nature  and  Obligations  Chemical  Essays,  5  vols.  1781,1782, 
of  Virtue.     4to.     Camb.  1714.  1780. 

3.  System  of  Natural  Philosophy,  (.\lso  an  Apology  for  Christianity, 
being  a  Course  of  Lectures  in  Me-  1776.  Apology  for  the  Bible,  1796. 
chanics,  Optics,  Hydiostatics,  Astro-  Christian  "Whig's  Letters,  1772.) 


78  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

very  abundantly  conveyed  the  information  which  belonged  to 
their  departments  sometimes  in  the  disputes  of  the  schools, 
and  sometimes  by  the  publication  of  their  writings.' 

Is.  Milner  of  Queens',  who  sat  in  Newton's  seat  as  Lncasian 
Professor,  succeeding  Waring  in  1798,  did  not  lecture,  but  took 
part  in  the  Senate-house  examinations,  and  got  students  to  come 
and  consult  him. 

In  addition  to  such  assistance  as  the  professors  thus  afforded, 
tliere  were  at  the  several  colleges  the  Sadlerian  lectureships 
already  mentioned  (p.  72),  supplementing  the  efforts  of  indi- 
vidual tutors.  The  University  also  provided  a  lecturer  in 
Mathematics'  in  the  person  of  the  senior  Barnaby  lecturer 
with  a  stipend  of  £4  a  year  from  the  Vice-chancellor,  the  other 
Barnaby  lecturers  in  Philosophy,  Logic,  and  Bhetoric  (or, 
previous  to  the  Statutes  of  Edw.  VI.,  in  Terence),  receiving 
only  £3.  45.  from  the  bursar  of  Jesus  College. 

The  text-hooks  recommended  by  an  anti-Newtonian  at  the 
commencement  of  the  century  will  be  found  in  the  proper 
sections  of  Ro.  Green's  'E7/cu/cXo7rat8eta,  printed  among  the 
Appendices  of  this  volume. 

The  books  (mathematical,  physical,  mechanical  and  hydro- 
statical)  which  were  thought  serviceable  for  the  schools  about 
1730  I  have  digested  in  the  following  list  from  Waterland  and 
Johnson.  Similar  lists  of  Optical  and  Astronomical  works,  and 
of  Ethical  and  Metaphysical  will  be  found  below,  at  the  close 
of  two  other  chapters. 

BOOKS 

iu  use  at   Camhridye   about  the  year   1730, 

for  Arithmetic,  Algebra,  Geometry, 

Physics,  Mechanics,  and  Hydrostatics. 

Acta  Enulitorum  (Lipsiae)  1C8G,  1C90,  '91,  '9-1,  '95. 
Acta  Philosopliica. 

Bacon,  F.  (Trin.'),  Historia  de  Yeutis.     Lug.  Bat.,  1638;  Lond.  1672. 
Sylva  Sylvanim,  1627,  ed.  9,  1670. 

1  In  1534-6  the  mathematical  lee-  early  part  of  the  last  century  [Cains 
tiireship  was  commuted  for  lectures  in  Coll.  MSS.  604)  considered  the  stipend 
Greek  or  Hebrew.     A  writer  in  the       as  '  £4  eutii-ely  flung  away,' 


BOOKS,   ARITHMETICAL,   &C.      1730.  79 

Bartholin,  Casp.  nepos  (Copenhagen)  Physicks.    Lond.  1703. 
Bentley,  Ri.  (Joh.  &  Trin.)  Boyle  Lectures.     Lond.  1G93. 
Bernoulli,  Jac.  (Basle,  Heidelb. )  de  Gravitate  Aetheris.    Amst.  1683. 
Boerhaave,  Herm.  (Leyden)  Chymistry  (Shaw)  4to.  Lond.  1G26. 
Boyle,  Ro.  (Oxon.)  History  of  Cold.     Lond.  16Go,  1685. 

Physico-Mechan.  Experim.   Oxoh.  1660.  Contin'S,  1669 ;   Lond.  1682. 

• Principles  of  Nat.  Bodies.     Lond.  1674. 

Sceptical  Chymist.     Oxon.  1601,  1680. 

Works  (abridged  by  Shaw)  3  vols.  4to.  1725. 

Bradley,  Ri.  (Camb.)  on  Gardening.     Lond.  1626. 

Browne,  Peter  {T.  C.  D.)  Procedure  of  the  Understanding.    Lond.  1728. 
Burgundiae  Scholae  Philosophia.     2  vols.  4to.  Niirnb.  1682,  Paris  1684,  '7. 
Burnet,  T.  (Clare  &  Chr.)  to  Keill  in  Appendix  to  his  own  Theory.    Lond.  1698, 
Theory  of  the  Earth.    Lond.  1681—9. 

Cartesius,  Ren^  (La  Fleche)  Principia.    Amst.  1644,  &c. 

Castt'Uus,Bened.  (Montp.)  de  motu  aquae,  ital.  Rom.  1628.  english,  Lond.  1661, 

Caswell,  J.  (Wadh.)  Trigonometry.     Lond.  fol.  1685. 

Chambers,  Ej^hr.  Dictionary  (sub  vocibus  Air,  Barometer,  Circulation  of  Sap, 
Deluge,  Dissolution,  Diving  Bell,  Elasticity,  Electricity,  Fire,  Fluid,  Fossil, 
Gravity,  Matter,  Perpetual  Motion,  Fump,  Sound,  Syphon,  Tarantula,  ThuH' 
der.  Vegetation)  fol.  1728. 

Cheyne,  G.  (Edinb.)  Philos.  Princip.     Lond.  1715. 

Clarke,  S.  (Caius)  Letters  to  Dodwcll.     Lond.  1706. 

Letters  between  him  and  Leibnitz.     Loud.  1717. 

Clericus,  Jean  (Geneva)  Physica.     Cantab.  1700,  1705. 

De  Chales  (Challes),  CI.  Fr.  Milliet  (Turin)  Cursus  Mathematicus,  fol.  4  vols. 
Lyons  1690. 

. Euclid.    Oxon.  1685,  1704,  &c. 

De  la  Hire,  Philip.  (Paris)  Conic  Sections.     Paris,  1655,  1685. 

De  Lanis,  Fr.  Tert.  (S.  J.)  Magist.  Nat.  &  Art.     Brescia  1684,  1692. 

De  la  Pryme,  Abr.  (Joh.)  in  Philos.  Transactions. 

De  I'Hopital,  Marquis,  G.  F.  A.  (Paris)  Conies.     London,  4to.  1723. 

Derham,  W.  (Trin.)  Letters.     (Ray's.)     Lond.  1718. 

Desaguliers,  J.  Theo.  (Ch.  Ch.)  transl.  of  Marriotte's  Hydrostatics.     1738. 

Descartes,  sec  Cartesius. 

De  Witt,  J.  Conies.     Amst.  1659. 

Euclid,  cura  D.  Gregory,  fol.  Oxon.  1703.     Gr.  and  Lat. 

Friend  (or  Freind),  J.  (Ch.  Ch.)  Praelcct.  Chem.     Oxon.  1704,  1709,  ct  alibi. 

Gassendi,  Pierre  (Aix  &  Paris)  Philos.     Lond.  1658. 

Gordon,  Patrick  (?  T.  C.  D.)  Account  of  Trade  Winds.    ?  Geogi-aphy  Anatomized 

1693,  1716. 
'b  Gravesande,  W.  Ja.  (Loydcn)  Philos.  Newton.     Lond.  1720. 

Physic.  Elem.  Math.     Lug.  Bat.  1720. 

Green,  Ro.  (Clare)  Principles  of  Nat.  Philosophy.     (Solid  Geom.)     Camb.  1712. 

ibid.  1727. 
Priuc.  Philos.  of  Expansive  and  Contractive  Forces. 


gd  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Halos,  Stoph.  (0.  C.  C.)  Vegetable  Staticks.     Lond.  1727. 

Hamniond'H  AJ<,'cl)ra. 

Harriott,  T.  {S.  Mary  Hall)  Artis  Analyticae  Praxis.     Lond.  1631. 

Harris,  J.  (S.  Jolin's)  Lexicon  Technicum  (sub  vocibus  Deluge,  IhjdrostaticTcs, 

Perpetual  ^lotion,  Spring,  Thunder,  Vegetation)  1708. 
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Helmont,  J.  Bapt.  van  (Louvain)  Opera. 
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Postbumous  Works.     Loud.  1705. 

Huet,  P.  D.  (Caen)  Censura  Pbil.  Cartes,  1689,  Paris  1G94. 
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Jones,  W.  (F.R.S.)  Abridgment  of  Pbilos.  Transact. 

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Keill,  Jo.  (Balliol)  Epist.  de  Legibus  Attractionis.      Oxon.  1715 ;  4to.  Lug.  Bat. 
1725. 

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Kersey,  J.  Algebra.    Lond.  1673—4,  1725. 

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Le  Grand,  Ant.  (Douay  d:  Oxon.)  de  Carentia  Sensus  in  Brutis.     Lond.  1675. 

. Instit.  Pbilos.     1694. 

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Locke,  J.  (Ch.  Ch.)  Essay  on  tbe  Human  Understanding.     Lond.  1690,  «S:c. 

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Leips.  1670—97. 
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W. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

THE    TRIVIAL    ARTS. 

{Grammar,     Logic,     Rhetoric.) 

Ignoramus.    Sunt  magni  idiotae,  et  clcrici  nihilorum,  isti  Universitantes : 
miror  quomodo  spendisti  tuum  tempos  inter  eos. 

Musaeus.     Ut  pliirimum  versatus  sum  in  Lo/7ica.— Euggle. 

Lingua  Tropus  Ratio :  Numerus  Tonus  Angulus  Astra. — Memorla  Technica. 

The  first  three  words  of  the  memorial  line  prefixed  to  this 
chapter  were  intended  to  denote  the  triuium  of  three  elemen- 
tary sciences  which  were  to  occupy  the  qiiadriennium  of  under- 
graduateship  preparing  the  stvident  for  the  'mathematical' 
quadriuium  in  which  he  was  to  employ  the  succeeding  trien- 
nium  of  bachelorhood  before  he  could  be  qualified  to  rule  as  a 
Master  in  the  arts-schools. 

The  same  information  is  more  clearly  conveyed  in  the 
hexameter  of  the  following  couplet,  which  is  traced  to  the  first 
half  of  the  xvth  century. 

Gram,  loquitur,  Dia.  vera  docet,  Rhet.  verba  colorat : 

Mus.  canit,  A7\  numerat,  Geo  ponderat,  As.  colit  astra. 

Neither  of  our  universities  has  been  able  to  undertake  to 
teach  the  complete  course  of  the  Seven  Liberal  Arts  in  the 
limited  period  for  which  the  majority  of  their  students  reside ; 
and  since  the  public  and  private  schools  have  done  their  part 
of  preparation  it  has  been  less  necessary. 

Cambridge  selected  Mathematics  (covering  three  of  the  four 
quadrivial  subjects).  Rhetoric  and  Logic,  two  of  the  trivials,  and 
Phihsophij  which  may  mean  very  little,  or  else  (with  Theology) 
may  be,  the  employment  of  the  Master  qualifying  himself  for 
full  teaching  powers  as  Doctor. 


THE   TRIVIAL   ARTS. — GIIAMMAP.  .S3 

The  four  Barmvby  Lecturers  (see  above,  p.  78)  were  ap- 
pointed to  read  on  these  four  select  subjects. 

They  were  so  called  because  the  nominees  were  annually 
'  pricked '  for  election  on  the  eve,  and  appointed  on  the  feast 
of  S.  Barnabas  (June  10th,  llth)\  They  were  the  'ordinary''^ 
readers  appointed  by  the  University  to  give  instruction  to 
students  living  in  the  hostels  or  lodging-houses  in  Cambridge. 

As  time  advanced  and  the  age  of  matriculation  at  Cambridge 
became  later,  as  boys'  schools  took  the  place  originally  occupied 
by  the  universities,  it  was  taken  for  granted  that  under- 
graduates were  already  advanced  in  their  trivials,  so  that 
'Grammar'  became  in  possessiuo  suhauditum  of  a  freshman. 
Grammar  meant  originally  the  latin  language  acquired  by 
means  of  Terence,  Priscian,  Boethius,  and  Donatus.  In  the 
fifteenth  century  larger  readings  from  Terence,  Virgil,  or  Ovid, 
with  some  instruction  in  latin- verse  composition,  were  added  ^ 
Queen  Elizabeth's  statute  50,  §  21,  allowed  grammar  to  the 
choristers  in  Trinity  and  King's  alone.  A  statute  of  King 
Edward  VI.  had  confined  the  privilege  to  Jesus  College. 
King  Henry  VIII's  statutes  for  St  John's  Coll.  {cap.  IC)  pro- 
vided that  grammar  should  be  left  for  schools  to  teach,  and 
prohibited  it  as  a  study  in  the  university :  tarn  quia  magnum 
studiis  suis  (sc.  rod  docentis)  impedimentum  erit,  turn  quia 
maiora  docenda  in  collegiis  sunt,  grammatica  in  ludis  litterariis 
docenda  est.  Three  years  before  this,  i.e.  in  1542,  the  last 
degree  in  grammar  at  Cambridge  had  been  taken.  The  curious 
proceedings  for  incepting  in  the  obsolete  degree  in  that  facult}', 
the  principal  exercise  being  the  'pui-veying'  and  corporal  punish- 
ment with  '  palmer '  and  rod  of '  a  shrewde  Boy  '  who  received  '  a 
Grote  for  his  Labour,'  have  been  frequently  transcribed  from 
bedell  8tokys'  account,  written,  I  suppose,  about  155S,  whon 
he  was  Registrary,  in  case  that  degree  should  be  revived. 

While  our  own  university  undertook  to  initiate  her  under- 
graduates in  the  advanced  lore  of  the  scientific  quadriuium, 
Oxford  seems  not  in  past  generations  to  have  ventured  with 
her  younger  sons  beyond  the  trivials  of  philology.     An  Oxford 

1  Gunning's  Ceremonies,   pp.  109^113. 

-  They  aro  so  called  in  a  decree  of  the  Heads,  26  May,  1684. 

'  Mullincer,  Tlist.  U„iv.  Camb.  22,  341,  349—50. 

U— 2 


84  T'NIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

statute  of  l.')88,  wliicli  was  not  long  observed,  enjoined  an 
examination  for  the  B.A.  degree  in  grammaticaUhus  et  logi- 
calihus,  while  according  to  the  Laudian  code  of  1G3G  (which 
was  nominallij  in  force  at  Oxford  until  the  end  of  the  last 
century)  the  student  in  the  first  year  was  to  attend  lectures 
in  grammdv.  The  lecturer  was  to  expound  its  rules  from 
Priscian  [Gth  century],  Linacre  [fellow  of  All  Souls  1484],  or 
some  other  approved  writer,  or  to  explain  critically  some 
passage  of  a  greek  or  roman  author.  The  student  was  also 
to  attend  lectures  on  rhetoric,  founded  on  the  works  of 
Aristotle,  Cicero,  Hermogenes,  or  Quintilian.  The  Ethics, 
Politics,  and  Economics  of  Aristotle,  and  logic,  were  to  be  the 
subjects  of  the  second  year.  Logic,  moral  philosophy,  geoTnetry, 
and  the  greek  language,  under  the  professor  of  greek,  was  the 
employment  of  the  third  and  fourth  years  ^ 

Oxford  has  always  been  faithful  to  logic^  [Dialectice) .  For 
this  her  constancy  Coleridge  commended  her^,  adding  that  it 
is  '  a  great  mistake  to  suppose  geometry  any  substitute  for  it*.' 
But  at  Cambridge  more  direct  attention  used  to  be  given  to 
that  art  than  is  paid  at  the  present  time.  Still  the  gymnastic 
training  of  the  reasoning  faculties  for  which  logic  is  mainly 
valuable,  is  secured  among  us  by  the  requirement  of  the 
geometrical  system  of  Euclid.  '  All  geometrical  reasoning ' 
(says  Dr  WhewelP)  '  may  be  resolved  into  a  series  of  syllogism.s, 

^  Oxford   Vniv.  Commission  Report  and  if  J/a(7ie7«afzcs,  instead  of  further- 

(1852),  p.  56.  ing  science,  become  in  fact  an  obstacle. 

2  Among  the  effects  of  Chr.  Tilyard,  For  when  men  knowing  nothing  of  that 
B.A.  Oxon.,  who  died  in  1598,  were' Ai-is-  Eeasoniug  which  is  universal  come  to 
toteles's  lodgicke'  and  '  Saunderson's  attach  themselves  for  years  to  a  single 
lodgike,'  i.e.  Instltutlones  logicae,  1589,  sjjecics  wholly  involved  in  Lines  and 
by  John  Sanderson  (a  Lancashu-e  Eo-  Nnmbers  only,  they  gi'ow  insensibly  to 
man  Catholic,  who  studied  at  Douay  believe  these  last  as  inseparable  from 
and  tanght  at  Ehcims  and  Cambray),  all  Eeasoning,  as  the  poor  Indians 
and  not  Eo.  Sanderson's  Compeiiditan,  thought  every  horseman  to  be  in- 
as  I  impertinently  supposed,  U7uv.  So-  separable  from  his  horse, 

ciety,  p.  455.  'And  thus  we  see  the  use,  nay  the 

3  Table  Talk,  4  Jan.  1823.  necessity,   of    enlarging  our    literary 
*  So  Harris  says,  Hermes  (Pref.  pp.      vicvfs,  lest  even  k7iowledge  itself  should 

xiv,  XV.  ed.  3,  1771),    'When  Mathe-  obstruct  its  own  growth,  and  perform 

matics...arG    used   not    to    exemplify  in  some  measure  the  part  of  ignorance 

Logic,   but  to   STipply  its   place ;   no  and  barbarity.' 
wonder  if  Logic  pass  into  contempt,  ^  Of  a  Liberal  Education,  p.  42. 


THE   TRIVIAL  ARTS.— LOGICK.  0'> 

and  in  its  proper  form  consists  of  a  chain  of  enthymoms,  or 
implied  syllogisms ;  and  in  like  manner,  all  other  sound  reason- 
ing on  all  subjects  consists  of  a  like  chain  of  enthymems,' 

King  James  I.  licensed  W.  lord  ]\Iaynard,  co.  Wicklow, 
to  appoint  in  the  university  of  Cambridge  a  logic  lectureship 
(tenable  with  a  Johnian  fellowship),  July  20,  1620,  with  a 
stipend  of  £50 ;  but  it  died  a  natural  death  in  1G40\  About 
that  period"  boys  brought  with  them  to  college  some  knowledge 
of  some  book  of  logic  such  as  Seton's  or  Peter  Ramus  (the 
devotee  of  Logic  though  the  rebel  against  Aristotle),  supple- 
mented in  their  first  term  by  lectures  on  Keckerman  or  Molineus. 
Milton  found  fault  with  this  system  of  commencing  the  nurture 
of  students  in  arts  with  such  hard  fare  as  logic  and  metaphysics. 
At  St  John's  in  1737-8  there  were  'two  logick-tables...join'd^:' 
while  at  Trinity  in  1755  there  were  lectures  and  weekly 
examinations  in  Duncan's  logic,  &c.*  In  1710  Bouwicke  read 
Burgersdicii  institut.  logic,  and  all  the  fasciculus  prceceptorum 
logicorum  Oxoniensis^.  John  Jebb  bears  witness  that  the 
former  book  had  been  prescribed  at  Cambridge  in  the  memory 
of  their  forefathers ;  but  then  (1775)  the  barbarous  sounds  of 
Darii  and  Felapton  no  longer  gi'ated  on  their  ears^ 

As  in  old  times  the  mere  study  of  the  Sentences  of  Peter 

1  Cooper's  Annals  iii.  135,  136.  asserted  that  it  was  all  derived  from 
Our  Univ.  Statutes  of  1570  provided      Sanderson.      Letter  to  [Cyril  Jackson] 

(cap.  4)   that   the  professor   of    logic  dean  of  Ch.  Ch.  1807,  p.  11.     Cp.  Sir 

should  teach  the  arguments  of  Aristotle  W.  Hamilton's  Discussions  123,  148, 

or  the  Topica  of  Cicero.  149,  1C8,  718  n. 

2  Mayor's  M.  Robinson  IG  n.,  98.  6  JcWs  Works,  ii.  357. 

Ramus  when   proceeding    M.A.    at  A  cm-ious  instance  of  the  estimation 

Navarre  astonished  his  examiners  by  of  logic  as  compared  with  skill  in  argu- 

choosing  for  his  thesis  that  '  what  Aris-  ment  is  to  be  found  in  the  note  to  the 

totle  has  said  is  all  wrong '  Quaecun-  names  of  the  first  wranglers  on  the 

que  ah  Aristotle  dicta  essent  commen-  tniioa  of  1786  :  Ds  Bell,  Trin.,  Otter, 

ticia  esse.     Whowell,  Philos.  of  Dis-  J<?s.,  Hutchinson,  Trin., Lambc,  Jo/j.; 

covery,  99.  Cum  inter  Dm.  Otter,  Dm.  Hutchinson, 

3  Baker-Mayor,  p.  1035,  I.  32.  et    Dm.  Lambe,   nuUiun  prorsus  dis- 
*  Bp.  Watson's  Anecdotes  i.  p.  12,  crimen  in  rebus  Mathematicis  extitisse 

ed.  1818.  concedatur,    secundum    hunc  ordinem 

5  Dean  Aldrich  published  his  popular  disponuntur,  hac  sola  de  Causa,  quia 

Artis  Logicae  Com2)endium  in  1G02.    It  Ds.  Otter  j«  dialecticis  i/irti/js  f.*/  ucr- 

adopted  an  order  iiulopcndcnt  of  the  satus,  ct  Ds.  Hutchinson    in   Scholia 

Organon.    Dr  Tatham  (rector  of  Line.)  Sophistarum  jhc^'us  disputauit. 


so  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

LoinLaid  and  the  Summa  of  Aquinas  must  have. given  some 
insiofht  into  tlio  method  of  dialectics  ;  so  again  during  the 
century,  dating  from  about  1730,  when  the  Cambridge  dispu- 
tations became  more  important  and  serious,  some  acquaintance 
with  logic  was  indispensable.  Still  it  was  confined  to  a  narrow 
groove ;  and  we  read  of  a  professorial  moderator  (Kipling) 
being  puzzled  more  than  once  by  a  disjunctive  syllogism  \ 

In  1802  there  were  college  lectures  for  freshmen  in  Locke 
and  logic. — How  the  author  of  the  Essay  on  the  Human 
Understanding  would  have  fretted,  had  his  life  been  prolonged 
a  century,  to  find  his  work  in  such  hateful  company  ! 

In  1772  the  freshmen's  lectures  at  Jesus  Coll.,  Camb.^  were 
in  Algebra  and  Logic. 

Amhurst  in  his  Terrae  Filius  of  March  28,  1721,  tells  of  an 
Oxford  logician  who  said  that  the  best  book  which  was  ever 
written,  except  the  Bible,  was  Smiglecius !  The  Aristotelian 
logic  was  most  in  vogue  at  that  university,  and  the  method  of 
the  schools  was  kept  in  constant  practice  not  only  by  the  public 
quodlibetical  disputations,  but  by  daily  private  '  acts '  in  the 
colleges,  A  Brazenose  scholar'  wrote  in  1742 — *  We  are  here 
quite  taken  up  with  logic,  which  is  indeed  a  very  dry  study.' 
In  1767  dean  W.  Markham  (abp.  of  York^  and  a  writer  of 
Carmina  Quadragesimalia)  and  the  canons  of  Ch.  Ch.  formed  an 
important  plan  for  reviving  the  School  logic  in  their  college. 
But  in  the  present  century  it  had  become  useless  to  compel  the 
study  of  logic  at  Oxford,  and  the  students  hailed  with  joy  the 
proposal  to  leave  the  study  to  the  option  of  candidates  for 
honours.  On  the  other  hand,  (Abp.)  Hi.  Whately  of  Oriel,  who 
was  made  principal  of  S.  Alban  Hall  in  1825,  was  convinced 
that  it  ought  to  be  a  subject  for  honours.  He  published  his 
Logic  in  1826,  and  this  gave  a  considerable  impetus  to  the 
pursuit  at  a  most  important  juncture*. 

1  Gunuiiig  Eeminisc.  11.  ii.  cp.  cli.  x.  or  wheu  it  is  implied  that  only  one 

(A  disjunctive  proposition  consists  of  can  be  true,  by  affinning  one  you  deny 

two  or  more  categoricals  so  stated  as  the  rest.) 

to  imply  that  some  one  of  them  at  -  GUbert Wakefield's ilifmo/rs  (1801). 

least  is  true,  and  generally  that  but  i.  82. 

one  can  be  true;  as,  'It  is  cither  day  ^  O.rf.Underrirad.  Joiirii.  [Ei. Robiu- 

or  night.'     By  denying  all   but  one.  sou  Qu.]  1807,  p.  106. 
vnu  infiT  the  truth  nf  the  remainder ;  ••  liar,  Martineau's  Biog.  Sketches. 


THE  TRIVIAL  ARTS. — RHETORICK.  87 

How  indispensable  some  knowledge  of  logic  was  in  the 
schools  at  Cambridge,  even  when  the  disputations  were  on 
their  last  legs\  may  be  seen  by  any  one  who  examines  'A 
Guide  to  Syllogism  by  C.  Wesley,  B.D.  (of  Chr.  Coll.)  1832.' 

Let  us  now  pass  to  rhetoric,  a  study  which  in  its  modern 
sense  Locke  detested  no  less  than  logic. 

Rhetoric  in  ancient  days'*  was  equivalent  to  the  study  of 
Quintilian,  Hermogenes,  and  the  speeches  of  Cicero,  artis- 
tically considered.  Statutably  this  was  the  study  of  the 
first  year  of  the  undergraduate's  quadriennium  (before  he 
entered  upon  logic,  the  study  of  the  two  years  of  his  Sophistry). 
There  were  Rhetoric  Lecturers'  at  Cambridge  in  the  last  cen- 
tury, but  I  do  not  remember  any  evidence  of  their  lecturing 
in  the  subject  from  which  they  took  their  title.  In  earlier 
times  (1540)  indeed  we  find  John  Jewel  elected  from  Merton 
to  a  felloAvship  at  Corpus,  and  there  appointed  reader  in 
humanity  and  rhetoric*.  He  held  those  offices  for  seven 
years,  and  wrote  a  dialogue  in  which  he  comprehended  the 
sum  of  the  Art  of  Rhetoric.  Again,  a  little  later,  we  read 
of  the  Public  Orator  in  Cambridge,  George  Herbert,  of  sweet 
memory,  delivering  public  rhetoric  lectures  which  D'Ewes 
attended  in  1620.  A  century  later  Steele  lamented  {Spectator, 
Sept.  15,  1712)  that  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge  the  nurseries 
of  learning  had  grown  '  dumb  in  the  study  of  eloquence.' 
After  that  period  the  duty  of  the  rhetoric  lecturer  seems  to 
have  been  confined  to  looking  over  and  correcting  themes ; 
but  this  was  commonly  neglected  °.     At  St  John's,   in   1775, 

^  In  the  preceding  generation  Bun-  in  1493,  and  being  vicar  of  Trtimping- 

can's  logic  had  been 'the  best  system...  ton,  was  employed  by  the  sister  uui- 

or  at  least  that  most  favourably  re-  versity  to  write  latin  letters  (Cooper's 

ceived  at  Cambridge... Uttle  more  than  Annals  i.  251)  as  Caius  Aubcrinus  an 

an  Abridgement  of  Locke's  Essays.'  Italian  had  been  engaged  in  1491  (ii»(<f. 

(Dyer,  Hist.  Camb.  i.  197,  198.)  240).      Erasmus    produced   his    tract 

"  Stat.  Acad.  Cantab.  1570,  caj).  4.  de  Conscrihendis  EpistoUs  for  us  about 

'  In  ancient  times  students  of  rhc-  1512.      Warton   says  that  the    'poet 

toric,  the  composers  of  latin  poems  at  laureate '   was  merely   a   graduate  in 

Oxford,  were  honoured  as  laureati  and  rhetoric  employed  by  the  king, 

their  verses   published  on   S.   Mary's  *  Wordsw.  Eccl.  Biog.  iii.  334. 

gates.   Among  the  last  were  Bo.  Whit-  ^  Dr  G.  Croft  of  Univ.  Coll.  Oxon., 

tington    1513,    and    J.   Ball  and    T.  Bampton  Lecturer   1786,  an    expori- 

Thomson  1514.    Skeltou  was  laureated  cnced  schoolmaster,   observes  in  his 


88 


UNIVEllSITY   STUDIES. 


attention  was  called  by  the  master  and  seniors  to  tLis  defect', 
and  it  was  ordered  that  every  student  (except  sophs  in  the 
term  before  they  went  into  the  senate-house)  should  give 
in  four  themes  at  least  to  the  rhetoric-lecturer  every  term, 
yearly  prizes  being  offered  for  their  encouragement ;  and  in 
1782  they  ordered  that  noblemen  and  fellow-commoners 
should  not  escape  either  these  exercises  or  other  lectures. 

Practically,  however,  this  study  was  not  neglected.  Cicero 
and  Demosthenes,  as  well  as  Thucydides  and  Aristotle,  were 
studied.  The  thesis  which  opened  every  Respondency  in 
the  Schools  or  in  College  Chapels  ^  gave  an  opening  for  exer- 
cise therein,  and  the  same  purpose  was  yet  better  served 
by  the  College  Declamations^.  Lord  Byron  ridiculed  these 
exercises  in  the  present  century*;  but  they  had  been  much  used 
in  earlier  times,  and  doubtless  were  of  service  to  young  men 
who    were   comparatively  speaking   under   slight    terror  from 


Plan  of  Education,  1784,  p.  21,  that 
'  the  practice  of  modem  time  pre- 
supposes both  [Rhetorick  as  well  as 
Grammar]  to  have  been  taught  in 
Schools.' 

1  Baker-Mayor,  Hist,  of  St  John's 
II.  1083,  1087.  So,  30  July  1806, 
H.  Kirke  White  (ed.  Southey  i.  253) 
writes  to  his  brother  Neville  that  the 
Rhetoric  Lecturer  of  St  John's,  after  a 
college  examination,  sent  him  one  of 
his  latin  essays  to  copy  for  inspection, 
a  compHment  not  paid  to  any  of  his 
competitors. 

^  Hist,  of  St  John's,  Baker -May  or, 
1086. 

^  Besides  the  'theses,'  declamations 
were  statutably  required  as  an  exer- 
cise for  a  degree  in  arts,  but  the  latter 
were  never  enforced  seriously,  except 
in  17'48,  when  J.  Eoss  was  taxor  and 
W.  Eidlington  proctor.  The  chief 
result  was  Chr.  Anstey's  expulsion. 
Cooper's  Annals,  iv.  261. 

SjTiionds  D'Ewes  declaimed  in 
S.  John's  chapel  and  in  his  tutor's 
'lodgings'  in  1610. 


*  But  lo !  no  common  orator  can  hope 
The   envied   silver   cup  within  his 

scope. 
Not  that  our  heads  much  eloquence 

require, 
Th'    Athenian's    glowing    style    or 

Tully's  fire. 
A  manner  clear  or  warm  is  useless 

since 
We    do    not    try    by    speaking    to 

con\-ince. 
Be  other  orators  of  pleasing  proud  : 
We  speak  to  please  ourselves,  not 

move  the  crowd : 
Oiu'  gravity  prefers   the   muttering 

tone, 
A   proper  mixtiu'e    of    the    squeak 

and  gi'oan : 
No  borrow'd  grace  of   action   must 

be  seen, 
The  shghtest  motion  would  displease 

the  Dean ; 
\\Tiilst  every  staring  gi'aduate  would 

prate 
Against  what  he  could   never    imi- 
tate. 

Hour.';  of  Idleness.     (1806.) 


THE   TRIVIAL   ARTS. — RHETORICK.  89 

examinations.  Thus  at  Oxford,  at  the  close  of  the  17th 
century,  we  read  of  regular  declamations  at  Magdalen  \  In 
1749,  English  Essays  were  read  in  the  ante-chapel  after  divine 
service.  And  the  Statutes  of  Hertford  College,  1747,  pro- 
vided that  undergraduates  should  make  a  Declamation  (or 
else  a  Theme  or  Translation)  every  week,  in  english  during 
their  second  and  third  year,  and  in  latin  during  their  fourth^ 
Bp.  Ri.  Watson,  in  1756,  set  himself  this  same  task  for  his 
own  private  exercise  when  a  sizar  at  Trinity  ^.  Two  years 
later,  the  master  and  fellows  of  Peterhouse  voted  a  yearly 
prize  of  three  guineas'  worth  of  books  for  the  best  dcclaimer 
in  the  judgment  of  the  master,  deans  and  tutors.  Dr  Hooper's 
Oration  prizes,  bequeathed  in  1763,  encouraged  the  same 
exercise  at  Trinity,  but  latin  declamations  were  recited  there 
by  sophs  in  the  chapel  after  Saturday  evening  prayers  to 
large  audiences  at  least  as  early  as  1749  ■*.  The  latin  declama- 
tions in  S.  John's  College  Chapel  have  been  discontinued 
within  the  last  twenty  years.  Barnaby  (or  Ordinary)  Lecturers 
in  Logic,  Rhetoric  and  Philosophy  were  appointed  on  Sir  Ro. 
Rede's  foundation,  in  addition  to  the  University  Mathematical 
Lectureship  with  the  same  title  from  early  in  the  sixteenth 
century  until  quite  lately.  The  Rede  lecturers  were  put  on 
a  new  footing  in  1858. 

1  Johnson's  Life  of  the  Poet  T.  ^  Cumberland's  3Icmoirs,  p.  73. 
Yaldeu.    Pointer,  Oxou.  Some  reminiscences  of  Trinity  decla- 

2  About  the  same  time  there  was  mation  in  1793  are  given  in  my 
a  scheme  afloat  at  Cambridge  in  Univ.  Life  in  the  iStJi  Cent.  pp.  588, 
Pembrolio  Hall  for  employing  one  589.  In  the  University  Library  (Z. 
tutor  to  teach  pronunciation,  and  23.  10)  is  a  copy  of  A  General  Theorem 
another  to  look  over  themes.  This  is  for  a  [Trinity]  Coll.  Declamation.  By 
mentioned  in  Free  Thoughts  upon  [C.  V.  le  Grice],  icith  copious  notes 
Univ.  Education,  1751,  p.  34.  Jebb,  bij  Gronovius...  Cambridge:  printed 
writing  in  1772,  says  that  '  elocution  by  Francis  Hodson,  1796  (pp.  1—13). 
...is  utterly  neglected.'  Works,  ii.  Another  copy  in  Trinity  Library 
272.  [X.   14.    10],    apparently    reproduced 

=*  "Watson's  Anecdotes,  i.  20.  privately  in  1835. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

HUMANITY. 

Homo  sum:  humani  nil  a  me  alicnum  puto. 

Terence,  Ilauton  Timorumenos,  i.  i.  25. 

There  is,  or  there  was,  a  common  opinion  which  assigned 
to  Oxford  exclusively  the  study  of  Classics,  and  to  Cambridge 
the  sole  pursuit  of  Mathematics. 

The  truth  amounts  to  this,  that  since  the  Revolution 
and  until  the  first  quarter  of  the  present  century  was  waning, 
a  degree  could  hardly  be  obtained  at  Cambridge  without  some 
application  to  geometry  at  the  least,  Avhile  at  Oxford  mathe- 
matical knowledge  or  skill  won  no  academical  distinction  until 
our  own  time. 

On  the  other  hand,  to  speak  of  Cambridge  as  even  by 
comparison  the  non-classical  university,  represents  a  gross 
misconception  \ 

If  the  Great  Rebellion  had  put  a  period  to  the  colloquial 
use  of  the  latin  language  in  college  halls  and  walks^  we  find 
it  restored  as  the  medium  for  college  lectures,  examinations 
and   declamations,   and   for   the   public   disputations,   without 

1  Classical  study  was  no  doubt  Ian-  Annals,   ni.  429.     It  was   ordered  at 

guisbing  for  a  time  in  the  old  age  of  Queens'  that  nothing  hut  latin  should 

Beutley,  when  Gray  lamented  to  his  be  spoken  at  dinner  and  supper  except 

friend  West  in  173C  that  such  pursuits  on  scarlet-days,  two  days  at  Christmas, 

were  '  fallen  into  great  contempt '  at  and   Commemoration   of    Benefactors 

Cambridge.     But  not  with  Gray.  (26   Oct.   1G76).     In   1680   (Sept.   13) 

^  Symouds   D'Ewes  talked  latin  in  the  exceptions  were  to  be    '  Simdays 

his  walks  in  1619.     There  was  indeed  and  Holydays.'    About  a  century  later 

an  attempt  on  the  part  of  the   Com-  the  tables  were  tm-ned  and  the  utter- 

monwealth  Committee  (12  July,  16-49)  ance  of    three   consecutive  words    of 

to  enforce  the  colloquial  use  of  greek  latin  at  dinner  was  made  punishable 
and  latin  intli«  Universities.    Cooper's    .  with  a  line  or  '  sconce'  ! 


HUMANITY.  91 

which  no  degree  could  under  ordinary  circumstances  be  ac- 
quired ^  Until  quite  recently,  no  student  of  Trinity  was 
accepted  as  candidate  for  a  foundation-scholarship  until  he 
had  written  a  latin  epistle  to  the  master,  nor  was  any  admitted 
without  some  knowledge  of  greek.  Until  1  Oct.  18G9  all  aca- 
demical graces  were  expressed*^  in  the  former  language,  of 
which  we  still  have  traces  in  the  words  sujjplicat,  2^l<^cet,  bene 
discessit,  licet  migrare,  &c.,  as  the  Cambridge  undergraduate 
vocabulary  contains  optime,  exeat,  redit,  aegrotat,  and  in  past 
times  had  dormiat,  descendas ;  as  the  Oxonian  keeps  testamur. 
But  in  the  more  serious  process  of  study  we  not  only  find 
Cambridge  students  exercising  themselves  in  writing  and  speak- 
ing and  even  thinking  in  latin  by  way  of  preparation  for  their 
*  acts,'  but  we  know  that  not  merely  commentaries  on  classical 
authors  but  good  mathematical  treatises  were  accessible  only  in 
a  scholarly  guise.  Indeed  it  was  in  the  last  century  far  more 
difficult  for  a  student  to  become  a  wrangler  without  some 
iiuency  in  reading  and  speaking  latin,  than  it  is  now  to  gain 
a  very  high  degree  in  mathematics  without  acquaintance  with 
french,  or  in  natural  science  without  access  to  german  trea- 
tises. 

Indeed  we  may  say  with  truth  that  the  mathematical 
university  has  excelled  in  accurate  scholarship ;  and  her  best 
mathematicians  have   been  her  best  scholars^      If  the  names 

^  Mr  Wace  made  a  latin  speech  at  and  Senior  Optimes] .     In  this  period 

the   end   of    his    proctorate    in    Oct.  there   have  been  860  Wranglers  and 

1874.       Dr    Cookson    made    a    Vice-  834  Senior  Optimes. 

Chancellor's  speech  in  english  the  last  The  Wranglers  have  obtained  : 

time  he   held  that   office.     Professor  44  1st  medals. 

Selwyn    remarked     audibly,     '  Placet  36  2nd  medals. 

materies,  non  placet  Umjua.''    He  also  The  Senior  Optimes  : 

wrote  a  latin  epigram  on  the  iunova-  14  1st  medals, 

tion,      Adam  Smith  first  lectured  in  25  2nd  medals, 

english  at  Glasgow.     Edinburgh  had  The  Proctor's  Honours  : 

latin  examinations  in  1827.  3  1st  medals. 

2  At  least  by  the  registrary.  There  Thus,  the  Wranglers  have  obtained 
was  an  order  for  latin  in  Nov,  1856.  eighty,  and  the  Senior  Optimes  thirty- 

3  « From  the  year  1752  to  1812  both  nine  medals  in  all.  Tho  Wranglers 
inclusive,  122  gold  medals  have  been  therefore  have  obtained  twice  as  many 
presented  to  the  best  classical  scholars  medals  as  the  Senior  Optimes,  and 
among  those  whose  names  appeared  three  times  as  many  first  medals.' 
in    the   first   Tripos     -i.e.    Wrr.nglcrs  O^sRirrt/ Jf>»nw/,  vi.  413  (modified). 


92  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES, 

of  Newton  and  Barrow  live,  so  also  do  thosa  of  Bcnt- 
loy  and  Porson.  And  we  may  consider  it  significant  that 
Bentlcy  was  virtually  third  wrangler  in  1G80,  and  was 
instrumental  in  the  edition  of  Newton's  Princijna,  which  was 
prepared  by  Cotes  in  1709-1 7 jf,  while  Porson  though  only 
third  senior  optime  in  1782  (being,  as  we  may  conjecture, 
pitted  against  skilful  mathematicians  in  the  Schools  on  account 
of  his  prestige  as  a  scholar),  was  discovered  in  his  fatal  illness 
with  an  algebraical  problem*,  as  well  as  some  greek  and  latin 
notes,  written  in  his  pocket-book.  It  was  thought  that  he  was 
intending  to  prej)are  an  edition  of  the  Aritlimetica  of 
Diophantus. 

One  good  effect  of  the  habit  of  encouraging  colloquial 
latin  we  may  observe  in  the  intercourse  of  our  learned  men 
with  continental  scholars.  With  Bentley  himself  the  language 
was  so  thoroughly  established  as  the  medium  of  literary- 
commerce,  that  he  wrote  latin  letters  not  only  to  P.  Burman, 
Kuster,  Hemsterhuys,  and  Graevius,  his  foreign  correspondents, 
but  even  occasionally  to  Ri.  Mead,  F.R.S.,  to  J.  Mill,  Edmund 
hall,  and  to  E,  Bernard,  at  Exeter  Coll.  Oxon.  Among  John 
Augustus  Ernesti's  correspondence  (ed.  Tittmann,  55-C2)  1812, 

A.  S.   vrriting  from  Chesterfield  to  kept  the  con-espondents  of  the  Clas- 

the  Monthly  Magazine  in  1797  (p.  186)  sical  Journal  in  calculation  for  some 

gives  a  similar   calculation.      '  There  time  in  1812.     '  W.  S.'  gave  a  solution 

have  been  in    forty-one  years,    fi-om  (^ith  one  value  for  each  letter)  in 

1755    to    1796    inclusive,    eighty-two  three    lines:     'T. E.'    followed    with 

medallists.      Of  these,  fifty-one  were  another  filling  as  many  pages  :  while 

Wranglers  ;—tlmty-one    were    Senior  'Philo',    with    happier    moderation, 

Optimes  ;  consequently  the  proportion  did  the  task  in  seven  lines.     Ihid.  ii. 

in   favoiir    of    the    Wranglers    is    so  722,   736;  v.    201,    222,   411;    Pryme 

great  that  we  may  lay  it  down  as  a  [Recollections,    p.    151),    speaking   of 

positive  fact   that   the    mathematical  Porson    and    Dobree's    fondness    for 

studies  of   Cambridge  are    not  unfa-  algebra,  refers  the  reader  to  Appemlix 

vo;u-able    to   classical    literature.      I  to  the  Eeminiscence.i  of  Chaides  But- 

have  not  the  least  doubt  that  I  could  ler,  Esq.,  Vol.  i.  Note  3. 

prove   the   superiority   of   Cambridge  The   following  equation   has    been 

to  its    sister   Oxford  in   these   latter  ascribed  to   Porson :   ris  6  dpi.6,u6s  ov 

studies.'  Te/jLvo{JL^vov   eis   5vo   dviaa   fiip-r],    77    tov 

1  This  problem —  fid^ovos  fiepovs  divatas  fjieTci  tov  eXdrro- 

xy  +  zu  =     -±44,  voi  ixeToXan^avonevri,  t<n)  ?<7Tai  ry  tov 

xz  +  yu  =     180,  eXcLTTOvos  dwdpLti  fxeTo.  tov  tid^ovos  fiera- 

xu  +  yz  =     156,  Xafj-tSauo/xtfri-  :c+y=zl.    (Facetiae  Can- 

xy:u  =  5184,  tab.  p.  144.) 


HUMANITY. — LITERARY   COMMERCE.  93 

is  a  series  of  four  letters  from  Sam.  Musgrave,  commenced 
apparently  without  personal  introduction  in  the  spring  of  1757\ 

As  a  specimen  both  of  the  friendly  feeling  of  foreign  scholars 
towards  Englishmen,  and  of  the  esteem  in  which  our  native 
scholarship  was  then  held  on  the  continent'^,  we  may  refer  to 
the  writings  of  David  Ruhnken  and  his  learned  admirer  and 
biographer  Daniel  Wyttenbach. 

In  1777,  Wyttenbach,  a  native  of  Bern,  who  had  been  in- 
vited to  Leyden  eight  years  before  by  Valcknaer  and  Ruhnken, 
persuaded  the  latter  to  assist  him  in  starting  a  philological 
review  at  Leyden.  This,  under  the  title  of  Bihliotheca  Critica, 
turned  out  to  be  a  valuable  enterjirise.  It  was  written 
mainly  by  younger  men^,  such  as  the  originator  himself'*,  and 
Henry  Albert  Schulten  in.  (whom  Oxford  honoured  with  the 
degree  of  M.A.)  and  Laurence  van  Santen  (pupil  of  P.  Burman 
II.  who  left  Amsterdam  about  that  time),  but  they  had  the  ad- 
vantage of  Ruhnken's  judgment,  and  occasionally  of  an  article 
by  himself'',  such  as  that  on  Tyrwhitt's  Orphica  de  Lapidibus, 
Ilept  Aidwv,  1781,  which  was  also  mentioned  in  one  of  the 
short  notices.  The  review  went  through  twelve  numbers 
(1777 — 1807),  eight  of  which  appeared  before  Ruhnken's  death, 
in  1798.  In  these,  a  considerable  proportion  is  devoted  to 
englisU  publications  which  meet  in  general  with  considerable 
commendation  (excepting,  A  New  System  or  an  Anal3'^sis  of 
Ancient  Mythology,  by  Jacob  Bryant  (King's),  vol.  I.  ed.  2, 1775, 

^  So,  towards  the  end  of  the  18th  milii,  delude  suasor  fuit  consilii:  cujus 

century,  all    Burgess'    foreign    corre-  postea  neutrum  poenituit.'    Vita  Dav. 

spondents    ^^Toto    to    liim    in    latin,  Eulinkenii  auctore  Dan.  Wyttenbacliio 

except  Villoiaon,   wliosc   communica-  {Lug.  Bat.  et  Amstelod.)Yl^d^,-^.\10  = 

tions  were  in  frcnch.  Wytt.  Opusc.  1821,  i.  G8-1. 

2  Brunck,     writing     to     Tyrwhitt,  »  '  Ilia  quam  dixi  Bibliotbeca  Aras- 

28  April  1786,  goes  so  far  as  to  speak  tolodanii    oditur     a    discipulis   meis. 

of  England  as  '  le  pays  de  I'Europo  Quorum  judicium  intcrdum   rcgo  ju- 

oil  la  litturaturc  Grecquo  est  la  plus  dicio  meo,  rarissimo  tamon  censuras 

florissantc.'     Luard,  in  Camb.  Essays,  a    me   conscriptas    interponcns,    nisi 

1857,  p.  125.  forte  liber  aliquis,    qualis   Tuus   est, 

^  Wyttenbacbii      Vita      EuhnJceitii  sua  mo  elegantia  ad  talem  scriptioucm 

(1799),   p.   170=\Vytt.   Opusc.  (1821),  invitavit.'     Euhiiken  to  T.  Tyrwhitt, 

I.  687,  688.  Lug.  Bat.  9  Januar.   1783,  with  two 

*  '  Bibliothecam    Criticam    scribcro  copies  of  his  Homeric   Hymns,  cum 

institucnti   (1777),  primnni    dissuasor  Epiatolis  Criticir-i,  one  for  Toup. 


94  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Tlicocritus,  by  T.  Ediuards  (Master  of  8.  John's,  Coventry, 
fellow  of  Clare)  Cantab.  1770,  and  Apollonius  Rhodius,  by 
2\  Shaw,  fellow  of  Magd.  Coll.  Oxon.  Clarendon  Press,  1777'). 

The  books  thus  noticed  are  V.  T.  Hebraicum  Ben.  Kennicott 
{Wadhani,  M.A.  Exon.  1750)  Clarend.  Press,  1770,  Lennep's 
translation  of  Bentley's  Dissertation  on  Phalaris  1777,  Aristotle 
de  Poetica,  T.  Winstanley,  Coll.  Hertf.  Oxon.  1780 ;  Jonathan 
Tonp's  Longinus,  Oxon.  1778,  is  fairly  dealt  with,  although  the 
editor  (B.A.  Exon.  Oxon.  MA.  Pemb.  Canib.  1750)  had  treated 
the  critic  somewhat  ungenerously^  About  1750,  Ruhnken  had 
struck  up  an  acquaintance'  at  Paris  with  Samuel  Musgrave 
then  studying  medicine,  and  T.  Tyrwhitt  who  is  described  by 
Wyttenbach  as  hene  dives.  Musgrave's  Euripides,  Clarendon 
Press,  1778,  is  fully  noticed,  and  in  due  course  his  correspon- 
dence with  Schweighauser,  and  his  death  in  1782*. 

Tyrwhitt's®  Bahrius  1770,  and  conjectures  on  Straho  1783, 
as  well  as  the  De  Lcqndibus,  are  highly  spoken  of.  Even  two 
pseudo-Horatian  odes  which  appeared  in  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine  Jan.  1778  do  not  escape  the  Dutchman's  eyes.  Again, 
the  fact  that  the  Leipsic  press  had  thought  it  worth  while  to 
reproduce  Joshua  Barnes'  text  of  Euripides  is  duly  noted,  as 
well  as  the  appearance  of  the  Decretum  Lacedaemoniorum 
contra  Timotheum  Milesium,  Oxon.  1777.  The  edition  of  five 
greek  plays  selected  by  J.  Burton  (C.  C.  C.  Oxon)  and  pre- 
viously published  by  him  as  a  Cambridge  book  under  the 
title  of  HevToXo'yia,  was  re-issued  by  T.  Burgess  then  only  an 
undergraduate  of  Corpus,  Oxon.  Clarendon  Press  1779,  and 
the  republication  under  the  editorship  of  the  last  named  scholar 

1  There  is  a  tradition  that  tliis  Among  Kiihukeu's  CorrespondeiKe, 
editor  looked  eagerly  in  subsequent  is  a  familiar  letter  to  '  OiJtimo  ami- 
publications  for  some  acknowledgment  cissimoque  viro  Sam.  Musgrave  '  9  Jul. 
of  his  work,  and  at  last  discovered  1780,  and  another  *Viro  praestan- 
one  brief  recognition  of  one  conjecture  tissimo  Thomae  Tyncliitt,'  9  Januar. 
in  the  words  ' imtiM  Sharius.'  The  1783  (Ed.  Brunsic.  1828,  n.  718—722). 
Bibliotheca  Critica  was  not  much  *  Bihlioth.  Crit.  u.  i.  120,  ii.  117. 
more  complimentary ;  nor  indeed  was  ^  Ex  lis  qui  nunc  Critici  in  Bri- 
Brunck.  A  happy  mot  of  Shaw's  is  tannia  numerantur,  dubito  an  quis- 
recorded  in  Best's  Memorials,  §  xtii.  quam  ullo  sit  genere  laudis  Thomae 

*  Vita  Euhnken.   p.   172=:Wytten-  TjTwhitto  auteponendus.     Bihl.  Crit. 

bachii  Opusc.  i.  G8G.  ir.  viii.  85. 

■*  Ibid.  p.  71  =  Opusc.  I.  58G,  .587. 


HUMANITY. — LITERARY   COMMERCE.  9-3 

(then  B.A.)  of  the  Miscellanea  Critica  of  Ri.  Dawes  (Emm.)  Oxou. 
1781,  are  spoken  of  with  approbation\  Of  Burgess'  remarks 
it  is  said  *  habent  in  juveuili  redundantia  magnam  commenda- 
tionem  ingenii,  eruditionis,  et  elegantiae  ut  minime  dubitemiis 

eum aliquando  in  praccipuis  harum  Litterarum  doctoribus 

numeratum  iri.'  Three  years  later  the  young  author  paid 
Leyden  a  visit  and  began  an  intimacy  with  the  professors'. 

Ruhnken  himself,  though  according  to  his  biographer  cibo 
potuque,  si  quis  alius,  modicus  (in  which  case  his  portrait  and 
the  popular  rhyme  attributed  to  Person^  belie  him),  was  a  man 
of  friendly  disposition.  When  writing  to  Tyrwhitt  in  1783  he 
sent  one  copy  of  Homeric  Hymns  for  Toup,  who  had  not  ac- 
knowledged his  assistance  in  1778  even  by  giving  him  a  pre- 
sentation copy  of  his  Longinus.  Among  others  whom  he  helped 
are  enumerated^  S.  Musgrave,  M.D.,  and  T.  Burgess  (C.  C.  C. 
Oxm.),  T.  Morell  (King's),  J.  Ross  (St  John's),  R.  Person  (Trin.), 
and  T.  Edwards  (Clare).  Comparing  our  great  english  critic 
with  his  own  master  Hemsterhuys  '  ut  Hemsterhusium  ratione, 
Bentleium  ingenio,  alterum  alteri,  praestare,  et  utrumque  utra- 
que  facultate  omnibus  sui  aevi  Criticis  longe  anteccllere  cen- 
sebat ;  ita  primas  partes  ingenio,  ingeniique  Bentleio  tribuebat : 
eique  (adds  his  pupil)  sua  ipse  natura  in  omni  Critices  munere 
similior  erat^.' 

Among  Wyttenbach's  own  correspondence  after  Ruhnken's 
death  in  1798,  are  twelve  letters  to  Englishmen :  W.  Cleaver, 
Bp.  of  Chester  (B.  N.  C),  G.  Williams,  M.D.,  Corpus  Christi,  J. 

^  Ibid,   11.  vii.  114.     Dawes'  Misc.  -  (1784)  '  Mox  gratissimus  advcnit 

Crit.  bad  appeared  previously  in  his  hospes  Thomas  Burgessius  Britannus  : 

life-time  in  17-15,   and  was  again  re-  ciijus  excellentem  Literarum  scicntiam 

edited  by  Kidd  in  1817,  '27.    The  pre-  rara  quaedam  ornabat  animi  probitas 

paratiou  for  its  publication  in  1778 — 81,  morumquo  modestia;    undo    amicitia 

won  for  Burgess  the  acquaintance  of  cum   praesente  nobis   conciliata,   de- 

Tyrwhitt,  who  became  a  kind  friend  inde  cum  absente  cpistolis  ofBciisque 

to  liim.      Harford's  Burgess,  p.   21.  viguit.'  Vita  Euhnkenii  189= Wytten- 

He  received  congratulations  also  from  bachii  Opusc.  i.  701. 

Everard   Scheidius,  and  from   G.    L.  s  jXii^^   n6  =  0putc.  Wj-tt.   i.   689; 

Spalden  of  Berlin,  whom  he  lionized  Facetiae  Cantab.  48. 

at   Oxford  in  1786,   p.   113.    Dawes'  •»  Ibid.  232  =  O^jhsc.  i.  74.3. 

literary   character    is     discussed    by  ^^  Ihid.  22'2  =  Oj)iisc, 'SVyttvuh.  1.733; 

Monk,   in  his    Life  of    Bentleij,    ii.  Altonae,  18.^1. 
307—371. 


DG  UNIVEllSITV   STUDIES. 

Randolph,  Bp.  of  Oxford,  and  T.  Gai«ford  (Ch.  Ch.),  J-  C.  Banks, 
and  J.  Brown  about  his  own  Plutarch^,  wliich  was  being  printed 
by  the  Clarendon  Press,  though  the  war  made  communication 
difficult.  He  acknowledges  presents  from  Walter  Whiter  of 
Clare,  and  from  R.  Person,  and  sends  his  Life  of  Ruhnken,  and 
other  books  to  him,  and  to  Burgess.  Of  Markland  and  Toup  he 
wrote  '  ilium  ratione,  hunc  ingenio  Criticam  factitare^.' 

On  the  whole  it  is  most  instructive  to  observe  the  lively 
interest  taken  in  Holland  both  in  English  Philology  and  philo- 
logers  contrasted  with  some  jealousy  of  the  French  Academy'. 
And  it  is  not  unreasonable  to  attribute  continental  ignorance  of 
our  recent  insular  productions  to  the  discontinuance  of  latin 
annotations  and  prefaces.  That  Wyttenbach  should  say  to 
Banks  in  1801,  after  the  appearance  of  Person's  Hecuba, 
Phoenissae  and  Medea,  '  Miror  tantum  ab  eo  in  Euripide  post 
summorum  virorum  curas,  novi  praestitum  esse ;  et,  si  quid 
aliud,  Literarum  causa  opto  ut  egregio  viro  vita  et  otium  sup- 
petat  ad  totum  Euripidem  perjiurgandum,'  is  not  so  remark- 
able :  but  it  is  a  significant  fact  that  he  had  what  he  con- 
sidered tardy  news  of  the  first  (anonymous)  edition  of  Person's 
Aeschylus,  and  it  is  still  more  remarkable  that  the  Bibliotheca 
Critica*  should  have  heard  of  its  fame  and  should  contain  the 
announcement '  Ceterum  cognovimus  novam  item  Aeschyli  edi- 
tionem  institui  Cantabrigiae  a  Rich.  Porsono,  V.  CI.,  de  cujus 
acumine  et  doctrina  bene  nos  sperare  jubent  egi-egia  quaedam 
specimina  privatim  nobis  cognita,  necdum  in  vulgus  edita,'  so 
early  as  1783,  tivelve  years  before  its  first  appearance  and  while 
Person  was  only  a  middle-bachelor. 

Cambridge  itself  has  seldom  been  long  without  a  classical  or 
literary  magazine. 

In  Bentley's  time  the  Bibliotheca  Literana  was  started  by 
Sara.  Jebb  of  Peterhousc  (B.A.  1712)  and  Joseph  Wasse^  of 

1  Ruhnken    {Epist.    lxiii.    2    Nov.  -  Vita Euhuk.  218  =  O^Ji/sc.  Wyttenb. 

1794,  cd.   AltouM,  1834)  commended  i.  729. 

the  simplicity  of   the    dedication    of  3  Hcid.  71 -Op^gc.  1.587.  He  speaks, 

his  Plutarch  :  howeyer,   with   respect    of    Villoison, 

'  Academiao  Oxonieusi  Lai-cher  and  Sainte  Croix. 

D.  D.  4  II.  viii.  140. 

Daniel  Wyttenhach.'  s  When  ridiculing  Bentley,  the gieat 


HUMANITY. — CRITICAL   MAGAZINES.  97 

Queens'  (B.A.  1694,  B.D.  1707)  of  whom  Whiston  reports  that 
Bentley  said,  'When  I  am  dead,  Wasse  will  be  the  most  learned 
man  in  England.'  He  died  however,  in  1728,  fourteen  years 
before  Bentley,  at  the  age  of  sixty-six,  leaving  behind  him  an 
edition  of  Sallust,  1707,  and  of  Thueydides  (with  Duker)  1732, 
and  ton  numbers  of  the  Bibliotheca  Literana  published  in 
1722-4,  when  his  prolix  account  of  Justinian  pressed  it  to 
death.  Other  contributors  were  Dr  C.  Ashton  of  Jesus,  Dr  W. 
Wotton  and  S.  Barker*. 

In  1731,  John  Jortin  (Jes.)  started  the  Miscellaneae  Ob- 
servationes^  in  sixpenny  numbers,  but  the  publication  "svas 
transplanted  to  Holland  after  languishing  eighteen  months  in 
England,  and  in  its  new  soil  it  flourished  perennially  till  1739, 
and  then  blossomed  at  irregular  periods  till  1751,  under  the 
care  of  D'Orville  and  Burman. 

In  June,  1750,  the  Student,  which  had  been  started  as  a 
University  Magazine  at  Oxford  by  Rawlinson,  Johnson,  Warton, 
Colman  and  Bounel  Thornton,  incorporated  the  name  of  Cam- 
bridge on  its  title-page.  Though  addicted  to  trivialities  it  ad- 
mitted some  philosophical  papers  and  a  note  or  two  on  classical 
subjects  ^ 

Aristarclius,  theu  on  the  brink  of  the  the  contributors  were   P.  P.    Dobrec, 

grave,   Pope    did    not     refrain    from  Trin.j  and  '  E.  H.  Barker  0.  T.  N.'  [of 

flinging  a    stone    at  the   memory   of  Thetford  Norfolk]  Trin.    (no  degree^ 

Wasse  and  at  other  verbal  critics  :  and  G.  Burges  (Trin.,  B.A.  1807).     It 

'How  parts  relate  to  parts,  or  they  fell  foul  of  its  younger  rival  '  J/us<'«iu 

to  whole,  Criticum^  or,  Cambridge  Classical  lle- 

The  body's  harmony,  the  beaming  search,'  1814  and  1826  (Nos.  i.— viii.) 

soul,  edited  by  (Bp.)  C.  J.  Blomfiekl  (Trin.), 

Are  things  which  Kustcr,  Burman,  which  reckoned  E.  V.  Blomlield  (Cai. 

Wasse  shall  see,  au'l  Emman.),   J.  H.   Monk  and  W. 

When  Man's  whole  frame    is   ob-  ^^^lewell  (Trin.)  among  its  su])portcrs. 

vious  to  a  Flea.'  T.  Kidd's  editions  of  Porson's  Tracts 

Dunciad,  iv.  235—8  (1742).  1815,  and  Dawi's'  MisceUtinea  Critica 

J  Nichols'  Lit.  Anccd.  i.   242,  248,  1817,  '27,  which  last  had  already  ap- 

258,  259,  2G2,  263  n.,  706,  707.  peared  at  Camb.  in  1745  and  Oxon. 

2  The    signatures    of    Dr    Taylor,  1781,  contain  18th  cent.  work. 
Wasse,  Thirlby,  Masson,  Barker,  and  rhilologicalMuscuin,lS3'2 — 3,byJ.C. 
other   contributors   are  elucidated   in  Hare,  Connop  Thirlwall,  Wliewcll,  H. 
Nichols'  Lit.  Anecd.  ii.  559 jt.  Maiden,  H.  Alford,  and  John  Words- 

3  In  1810  (Valpy's)  Classical  Journal      worth,  of  Trmity,  to  which  W.  Words- 
began  its  eleven  years'  career.  Among      worth,  Landor,  Fj'ues  Clinton,  Cornc- 

W.  7 


98  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES. 

1792,  Musci  Oxonicnsis  Fasciculus  i.  Edited  by  T.  Burgess 
of  Corpus,  0x071.     1797,  Musei  Oxonicnsis  Fasc.  Ii. 

As  a  pleasing  symptom  of  the  good  understanding  esta- 
blished at  the  beginning  of  the  century  between  English  and 
foreign  scholars,  we  may  observe  the  transactions  at  the  second- 
centenary  festival  of  the  university  of  Frankfort  on  the  Oder\ 
In  answer  to  an  invitation  from  that  society  Drs  Andrew  Snape 
of  King's,  Henry  Penrice  of  Trin.  Hall,  and  Henry  Plumtre  of 
Queens',  were  delegated  by  the  Senate  to  attend  as  representa- 
tives from  Cambridge  of  the  faculties  of  divinity,  law,  and 
physic.  With  them  were  associated  W.  Grigg  of  Jesus  (after- 
wards of  Clare)  who  was  detained  by  an  accident^  J.  Wyvil 
(Trin.),  and  Ludolph  Kuster  {Neocorus)  the  editor  of  Suidas, 
who  went  out  thither  en  route  for  his  greek  jorofessorship  at 
Berlin,  with  Bentley's  patronage  and  the  scarlet  (or,  as  he 
spells  it,  charlad)  robes  of  a  Cambridge  LL.D. 

Kuster's  two  attempts  at  writing  english  which  are  pre- 
served among  Bentley's  correspondence  (May  and  June  1706) 
can  by  no  means  be  adduced  in  argument  against  the  use  of 
latin  as  a  medium  for  the  correspondence  of  learned  men  of 
different  nations.  The  Cambridge  deputation  was  singled  out 
for  especial  honour  among  the  representatives  of  numerous 
literary  bodies  by  the  King  of  Prussia  and  by  Dr  Stryraesius 
the  Bector  Magnificus  of  Frankfort. 

It  appears  from  the  sumptuous  memorial- volume'  which 
was  printed  at  Frankfort  that  an  invitation  was  sent  to  both 
our  universities,  but  while  congratulatory  verses  were  contri- 
buted by  Cambridge  and  Oxford  alike,  the  latter  university  did 
not  answer  the  invitation  by  sending  a  deputation ;  but  her 
authorities  were  content  with  commemoratino:  the  occasion  at 


wall  Lewis,  and  Sir  Etlmuud  Head  823.     Monk's  Bentley   i.  191.     Bent- 

contributed.  leifs  Corresp.  (Wordsw.)  pp.  233 — 240. 

Journal   of    Cla^isical    aiid    Sacred  Cooper's  Annals,  iv.  75. 

Philology,  i — xii.,  1854 — GO.  ^  In  England. — See  Eeneu's  letter 

Oxford  and  Cambridge  Essays,  1855,  (21  Mar.  170^)  in  an  appendix  to  the 

(tc.  present  compilation. 

Journal  of  Philology  commenced  in  ^  Secularia  Sacra  Academiae  Begiae 

18G8.  Viadr.     1706.     folio.      [Camb.  Univ. 

1  Nichols'  Lit.   Anccd.  iv.  23G,  ix.  Libr.  C2=Nn.  i.  85.] 


HUMANITY. — FRANKFORT.  99 

homo  in  their  own  theatre  in  five  sets  of  latin  verses  and  throe 
latin  prose  addresses,  beside  the  oration  of  W.  Wyatt  of  Ch.  Ch. 
(and  S.  Mary  Hall)  the  public  orator.  One  of  the  addresses 
was  the  production  of  T.  Burnet  of  New  Coll.,  the  bishop's  son. 
There  appear  also  to  have  been  three  pieces  of  music  performed, 
one  of  them  with  the  Sapphic  ode.  On  the  same  day  John 
Ernest  Grabe  (who  received  a  pension  from  the  english  crown, 
and  was  engaged  in  editing  the  Septuagint  ms.  of  the  royal 
library)  Aras  created  D.D.,  while  his  namesake  and  the  learned 
Ezekiel  Spanheim  received  the  degree  of  D.C.L,  as  members  of 
the  council  or  embassy  of  the  King  of  Prussia'. 

In  hitcr  times  our  communications  with  foreign  universities 
have  not  been  many.  S.  John's  indeed  voted  £10  to  the  Hun- 
garian university  of  Debreczin  in  175G  ;  and  the  senate  voted 
£300  to  the  distressed  professors  of  Wittenberg  in  1814;  and 
the  other  day  we  sent  a  selection  of  our  Pitt  Press  books  to  the 
university  of  Leyden  on  the  occasion  of  their  tercentenary 
festival  (Febr.  187-5).  What  our  printers  have  done  for  some 
foreign  scholars  will  be  mentioned  in  an  Appendix. 

We  have  no  doubt  lost  much  of  the  facility  in  latin  which 

'^  AcademiaeFrancnfurtanaeadVia-  ficiorum  detegent  frauclcs,  cum  Ed- 
drum  Encaenia  seciilaria  Oxonii  in  vardo  IVynnoque  Socinianos  debclla- 
Thcatro  Sheldoniano  Apr.  26.  Anno  bunt.'  [Jonathan  Edwards  of  Ch.  Cb. 
Fuudat.  201,  annoque  Dora.  1706  cele-  and  Jesus  Oxon.,  author  of  a  Prcserva- 
brata.  Oxonii  o  Theatro  Sheldoniano  five  against  Socinianism.]  '  Quali  vero 
An.  Dom.  1706.  folio,  pp.  A — L.  [Bodl.  oratione  charissime  Sturmi  ant  quibus 
BHss  653.  Reproduced  in  the  Frank-  verbis  to  exeipiam  1  qui  Artis  Mathc- 
fort  Sccularia  Sacra.]  One  of  tho  maticae  summus  magistcr,  cum  Grc- 
speakers,  Ri.  Stepliens,  M.A.,  of  All  gorio  [Dav-id,  Savilian  prof,  astron.] 
Souls,  after  an  address  to  '  A7ina  Incly-  Ilallacove  [Edmund,  Queen's,  Savilian 
tissima  Britaivwrum  Begina,  Tuque  prof,  geom.]  nostro  possis  contendere: 
Frederice  vere  Augustc  2Iaxime  Boms-  patro  tuo  Johanne  [J.  Chr.  Sturm  of 
sorum  Bex,'  who  had  inaugurated  tho  Altdorf,  died  in  1703]  tantum  minor 
new  Augustan  ago,  and  after  a  compli-  ipsique  sola  aetato  postponendus.'  He 
ment  to  tho  recipients  of  the  honorary  then  prays  that  the  eminent  James 
degrees  {qui  hodie  purpurati  apiud  nos  Jurin  (of  Trin.  Coll.  Camb.  and  Guy's, 
ineedunt)  remarks  that  our  German  died  President  of  Coll.  Physicians  1750), 
cousins  had  their  Bechmanns  [John  may  use  his  art  to  preserve  them  in 
Christopher,  historian  and  geographer,  good  health,  ^  Jurenio  onim  non  minor 
Frankfort-professor  of  history,  greek,  in  Germania  quam  in  Aiiglia  Iloyo 
and  divinity]  and  Strimcsii  [the  rector]  Badcliviove  nostro  tribuouda  laus.' 
'qui  cum  Jano  nostro'  [cp.  Univ.  Ho  finishes  up  with  a  compliment  to 
Life,  pp.    32,   -168,   605,    60()]  'Ponti-  Hy^i^  tlic  orator  of  his  university. 

7—2 


100  UNIVERSITY   STUDIICS. 

was  possessed  by  university  men  in  former  generations.  It  is 
quite  possible  that  even  particular  and  critical  accuracy  in 
composition  has  tended  to  produce  this  reaction.  Longer  pas- 
sages for  latin  composition  were  set,  dissertations  and  anno- 
tations were  seldom  to  be  had  in  any  other  language,  and  greek 
authors  were  to  be  approached  by  the  tiro  through  the  medium 
of  a  latin  version.  There  were  but  few  English  books  of  any 
kind  to  distract  the  student ;  and  as  for  modern  continental 
languages,  he  abhorred  them.  Indeed,  had  it  not  been  for 
latin,  it  is  doubtful  whether  English  scholars  would  have  had 
any  intercourse  with  foreigners ;  for  Bentley^  could  not  under- 
stand dutch  without  Sike's  help,  and  Person^  was  '  sadly  to 
seek'  in  german.  But  such  notes  as  Ruhnken's  in  Timaei 
Lexicon  would  furnish  the  student  with  elegant  latin  modes  of 
expression  while  he  was  studying  Plato,  the  use  of  Aynsworth's* 
or  Entinck's  dictionaries  would  accustom  his  eye  to  serviceable 
phrases,  while  even  his  early  reminiscences  of  Pi^opria  quae 
maribus  and  Quae  genus  (not  to  mention  Erasmus)  would  pro- 
vide him  with  such  a  vocabulary  as  is  not  now  always  to  be 
found,  a  part  of  which  facility  was  sometimes  acquired  half 
a  century  ago  by  the  sedulous  reading  of  Parr's  preface  to 
Bellendenus  De  Statu*. 

Dr  Parr  himself,  when  remarking  on  Gilbert  Wakefield's 
literary  character  in  a  free  and  friendly  strain,  laid  the  blame  of 
the  incorrectness  of  the  then  respected  critic's  easy  latin  style, 
to  his  lack  of  a  public-school  education^.  Similarly  he  traced 
the  faulty  latin  of  archbishop  Potter^  John  Taylor,  and  Toup, 

1  Bentlerfs  Corrosp.  ;).  252,  I.  31.  Univ.  Lib.  Adds.  vi.  321,  330.      Lit- 

2  Life  by  Watson,  p.  416  appendix.        tleton's    dictionary    continued    to   be 
^  Hearne  mentions  Aynsworth  as  a      printed,   4to.;  5th  and   6th  editions, 

great  connoisseur  in  English  coins  and  1723,  1735. 

as  a  non-juror,  but  suspected  liim  of  *  ncminisc.  of  G.  Pryme,  p.  136. 

Calvinism.      His  dictionary    '  in    the  »  Wakefield's  Memoirs,  ii.  449.    Ap- 

manner   of  Littleton's'   was   finished  j)endix  G.     Gilbert  Wakefield's  credit 

(though  not  published)  Aug.  1734.    He  as  a  scholar  and  a  critic  has   been 

kept  a  private  school  in  London  when  recently    exploded    by   Munro's    Lu- 

at  the  age  of  70.     Reliqu.  Hearn.  ii.  cretins  (Introd.).     Porson  had  already 

157,  III.  13,  151.    There  are  specimens  done  something  of  the  kind. 

of  his  calligraphy  in   various  styles  ''  Abp.  John  Potter,  who  commented 

among  Stryj^e's  correspondence  (1707  on  Plutarch  and  Lj'cophron,  and  An- 

—8)  in  the  ms.  Collection  in  the  Camb.  tiquitics,   went   to   Univ.   Coll.   Oxoii. 


HUMANITY. — COMPOSITION.  10 1 

&c.,  to  the  fact  that  their  education  had  been  confined  to 
private  schools,  the  critic  being  himself  Harrovian  by  birth, 
by  education,  and  by  early  employment  as  an  assistant  master'. 

Much  of  the  accuracy  of  scholarship  acquired  by  english 
students  may  be  attributed  to  the  care  and  attention  which  was 
paid  to  composition  and  especially  to  verse  composition.  The 
poets  were  much  read — Juvenal,  for  example,  at  Westminster 
and,  under  Kinsman,  the  predecessor  of  Valpy  and  Donaldson, 
at  Bury'^ — and  large  portions  of  their  works  were  committed  to 
memory,  according  to  the  good  old  Wykehamical  practice  of 
' standing-np'  at  which  George  Williams  (afterwards  an  Oxford 
professor)  won  his  early  laurels  by  reciting  the  Iliad  ^ 

It  is  interesting  to  observe  how  many  university  prizemen 
were  educated  at  the  public  schools.  A  large  number  issued 
from  Winchester  in  the  mastership  of  Joseph  Warton  (176G — 
95),  who,  if  he  Avas  not  a  thorough  master  of  a  'stiff  greek 
chorus*,'  yet  contrived  to  instil  into  his  pupils  something  of  that 
taste  for  classical  poetry  which  was  conspicuous  in  his  father 
and  brother.  One  day  (about  1778)  he  brought  in  triumph 
into  school  to  pulpiteers^  an  edition  of  a  classical  volume  edited 
by  an  old  Wykehamist  undergraduate  (possibly  T.  Burgess' 
edition  of  Burton's  Pentalogia) ,  and  asked  the  senior  praefect 

from  Wakefield  School.     It  is  fair  to  Modern,  p.  200. 

add  that   Bentley  went  to  S.  John's  *  W.  of  Wykeham  360.     Also  Har- 

Camh.  from  the  same  seminary.    Also,  ford's  life  of  T.  Burgess. 
that  Taylor  was  at  Shrewshury.  ^  i.e.  the  assembly  of  '  Sixtli  Book ' 

1  Among  Parr's  own  pupils  was  John  (the  highest  form)  and  '  Senior  Part ' 

Twcddell  (of  Trin.,   B.A.  1790),  who  of  the  Fifth  who  '  in  Cloister  Time  ' 

had  been  previously  under  Dr  Mat.  (after  Pentecost)  went  'up  to  books' 

llaine  (afterwards  Master  of  the  Char-  together;  boys  in  the  Sixth  being  '  set 

terhouse)  at  Hackforth.  Tweddell,  who  on '  in  turn  to   translate   some   such 

died  at  Athens  aged  30,  was  a  thorough  author  as  Theocritus  for  the  benefit  of 

prizeman.     He  published   liis   Prolu-  the  others,  among  whom  the  lazy  or 

sioncs  Academicae  in  1792-3,  but  col-  dilatory  would  trust  to  this  as  sufE- 

Icctions    more   important    and    more  cient  preparation  for  their  own  inninga 

mature  were  lost  after  his  death.     Sec  which  was  to  follow,^ — giving  credit  to 

Gunning    Eeminisc.  i.  ch.  vii.  ii.  chh.  their   own   memories  or  to  the  rapid 

i,  iii.  use  of   'smugglers'   or   Uttlo  pencils 

'^  Memoirs  of  E.  Cumberland,  32.  sharpened  at  each  end, — a  question- 

'  M.  E.  C.  Walcott's  W.  of  Wyke-  able  practice,  for  which  I  beheve  the 

ham,  p. -44^.  For  anecdotes  of  Etonian  equivalent  '  t' other-school  notion'  is 

repetitious  sec  Etoniana  Ancient  and  paving ;  in  America,  iUuminatinn. 


102  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

W.  Lisle  Bowles  '  When  will  you  do  a  like  work  V  If  the  boy 
Bowles  had  been  gifted  with  the  spirit  of  vaticination  as  he  wa8 
with  that  of  poetry,  he  might  have  answered, '  Within  ten  years' 
time.' 

The  Wykehamical  '  pulpiteers,'  which  I  have  described  in  a 
note  for  the  benefit  of  the  uninitiated,  seem  to  have  had  some 
etiuivalcnt  at  Westminster  and  at  Bury,  where  Kinsman  intro- 
duced the  Westmonasterial  system.  Cumberland  speaks  of 
having  been  called  on  frequently  to  ascend  the  rostnun  and  to 
recite  and  translate  Juvenal  for  the  benefit  of  the  other  boys. 
He  says  that  they  practised  (at  Bury,  1743)  'challenging  for 
places'  in  construing  and  repetition\  Their  other  exercise  was 
composition.  The  master^  had  introduced  even  an  imitation  of 
the  Westminster'  Play  of  Terence,  and  when  at  one  time  he 
stopped  the  custom,  the  boys  acted  Cato  on  their  own  account, 
for  which  performance  Cumberland  had  to  learn  the  10th  Satire 
of  Juvenal  as  an  '  imposition.' 

At  Westminster  itself  among  the  ushers  {hostiarios)  were 
scholars  of  considerable  taste  and  talent, 

Samuel  the  elder  brother  of  John  and  Charles  Wesley.  He 
was  M.A.  Ch.  Ch.  1718.  In  1782  he  left  Westminster  for 
the  mastership  of  Blundels  at  Tiverton. 

Vincent  Bourne,  who  went  from  Westminster  to  Trinity, 
B.A.    1717;    M.A.    1721.     He   was   a  considerable  writer   of 

^  The  more  solemn   Challenges   of  well  before  he  went  to  "Westminster  in 

Westminster   School,   in  which   boj's  1795,  the  whole  of  Horace  and  Virgil 

ask  each  other  questions,  have  a  pa-  except  the  Georgics,  Caesar  de  Bello 

rallel    in    the    'Fights'    at   Twyford,  Gallico,   Sallust  and  Cicero's  Catiliu- 

Hants.  arian  Orations.     In  Greek  S.  John's 

*  Memoir    of  B.   Cumberland,  pp.  Gospel, Xen.Cyropaediai. — iv., Homer 

23,  30 — 32.  lUad  i. — v.,  Goldsmith's  Kome,  Lang- 

3  The  electors  at  Westminster  were  home's  Plutarch.     At  Westminster  he 

at  the  beginning  of  the  century  Atter-  added  nothing  to  his  Latin  stock,  but 

bury,  dean  of  Westminster,  Smalridge,  in  Greek  finished  the  Iliad,  the  Odys- 

dean  of  Ch.  Ch.,  and  Bentley,  master  sey,  Sophocles  4  plays,  Euripides  2, 

of  Trin.,  'and   "as  iron  sharpeneth  Lysias  Or.  Funebr.,  Thucydides  and 

iron"  so  these  three  by  their  wit  and  Plato,  Mitford's  Greece:  also  English 

learning  and  liberal  conversation,  whet-  poetry  and  Johnson's  Lives,  and  Bell's 

ted  and  sharpened  one  another.'    Life  British  Theatre.     With  such  prepara- 

of  I.  Newton  (Chalmers)  ii.  11.  tion  he  went  to  Ch.  Ch. 

H.  FjTies  Clinton  had  read  at  South- 


HUMANITY. — VINCENT  BOURNE.  103 

tripos-verses,  which  he  published  in  a  volume  of  Carmina 
Comitialia  Cantabrigiensia,  in  1721.  His  first  production  of 
that  character  (see  note*)  seems  to  have  been  composed  on  the 
extraordinary  occasion  of  the  Public  Act  in  1714,  when  Roger 
Long  (afterwards  master  of  Pembroke  and  professor  of  as- 
tronomy) gave  the  Musick-speech  as  prevaricator,  and  W.  Law, 
who  had  been  suspended  for  his  tripos- speech  two  years  before, 
produced  a  set  of  hexameters  on  the  theme  '  Materia  non 
potest  cogitare '  Popham  i.  77 — 80).  Law  did  not  refrain  from 
mentioning  two  living  persons;  he  contrasted  the  quiescent 
humour  of  U  Urfey,  and  the  peaceful  triumph  of  Ormond,  with 
the  more  fiery  temperament  of  Milton  and  of  Marlhorougli  who 
returned  from  his  voluntary  exile  that  year. 

But  Vincent  Bourne's  muse  was  not  content  to  slumber 
after  he  had  taken  his  degree.  She  gave  him  the  art  of  ex- 
pressing in  the  elegiac  distich  which  Catullus  and  others  had 
borrowed  from  the  greek,  ideas  more  varied  than  Martial's, 
with  a  versatility  and  command  of  language  less  perfect  than 
Ovid's,  but  in  an  englishman  more  remarkable.     His  Poematia 

^  Existcntia  Entium  incorporcorum  et  immutabiles.     Com.  Prior.  1706-7. 

colligi    potest   Lumiue  Naturae.      In  (This,  though  included  iu  Grant's  cdi- 

Magnis  Comitiis,  The  Act,  1714.  tion  of  his  poems,  can  hardly  have 

Deus  est  coguoscibilis  Lumiue  Na-  been  vn-itten  by  V.  B.)] 

turao.    Com.  Prior.  1715 — 16.  V.   B.    printed    in    his    volume   of 

Mutua    Benevolcntia    primaria   lex  Carmina    Comitialia    Cantahrigiensia 

Naturae  est.      Com.   Prior.   1716—17  (Lond.  1721)  eight  other  sets  of  tripos 

(in  elegiacs,  translated  by  Co^vl^er).  verses,  as  well  as  two  poems  ascribed 

Muudus  non  fuit  ab  acterno.     Com.  generally  to  Jortin,  but  as  they  are  all 

Poster.  1715 — 16.  dated  we  can  be  sure  that   some  of 

Lockius  non  rectb  statuit  do  Parti-  them  were  not  his  own  composition  : 

cula  Anglicaua  Bat.    Com.  Prior.  1717  e.  gr.  '  Scorbutus  et  Chlorosis  oriuntur 

— 18.  a  Torpore  Spirituum  Animalium.'    Iu 

Planetao    sunt    habitabiles.     Com.  Vesp.  Comit.  1698,  when  Bourne  was 

Poster.  1718 — 19.  two  years  old  !     Ho  may  have  written 

Fluxus   et  llcfluxus  Maris  pendent  the  following, 

ab  Actionibus  Sohs  et  Lunac.     Com.  Ordo   Muudi  probat  Deum  ('  Quis- 

Prior.  1719 — 20.  quam  no  in  Tcrris,'  itc. — another  set  ou 

Camera  Obscura.  Com.  Poster.  1720.  the  same  theme  printed  in  his  coUcc- 

LaternaMcgalographica.  Com. Prior.  tion  but  dated  'In  comitiis  Prioribus 

1720—21.  170^,' begins  'Cum  Chaos.')    In  Com. 

Sonus  propagatur  per  Aercm.  Com.  Poster.  1717. 

Poster.  1721.  Systema  Copei'nicauum.      In  Com. 

[Ratioues  Boui  et  Mah  sunt  actcruae  Prior.  1721 — 22. 


104  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES. 

Latiiw  partim  scripta  partim  reddita  were  printed  at  West- 
jniuster'  in  1734,  and  the  call  for  otlier  editions  and  even  its 
interpolation  have  attested  the  popularity  of  the  collection. 
Bourne's  pupil,  the  poet  Cowper,  translated  one-and-twenty  of 
his  pieces,  and  Charles  Lamb  englished  nine.  It  is  some  praise 
to  have  written  the  original  for  '  Little  inmate  full  of  mirth,' 
and  for  '  Her  lessons  were  his  true  Principia ' — but  Dr  Beattie 
went  so  far  as  to  assert  of  the  '  partim  reddita '  (from  Gay, 
Addison,  A.  Pope,  W.  Pope,  Prior,  &c.)  that  '  it  is  no  compli- 
ment to  say  that  in  sweetness  of  numbers  and  elegant  expres- 
sions they  are  equal  to  the  originals,  and  scarcely  inferior  to 
anything  in  Ovid  or  Tibullus^' — a  generous  testimony  from  the 
countryman  of  Buchanan. 

Bourne,  though  a  worse  disciplinarian  than  Dr  Burton,  must 
have  supplied,  not  indeed  by  his  teaching  but  by  his  composi- 
tion, something  of  that  style  in  versifying  which  played  so 
prominent  a  part  in  the  liberal  education  of  the  day.  Many 
of  his  poems  are  cast  in  that  elegant  mould  ^  from  which  the 
Christ  Church  carmina  oomitialia  or  Lent  verses  were  and  had 
been  turned  out ;  they  were  short  latin  epigrams  composed  on 
a  motto,  such  exercises  as  under  the  name  of  vulguses  Win- 
chester boys  had  to  produce  at  the  rate  of  three  a  week,  and 
Westminster  provided  for  the  entertainment  of  liberal  visitors. 

This  species  of  exercise  was  afterwards  introduced  at  Rugby 
by  Dr  Arnold  from  Winchester,  at  which  school  the  advanced 
scholars  were  called  upon  to  produce  epigrams  impromptu,  the 

1  Sam.  Wesley  translated  Lis   Me-  Society,  pp.  310—314.     Longer  poems 

lissa.  in  heroic   verse  like  the  Winchester 

^  Quoted  in  Mr  Thompson  Cooper's  '  verse  tasks,'  were  produced  at  Cam- 

Bict.  Biog.,  where  the  date  of  V.  B.'s  bridge  for  tripos-verses,  and  at  Eton 

first  edition  is  misprinted  '172-1.'  for  *play';  a  large  number  have  been 

3  'Lent  Verses'  were  peculiar  to  printed  in  Musae  Etonemes.  Many 
Christ  Chvirch.  Eo.  Surtees  wrote  'select' sets  of  verses  produced  (1638— 
them  as  late  as  1798.  Six  copies  of  17GI)  at  Oxford,  Cambridge  and  Win- 
six  to  twenty  elegiac  lines  on  his  own  Chester  were  printed  in  two  vols,  by 
subject  were  expected  from  each  com-  E.  Popham  of  Oriel  in  1774,  1779. 
petitor,  and  the  censor  chose  some  of  Accessions  and  the  deaths  of  royal  or 
the  best  to  bo  read  piiblicly.  academical    personages    afforded    fre- 

Ono  volume  of  Carmina  Comitialia  queut  opportunities  for  the  composition 

was  edited  by  C.  Este  1723,  the  second  of  gratulationes,  htctiis,  cpitaphia,  &c. 

by  A.  Parsons  1747— 8.    See  my  Univ.  xlviii  sets  in  Caius  Coll.  mss.  1750— 90. 


HUMANITY. — VARYINGS.  105 

subject  being  announceil  when  they  were  actually  come  '  up 
to  books,'  or  in  their  '  fardel '  or  class  in  the  presence  of  the 
*  posers '  at  the  election.  These  were  called  varyings,  either 
because  they  were  originally  metaphrases'  (or  transpositions) 
of  classical  verses  into  a  metre  different  from  that  in  which  the 
author  had  written  them,  or  because  the  improvisatore  was 
expected  (like  our  Cambridge  '  varier '  or  '  prevaricator ')  to 
give  a  novel  turn  to  the  theme,  or  to  vary  the  theses  from 
affirmative  to  negative.  Dr  Whewell  in  his  essay  prefixed  to 
Napier  s  Barrow,  vol.  IX,  p.  xix,  says,  '  A  remnant  of  the  like 
practice  exists  at  Westminster  School.  There,  on  the  day  of 
election  of  scholars  to  Oxford  and  Cambridge  by  the  "three 
Deans"  (Ch.  Ch.,  West'.,  and  Mast,  of  Trin.),  while  the  three 
dignitaries  are  at  dinner  in  the  college  hall,  they  give  out  or 
are  supposed  to  give  out,  subjects  for  epigrams;  and  not  only 
are  a  swarm  of  epigrams  produced  by  the  scholars  immediately 
after  dinner ;  but  the  subject  is  varied  from  positive  to  negative, 
and  modified  in  other  ways.'  Cp.  Duport's  Praevaricatio  in 
the  Appendix. 

Thus  when  Dr  Warton  announced  Decus  et  tutamen  as  a 
theme,  a  boy  who  was  much  twitted  for  a  wig  which  he  wore 
held  it  up  when  it  came  to  his  turn  and  said, 

Haec  coma  quam  ceruis  uarios  mihi  suppetit  usus, 

tutamen  capiti  nocte,  dieque  decus''. 

In  quantity  and  metre  as  in  other  things  accuracy  is  gained 

gradually,  both  by  individuals  and  by  the  general  community'. 

Not  only  did  Paley*  say  profugus  in  his  Cambridge  Contio  for 

a  doctor's  degree  after  his  installation  as  subdean  of  Lincoln  in 

'  Tliere  are  some  specimens  of  TTK'ta-  uncle  John   Evelyn,   is  preserved   in 

phrases  in  the  Chapter  Library,  West-  Beutley's  Corresp.  p.  137. 

minster.      Abp.  Markham's  (Ch.    Ch.  ^  Barrow     when     'Humanity   Lec- 

and   Westminster)  paraphrase   of  Si-  turer'  at  Trinity  [1G59]  announced  in 

monides'   Dauae  to  Perseus  in  Latin  facetious  terms  that  the  undergradu- 

hendecasyllables  (Warton's  Adventurer  ates,  if  they  made  false  quantities  in 

No.  89),  would,  I  suppose,  comexmder  their  themes,  must  not  be  suqirised  if 

that  denomination.     Cp.   Zouch,  Ixv.  they  were  punished   in  the   buttery- 

by  Wrangham  who  (privately)  printed  book   (in   promptuario)   by    fines   for 

Markham's  xxvi  Cannina  Quadragesi-  syllables  unduly  lengthened  and  short 

mcilia.     1820.     (In  Trin.  Coll.  Lib.)  commons  for  long  syllables  made  short. 

2  A  specimen  of  verses  by  a  junior  Works  (Napier)  ix.  135. 

boy  at  Eton  written  in  the  Christmas  *  Facetiae  Cantab,  126,  127. 
holidavs    1690    at     Wotton,    for     his 


100  UNIVKHSITY    STUDIES. 

1795,  not  only  did  Ri.  Watson  'come  up'  in  doubt  as  to  the 
])cnultimato  syllable  of  furtuito  and  Areopagus,  but  Sumner 
said  fiaKaptTr]<;  in  the  Senate  House.  J.  Wilson  of  Pctcrhouse 
was  censured  in  the  Divinity  schools  by  the  Bp.  of  Peterborough 
and  Dr  T.  Symonds  (Trin.)  for  not  saying  abollta ;  and  Jacob 
Bryant  of  King's  had,  in  1802,  to  go  back  to  Eton  to  learn  that 
/j,eatTr]<:  was  incorrect  \  T.  Wilson,  senior  fellow  of  Trinity, 
was  always  known  by  the  unfortunate  word  parabola^  which  he 
let  slip  in  the  schools  in  1747,  and  even  in  Vincent  Bourne's 
Eques  Academicus  we  find  refert  (in  the  sense  of  interest)  put 
carelessly  to  close  a  pentameter.  According  to  Reginald  Bligh, 
Dr  Plumptre  of  Queens'  made  several  false  quantities  in  his 
vice-chancellor's  speech  in  1777,  which  were  thus  strung 
together  (as  Kipling's  grammatical  blunders  were  by  Person) 
Kogerus  immGmor  Kobertum  deuotat  liebGtem'. 
The  pronunciation  of  greek  and  latin  has  more  than  once 
taken  the  attention  of  our  University. 

Erasmus  having  improved  the  very  small  pittance  of  greek 
which  he  had  picked  up  at  Oxford,  visited  Cambridge  in  150G. 
In  1511  he  paid  a  second  visit,  and  resided  for  two  or  three 
years  in  Queens',  being  appointed  lady  Margaret's  professor  in 
Divinity,  and  reading  lectures  in  the  greek  grammars  of 
Chrysolorus  and  Theodorus  to  a  small  class  of  poor  men.  Not 
long  after  his  departure  Ri.  Croke  of  King's  began  his  lectures, 
and  in  1519  was  formally  commissioned  by  the  University  to 
continue  them,  and  in  1522  was  elected  primary  public  orator. 
Several  of  his  successors  in  that  office — Redman,  Smith,  Cheke, 
and  Ascham,  were  prominent  in  the  establishment  of  greek 
learning  and  orthoepy. 

Thomas  Smith  of  Queens'  was  greek  reader  in  1533,  public 
orator  in  1538,  and  primary  regius  professor  in  civil  law  in 
1540.  About  1535  he  and  his  friends  resolved  to  improve  the 
current  method  of  pronunciation,  which  allowed  but  two  sounds 

1  'Watson's  Autobiog.  Recoil.  1.7 — 9.  of  Casuistry  1769 — 88,  ami  president 

*  Gunning  Beminisc.  u.  ch.  iv.  of  Queens'.     Eussell  Plumptre,  M.D., 

3  Bligb's  Defence  against  the  Presi-  of  Queens',  regius  professor  of  physic 

dent    and  Fellows    of  Queens',   1780,  1741 — 93,    vras    an    elegant    scholar. 

p.  32,  and  his  Letters,  1781,  p.  5.    This  Quarterly  Eev.  svii.  236. 

refers  to  Eobert  Plumptre,  I\D. ,  prof. 


HUMANITY. — QUANTITY   AND    PRONUNCIATION.  107 

to  all  the  vowels  and  diphthongs  of  the  greek  language,  long 
and  short  alike. 

He  began  by  accustoming  his  hearers  to  the  novel  sounds 
by  introducing  one  now  and  then  in  his  lectures  on  Aristotle's 
Politics  as  it  were  lapsu  linguae,  and  sometimes  pretending  to 
correct  himself.  At  the  same  time  he  proceeded  with  less 
caution  in  his  readings  of  the  Odyssey  with  a  private  class. 

In  Christmas-week  the  Plutus  was  acted  with  that  pronun- 
ciation, and  it  became  prevalent  among  the  rising  Grecians  of 
Cambridge. 

In  course  of  time  Smith  paid  a  visit  to  France  and  held 
disjjutations  with  continental  scholars^  on  this  subject. 

In  the  meantime  Stephen  Gardiner,  Bp.  of  Winchester  and 
master  of  Trinity  Hall,  had  become  for  the  first  time  chancellor 
of  the  university.  In  May  of  the  year  of  Smith's  return  to 
Cambridge  (1542)  Gardiner  sent  to  the  V.-C.  a  public  decree  to 
enforce  a  return  to  the  vulgar  pronunciation ^  Smith  having 
had  an  amicable  conversation  with  the  bishop  at  Hampton 
Court  ventured  to  write  to  him  (from  Cambridge  12  Aug.  1542) 
urging  their  reasons  for  dissenting  from  his  judgement  and  desir- 
ing him  to  retract  his  decree  on  the  ground  that  those  who  had 
approached  him  were  not  the  learned  men  of  Cambridge,  but 
those  who  knew  no  greek ; — that  the  passage  of  Theon  on  which 
he  relied  was  corrupt  ^  that  Dio.  Halicarn.,  Plato  (Cratyl.),  Ar. 
Nubes,  Terentianus,  Priscian  and  Suidas  were  on  the  side  of  the 
etists  (as  they  came  to  be  called) ; — that  it  was  scarcely  fair  to 
blame  them  for  not  consulting  him  seven  years  before  when  he 
was  not  Chancellor  and  was  away  in  France  or  Italy; — that 
they  had  not  been  precipitate  but  had  begun  with  quite  suffi- 
cient caution  to  satisfy  all  reasonable  requirements ;  that  wlien 
Radcliffe  got  up  in  the  pulpit  in  the  schools  to  oppose  Cheke's 
pronunciation  the  '  boys'  hooted  him  doAvn. 

1  He  did  not  meet  with  much  fa-  Scholemaster,  Mayor,  p.  221. 

vour.   However  in  1551  Roger  Ascham  ^  Cooper's  Annals,  i.  401 — 103. 

{Works,  355)  heard  Theodoric  Lango  ^  The  same   emendation  {av\-q  rplt 

read  greek  in  his  lecture  at  Louvain  Trecovaa  for  av\y}TpU  rrais  ovcra)  was  put 

according   to    Smith's  pronunciation.  forward  by  Cheke  in  his  corrcspond- 

He  does  not  add  whether  that  was  the  ence  with  Gardiner  (ed.  1555).  pp.  291 

cause  for    wliich   his  class   'knocked  —300,   cf.    186,    331,    and    supported 

him  out'  by  makiug  a  din.    Ascham's  from  Quintiliun. 


108  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

Some  years  later  Smith  printed  his  remonstrance  at  Paris', 
but  meanwhile  the  Chancellur  had  waged  war  against  his  party, 
tiiough  with  little  success.  Just  one  year  after  his  original 
decree  (which  he  pretended  to  have  made  '  by  consent  of  the 
hoi  universite ')  Gardiner  wrote  to  the  Vice-Chancellor  to  assure 
him  that  he  would  not  be  '  deluded  and  contempned.'  However 
exactly  two  years  later  he  mentioned  (in  his  correspondence 
relative  to  the  offensive  play  Fammachius)  that  his  late  order 
was  disregarded  with  impunity^  The  following  year  (1546) 
Gardiner  was  superseded,  but  when  he  was  restored  to  the 
chancellorship  in  Q.  Mary's  reign  (1553)  he  found  the  new 
pronunciation  still  holding  or  gaining  ground.  Accordingly  in 
October  of  the  next  year  he  sent  injunctions^  to  use  summary 
measures  with  the  innovators.  At  this  time  Cheke  was  reading 
greek  on  the  continent,  having  lately  been  set  free  from  the 
Tower,  whither  his  office  of  secretary  of  state  to  the  lady  Jane 
had  brought  him.  Smith  also  and  Poynet  had  had  their  vicissi- 
tudes and  were  retired  from  Cambridge.  Nicholas  Carr*  (Pemb. 
and  Trin.)  had  been  Cheke's  substitute  and  was  now  his  suc- 
cessor, and  gave  no  offence  to  the  Chancellor  on  theological 
grounds.  It  appears  however  that  these  and  some  other  orders 
of  the  same  date  were  the  cause  of  several  leaving  the  univer- 
sity and  of  the  persecution  and  deprivation  of  others  especially 
in  S.  John's. 

In  reply  to  one  of  Gardiner's  captious  criticisms,  Smith'  had 
said  that  he  and  his  friends  had  not  ventured  to  reform  the 
pronunciation  of  latin.  It  appears  however  that  his  disciples 
were  equal  to  the  occasion  :  for  John  Caius  (fellow  of  Gonville, 
1533,  Greek  professor  at  Padua  1541,  master  of  his  own  college 
155| — 73)  in  his  treatise  against  the  etists  charges  them  with 

1  De  recta    et    emendata    Linguae  ^  m^^  u.  92, 

GraecaeProniintiatioue,  Thomac  Smithi  *  He  was  buried  in  St  Giles'  Church. 

Angli,  tunc  in  Aeademia  Cantabrigi-  His   monument,   restored  by  Trinity 

cnsi  publici  prajlectoris,  ad  Vintonien-  Coll.,  is  now  in  the  SQuth  chapel  of 

scm  Episcopum  Epistola.      ('  Cantab.  the  new  church. 

12  Aug.   15tt2')   Lutetiae,  ex   officina  ^  De  recta  Pronuniiatione,  iol.  451. 

Roberti    Stephani    Typographi   Eegij.  Smith  wrote  also  (Paris  1568)  a  dia- 

1568.  Cum  Privilegio  Eegis.  (96  pages.)  logue  on  the  i^honetic  WTitiug  of  eug- 

*  Cooper's  Annals  (15  May  15i3)  i.  lish, 
-iOC,  ibid  (12  May,  1515),  426. 


HUMANITY. — PRONXXCI.VTION. 


109 


pronouncing  tlic  latin  i  like  the  cnglisli\  with  dividing  vowels 
as  pulchrai  for  'pulcrae,'  with  using  such  forms  as  olli,  queis, 
and  as  the  Scotch  or  northerners,  saying  saihai,  taibai,  vaita, 
aita,  for  '  sibi,  tibi,  vita,  ita^.' 

The  new  pronunciation  he  urged  was  peculiar  to  England — 
nay  peculiar  to  one  place  in  the  island  '  in  quo  per  ea  tempora 
oratores  noui  imperabant.'  The  pretence  of  a  gain  in  per- 
spicuity was  frivolous,  for  scholars  had  wdt  enough  to  judge 
from  the  context,  &c,;  and  as  for  antiquity  Apollo  himself  made 
no  distinction  between  Xot/ic<r  and  Xl/x6<;.  The  Greeks  them- 
selves used  nothing  like  this  newfangled  fashion  ;  for  the  Patri- 
arch who  was  in  London  in  K.  Edward's  reign  could  not  under- 
stand' Cheke's  greek,  and  Cheke*  could  not  understand  the 


^  EveljTi  having  been  present  at  the 
election  of  Westminster  scholars  to 
Trin,  and  Ch.  Ch.  [Diary,  13  May, 
1661),  observed  'their  odd  pronounc- 
ing of  Latine,  so  that  out  of  England 
none  were  able  to  understand  or  en- 
dure it.'  Milton  in  the  introduction 
to  his  Accedence  (1669)  says  'few  will 
be  persuaded  to  pronounce  Latin 
otherwise  than  their  own  English.' 

^  J.  Caius  de  pronunciatione  Grae- 
cae  et  Latinae  Linguae.  Londini  in 
aedibus  Jo/janHis  Daij.  an.  Dom.  1574. 
(pp.  23.)  Dr  Sam.  Jebb  republished 
this  and  other  treatises  by  Caius  in 
1729. 

3  In  1660  in  his  inaugural  lectm-e 
as  Greek  Professor  Barrow  spoke  of 
this  miiquo  and,  as  he  considered, 
most  antique  method  of  greek  pro- 
nunciation as  greatly  redounding  to 
Cheke's  credit.   Works  (Napier)  ix.  140. 

*  Cheke  himself  had  a  correspond- 
ence with  Gardiner  which  was  printed 
at  Basle  in  1555  from  the  originals 
which,  when  on  his  way  to  Italy,  after 
K.  Edward's  death,  he  lent  to  'Coclius 
Secundus  Curio '  who  dedicated  the  col- 
lection to  Ant.  Cook.  It  is  entitled 
'Joannis  Cheki  Angli  De  Pronuiitia- 
tione  Graecac  potissimum  linguae  dis- 
putationes  cum  Stophano  Yuintonicn«i 


Episcopo,  septem  contrariis  epistolia 
comprehensae,  magna  quadam  & 
elegantia  &  eruditione  refertae.  Cum 
gratia  &  priuilegio  Imperiali.  Bad- 
leae,  per  Nicol.  Episcopiitm  iuniorem 
1555.'  (Epistola  nuncnpatoria,  pp. 
i— ix.)  Gardiner  to  Cheko  (1—17). 
Gardiner's  Edict  (18—21)  Datum  Lon- 
dini 18  Calend.  Junias,  anuo  Domini 
1542.— Cheke's  first  answer  (22—162) 
*I  have  made  no  changes  in  latin  old 
or  new.'  Not  long  ago  people  used  to 
say  'Timothdum,  Philem<5nem,  S.-tta- 
nam,  Jilcobum,  Marlam  Magdalenem, 
Sdlomem  Jacobi.'  Smith  began  when 
he  was  reading  Aristotle.  Ponet, 
Pickering,  Ascham,  Tong  and  Bill  have 
adopted  it.  Eadcliff  '  qui  nunquam 
diu  cimi  bonis  conscntiebat'  is  our 
only  opponent. — Gardiner  to  Cheke, 
Jidy  10  (163  —  217),  complains  of 
Cheke's  prolixity  and  arrogance. — 
Cheke  to  Gardiner  (218—325)  emends 
Thcon  and  protests  against  the  Chan- 
cellor's treatment  of  the  scholars  of 
his  university.— GarrfiHfr  to  Cheke,  4 
Sept.  (326—338)  complains  of  his  cor- 
recting him. — Cheke  to  Gardiner  (339 
— 345)  supplicates  for  liberty  to  retain 
the  old  pronunciation  of  Greek. — 
Gardiner  to  Cheke  2nd  Oct.  (345—340) 
refuses  to  relax  his  edict  for  uniformity. 


110  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Putriarcli.  Oxford  could  toll  us  well  enough  how  the  Greeks 
themselves  speak,  for  Wolscy  had  imported  a  native  Matthacus 
Calphuruius  to  teach  the  language. 

We  learn  from  Caius  that  moderns  wanted  them  to  pro- 
nounce— '  satis  rustic^,'  he  fairly  said, — (f)ol^o<;,  toutois,  cai, 
lohois,  mousais,  hasilews,  epeiros,  tuptomai,  chreia,  chresimos, 
apophugen,  husteron,  kibdes,  cuclops,  Icorakeion,  lewcov.,  hippew- 
ein,  wyos,  pais,  instead  of  the  time-honoured  j^hoebus,  toutis, 
cha,  louis,  musaes,  vasileus,  epirus,  typtoviae,  chria,  clirisimos, 
apophygen,  ysteron,  cibdis,  cyclops,  coracion,  leucon,  yjypewin, 
yios,  paes.  We  may  add  to  this  Smith's  testimony  that  for 
Kevravpots  Gardiner  would  have  said  Chentafris. 

It  is  curious  to  turn  from  these  fierce  contests  in  the  infancy 
of  greek  scholarship  in  England  to  a  protest  against  the  substi- 
tution of  accent  for  quantity  which  was  prevalent  in  the  early 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century \ 

Thomas  Bentley,  nephew  of  the  great  Aristarchus,  was 
struck  with  the  want  of  greek  text  books  for  the  use  of  schools, 
where  nothing  of  that  languag^e  was  read  but  extracts  from 
Homer  and  Hesiod — so  that  when  afterwards  Demosthenes  or 
Sophocles  was  put  into  their  hands  the  youths  could  make 
nothing  of  them ;  and  their  verses  were  dull  and  archaic. 

To  remedy  these  defects  he  edited  in  1741  Callimachus, 
Theognis,  a  century  of  epigrams  from  the  Antholog}^  and  the 
prose  Protrepticus  of  Galen  of  Pergamos,  with  latin  versions  of 
all  and  notes  to  the  first.  The  preface  (pp.  iii. — xviii.)  is 
devoted  to  an  expostulation  against  the  depraved  method  of 
pronouncing  greek  at  that  time  prevalent.  We  learn  that  no 
distinction  was  made  between  Tidrjfn  and  rlOe^iai,  SiSafMt,  and 
BlSofiai,  or  avaOTjjjba  and  avdOe/xa ;  and  that  it  was  usual  to 
make  false  quantities  for  the  sake  of  accent  not  merely  in 
proper  names,  as  Arjfjioa-Oevr]'?,  (dovKvSl8r]<;,  @r]pafiePT]<;,  Hapvcrd- 
Ti9,  Philotanus,  and  Musagetes,  but  in  larpo^:,  KLvSvpo<i,  dKpi/3r]<;, 
aKpdTo<;,   evpivo'?,  evpl^o^,  &c.,  &c.      Thomas  Bentley  however 

1  lu  1712  J.  Hudson  had  edited  G.  a    treatise    by    R.    Frauckliu,   called 

Martinis    de    Graecanun     Litteranim  'Orthotonia  sen  de  Linguae  Graccac 

Fronuntiatione  (with  the  Atticista  of  Toth's  Tractatulus.'    Loud.  12mo.-vrith 

Mocris)   at    Oxford,  and    in  1717  Ja.  additions.    It  had  gone  through  four 

lUchardson  of  Blacklienth  had  edited  editions  1630 — 73. 


HUMANITY. — ACCENT.  1 1 1 

shews  that  his  own  knowledge  of  quantity  was  not  equal  to 
what  is  within  reach  of  each  modern  tiro ;  for  when  he  asserts 
that  there  is  absolutely  no  example  of  gratuitus,  or  fortuitiis,  it 
is  probable  that  he  was  ignorant  of  the  seeming  exceptions 
which  are  treated  as  trisyllabic.  It  seems  also  strange  now-a- 
days  to  appeal  to  Homer  as  the  authority  for  the  scansion  of  larpo^;. 

However  the  question  of  Accent  or  Quantity  was  not  des- 
tined to  slumber  long. 

In  1754,  Henry  Gaily,  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge (B.A.  1717),  published  'A  Dissertation  against  pro- 
nouncing the  Greek  Language  according  to  Accents  [a  quotation 
from  Dio.  Halicarn.].  London,  Printed  for  A.  Millar  in  the 
Strand,  1754.'     pp.  i — viii,  1 — 149 \ 

The  next  year  Dr  Gaily  published  a  '  second  edition,  cor- 
rected.    Price  25.' 

Dr  Roger  Long  (B.A.  1700),  master  of  Pembroke  Hall,  1733, 
and  Lowndean  professor  of  Astronomy,  1750,  replied  with  a 
pamphlet  'On  Greek  Accents,'  1755. 

But  Dr  Gaily  found  a  younger  and  more  formidable  anta- 
gonist in  John  Foster,  sometiiue  fellow  of  King's  (B.A.  1753  ; 
D.D.  176G),  then  under-master,  and  afterwards  for  a  short 
period  head-master  of  Eton,  who  took  up  the  cudgels  on  the 
side  of  Vossius  and  the  accents  in  an  elaborate  treatise,  entitled 
*  An  Essay  on  the  different  nature  of  Accent  and  Quantity,  &c., 
&c.,  1762.'  I  have  not  seen  the  first  edition,  but  in  our 
University  Library''  there  is  a  copy  of  the  'second  edition, 
corrected  and  much  enlarged,  containing  some  additions  from 
the  Papers  of  Dr  Taylor  and  Mr  Markland.  With  a  Reply  to 
Dr  G's  second  Dissertation  in  Answer  to  the  Essay.  By  Joli  n 
Foster,  M.A.,  Late  Fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge.  Eton, 
Printed  by  J.  Pote,  17G3.'     pp.  i— xxxi,  1—448. 

1  Camb.  Un!v.  Library,  An.  17.  20.  mcnt.       When   Mr  H.  A.  J.    Srnnro 

-  XVII  (  =  18)  fi.  21.    A  third  edition.  made  known  tho   results   of    hi.<3   rc- 

Lo7uZ.  1820.   Mr  W.  G.  Chirk  in  a  paper  searches  into  ancient  latin  pronuueia- 

On  English   Pronunciation   of  Greek,  tion  about  1870,  prof.  Lightfoot   and 

read  before  the  Camb.  Philosophical  eomo  others  showed  some  interest  in 

Soc.  and  printed  in   the  Journal  of  tho  sounds  of  tho  greek  vowels,  diph- 

Philology  No.  2.  pp.  98—108,  in  1868,  thongs,  and  double  letters, 
commends  Foster's  learning  and  jndg- 


112  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES. 

The  former  edition  had  called  forth  from  Dr  Gaily  *A 
Second  Dissertation',  &c.  In  Answer  to  Mr  Foster  s  Essay  On 
the  different  Nature  o/" Accent  and  Quantity.  "  Accentuuni  grae- 
corum  omnis  hodie  ratio  praepostera  est  atque  peruersa." 
Bentl.  Ep.  ad  Mill.  82.  London,  Printed  for  A.  Millar  in  the 
Strand,  17G3,  price  2s.'  pp.  i — xxiv,  1 — 95.  He  accuses  Foster 
of  discourtesy,  of  misrepresenting  Cheke,  and  of  practically 
confounding  the  meaning  of  the  term  accent,  which  he  started 
with  defining.  Gally's  own  position  Avas,  that  greek  cannot 
be  pronounced  according  to  our  acute  accent  without  violating 
quantity.  The  reply  appended  to  Foster's  2nd  ed.^  is  *A 
Review  of  some  passages  in  the  present  Essay  in  a  reply  to 
Dr  G's  Second  Dissertation.  By  the  Author  of  the  Essay. 
Eton.  17 6S:    pp.  1—49. 

W.  Primatt,  M.A.  (Sid.)  1725,  published  '  Accentus  Rediuiui. 
With  an  answer  to  Mekerchus,  Is.  Vossius,  &c.  Camb.  1764.' 
And  S.  Horsley,  LL.B.  (Trin.  Hall)  1758,  issued  an  anonymous 
treatise  '  On  the  Prosodies  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  Languages. 
Lond.  1796.' 

It  has  long  been  the  pride  of  our  schools  and  universities 
that  the  practice  of  verse  composition  has  created  more  skilful 
metrical  (and  consequently,  grammatical)  critics  (headed  by 
Bentley  the  discoverer  of  the  digamma^  and  of  synaphea,  and 
Person  who  laid  down  the  law  of  the  final  cretic  and  of  the  limits 
of  the  tragic  senarius  in  general)  than  are  known  even  in 
Germany.  Person,  as  it  is  well  known,  thought  little  of  verse 
composition,  except  with  some  such  purpose,  and  it  is  told 
with  what  facility  he  was  able  to  shew  the  errors  in  the  first 
edition  (1789)  of  Godfrey  Hermann's  de  Metris,  which  tbe 
Cambridge  scholar  tacitly  refuted  in  the  Supplement  to  the 
Preface  of  his  second  edition  of  the  Hecuba*.  The  reiterated 
' Quis  praeter  Hermannum...?'  in  the  long  note  on  Medea  675, 

1  Camb.  XJniv.  Library,  Aa.  17.  20.  *  Hermaun  sent  Porsou  a  copy  iu 

2  Ibidm,  XVII.  (  =  18)  6.  21.  1796    on    Heyne's    suggestion.     The 

3  i.e.  Bentley  (about  1713)  discovered  early  writings  of  that  scholar,  then  at 
the  importance  of  the  digamma  in  re-  Leipsic,  especially  the  first  edition  of 
lation  to  homeric  metre.  Its  name  his  Be  Metris,  were  very  faulty.  See 
was  known  at  Camb.  as  early  as  Cheke's  Mr  Luai-d  in  Camlridije  Essays,  1857, 
time,  from  the  old  grammarians.  pp.  IGI,  1C2. 


HUMANITY. — PORSON.  113 

(which  commences  with  a  sly  reference  to  Wakefield's  impudent 
suggestion  at  the  end  of  his  Diatribe,  that  Purson  should  make 
his  notes  more  discursive)  is  perhaps  Person's  most  heartless 
attack  upon  the  critical  character  of  any  contemporary.  Among 
Hermann's  dicta  was  the  unfortunate  'nihil  interesse  qua  in 
sede  trimetri  anapaestus  occurrat.'  To  this  Porson  rejoined,  not 
by  critical  argument  alone,  but  by  an  english  translation  of 
an  Etonian's  adaptation  of  an  ancient  epigram,  as  follows  : 

NijtSes  icrk  ixirpwu,   w  Tevrova,  oi'x  6  fj-h,  os  5'  ou* 
nduTis  ttXtjv  "EPMANX03-  d  5' "Ep/xawos  ^  (T<podpa  TevTWP.       [^ixaXa] 
The  Germans  in  Greek 
Are  sadly  to  seek ; 
Not  five  in  fivescore 
But  ninety  five  more : 
All,  save  only  Herman, 

And  *  Herman's  a  German.  [*  Or  "he  is  a"] 

He  also  treated  the  critic  (who  must  have  held  some  heresy 
about  tribrachs)  to  a  couple  of  senarii  on  his  o-wn  prescription  \ 
all  traces  of  their  iambic  kindred  being  effaced  by  the  course 
of  licentiousness  to  which  they  had  been  abandoned : 

'0  fj-erpLKOi  6  ffocpos  drova  y4ypa<pe  irepl  fxirpoiv. 
'0  pLerpLKOs  a^ierpos,  d   (j6(f)0%  acrotpo's  iyevero. 

It  is  however  fair  to  Hermann's  memory  to  record  that  in 
1796  he  wrote  (De  Metris,  p.  150),  'A  trisyllabis  pedibus  tra- 
gic! Graeci  maxime  abstinuerunt,  quamquam  etiam  in  pari 
sede,  sed  admodum  raro  anapaestus  invenitur.'  However, 
Porson  would  have  said,  'in  prime  tantum  pede,  nisi  sit  nomen 
proprium  quod  alias  ex  iambico  omnino  excludendum  esset.' 

I  do  not  suppose  that  the  average  scholar's  familiarity  with 
greek  accentuation  in  the  last  century  differed  materially  from 
what  it  is  at  present.  One  man,  however,  who  passed  for  a 
critic  (Gilbert  Wakefield),  had  the  boldness  to  publish  a  Bion 
and  Moschus  in  1795  without  accents^  {Lond.  12mo.),  and  with 
a  flimsy  apology  for  this  slovenliness  or  want  of  scholarship 
which  disfigured  his  selections  from  the  tragedians  in  1794,  and 
his  other  books.  Porson,  in  the  opening  note  to  his  Medea, 
sets  the  matter  in  its  true  light,  referring  to  the  author  of  the 
Diatribe  Extemporalis  in  Euripidis  Hecubam  Londini  nuper 

1  Classical  Journal,  v.  298.   Luard's  "EppLawo^. 
Parson's    Corresp.   87.      Porson    him-  ^  Some  better  men,  as  Marsh  and 

pelf  would  hardly  have   written  TrXrjv  Tyrwhitt,  did  the  like. 

W.  8 


114) 


L^MVERSITY   STUDIES. 


inihlicatam  (1707),  as  he  docs  in  other  notes,  without  mention- 
ing his  name. 

It  is  interesting  to  observe  how  Person  chose  the  part  of 
instructor  of  the  academic  youth*  (indeed  this  characteristic 
of  his  Avritings  not  merely  atones  for,  but  fully  justifies  his 
delivering  no  lectures),  and  as  such  we  may  recognize  him 
specially  as  the  founder  of  that  succession  which  in  our  time 
has  borne  fruit  in  the  Shrewsbury  greek  iambics.  In  earlier 
days  such  greek  verses  as  were  written  were  either  hexameters, 
more  or  less  patched  together  from  homeric  hemistichs,  or  ele- 
giacs of  no  style  in  particular. 

After  giving  his  due  to  Ri.  Dawes^  who  in  his  old  age 
picked  up  the  niceties  of  greek  criticism  while  master  of 
Newcastle  school,  1738-44,  and  produced  the  eleven  '  Cano?is ' 
which  bear  his  name,  we  must  look  upon  the  annotated  editions 
of  Euripides'  plays  by  Ri.  Person  (1797-1801),  as  commencing 
the  improved  method  of  scholarship^  which  flourished  under  the 
auspices  of  Monk,  Dobree,  Blomfield,  and  Dr  Kennedy. 

Eemi).  litterariam  reclundare  et  pote- 


1  '  Poteram  et  labori  parcere  et  qiiieti 
meae  fortasse  consulere  totam  omit- 
tentlo.  Video  euim  a  uonuullis,  optimis 
quidem  illis,  sed  nee  satis  eruditis  et 
paullo  ii-acuudioribus  uiris,  omnem 
accentuum  rationem  despicatu  haberi. 
Yerum  ii  sunt  opiuor  aetate  iain  pro- 
uectiores  quam  ut  a  me  uel  quicqiiam 
praui  dedoceantur,  uel  recti  quicquam 
addiscant.  Vos  autem,  adolescentes, 
quos  solos  tutelae  meae  duxi,  uos  nunc 
aUoquor.  Aliquoties  hoc  argumentum 
tetigi  ut  ad  Orest.  631  [al.  626]  et 
alias  ;  iterum,  ut  opus  erit  tacturus.  Si 
quis  igiturvESTRUM  ad  accuratam  Grae- 
carum  litterarum  scientiam  aspirat, 
is  probabilem  sibi  accentuum  notitiam 
quam  maturrime  comijaret,  in  propo- 
sitoque  perstet,  sciuTarum  dicacitate  et 
stultorum  irrisione  immotus.  Nam 
risu  inepto  res  ineptior  nulla  est. 
Unum  tantummodo  in  praesentia 
monebo.  Quicunque  huius  doctrinae 
expers,  codices  MSS.  conferendi  labo- 
rem  suscepeiit,  is  magnam  partem 
fractuum  eorum,  qui  ex  labore  suo  in 


rant  et  debebant,  disperdiderit.  Qui 
lianc  doctrinam  nescit,  dum  ignoran- 
tiam  suam  candide  fatetur,  inscitiae 
tantum  reus  ;  qui  uero  nescire  non  con- 
tentus  ignorantiae  suae  contemptum 
praetexit,  maioris  ciilpae  affinis  est.' 

It  is  also  interesting  to  reflect  that 
Bentley's  Dissertation  on  Phalaris  was 
evoked  by  one  of  those  juvenile  edi- 
tions whereby  Dean  Aldrich  (in  imita- 
tion of  his  predecessor  Fell)  encouraged 
precocious  critics,  and  which  he  made 
a  new-year's-gift  to  the  junior  students 
of  Christ  Church.  Hcame-BUss,  i.  83, 
Monk's  Bcritley,  i.  64. 

2  Dawes'  7th  canon,  denying  the 
use  of  ov  /xy  with  the  1st  aor.  conjunc- 
tive, though  approved  by  Cobet,  has 
been  discredited  by  Mr  Hi:  Shilleto. 

2  A  specimen  of  Person's  examina- 
tion papers  is  printed  in  Kidd's  Tracts, 
892.  Monk  carried  on  the  tradition 
of  setting  long  passages  for  translation. 
Here.  Furens,  637—679  (Beck),  is  the 
specimen  of  Porson's. 


UUMAXITY. — GKEEK    VERSE.  115 

The  older  type  of  versification  found  its  encouragement  also 
in  the  contest  for  the  Browne  medals,  ■which  "was  iniitituted  in 
1775.  A  selection  of  the  successful  compositions  for  that  and 
for  the  Latin  ode  (which  until  the  jiresent  century  was  always 
composed  on  the  same  theme  with  the  Greek)  was  published 
by  Valpy  in  1810,  under  the  title  of  Musae  Cantabrigienses. 

For  earlier  specimens  of  Cambridge  greek  lyrics  and  hexa- 
meters we  may  refer  to  some  copies  by  Michael  Lort,  B.A., 
Trin.  1746,  Greek  professor,  1759,  and  by  T.  Zouch,  B.A.,  Trin. 
1761,  printed  in  Wrangliam's  Zouch,  I.  375,  382,  387,  as  well  as 
to  the  earlier  collections  of  congratulatory  verses,  &c.  in  various 
languages,  presented  from  time  to  time  by  the  universities  to 
royal  personages. 

It  is  not  easy  to  collect  such  a  list  of  books  as  will  give 
a  fair  notion  of  the  average  course  of  reading  at  the  university 
at  any  particular  time.  Many  classical  books  arranged  in  the 
chronology  of  their  publication  will  be  found  registered  in  an 
appendix  to  this  volume. 

Barrow  had  publickly  declared  \  with  satisfaction,  that 
under  Duport's  professorship  young  students  at  Cambridge 
read  Plato  and  Aristotle  and  the  greek  poets,  philosophers, 
historians  and  scholiasts.  A  century  later,  Gray  complained 
that  Plato  was  very  little  known,  and  the  same  was,  I  suppose, 
time  of  Aristotle  a  fortiori. 

1  Orat.  in  Comitiis  [1654].     Works,  puLlisbed  by  Mr  Matliias,  some  Ee- 

ed.  Napier,  ix.  36.  marks  on  Plato's  Writings,  with  other 

Cp.  Dyer  Privil.  ii.  ii.  224,  ''VNTien  original  pieces,  from  Mr  Gray's  MSS. 

Aristotle  was  the  highest  name  in  our  in  Pembroke  Hall  Library ;  and  as  Mr 

Schools,  Plato's  appears  to  have  been  Thomas   Taylor  has   also  I   perceive 

but  little  known;   and  at,  and  after,  just    advertized    The     Theologies    of 

the  Keformation,  though  he  had  many  Plato  and  Proclus  in  English;   with 

admirers,   he   was   not    generally   re-  these  associations  in  my  mind,  I  have 

ceived :  nor  am  I  aware  that  his  writ-  ventured  to  say  thus  much  of  the  Theo- 

ings  are  now  (1824)  taken  much  for  logy  of  Plato.' 

lectui'e-books  in  the  colleges.     But  as  Select  Platonic  dialogues,  de  rebus 

there  have  been  pubUshed  by  Cam-  di\iuis,  were  edited  by  North,  Camb. 

bridge  critics  editions  of  his  most  ad-  8vo.  with  Latin  version  1683.     Torster 

mired   Moral   and  Theological  pieces  edited  five  dialogues  of  Plato  (Oxon.) 

(one  of  which  is  a   favourite  school-  1745.      Wilkinson's    Ethica    Aiistot. 

book),  and  lately  have  appeared  in  a  Ojson.  1716.    Taswell's  Physica  Aiistot. 

splendid  edition  of  Mr  Gruy's  works,  (Bowyer),  1718. 

8—2 


116  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

Xenophon's  Anabasis  and  Cyropaedla  were  a  good  deal 
read'.  Samuel  Pegge  (Job.)  was  preparing  an  edition  of  each 
about  1728,  but  bo  was  forestalled  by  Hutchinson,  whose  pub- 
lications (Oxon.  1727,  1735)  became  standard  text-books. 
Person  added  some  notes  to  his  Anabasis  when  Nicholson 
('  Maps')  re-issued  it  in  1785. 

Cicero  cle  Officiis  was  another  book  commonly  read.  John 
Jebb  delivered  lectures  thereon  in  Trinity  Hall  as  Dr  Rid- 
lington's  deputy  in  176G.  Portions  oi  Demosthenes  were  pretty 
frequently  edited — by  Foulkes  and  Freind,  1715,  Brook,  1721, 
Mounteuey,  1747,  J.  Taylor  (Joh.),  1748,  &c.  T.  Johnson 
brought  out  Sophocles  in  1705,  1708  and  1746,  and  Thomas 
Francklin  (Greek  professor,  1750 — 59,  and  member  of  the  West- 
minster Club)  published  a  translation.  Ro.  Potter  (Emm.)  did 
so  for  the  entire  Poetae  Scenici  1777 — 88.  Euripides'^  was  set 
forth  by  Piers,  1703,  J.  King  (King's),  1726,  S.  Musgrave,  (the 
whole)  1756,  1778,  Jer.  Markland  (Pet.),  1763,  1771,  and 
Egerton,  1786.  But  ior  Aeschylus  Stanley's  edition,  Lond.  1663, 
continued  in  use.  However  Askew  projected  an  edition,  and 
Needham  had  one  ready  for  press,  and  Person's  was  in  pro- 
gi'ess.  J.  Burton's  Pentalogia  and  Wakefield's  selection  have 
been  already  mentioned. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  previous  to  the  establishment  of 
the  Classical  Tripos  in  1822 — 4,  the  university  proposed  no 
examination  in  Greek  to  candidates  for  honours.  At  the  same 
time  an  examination  in  the  Iliad  i — vi.  and  the  Aeneid  i — VI. 
was  instituted  for  the  polloi,  who  were  not  candidates  for  hon- 
ours. At  the  same  time  a  previous  examination  was  established 
for  all  persons  in  their  second  year,  the  subjects  being  one 
Greek  and   one  Latin  classic,  e.g.  for  1826,  Herodotus  i.  and 


^  Wells  edited  Xen.  (0.ron.)  1703.  much  Greek  aud  understood  it  about 

*    Joshua   Barues    (Emman.),    the  as  well   as   an  Athenian  blacksmith. 

Greek  professor,  had  edited  Eitrijjides  Cumberland's  Memoirs,  p.  28 ;  Bentlet/s 

in  1694  folio.     His  Homer  1711  (2  vols.  Corresp.  1.  411.     Hearne  was  a  great 

4to.)  was  an  improvement  on  previous  fi-iend  of  his,  and  called  him  'the  best 

editions,  and  continued  without  a  rival  Grecian  (especially  for  poetical  Greek) 

for  nearly  a  century,  although  it  was  in  the  world,'  Beliquiae,  i.  263,  and 

severely  handled  by  Bentley,  who  ob-  accused  Clarke  of  stealing  his  Homer 

served  that  he  beUeved  Barnes  had  as  from  Barnes'  edition  (Ibid.  in.  133). 


HUMANITY. — GREEK.  117 

Virgil,  Georgic  IV,  as  well  as  S.  Matthew's  Gospel  and  Paley's 
Evidences  of  Christianity. 

There  was  just  the  one  statutable  ceremony  by  which  the 
university  required  each  candidate  for  the  degree  of  Master  of 
Arts  to  be  examined  in  Greek  by  a  bedel,  or  in  the  case  of  a 
member  of  King's  College,  or  of  a  mandate  degree,  to  read 
Greek  to  a  bedel,  but  these  forms  were  obsolete^  before  1828. 

Greek  was  of  course  required  of  candidates  for  university 
scholarships.  Thus,  in  1725,  Snapc,  the  provost  of  King's,  gave 
Battle  and  the  other  candidates  fur  the  Craven  a  viva  voce 
examination  in  Sophocles  and  Lucian^  At  the  beginning  of 
the  present  century  the  usual  requirements  were  some  passages 
from  Demosthenes,  Sophocles  (or  Euripides),  Tacitus  (or  other 
Latin  prose  author),  and  a  Latin  poet,  to  be  translated  into 
English  prose.  A  piece  of  English  prose  to  be  turned  into 
Latin,  and  sometimes  into  Greek.  Questions  in  History,  Geo- 
graphy and  Chronology,  and  composition  in  Latin  prose  and 
verse,  and  sometimes  Greek  versed 

In  a  codicil  to  her  will,  dated  1739,  lady  Eliz.  Hastings 
defined  the  examination  for  certain  scholars  at  Queen's  Coll. 
Oxon.  in  the  following  terms.  At  8  a.  m.  to  begin  to  translate 
eight  or  ten  lines  of  an  oration  of  Cicero  into  English,  and 
as  much  Demosthenes  into  Latin ;  also  two  or  three  verses 
of  the  Vulgate  into  Greek.  In  the  afternoon  to  write  from 
eight  to  twelve  lines  of  Latin  on  a  question  of  practical  divinity 
taken  from  the  Church  Catechism,  and  two  distichs  on  a  classical 
sentence. 

When  they  had  gone  into  residence  at  Oxford,  the  scholars 
elected  were  to  spend  four  years  on  the  arts  and  sciences,  and 
a  fifth  in  studying  Divinity,  Church  History,  and  the  Apostolic 
Fathers  in  the  original :  to  study  the  Scripture,  and  to  ^^Tite 
exegetical  notes  daily  for  one  hour.  Before  their  fourth  year 
to  write  a  translation  of  part  of  S.  Chrysostom  de  Sacerdotio, 

1  Ceremonies, Wall-Gunning, pp.  1G8,  'formed  in  that  examination  in  lcs3 
171   207.  tlifiii  I'll  hour  (with  the  help  of  Morell'a 

2  Nichols,   Lit.   Anecd.    iv.   GOl.—  r/iesawnw,  according  to  Dr  T.  Young) 
Person  gained  the  Craven  in  1781.     A  is  preserved.     Watson's  Porgon,  p.  32. 
translation   of   an   epitaph  (1-1   linos)  »  Camb.  Univ.  Calendar,  1803. 
into  Greek  iambics  (17)  which  he  per- 


118  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

and  wlion'  B.A.,  to  shew  the  provost  notes  of  theological  reading 
prescribed  by  the  tutor. 

The  colleges,  however,  supplemented  the  requirements  of 
the  university  in  this  respect.  Not  to  mention  the  scholarship 
and  fellowship  elections  at  Trinity,  among  the  subjects  re- 
quired of  all  the  students  in  S.  John's,  from  1765  downwards, 
was,  in  one  of  their  years  at  least,  a  play  of  Sophocles,  a  speech 
of  Demosthenes  or  the  like.  A  glance  at  the  schemes  of  study, 
printed  among  the  Appendices  to  this  volume,  will  shew  what 
was  done  at  the  smaller  colleges  in  the  first  half  of  the  century, 
Avhile  the  following  extract  from  the  Cambridge  University 
Calendar  for  1802  (p.  xiii),  may  be  fairly  supposed  to  represent 
the  work  of  the  close  of  the  18th  century  ^ 

'  Under   the  third   head   of  Academical  Studies   come   the 

Belles  Lettres  or  Classics,  which  in  most  colleges  are  cultivated 
with  great  diligence  and  success ;  each  term  having  some  part 
of  the  best  Classics  appropriated  to  the  lecture-room.  An  Ora- 
tion of  Demosthenes,  Lysias,  Isocrates,  a  Greek  Play,  Longinus, 
Cicero,  Quintilian,  select  portions  of  Herodotus,  Tacitus,  Thucy- 
dides,  &c.,  &c.,  afford  exercises  for  the  Pupils,  and  ample  room 
for  the  Tutor  to  display  his  taste  on  the  best  writings  of  anti- 
quity, and  to  compare  them  with  parallel  works  in  the  modern 
languages.  Compositions,  Latin  or  English,  are  weekly  de- 
livered by  the  Pupils,  either  in  writing,  or  viva  voce,  in  their 
respective  chapels.' 

Eo.  Surtees,  at  Christ  Church  1706 — 1800,  read  all  Hero- 
dotus, Thucydides  and  Livy,  Plays  of  Aeschylus  and  Aristo- 
phanes, Xenophon's  Anabasis  and  Hellenica,  Demosthenes' 
public  orations,  Aristotle's  Rhetoric,  Pindar's  01}anpics,  Dio- 
dorus  Siculus,  Polybius,  Juvenal  and  Persius.    He  distinguished 


^  Poulson's  Hist,  of  Beverley,  i.  461,  tlie  uuiversity  of  distinguishing  tliem- 

5  n.  selves  in  this  branch  of  useful  Utera- 

2  A  little  earlier,  in  1775,  Jebb  speaks  ture.'  T7orA-s,  iii.  275.  Jebb  gene- 
of  classical  lectures  in  college  for  each  rously  states  the  exceptional  case  at  S. 
sizar  and  pensioner  only  'dimng  the  John's  under  his  late  opponent  Powell, 
first  year  of  residence, — which  it  is  who  examined  noblemen  and  fellow- 
well  known  the  saidpensioner  and  sizar  commoners  (as  well  as  other  students) 
pay  little  regard  to,  as  there  is  no  in  Greek  and  Roman  Literature 
general   opportiinity  offered  them  by  {Tbld,  276,  277). 


HUMANITY.  119 

himself  in  the  terminal  collections,  an  examination  then  con- 
ducted by  the  dean,  tutors,  and  censors  of  the  college.  {Me- 
moir by  G.  Taylor,  p.  7.) 

A  chronological  list  of  university  classical  books  will  be 
found  in  an  Appendix  to  this  volume.  We  will  conclude  this 
portion  of  our  observation  by  noting  what  books  were  used  by 
a  man  at  Trinity  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century 
(1815— 16)\ 

Porson's  Hecuba,  Hermann  and  Scale  on  Metres,  Scapulae 
lexicon,  Dawes  Misc.  Critica,  Beutley  on  Phalaris,  Hoogeveen's 
Particularum  Doctrina,  Bos  Ellipses,  Preface  to  Franklin's 
Sopliocles,  Cumberland's  Observer,  Brumoy's  Greek  Theatre, 
Tyrwhitt's  Aristotle,  Horace  ad  Pisones,  Gillies'  Hist,  of  Greece 
(borrowing  Mitford's  more  expensive  book,  and  the  Travels  of 
Anacharsis),  D'Anville's  Atlas,  Butler's  Aeschylus,  Draken- 
borch's  Livy,  Hooke's  Hist,  of  Rome,  Polybius,  and  Larcher's 
Hei'odotiis. 

In  his  second  year, — Duker's  Thiicydides,  Watts'  Scriptores 
Historici,  Campbell  on  the  Gospels,  Beausobre  and  Yalpy  on 
New  Testament,  Soame  Jenyns'  Internal  Evidences,  Jenkins' 
Reasonableness  of  Christianity  and  Butler's  Analogy.  He  at- 
tended the  Norrisian  jirofessor's  'dull  and  disorderly'  readings 
of  Pearson  on  the  Creed. 

With  the  third  term  of  the  second  year  mathematics  began 
to  demand  the  student's  undivided  attention. 

1  [J.  M.  F.  Wright's]  Alma  Mater,  i.  120,  1C3,  184,  195,  206,  219,  222. 


CHAPTER  X. 


MORALITY.      METAPHYSICS.      CASUISTRY. 


The  first  number  of  Mind  in  187G  contained  a  paper  by  the 
Rector  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  on  the  study  of  Philosophy 
in  his  University.  In  the  next  number  Mr  Henry  Sidgwick 
followed  with  a  sketch  of  the  treatment  which  that  important 
study  has  met  with  at  Cambridge  in  the  last  two  or  three 
generations.  The  upshot  is  (so  far  as  concerns  our  present 
inquiry)  that  at  neither  of  our  English  universities  was  any 
serious  interest  taken  in  mental  science  or  metaphysics  at  the 
commencement  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

If  we  glance  at  the  state  of  England  at  the  close  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  this  is  very  surprising ;  European  thought 
seemed  fully  set  upon  such  pursuits,  and  in  our  own  country 
the  minds  of  people  below  the  higher  ranks  were  affected  by 
philosophical  talk  in  a  way  unparalleled  even  at  the  present 
time. 

The  causes  of  such  a  change  must  be  left  for  others  to 
assign.  What  effect  may  have  been  produced  by  engrossing 
wars  and  commercial  interests,  by  the  revival  of  theological 
discussions  and  the  increased  importance  of  political  questions; 
or  again  by  the  decay  of  coffee-houses,  and  the  tax  on  pamphlets, 
or  the  revulsion  produced  by  the  fate  of  philosophical  Paris,  the 
reign  of  Decorum,  and  the  growth  of  delicacy  and  apprehensive- 
ness  of  un-orthodoxy — how  far  these  or  other  powers  may  have 
conduced  to  psychological  and  ethical  apathy,  I  must  leave  for 
others  to  determine.     Suffice  it  to  say,  that  the  universities,  if 


MORALITY.      METAPHYSICS.      CASUISTRY.  121 

no  better  in  this  respect,  were  no  Avorse  tlian  the  nation  at 
large.  At  the  time  when  the  university  as  a  body  was 
casting  away  the  last  pretence  of  examining  in  'philosophy,' 
and  even  Locke  and  Paley  had  been  discredited^  about  1835, 
there  was  a  band  of  Coleridgians  among  the  younger  fellows 
of  Trinity, 

This  leads  me  to  the  remark  that  in  gauging  the  philosophical 
reading  of  the  University  we  must  distinguish  between  works 
read  by  individual  scholars  more  or  less  widely,  and  books  which 
were  actually  or  virtually  acknowledged  text-books  received  by 
the  tutors,  examiners,  &c.,  representing  a  college  or  university. 

Of  the  latter  class  the  short  catalogue  subjoined  to  this 
chapter  will  give  a  fair  notion  for  the  former  half  of  the  century. 
The  names  of  Plato,  Hobbes,  Descartes,  Newton,  Locke,  Clarke", 
Spinoza,  Leibnitz,  Butler,  Berkeley,  Grotius,  PufFendorf,  Milton, 
W.  Law,  Ray,  Cudworth,  H.  More,  Hutcheson,  King,  Shaftes- 
bury, Wollaston,  Pearson,  Hooker,  Jeremy  Taylor,  and  Sander- 
son will  not  escape  us. 

If  we  go  through  the  names  of  other  writers  of  the  day  we 
shall  find  that  they  were  very  few.     Toland  had  been  answered 


1  Sc.  by  Sedgwick's  Sermon,  1832,  clared  Moral  Right  to  be  anotbor  as- 
printed  in  1833,  1850.  However,  even  pect  of  Divine  Command.  Clarke's 
as  early  as  1775,  Jebb  (WorJis,  iii.  271)  writings  made  some  stir  in  the  country, 
speaks  'of  ethics  meeting  with  very  It  was  (I  suppose)  his  tenets,  and  such 
slender  encouragement,  and  the  in-  as  the  gi-eat  latitudiuarian  Cudworth 
comparable  Locke  being  now  almost  had  taught  in  the  previous  centiuy 
as  little  honoured  at  the  public  time  of  (ilied  at  Chi-ist  Coll.  Lodge,  1G88, 
trial  as  real  science  is  said  to  be  at  the  having  been  also  Master  of  Clare, 
sister  university.'  Hebrew  prof.,  and  fellow  of  Emmanuel), 

*  Dr  Sam.  Clarke  of  Norwich  (1G75  that  Fielding  ridicules  in  the  philoso- 

— 1729),  editor  of  Homer,  afterwards  a  pher    Square   (Tom    Jones)   with    his 

friend  of    Newton,    was   educated   at  'Fitness  of  Things'  and  'Eternal  and 

Caius,  where  ho  obtained  a  fellowship  Immutable  Verities.'     One  of  Clarke's 

(B.A.  1694).     He  combined  his  Boyle  other  books,  the  ScrijJture  Doctrine  of 

lectures  (1704—5)  under  the  title  of  the   Trinity,  was  condemned  by  the 

A  Discourse  concerning  the  Being  and  lower    house    of    Convocation.      Hia 

Attributes  of  God,  the  Obligations  of  draft  of  the  Church  Service  mangled 

Natural  Religion,  and  the  Truth  and  to  suit  unitarianism  was  adopted  as 

Certainty  of  the  Christian  lievelation.  the    basis    of    Theopliilus    Lindsey's 

He  maintained  the  independent  and  '  Book  of  Common  Prayer  Reformed  for 

necessary  character  of  moral  distinc-  the  use  of  the  Chapel  in  Essex  Street.' 
tions  perceived  by  reason,  and  he  de- 


122  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

aiul  was  no  longer  a  novelty.  Anthony  Collins  (King's)  and 
Matthew  Tindal  [Line.  Exon.  All  Souls)  the  deists  and  opponents 
of  Clarke,  and  Bernard  Mandeville  (to  say  the  least)  an  extrava- 
gant writer,  could  hardly  be  looked  for  in  an  academical  list. 
Hume  did  not  publish  his  first  book  till  1738,  David  Hartley 
(Jes.)  in  1749,  dying  in  17-57.  Voltaire,  Rousseau,  Condillac, 
Montos(|uieii,  and  C.  A.  Helvetius  had  not  broken  silence.  If 
Jonathan  Edwards,  of  New  Jersey,  had  already  brought  out  his 
treatise  on  the  Will  it  had  not  crossed  the  Atlantic,  nor  had 
(Kant's  forerunner)  J.  C.  von  Wolff's  heresies,  which  had  caused 
his  temporary  ejection  from  Halle  (1723 — 41),  troubled  our 
island. 

Again,  if  we  take  our  observations  of  Cambridge  at  the  end 
of  the  century,  we  find  Locke,  Butler  {Analogs/),  Clarke  ( On  the 
Attributes),  Law  (Theor^ij  of  Relirjion),  and  Berkeley  still  in 
favour,  while  Paley^  Hartley,  Rutherford,  Gi shorn e,  Burlamaqui 
are  added  to  the  list:  Balguy  and  Hey  having  had  a  short 
popularity  as  moral  theologians.  Locke  (with  logic)  was  the 
freshmen's  subject;  the  other  books  were  kept  for  the  second 
and  third  year.  The  efficiency  of  the  lectures  varied  of  course 
in  different  colleges.  At  S.  John's,  Dr  Newcome,  the  master, 
who  died  in  1765,  established  a  prize  for  the  commencing  B.A., 
who  having  gained  mathematical  honours  should  distinguish 

1  'Fawcett,'  who  is  classed  with  classics,  and  Locke  or  Moral  Philoso- 
' Locke  and  Paley'  in  the  Sizar  A  phy.  These  lectures  were  so  far  from 
Bhapsody,  1799,  p.  89,  is  I  suppose  the  being  hurried  over  in  a  slovenly  mau- 
Norrisian  professor  of  Theology.  R.  ner,  that  he  must  have  been  a  very 
H.  C.  writing  in  the  Monthly  Magazine,  stupid  fellow  indeed  who  would  absent 
1797,  p.  266,  says,  'It  is  a  notorious  himself  from  the  latter,  given  by  one 
fact,  that  in  most  colleges  the  classical  of  the  first  characters  in  the  imiversity, 
and  moral  lectm-es  are  hurried  over  in  now  a  dignitary  of  the  church.  Many 
the  most  slovenly  manner,  and  with-  of  his  principles  in  morality  I  held  in 
out  the  least  regard  to  the  improve-  the  gi-eatest  detestation,  though  I  was 
ment  of  the  students.'— A.  S.  rejoms  formerly  pleased  with  his  hberahty  and 
(p.  360),  'It  was  not  so  in  my  time;  his  familiar  mode  of  instruction.' 
or,  perhaps,  I  may  not  have  paid  suffi-  "Watson  was  assistant  tutor  at  Trinity, 
cient  attention  to  what  was  doing  in  1761,  but  the  reference  is  most  pro- 
other  coUeges.  In  the  college  at  which  bably  to  Paley,  who  lectured  at  Christ's 
I  was  educated,  we  had  lectures  two  1768— 76,  to  freshmen  on  Locke,  Clarke 
evenings  in  the  week  in  the  Greek  and  Butler ;  to  sophs  on  moral  phUos. 
Testament,  and  once  in  a  Greek  or  I  cannot  identify  either  A.  S.  or  R.  H. 
Latin  author ;  and  in  the  mornings,  C.  among  the  graduati. 
our  lectures  were  alternately  in  the 


MORALITY.      METAPHYSICS.  123 

himself  by  knowledge  of  Moral  Pliilosopliy.  It  was  gained  by 
J.  Carr  (5th  wrangler)  in  1707^  At  Christ's  Paley  delivered 
about  1770  those  lectures  which  he  published  with  little  altera- 
tion in  1785,  under  the  title  of  Moral  and  Political  Phllosophij'^. 
At  Trinity  the  lectures  delivered  by  the  tutor,  Thomas  Jones 
(a  scholar  of  Shrewsbury  and  S.  John's,  author  of  a  Sermon  on 
Duelling  1702),  were  much  appreciated  by  the  junior  sophs, 
some  of  whom  (about  1799,  1800)  asked  leave  to  attend  them 
a  second  time.     His  bust  is  in  S.  John's  ante-chapel. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  last  century,  Hartley  was  considered 
a  gi'eat  light  among  philosophical  minds  at  Cambridge.  He 
was  a  contemporary  of  Hume  and  a  fellow-folloAver  of  Locke. 
His  system  (which  w^as  based  on  physiology)  gathered  up  the 
floating  materialism  cuiTent  at  Cambridge,  and  was  for  a  time 
adopted  by  Coleridge  while  he  was  at  the  University,  as  well  as 
by  Priestley  and  other  Necessitarians  and  Unitarians'. 

The  Oxonians  seem  to  have  discovered  a  short  way  with 
metaphysicians,  both  simple  and  practical  in  the  extreme,  and 
comparable  with  Prideaux's  projected  Drone-Hall : — 

'The  Emoluments  of  the  Professorship  in  Morality'  (says 
Philalethes,  replying  to  Vicesimus  Knox  in  behalf  of  his  imiver- 
sity,  6th  Feb.  1790)  'are  divided  between  the  Proctors  of  each 
year:  The  very  nature  of  their  office  must  lead  them  to  a  most 
satisfactory  discharge  of  the  real  duties  of  a  Professor  in  Moral 
Philosophy.' 

In  few  things  perhaps  is  fashion  more  noticeable  in  her 
changes  than  in  the  matter  of  philosophical  and  metaphysical 
opinions. 

^  Balier-Mayor,  1030, 1.  23;  1073.  Hartley,  associated  with  arians,  and  a 

2  Cp.  'The  tutors  of  Cambridge  no  member  of  the  same  college, — Jesus.) 

doubt  neutralize,    by   their  judicious  David  Hartley,  jiuiior,   his    son   and 

remarks,  \vhen  they  read  it  to  their  biographer,  the  inventor  and  M.P.,  was 

pupils,  all  that  is   pernicious   in  its  fellow  of  Merton.      His  devotion  to 

principles.'      [Best's]     Personal    and  natiu'al  history  is  exemplified  (Best's 

Literary  Memorials,  p.  166  (where  the  Personal  and  Lit.  Memorials,  p.  223) 

story    of  the   Mng   refusing    'Pigeon  by  the  horror  he  showed   on  having 

Paley '  a  bishopric  is  told).    G.  Pryme,  treated  his  friends  to  game  before  ho 

Recoil,  p.  38.  knew  it  had  been  a  specimen  sent  for 

^  Fiot.Sh&hqp^s' Stndi/' on Coleridije.  his  investigation — 'We   have   eatcu  a 

(Coleridge  was  at  that  time,  like  David  nondescrijit.' 


124  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Even  in  the  conservative  schools  of  Oxfurd  in  tlic  last 
century  there  were  some  symptoms  of  vacillation.  In  1721 
it  was  not  infrequent  for  '  the  tutors  in  their  lectures  upon 
many  points  of  philosophy  to  tell  their  pupils  that  in  the  schools 
they  must  hold  such  a  side  of  the  argument ;  but  that  the  other 
side  is  demonstrably  the  right  side.' 

Nicholas  Amherst,  who  made  this  assertion  in  the  xxist 
number  of  his  Terrae-Filius  (a  work  by  no  means  implicitly  to 
be  trusted),  reiterated  it  in  the  preface  to  his  edition  of  1726, 
adding  that  the  change  was  creeping  from  the  colleges  even  into 
the  schools,  and  that  '  Locke,  Clarke  and  Bir  Isaac  Newton 
begin  to  find  countenance... and  that  Aristotle  seems  to  totter 
on  his  antient  throne.' 

He  proved  however  to  be  not  so  very  easy  to  dethrone. 
Throughout  that  century,  at  the  ceremony  for  taking  the  degree 
of  B.A.  at  Oxford,  'the  student,  when  formally  asked  the  heads 
of  the  predicables,  formally  replied,  Aristoteles  pro  me  respondehit, 
being  touched  on  the  head  with  a  big  copy  of  the  Stagirite, 
and  rising  haciilo  magis  quam  lauru  dignus^.' 

At  Oxford,  Aristotle  has  been  in  high  favour  from  the  fabu- 
lous times  when  the  Queen's  Scholar  found  him  the  readiest 
weapon  against  even  that  '  bristle-backt  foeV  the  wild  boar, 
on  that  memorable  occasion  when 

'iusteacl  of  aToiding  tlie  mouth  of  the  beast, 
He  ramm'd  in  a  vohime,  and  cried  Graecum  est!' 

In  more  historical  times  it  was  enjoined  that  nothing  in  the 
schools  should  be  defended  against  Aristotle.  This  was  pre- 
scribed by  the  Injunctions  of  Sir  Chr.  Hatton  in  1589 ;  whose 
predecessor,  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  five  years  earlier  had  or- 
dained that  '  six  solemn  lectures  be  read  in  Aristotle.'  Even 
at  the  time  of  the  Great  Rebellion  it  was  observed  in  Parlia- 
ment by  Colonel  Briscoe  (Debate  Dec.  12,  1656,  ap.  Burton's 
Diary),  that  '  est  Aristotelis '  Avas  in  the  University  an  unan- 
swerable argument  '  like  ipse  dixit  with  Pythagoras's  oym 
scholars.' 

^  [Ri.  Robinson]  Oxf.    Undcrgradu-      pare  also  the  pictui'e  in  Oxford  and 
ates'  Journal,  1867,  p.  1G6.  Camb.  Kuts  to  CracJc,  1834,  p.  90. 

a  The  Oxford  Sausage,  17G4,— Com- 


MORALITY.      METAPHYSICS.  12.") 

Cambridge  too  requii'cd  her  sons  to  answer  a  question  in 
'  Aristotle's  Priorums,'  but  how  far  she  ehciteJ  from  them  any 
understanding  or  love  for  his  metaphysics  or  moral  science  is 
perhaps  hardly  doubtful.  Even  in  our  own  times  we  have 
heard  of  the  greek  of  Aristotle  being  well  known  in  a  certain 
manner,  and  diligently  observed,  while  to  give  a  second  thought 
to  the  author's  philosophy  or  its  relation  to  the  thoughts  of 
ancient  or  modern  times  would  have  been  considered  to  be 
extravagance  on  the  part  of  the  classical  scholar. 

Still,  in  the  eighteenth  century,  although  not  'so  devote  to 
Aristotle's  Ethicks^ '  as  her  sister,  Cambridge  did  not  utterly 
neglect  mental  and  moral  science.  Her  Christ  Collesre  Pla- 
tonists  (Ralph  Cudworth*,  and  Henry  More)  of  the  previous 
century  had  accepted  with  certain  important  reservations  the 
Cartesian  as  opposed  to  the  Aristotelian  Philosophy  which  was 
upset  in  the  second  quarter  of  that  century,  and  carried  with 
it  the  ancient  statutable  subjects  for  disputations.  The  writ- 
ings of  Descartes  are  thought  by  Professor  Playfair''  to  have 
kept  their  ground  at  Cambridge  as  late  almost  as  1720,  more 
than  thirty  years  after  the  publication  of  Newton's  discoveries. 
But  Dr  Clarke,  as  we  shall  see,  introduced  first  Descartes  into 
the  academic  course,  and  subsequently  Newton  soon  after 
taking  his  degree  (B.A.  Cai.  1694),  and  very  shortly  after  those 
discoveries  had  been  published  [Principia,  1G87).  We  find 
Ki.  Laughton  of  Clare  also  encouraging  the  study  of  Newton, 
when  tutor  and  moderator,  ten  or  twelve  years  at  least  before 
the  date  assigned  by  Playfair  to  the  introduction  of  that  system. 


1  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  i.  sc.  1.  counted   for  by  matter  ami   motion, 

2  Cudworth  lived  just  long  enough  was  refuted  by  Barrow  in  a  latin 
to  hear  of  Newton's  discoveries,  and  speech  in  1G52.  See  Whetcell  to  De 
died  too  soon  to  read  Locke's  Essay.  Morgan  {Todhunter,  ii.  414),  Philos.  of 
Mullinger's  Cambridge  in  the  wiith  Discovery,  p.  179,  and  Ilist.  Induct. 
Century,  pp.  159 — IGi.  Sciences,  Vol.  ii.  Bk.   vii.  ch.  iv.  §  2. 

*  See  [Whewell's]  strictures  on  this  However,  in  one  passage  {Works,  iii. 

statement  in  3Ius.  Crit.  ii.  515.    Whe-  280)   Jebb   seems    to    imply   that  he 

well  was  of  opinion   that  no  one   at  thought  'the  vortices  of  Des  Cartes' 

Cambridge  had  ever  seriously   enter-  had  been  familiar  and  dominant  at 

taincd  the  cartesian  theory  of  vortices.  Cambridge.     How    far    H.    More   the 

Des  Cartes'  general   hypothesis,  that  platonist  was  a  cartesian  is  discussed, 

all   natural   phenomena    may   be   ac-  by  Dyer,  I'riv.  ii.  fasc.  ii.  p.  219. 


120  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

As  early  as  161)^-  Descartes'  name  as  a  pliilosoplier  liad 
bcguu  to  be  brought  into  disrepute  in  the  tripos  verses,  and  in 
172;|  and  subsequent  years  the  Newtonian  philosophy  is  upheld. 
'Bobus'  Smith,  however,  as  hitely  as  1790,  chose  Cartesii  Prin- 
cipia  for  the  subject  of  one  of  his  humorous  copies. 

But  we  may  find  a  disturbing  force  even  earlier  than 
Newton,  that  is,  in  Bacon. 

'Bacon's  new  philosojihy,'  says  Dyer  {Hist.  Camh.  I.  194), 
'aspired  to  derange  the  old  metaphysics  and  logic,  and  with 
them  the  old  natural  philosophy,  the  subtleties  of  the  former 
being  the  foundation  of  the  latter.  It,  however,  left  a  space 
open  for  a  more  liberal  philosophy,  founded  in  the  operations 
of  nature  and  uniform  experience.  As  far  as  logic  and  meta- 
physics went,  that  place  was  filled  up  by  Locke's  Essay  on  the 
Human  Understanding,  his  inquiry  being,  in  fact,  a  guide  to 
general  metaphysical  reasoning,  a  philosophical  analysis  of  the 
principles  of  logic  (as  some  part  is  of  grammar),  and  founded  on 
the  principles  of  Bacon,  as  the  more  sure  method  of  philoso- 
phizing.' 

Locke's  Essay  appeared  in  1689,  two  years  only  after  the 
publication  of  Newton's  discoveries.  It  is  certain  that  the  author 
had  been  removed  from  his  studentship  at  Christ  Church'  by 
King  James'  command,  and  had  returned  from  abroad  in 
William's  fleet.  His  book  was  not  treated  with  much  favour 
by  his  own  university. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Heads  of  Houses  at  Oxford  (which  was 
pledged"  to  follow  '  Aristotle  and  the  entire  peripatetic  doctrine') 
so  late  as  1703,  it  was  proposed  to  censure  and  discourage  the 
reading  of  itl  John  Wynne  indeed  (afterward  bishop  of  Bath 
and  Wells),  a  great  tutor  in  Jesus  College,  abridged  Locke's 
Essay,  which  he  read  to  his  pupils,  and  persuaded  other  tutors 
to  do  the  like.     Among  these  was  Mr  Milles*,  vice-principal  of 

1  Curious  letters  between  the  E.  of  Fox  Bourne  states  it  fairly. 

Sunderland  and  bp.  Fell  in  Nov.  168i,  ^  ^Y^f.  Acad.  Oxon.  vi.  2. 

relating  to   Locke's   studentship   and  3  ]\Xitsters' Li/c  0/ T.  Baker,  p.  118. 

non-residence  on  the  plea  of  health,  *  Thomas    Millcs,   M.A.    1695,    was 

were  printed  in  1750  in  the  6th  no.  of  rfcf-priucipal;  John  Mills,  or  Mill,  the 

the  Student.     He  is  said  to  have  'be-  Greek  Testament  critic,  was  principal 

longed  to  the  late  Earl  of  Shaftesbury.'  1G85— 1707. 


MORALITY. — LOCKE.  127 

Edmund-hall  (bp.  of  Waterford),  but  Tom  Hearne,  when  an 
undergraduate  there  (1C97 — 1700), '  always  declined'  his  lecture\ 
He  tells  us^  that  in  January,  17j-?,  Dr  Charlett,  of  University 
College,  commended  Locke  as  fair  in  arguing,  and  as  displaying 
wide  knowledge  in  coffee-house  conversation.  At  that  same 
college,  however,  half  a  century  later,  when  Sir  W.  Jones,  the 
Oriental  scholar,  was  an  undergraduate  (1765),  the  only  logic 
in  fcishion  was  the  logic  of  the  Schools.  When  one  of  tlie  fel- 
lows of  Univ.  College  was  reading  Locke  with  his  pupils,  he 
carefully  passed  over  every  passage  wdierein  that  great  meta- 
physician derides  the  old  system  ^ 

Charles  Kidman  of  Benet  College  (B.D.  1G94)  was  one  of 
the  first  to  introduce  the  reading  of  Locke's  Essay  at  Cam- 
bridge*, where  it  took  root  and  flourished  until  about  the  year 
1830.  Indeed,  the  Essay  may  be  said  while  cast  out  from 
Oxford,  not  only  to  have  flourished  at  Cambridge,  but  to  have 
borne  fruit.  Not  only  did  it  become  in  itself  a  text-book,  of 
which  an  analysis  or  'Syllabus'  was  printed  at  Camb.,  12mo. 
1796  (pp.  38),  and  again  in  the  form  of  a  Catechism  in  1824 
(pp.  252),  and  other  years ;  but  it  may  be  said  to  have  produced 
such  popular  books  as  Duncan's  Logic^,  and  Paley's  Moral 
Philosoi)hy'^. 

H,  Lee,  a  fellow  of  Emmanuel  (a  philosopher  of  the  same 
school  as  the  anti-Newtonian,  Ro.  Green  of  Clare),  did  indeed, 
in  1703,  publish  '  Anti- Scepticism,  or  Notes  upon  each  Chapter 
of  Locke's  Essay,  in  four  Books  :'  but  this  did  not  prevent  '  the 
ablest  metaphysicians'  in  our  University  from  being  proud  to 
come  forward  as  '  its  critics  and  commentators.  Hartley '  (con- 
tinues Dyer)  '  was  a  disciple  of  Locke's  school :  his  doctrines  of 
the  Mechanism  of  the  Human  Mind,  and  of  the  Association  of 
Ideas,  are  but  an  enlargement  of  Locke's,  or  rather  a  deduction 
from  it.     His  Doctrine  of  Vibrations  is  considered  more  his 


1  Rdlqn.  Ilearn.  in.  1G2,  163.  ^  Ld.  TcignmoutL's  Life  of  Sir  W. 

^  Ibid.  II.  28.     Hearue  also  with  bis  Jonen,  1815,  p.  39. 

own  band  inscribed  a  very  bouourable  •»  Disney's  Life  of  Sykes,  p.  3. 

commendation   of   Locke  in  tbat  au-  o  Dyer,  Hist.  Camb.  i.  198. 

tbor's  presentation  copies  of  bis  works  «  A.  Sedgwick's  Discourse  (original 

to   the   Bodleian  iu  1701.     (Macray's  cd.),  p.  19. 
Annah,  124.) 


128  rNlVKRSITY   STUDIES. 

own  ;  and  tliongh  Hartley's  Observations  [on  Man,  his  Frame, 
his  Duty,  and  his  Expectations,  2  vols.  8vo.  1749,  by  David 
Hartley,  sometime  fellow  of  Jesus  Coll.  Camb.]  has  not  been 
made  a  Lecture-book  in  our  colleges,  it  has  been  much  read  in 
the  University.  Dr  Law,  late  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  Master  of 
Peterhouse,  published  in  1777  a  fine  edition  of  Locke's  Works, 
toocther  with  a  Life  and  Preface ;  and  the  Moral  Philosophy  of 
Dr  Paley  is  fruit  of  the  same  tree,  though  damaged  in  the 
gathering'.' 

The  Proctors'  book  contains,  among  additions  to  the  statutes, 
a  grace  passed  l-ith  Mar.  18.55,  on  the  recommendation  of  the 
syndicate,  to  the  effect  that  candidates  for  mathematical  honours 
sliould  not  be  required  to  attend  the  'poll'  examination  of 
Paley's  Moral  Philosophy,  the  New  Testament,  and  Ecclesiasti- 
cal History  to  which  they  had  been  insecurely  bound  by  a 
loosely-worded  grace  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Theological 
Syndics'  Report  11  May,  1842. 

The  following  essays  on  Moral,  Political,  or  Social  Phi- 
losophy deserve  to  be  mentioned  : — 

On  the  Slavery  and  Commerce  of  the  Human  Species,  Lend. 
1783,  and  On  the  Impolicy  of  the  African  Slave  Trade,  1787, 
by  T.  Clarkson  (1st  junior  optime,  1783,  Joh.,  where  Wilberforce 
had  taken  his  degree  in  1781),  who  having  gained  the  Middle 
Bachelors'  Members'  Prize,  on  the  slave  trade  in  1785,  wrote 
subsequently  several  other  tracts  on  the  same  subject  and  on 
Quakerism. — Also,  Observations  on  the  Xature  of  Civil  Liberty, 
&c.  Lend.  1776.  Three  prize  Dissertations  (50  guineas  each 
offered  anonymously)  viz :  On  Gaming,  Camb.  1783.,  On  Duel- 
ling, Camb.  1784.,  On  Suicide,  Camb.  1785.  The  three  reprinted 
1812,  all  by  Pi.  Hey,  Magd.  and  Sid.,  3rd  wrangler  and  senior 
medallist,  1768 ;  esquire  bedell,  1772  ;  LL.D.,  1779.  Duelling 
had  been  the  subject  for  the  Seatonian  poem  in  1774 ;  no  prize 
having  been  adjudged  it  was  repeated  for  1775,  when  C.  P. 
Layard  (Joh.)  and  S.  Hayes  (Trin.)  were  successful.  The  duel 
between  two  Pembroke-hall  men  (Applethwaite  shooting  Ry- 
croft)  in  1791,  occasioned  the  sermon  by  T.  Jones,  mentioned  on 
p.  123.     See  Aikin's  Athenaeum  xiii.  (1808)  262,  539. 

1  Pyer,  Hist.  Caml.  i.  195,  196. 


12I> 


List  of  Books 

on  Moral  Philosophy  and  Metaphysics 

recommended  or 

in  \:se  at  Cambridge 

in  1730. 

Adams,  J,  (King's)  On  Self  Murder.     Lond.  1700. 
Attcrbury,  Fr.  (Ch.  Ch.)  Concio  ad  Clerum.    Lond.  1709. 
at  Mr  T.  Benuet's  Funeral,  1706. 

Mr  B.  [  =  J.  Balguy  (Joh.)]   Foundation  of  Moral  Goodness.     172S. 

Barbeyrac,  Jeau  {Lausanne  d:  Groningen)    Puffeudorf,  with  Prefatory   Dissert. 

172-i. 
Baronius,  Vincent  (0.  S.  B.)   Etliica  Christiana.     Paris,  1666. 
Bates,  W.  (Emm.  and  Bang's)     On  the  Existence  of  God.     Lond.  1676. 
Bayle,  Pet.  (Eoterdam)  Diet.  (s.vv.  Manichcans,  Marcionites,  Paulicians,  &c.) ,lCiOo, 
Bentley,  Ei.  (Jo.  and  Trin.)    Boyle  Lectures.     Lond.  1693. 
Berkeley,  G.  (T.C.D.)     Dialogues.     Lond.  1713. 

Treatise  on  the  Princii^les  of  Human  Knowledge.    Dublin,  1710. 

Browne,  Pet.  (T.C.D.)     Procedure  of  the  Understanding.     Lond.  1728. 

Buddeus,  J.  F.  (Halle -tk  Jena)    De  Origine  Mali. 

Burnet,  GU.  (Aberd.)  F.E.S.     De  Statu  Mortuorum.     Lond.  1720,  1727. 

On  the  XXXIX.  Articles.     Lond.  1699,  1720. 

Butler,  Jos.  {Oriel)     Three  Sermons  with  Preface.     1726. 

A.  C.   [  =  Ant.  Collins  (King's)]    On  Liberty  and  Necessity,  1715.     (5^c  Gretton 

and  Jackson). 
Cartesii,  Een.  {La  Flechc)    Mcditationes  1630,  1641. 

de  Methodo.    (1637)  Camb.  1702. 

Principia.     Amst.  1644,  li-c. 

Chambers  (Eplir.)     Dictionary  (s.  vv.  Ahgtract,  General)  1728. 
Cheyne,  G.  {Edinh.)     Philos.  Princip.     Lond.  1715. 
Chubb,  T.     Eeflectione  on  Moral  and  Positive  Duties. 

Collection  of  Tracts,  4to.     Lond.  1730. 

Clarke,  J.  of  Hull  (Pet.)    Foundation  of  MoraUty.     York.  n.  d. 

,  J.  dean  of  Sarum  (Cai.)  Boyle  Lectures  on  Origin  of  Evil.    Lond.  1720,  21. 

Clarke,  S.  (Cai.)     On  the  Catechism.     Lond.  1729. 

Corresp.  with  a  Gentleman  at  Cambridge. 

with  Dodwell.     Lond.  1706. 

Leibnitz.     Lond.  1717. 

On  the  Being  and  Attributes  of  God.     Lond.  1706. 

Evidences  of  Nat.  and  Eovcalod  Ecligion. 

Le  Clerc,  J.  {Geneva)    Logica.  1704.     Lond.  1(')92. 

Pneumatologia.     Amst.  1692. 

CoUiber,  S.     Essay  on  Nat.  and  Eevealcd  Ecligion. 

Impartial  Enquiry  into  the  Being  and  Attributes  of  God,    Lond.  1735. 


130  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES. 

Collier,  Artlinr  (New  Coll.)     Clavia  UnivcrBalis.     Loud.  1713. 

'Country  Clorgynmn's  Letters  to  a  Deist.' 

Cudwortb,  lla.  (Kiimi.  Clare,  Chr.)    Eternal  and  Immutable  Morality.  Lond.  1731. 

— • Intellectual  System.     Lond.  IfiTS. 

Cumberland,  Hi.  (Magd.)  de  Legibus  Naturae.     Lond.  1G72. 

Dawes,  Sir  W.  Abp.  {Joh.;  Catb.)    Sermons.    Lond.  1707  &c. 
Derham,  W.  (Tri7i.)     Astro-Theologia.     Lond.  1711,  1720. 

rbysico-Theologia.    Lond.  1713,  1727. 

Episcopius,  Simon  {Amsterd.)    Instit.  Theol.     Amst.  1GC5 — 71. 

— de  Libero  Ai-bitrio. 

• Respons.  ad  Quaestiones. 

Fabricins,  J.  A.  (Hamh.)  de  Veritate  Rel.  Cbristianae.    Hamb.  1725. 
Fancourt,  Sam.     On  Divine  Prescience.     Lond.  1729. 
Felton,  H.  [Edni.  H.)     On  the  Eesurrection,  1725. 

Fiddes,  Ri.  (Univ.)  Body  of  Divinity,  Vol.  ii.    Preface  on  Morality.   Lond.  1720. 
. On  Hell  Torments. 

Tbeol.  Speculat.     Lond.  1718—20. 

Filmer,  Sir-  Ro.  (Trin.)     Patriarcbia.     Lond.  1C80. 
Fordyce,  Dav.  (J/arisc/jaO    Ethics.     (Loud.  1754.) 

Gastrell,  Fr.  (Ch.  Ch.)    Boyle  Lectures.    Lond.  1703. 
'  Gloucestersliire,'  Gentleman  of.     On  Clarke's  Attributes. 
'sGravesandc,  W.  J.  (Lcyden)    Elem.  Phys.     Lug.  Bat.  1720. 
Green,  Ro.  (Clare)    Pvincip.  Philos.     Camb.  1712. 
Gretton,  Phil.  (Trin.)    Answer  to  A.  C.     Lond.  1730. 

Review  of  the  Argument  a  priori,     1732. 

Grew,  Nebem.  (Pemb.)  Cosmologia  Sacra.    Lond.  1701,  1710. 
Grotius,  Hugo  {Lcyden)     De  Jure  Belli  et  Pacis.    Paris  1C25,  Excerpta  Camb. 
1703. 

Mare  Liberum.    Lug.  Bat.  1609,  <tc. 

De  Veritate  Rel.  Christ.     Lug.  Bat.  1627.     Lond.  1711. 

Gurdon,  Brampton  (Cai.)    Boyle  Lectures.    Lond.  1721. 

Hale,  Sir  M.  {Magd.  Hall)  Primitive  Origination  of  Mankind.     Lond.  1677. 
Hoadley,  Ben.  {Cath.)  Answer  to  Atterbury.     1706,  1710. 

Measure  of  Submission.    Lond.  1706. 

Hobbes,  T.  {Magd.  Hall)  de  Cive.     Paris  1642. 

Human  Liberty.    Lond.  1654.    (Tripos  §  3.    Lond.  1684.) 

Leviathan,  1651,  1680. 

'Homily  against  Rebellion.'     1568. 

Hooker,  Ri.  {C.  C.  C.)  Eccl.  PoUty.  i.    Lond.  1593,  1723. 

Huet,  Pet.  Dan.  {Caen)  Censura  Philos.  Cartes.  1689,  Helmst.  1690. 

Quaestiones  Alnetanae.     Caen  1690. 

Hutcbeson,  Fr.  {Glasgow)  Ideas  of  Beauty,  &c.    Lond.  1725. 

— Illustr.  of  Moral  Sense.     Lond.  1728. 

. The  Passions.    Lond.  1728. 

Jackson,  J.  (Jes.)  Defense  of  Human  Liberty  against  Cato's  Letters.    [T.  Gordon 
and  J.  Treucbard.] 


MORALITY   TEXT-BOOKS   C.    1730.  131 

Jackson,  J.     Vindication  of  Human  Liberty  against  A.  C.  [^\jithony  Collins] 

1730. 
Johnson,  T.  (King's  and  Magd.)      Quaestioncs   Philosophicae.     Camb.   1732, 

1735,  1741. 

King,  W.  Abp.  (T.C.D.)  Predestination.  1703. 

State  of  Protestants  in  L-elaud.     IG'Jl. 

de  Origine  Mali.     Dub),  and  Lond.  1702. 

Translation  and  Preliminary  Dissert.     Lond.  1731,  1732  ; 

Camb.  1735. 
Law,  W.  (Emm.)  Case  of  Eeason. 
Lee,  H.  (Emm.)  against  Locke.     Loud.  1702. 
Leibnitz,  Godf.  W.  {Leips.  d:  Jena)  Correspondence  with  S.  Clarke. 

Essais  de  Theodicce. 

Limborch,  P.  van  [Utrecht)    Theol.  Chr.    Amst.  1686,  1715. 

Locke,  J.  [Ch.  Ch.)  Essay  on  the  Human  Understanding.     Lond.  16yO. 

Familial-  Letters.     Lond.  1708,  1737. 

On  Government.     1690. 

to  the  bp.  of  Worcester.     1697—9. 

Lucas,  Hi.  [Jcs.)     Enquiry  after  Happiness.     2  vols. 
Lupton,  W.  {Line.)     On  Hell  Torments.     Oxon.  1708. 

Malebranche,  Nic.  (Sorhonne)  Search  after  Truth.     (1716)  1720. 
Milton,  J.  (Chr.)  Defensio  Populi  Anglicani.     1651. 
♦Moral  Obligation,'  Essay  on.      [T.  Johnson  (King's  and  Magd.)  1731.] 
More,  H.  (Chr.)  Enchiridion  Etliicum.     Lond.  1669,  1711. 

Nature  and  Efficacy  of  the  Sacraments.      [Dan.Waterland  (Magd.),  1731.] 
Newton,  Is.  (Trin.)  Opticks.     Loud.  1701. 

Principia.     1687. 

Nichols,  W.  (Mcrt.)  Conference  with  a  Theist.     Loud.  1698—1703. 

Norman.     Answer  to  Fancourt. 

Norris,  J.  (Exeter)  Ideal  World.     Lond.  1701—4. 

Miscellanies.     Oxon.  1687.     Lond.  1710. 

Reason  and  Faith.     Loud.  1697. 

Ode,  Ja.     Theol.  Nat.     Traject.  ad  llhen.  1727. 

'Oracles  of  Reason.'     Gildon,  C.  Bloimt,  1690. 

Ostervald,  J.  F.  [Neufcluxtel)  Eth.  Christian.     Lond.  1727. 

Parker,  Sam.  {ISIagd.)  Demonstration  of  the  Law  of  Nature.     Loud.  1681. 

Disput.  de  Deo.     Lond.  1665,  1678. 

Pearson,  J.  (King's,  Trin.)  On  the  Creed.     Lond.  liG50. 
Placette,  J.  de  la.    Of  Conscience  (Amst.  1697,  1C99). 
Plato  de  Legibus  (ed,  Stephens.     Paris,  1578). 

Poiret,  Pet.  (Ilcidelb.  and  Bnh-)  Cogitat.  Ration.     Amst.  1677. 
Puftendorf,  Sam.  (Leips.  d-  Jena)  Law  of  Nature.     (Kennet)  Loud.  1703;  cd.  5. 
1729. 

De  Officio  Hominis  et  Civis.     Loud.  1673,  1715.     Camb. 

Raphson,  Joseph.  (Jes.)    Demonstratio  de  Deo.     -ito.     Lond.  1710. 
.    De  Spatio  Reali.     4to.     Lond.  1702. 

Epist.  dc  Auimac  Nat.  ct  ImmortaUtate,     1710. 

'J— 2 


132  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Kay,  J.  (Trill.)  F.Il.9.     Ou  Creation.     Lond.  1G91...1722. 

—  Physico-Tlicol.  Discourwert.     Lond.  1(J'J'2...1717. 
*Ilcinil)lick  of  Letters,'  I'rescut  State  of  the.     July  1728. 

Ilolianlt,  Ja.  (/'rtri.s-)    riiysiai  fr.  TariH  1071;  lat.  Lend.  1G82 ;  engl.  J.  and  S. 

Clarke  1710,  1718. 
Rust,  G.  (Canib.)  On  Truth.     Lond.  IG82. 
Kymer  (?)     llevealed  liehgion. 

Sachcvcrell's  Trial,  1710. 

Salmasius,  CI.  [Heidclb.)     Defcnsio  Regia.     Amst.  1050. 

Sanderson,  Eo.  (Line.)    De  Obligatione  Consciwitiae.    Lond.  1001. 

— ■ —    Jurameuti.  Lond.  1722. 

Scot,  J.  (Oxon.)  Christian  Life.     Lond.  1081—6.     Ed.  9.     1729. 

Selden,  J.  (Hart  Hall)  Mare  Clausiun.    Lond.  1630, 

Shaftesbury,  Ant.  Ashley  Cooper.    Inquiry  concerning  Yii-tuc  (Characteristics  ii.) 

1711— 2a. 

Sharp,  J.  (Chr.)  Abp,     Sermons.     Lond.  1729—35. 

Sharrock,  Ro.  (New  Coll.)  De  Fiuibus  Virtutis  Chr.     Oxon.  1673. 

Sherlock,  W.  (Pet.)     On  a  Future  State.    Loud.  1705. 

Ou  Future  Judgment.    Lond.  1092,  1715. 

Sidney,  Algernon.     On  Government.    Loud.  1098,  1704. 
Smith,  J.  (Qu.)  Select  Discourses.     1660. 

Spinoza,  Benet.  (Amstcrdavi)  Opera  Posthuma.     1077. 
Stilliugfleet,  Ed.  (Joh.)  Irenicum.     Lond.  1059. 

Origines  Sacrae.    Lond.  1602. 

Strutt,  S.     On  Locke's  chapter  of  Power. 

Swinden,  Tobias.  (Jes.)    Treatise  of  Hell.     Appendix.     Lond.  171 1,  1727. 

Taylor,  Jer.  (Cai.)  Ductor  Dubitantium.     Lond.  1060. 
Templer,  J.  (IVin.)  against  Hobbes.     Lond.  1073, 
Tillotsou,  J.  (Clare)  Sermons.    Lond.  1707—12. 

Ward,  Seth  (Sid.,  Trin.)  Immortality  of  the  Soul.     Oxon.  1052. 

Watts,  Isaac.     Logic.     Lond.  1725. 

Webster,  W.  (Cai.)    Answers  prefixed  to   [L.  Maimbourg''s]   Hist,  of  Arianisra. 

1728. 
Whitby,  Dan.  (Trin.)  Ethics.     Compcnd.  in  usum  juvent.     Oxon.  1681,  1713. 

Appendix  to  2  Thess.     1703. 

Wilkins,  J.  (New  Inn,  iliijid.  H.,  Wadh-  and  Trin.)    Nat.  Religion.     Lond.  1075. 
Wollastou,  W.  (Sid.)  Religion  of  Nature  Delineated.     1724. 


Of  the  Cambridge  professors  of  CASUISTRY  in  the  last  cen- 
tury, two  (Colbatcli  and  ^Yalker,  1707,  1744)  were  in  different 
ways  eminent  for  their  connexion  with  Bentley,  two  (Dr  Ed- 
mund  Law',    17G4,   and   Geo.  Borlase,    1788)  as  members  of 

^  Bp.  Watson  (.intobiofj.  i.  13.)  calls  Dr  Law  'one  of  the  best  metaphysicians 
of  his  time. ' 


CASUISTRY.  133 

Pctcrliousc  liaJ  some  interest  among  the  electors.  They  were, 
however,  all  men  of  some  note  in  their  day ;  but  the  last  of 
them  at  least  did  not  lecture ;  indeed,  I  believe  Dr  Whewell 
was  the  first  to  do  so.  Ro.  Plumptre,  master  of  Queens',  who 
succeeded  Dr  Law  in  17G9,  was  the  author  of  a  pamphlet  called 
Hints  respecting  some  of  the  Univ,  Oficers,  1782.  Casuistry 
seems  to  have  been  an  extinct  science  with  us  in  the  last 
century^;  and  in  the  present  this  professoi"ship  took  for  a  time 
the  title  of  Moral  Theology^  In  the  17th  century  the  Stuarts 
had  encouraged  this  important  subjective  enquiry.  It  was  a 
study  after  James  I.'s  own  heart.  Ho.  Sanderson  (Line.  Coll. 
Oxon.),  chaplain  to  King  Charles  I.  and,  after  the  Restoration, 
bishop  of  Lincoln,  was  one  of  the  most  scientific  expositors  of  this 
science.  His  Ten  Lectures,  delivered  in  1G47  and  printed  in 
IGGO  (Praelectiones,  IGGl),  were  a  most  important  contribution 
to  the  art.  In  1G78  were  published  Nine  Cases  of  Conscience, 
Avhich  he  had  given  out  in  two  parts  in  1GG6,  1GG8.  A  Latin 
version  was  printed  at  Cambridge  in  1G88.  Some  sliort  tracts  on 
Cases  of  Conscience  were  appended  to  an  edition  of  his  Life  by 
Walton  in  1685 1  Among  the  divines  who  gave  practical  appli- 
cation to  these  principles  were  two  men  of  very  different  dispo- 
sitions,— Jeremy  Taylor  of  Caius  (and  All  So-uls,,  Oxon),  author 
of  Ductor  Duhitantium,  or  the  Rule  of  Conscience  in  all  her 
General  Measures,  ed.  1,  IGGO,  ed.  2,  1G71 ; — and  Ri.  Baxter, 
who  in  his  Christian  Directory,  published  in  1G73,  propounds 
and  answers  many  centuriae  of  subtle  and  practical  doubts  and 
cases  of  conscience  with  the  nicety  of  S.  Thom.as  Aquinas. 

Bp.  Joseph  Hall  (Emman.)  of  Norwich  is  referred   to  by 
Taylor  (preface  to  Ductor  Duhitantium).   Hall  wrote  Resolutions 

^  A  cause  to  which  Jcr.  Taylor  at-  Case  of  Conscienoe>' Lond.  1592,  Cam6. 

tributeil  the   scnrcity  of  EngUsli  au-  1595,  &c.    aud    'Tlio    wliole    treatise 

thorities  was  'the  careless  aud  need-  of  Cases  of   Conscience,'  Lwid.   4to. 

less  neglect  of  receiving  private  Cou-  IGll. 

fessions.'     Vtciaccio  JJitctorDuhitan-  "  Wliewell  and  Grote  abandoned  the 

tiuin  (or,  as  Whewell  would  have  called  popular  Paleian   sytitcm,  and  revived 

it,  '  Medulla  Dubitationum').    Among  the  Butlerian  principle  of  the  Moral 

authors  he  refers  to  W.  Perkins  (Chr.),  Sense. 

who  published  Aureae  Cdsiium   Con-  *  Sanderson's   Artis  I.ogicae   Com- 

scientiae  Dcci.^iones,  Tribus  Libris,  &c.  pcnuliitm  had  been  printed  for  him  at 

Basle,  12'"°-  IGOi),  translated  from  'A  his  own  University  in  1C18. 


13t  UNIVEUSITV    STUDIES. 

and  Decisions  of  divers  practical  Cases  of  Conscience,  fol.  Lond. 
1049. 

Tho.  Barlow  {Queens  Coll.,  Bodley's  Librarian),  the  second 
bp.  of  Lincoln  of  that  sirname,  took  up  his  predecessor  Sander- 
son's work,  by  considering  sundry  Cases  of  Conscience,  which 
were  published  posthumously  in  1692. 

H.  Feme,  S.  Mary  Hall  Oxon.  and  Trin.  Coll.  Camb.,  bp. 
of  Chester,  published  in  Dec.  1G42  (Cambridge,  E.  Freeman  and 
T.  Dunster)  The  Resolving  of  Conscience  upon  this  Question 
Whether. ..Subjects  may  take  Arms  and  resist?  and  Whether 
that  case  be  now?  4to.  pp.  51.  Also  Conscience  Satisfied  that 
there  is  no  warrant  for  the  Arms  now  taken  np  hij  Subjects. 
Oxon.  1G43,  4to. 

J.  Norman  wrote  Cases  of  Conscience,  Lond.  1G73,  of  which 

1  know  nothing. 

Watt,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  does  not  record  a  single  eigh- 
teenth century  book  of  English  casuistry ;  and  indeed  casuistry 
w^ould  be  of  small  use  without  canonists,  of  whom  even  the 
commencement  of  that  century  could  claim  but  the  small  list 
given  in  a  note  on  p.  138,  and  perhaps  Humphry  Hody  (Wadh., 
Gk.  Prof.,  and  Archd.),  and  the  Cambridge  non-jurors,  J.  John- 
son (Bene't),  and  Lawr.  Howel  (Jes.),  and,  perhaps  one  of  the 
greatest,  John  Ayliffe,  ejected  fellow  of  JS^ew  College,  (author  of 
'the  Antient  and  Present  State  of  the  University  of  Oxford,' 

2  vols.  1714),  who  published  his  Parergon  Juris  Canonici 
Anglicani,  1726;  also  'The  Law  of  Pawns,'  1732,  and  'A  new 
Pandect  of  the  Roman  Civil  Law,'  (with  a  bibliographical  list) 
fol.  1734. 


CHAPTER  XI. 


LAW. 


A  Serjeant  of  the  Lawo  ware  and  wise, 
That  often  liadde  y  been  at  tlie  Parvis '. 

Chaucer's  Prologue. 


In  old  times  the  faculty  of  Law  undertook  to  teach  the  jus 
utrumque,  and  to  give  separate  degrees  in  Cauou  and  Civil 
Law^ 

The  old  English  Canon  Law  consisted  of  the  body  of  Icga- 
tine  and  provincial  canons,  promulgated  and  adopted  in  this 
country,  as  well  as  the  Roman  corpus  of  Decretals,  Clementines 
and  Extravacjants  collected  in  the  twelfth  and  three  followiu<]r 
centuries.  The  decretum  of  Gratian  of  course  included  Mer- 
cator's  forged  additions  to  Isidore,  on  which  so  much  of  the 
pretensions  of  the  See  of  Rome  is  founded. 

Though  there  were  separate  degrees  in  Canon  and  Civil  law, 
there  was  yet  a  close  connexion  between  the  two,  so  that  (a.s 
Mr  Mulliuger  shews)  when  Occam  attacked  one  he  aimed  a 
blow  at  the  other.  They  were  connected  also  in  the  university 
course,  i.e.  a  candidate  for  the  doctor's  degree  was  not  allowed 
to  enter  on  Canon  law  until  he  had  heard  lectures  in  Civil  for 

1  Parvis  (paradisus),  a  leau-to  build-  ^  In  Bedell  Stokys'  Book  (ap.  Toa- 

ing,  such  as  was  used  by  the  lawyers  cock  On  the  Statutes)   are  given  tho 

at  S.  Paul's,  and  by  the  scholars  at  proceedings  at  the   '  Vepers  in  Canon 

S.  Mary's  church,  Oxon.  for  the  after-  and  Cicell,  and  the  Commensment  in 

noon  exercise  of 'sitting  in  generals 'or  Canon  and  CinjlV  aa  they  were  cou- 

little-go  (in  paruiso)  iuramcnti  (jratia.  dueled  about  1555. 


136  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

three  ycarsV  It  is  interesting  to  observe  from  tlie  information 
gathered  in  Mr  J.  B.  Mullingor's  early  History  of  Cambridge 
(1873),  how  the  study  of  law  was  from  the  first  little  en- 
couraged in  the  universities ;  and,  as  respect  for  learning  and 
culture  increased,  the  law  of  the  period  met  with  disinterested 
(Ztscouragement.  And,  on  the  other  hand,  when  Pope  John 
XXII.  had  ordered  the  Constitutions  and  Decretals  to  be  read 
in  the  schools  at  Cambridge  in  1317,  that  study  had  tended  to 
exterminate  others  of  greater  estimation^.  In  the  fourteenth 
and  fifteenth  centuries  the  statutes  of  several  halls  and  colleges 
permitted  a  limited  number  of  inmates  to  study  Canon  law 
with  special  permission,  and  a  still  smaller  number  to  read 
Civil  law. 

Although  a  stop  had  been  put  to  the  ancient  study  by  K. 
Henry  VIII.'s  royal  prohibition,  yet  '  afterwards'  (says  Fuller) 

'Scholars  applyed  themselves  to  the  reforined  Canon-Law 

■ko  enable  themselves  for  Chancellours,  Officials,  &c,  in  several 
Dioceses:  yet  so  that  Canon-Law  did  never  after  stand  hy  it 
self  (as  subsisting  a  distinct  Faculty  wherein  any  commenced) 
but  was  annexed  to  Civil-Law,  and  the  Degree  denominated 
from  the  later.  And  although  Civilians  keep  Canon-Law  in 
Commendam  with  their  own  Profession,  yet  both  twisted  toge- 
ther are  scarce  strong  enough  (especially  [1655]  in  our  sad 
dayes)  to  draw  unto  them  a  liberal  Livelihood ^' 

It  is  only  surprising  that  the  study  did  not  expire  alto- 
gether, considering  the  sudden  failure  of  the  Reformatio  Legum 
Ecclesiasticaruni  (1551 — 3),  on  the  death  of  K.  Edward  VI. 
English  Canon  Law  Imd  been  limited,  and,  so  to  speak,  embodied 
in  the  Statute  law  two  years  before  Henry  forbade  its  study. 
25  Hen.  VIII.  cap.  19.  §  7  gives  express  sanction  to  the  then 
received  cartons,  constitutions,  &c.  which  are  not  contrary  to 
the  general  laws  of  the  realm.     Even  received  foreign  Canon 

^  They  interpenetrated  even  in  the  onem  Divcrsitatis.     And  iff  the  Scolys 

university  cei"€mouies.    At  the  'Ves-  be  hx  Cijvyll,  tlie  yougest  Doctoitr  in 

pcrs  in  Canon  and  Civil '  (on  the  day  Canon  shall  aske  Eationem  Diversita- 

beforo   commencement)    the    proctor  tis.'   Bedell   Stokys'  Book  (1555)   ap. 

was  to  say  '■to  the  yongest  Doctoiu:  in  Peacock's  Statutes  Univ.  Camb.  p.  I. 
Cyi-ill    iff    the    Scolys   be    kepte    in  ^  Pyer,  Priv.  Cant.  i.  14,  534. 

Canon,  Domine  Doctor,  (lueratis  Eati-  ^  ruUcr,  Hist.  Camb.  %  vi.  cud. 


CANON   LAW.  137 

Law  was  incliKled  under  these  terms  according  to  caj).  21.  §  1. 
Coke's  opinion,  as  given  in  Gibson's  Codex,  p.  xxix,  was  that 
*  when  the  Convocation  makes  Canons  concerning  matters  which 
properly  appertain  to  them,  and  the  Sovereign  has  confirmed 
them,  they  are  binding  on  the  whole  realm.'  Lord  Hardwicke, 
however,  laid  down  that  the  post-reformation  constitutions  of 
the  church,  after  royal  confirmation,  bind  the  spiritual  body,  as 
between  members  of  that  body,  but  not  the  laity \  at  any  rate 
not  so  as  to  subject  them  to  pecuniary  penalties. 

Lord  Hardwicke,  moreover,  (when  he  was  known  as  Mr 
Attorney-General  Yorke)  had  laid  down'^  that  the  law  by 
which  the  university  itself  was  governed  internally  was  a  com- 
pound of  Civil  and  Canon  Law,  and  that  our  universities  (like 
that  of  Paris)  had  been,  by  various  gi-ants  from  the  crown, 
freed  from  the  courts  of  Common  Law,  the  University  courts 
being  practically  subject  to  the  jus  utrumque^.  Such  con- 
siderations may  have  in  some  measure  modified  the  effects 
of  that  sweeping  royal  edict  of  the  sturdy  Tudor  monarch  to 
the  partial  results  of  which  we  have  referred,  and  which  is 
thus  recorded : — 

K.  Henry  VIII.  '  stung  (as  Fuller  says)  with  the  dilatoric 
pleas  of  the  Canonists  at  Rome  in  point  of  his  marriage,  drd  in 
revenge  destroy  their  whole  Hive  throughout  the  Yniversities.' 
Accordingly,  in  his  Injunctions  of  1534-5,  he  ordered  that 
thenceforward  no  degree  nor  even  lectures  should  be  given 
in  Canon  Law*. 

In  Q.  Mary's  reign  three  persons  graduated  in  that  faculty^ 
It  was  admitted  indeed  that  the  Canon  Law  "s\^s  supposed  to 
be  included  in  Civil  Law  :  and  a  few  enthusiasts,  like  Hearne, 
may  have  dreamt  of  a  good  time  coming,  when  it  should  again 

1  This  implies  (I  siipposc)  that  the       Canon  Law  at  all. 

laity  are  not  held  to  bo  so  bound  in  ^  l^ycr,  Ili^it,  Camb^  i.  75,  70.  Friv. 

foro    cxteriore ; — in  foro    conscietitiae  Camb.  i.  413 — 5. 

every  churchman  is  bound.  ■*  Fuller,  ut  sitpra.     IIo  had  somc- 

2  [Kurd's]  Opinion  of  an  Eminent  thing  of  a  precedent  in  the  prcJiibitiou 
Laivyer,  1751.  On  the  other  hand  Dr  of  Civil  law  laid  upon  the  university  of 
Chii]mi&n,inhia  Inquiry  into  the  Bight  Paris  by  Honorius  III.  in  1220,  and 
of  Appeal  (sec  my  Univ.  Life,7i,  630),  not  finally  removed  till  1()79. 

had   maintained   that  the  university  *  Peacock  On  the  Statutes,  Ai)peu- 

was  subject  to  Civil  only  and  not  to       dis,  p.  /.  note. 


138  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

])C  recognized  })y  ft  special  degree.  lie  even  knew  an  M.A.  of 
Balliol  (C.  Browne,  1716),  who  had  intended  to  proceed  to 
the  Bachelor  and  Doctor  of  Canon  Law;  only  he  died*.  I3r 
Gardiner,  the  Vice-chancellor  of  that  time,  told  him  that  they 
could  not  indeed  hinder  him,  but  that  it  would  be  very  trouble- 
some. 

A  few  university  canonists  are  mentioned  in  the  note*. 

Thomas  Wood  (New  Coll.)  LL.D.  (1703)  and  Barrister  at 
Law,  author  of  the  Institute  of  the  Laws  of  England  [1720  ;  cd. 
10,  1772],  published  anonymously  in  1708  Some  ThoiigJits  con- 
cerning the  Study  of  the  Laws  of  England,  Farticularbj  in  the 
Tiuo  Universities,  in  a  Letter  to  the  Head  of  a  College  in 
Oxford\ 

He  says  'the  (7a?ion- Law  is read  and  practised  within 

the  Universities.  And  even  Divines  think  themselves  under 
a  necessity  to  read  the  Institutes  drawn  up  by  Lancellot  [Ant- 
werp, 1566],  or  Cormnus,  and  to  consult  the  Decrees  and  the 
Decretals  with  the  chief  Canonists  for  settling' of  Cases  of 
Conscience,  and  to  inform  themselves  in  Church  History.  This 
method  also  is  so  far  commendable :  and  if  Divines  would 
inspect  the  Registers  of  our  Ecclesiastical  Courts  and  Clark 
[Praxis  Fr.  Clark  in  Foro  Ecclesiastico,  1666],  as  to  the  general 
Practice,  they  might  be  sufficiently  qualified  for  the  Offices  in 
those  Courts ;    the  Profits  of  which  honourable  Posts  are  often 

1  Beliqn.  Eearn.  Bliss  in.  1G5,  ^  Ed.  2, 1727.   Bodl.  Godicin  Pamph. 

^  David  Wilk ins,  receiyed  the  degree  22.    Wood    published    also    in    1712 

of    D.  D.    at   Cambridge,   1717.   anno  (Bowyer's  press,  v.  ed.  4.  1730)  A  new 

aetatis  sitae  32.    He  edited  Leges  Sax-  Institute  of  the  Imperial  or  Civil  Laic, 

onicae  (1721),  and  Concilia  a.d.  416 —  with  Notes ;  shewing  in  some  principal 

A.D.  1717.     (4  Vols.  1737.)  cases,. ..hoio  the  Canon  Law,  the  Laws 

Bp.  Edm.  Gibson,  M.A.  1694,Queen's  of  England,  and  the  Laws  aiid  Customs 

Coll.    Oxon.  — Codex    Juris    Ecclesiae  of  other  Nations,  difer  from  it.   In  Four 

Anglicanae.    Loud.  1713,  Oxou.  1761.  Books.    8vo.     In  1756  au  oration  on 

nichard   Grey,  M.A.  1718-19,  Lin-  the   same    subject  was    delivered    in 

colnColl.0.ron.wTote  (beside  J/^'Hioria  Trinity  HaU  chapel   by   [Sii-]  James 

Technica)  A  System  of  Ecclesiastical  Marriott,  a  fellow  of  the  society,  short- 

Law  (abridged  from  Gibson's  Codex),  ly  before  he  took  his  doctor's  degree. 

1730,  for  which  the   University  con-  It  was  afterwards  pubUshed  under  the 

ferred  on  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  title  De  Historia  et  Ingenio  Juris  Ci- 

EichardBurn,  D.C.Ij.  1762,  Qneen's  vilis  et  Canonici,   cum  Comparatione 

Coll.  Oxon. — Ecclesiastical  Law,  1760-  Legum  Anghae. 
65.     For  others  see  p.  134. 


CIVIL    LAW.  139 

of  necessity  given  to  the  Laity  over  the  Clergy As  to  the 

common  Business,  Lijnwood^  [Constit.  Provincial,  1557],  Degfj 
[Parson's  Counsellor,  1676],  Godolphin  [Repertorium  Canoni- 
cuni,  1678],  Watson^  [Complete  Incumbent,  1701],  &c.  are  the 
Oracles  which  our  best  Canonists  will  vouchsafe  to  consult  upon 
all  occasions ;  and  every  Student  may  quickly  learn  the  skill 
of  turning  to  an  Index  as  well  as  the  most  celebrated  Prac- 
tisers.'     (N.B.  'Degg'  =  Sir  Simon  Degge.) 

But  at  this  time  it  was  practically  only  the  Civil  Law  which 
was  taught  by  the  University  professors. 

Civil  Law  was  encouraged  by  archbishop  Theobald  and 
taught  at  Oxford  as  early  as  1149,  when  Vicarius  lectured  on 
the  Pandects.  He  was  silenced  by  K.  Stephen,  and  many 
of  the  text-books  were  destroyed  by  private  persons.  These 
books  had  been  pauperibiis  praesertim  destinati: — whence 
Oxford  law-students  were  known  as  paupenstae^.  So  closely 
was  the  study  of  civil  law  entwined  with  that  of  the  canonist, 
that  the  blow  struck  at  the  one  by  K,  Henry  VIII.  was  almost 
fatal  to  the  other.  In  the  first  year  of  K.  James  (1603)  there 
were  rumours  at  Oxford  that  the  very  existence  of  the  faculty 
of  (Civil)  Law  was  threatened*,  but,  a  demonstration  being 
made  in  convocation  by  Dr  Leonard  Hutten  (deputy  Vice- 
chancellor),  and  Dr  H  Marten  of  New  College,  letters  were 
sent  to  the  Chancellor  and  to  the  earl  of  Devonshire,  and  the 
danger  was  averted^. 

This  study  had  been  restored  at  Cambridge  in  165 4- 5  on 

^  Lindewood  was  Cliaplam  to  Abp.  Henry  the  VIII.  a  sufficient  number 

Chicbcly,  Dean  of  Arches,  and  after-  of  [civilians]  could  not  bo  found  for 

wards  bp.  of  St  David's  in  1441.     His  the  public  service,  more  particularly 

Constitutions  was  one  of  the  few  books  in  foreign  embassies  and  negotiations, 

popular  in  the  15th  century  (Words-  It  arose  from  a  strong  foeliup;  of  this 

worth,  Ecch  Biog.  [Tindall]   ii.  129)  deficiency  that  the  Protector  Somerset 

and  by  use  it  became  practically  the  proposed  to  couibmo  Clare  Hall  with 

authoritative  digest  and  Corpus  Juris  Trinity  Hall   and   the    Hostel  of    St 

Canonici  for  England.  Nicholas  in  one  great  college  for  the 

-  The   author  is  supposed  to  have  study  of  the  civil  law :  but  the  accom- 

been  not  Watson,  but  Place  of  York.  plishmcnt  of  this  project  was  defeated 

3  Mullinger,7/i.s/.rHjr.Cfl?n&.  (1873)  by   the    death   of    the    young    king.' 

p.  38.     Maiden's  Essay  on  f/ic  Or/i/i/i  Peacock,  S/aM//<'s,  App.  A. /.  note.  Our 

of  Univ.  p.  73.  first  M.P.s,  ItJOJ,  wore  D.C.L.s. 

••  'Before  the  end  of  the  reign  of  ■''  A.  Wood's  ,ln;i</fs,  ii.  281. 


1-10  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

the  petition  (»f  the  university  addressed  to  parliament  and  sup- 
jxHted  by  the  civilians  of  ])octors'  Commons.  Sir  Matt.  Hale, 
while  he  preferred  the  national  system,  used  to  lament  the 
neglect  of  Civil  Law  as  a  study,  so  highly  did  he  value  the 
Digests  or  Pandects  of  Justinian  as  setting  f(jrth  the  grounds 
and  reasons  of  the  science  \  The  University  degree  continued 
to  be  required  in  the  advocates  of  Doctors'  Commons. 

The  Regius  Professor  of  Civil  Law  at  Cambridge  was  prac- 
tically a  Trinity  Hall  lecturer.  Thomas  Ayloffe  was  the  first 
apponited  in  that  century  (1702).  He  was  succeeded  in  1714 
by  Francis  Dlckins,  a  friend  of  the  famous  T.  Baker,  the  St 
John's  sociits  eiectus.  Of  Dickins  Zachary  Grey  says,  'No 
Professor  (I  may  venture  to  say)  from  the  Foundation  ever 
made  a  greater  Figure  in  the  Chair,  and  few  I  believe  have 
equalled  him.  His  Command  in  the  purest  Latin  Tongue, 
.placed  him  upon  a  Level  in  that  Respect,  with  two  of  our  most 
celebrated  Professors  of  Divinity,  Dr  Beaumont  and  Dr  James, 
the  one  Master  of  Peterhouse,  and  the  other  of  Queens'  Col- 
lege ;  and  was  not  supposed  to  fall  greatly  short  of  them  in 
knowledge  of  the  Questions  and  Management  of  the  Dispu- 
tations. And  his  Determinations  upon  some  of  the  Questions 
that  came  before  him  were  so  excellent  that  they  were  much 
attended  to  and  admired ;  and  an  eminent  Divine  has  been 
heard  to  declare  more  than  once,  there  were  some  Passages 
in  St  Paul's  Epistles,  he  could  not  comprehend  till  he  heard 
them  explained  by  him  in  the  most  satisfactory  manner  from 
the  Roman  Laws^' 

The  requirements  of  the  Cambridge  statutes  for  a  degree 
in  laws  were  by  no  means  small ;  but  so  utterly  were  they 
disregarded  (perhaps  for  that  very  reason,  as  being  hopelessly 
impracticable),  that  it  was  necessary  in  1768  to  enact  that  none 
should  be  admitted  B.C.L.  who  could  not  produce  a  certificate 
to  the  effect  that  he  had  attended  lectures  for  tJwee  terms.  The 
statute  required  ^I'e  years^. 

Nevertheless  a  harry-soph's  gown*  and  a  law  degi-ee  con- 

1  Cooper's  Annals,  in.  -163.    Words-  ^  Camh.  Calendar,  1802,  pp.  19,  20. 

woxih.,  Ecch.Biog.  w.  5i0.  *  'The   practice   of    studying    civil 

■•'  Masters'  Life  of  T.  Baker,  p.  110.        law  without  reforcuco  to  professional 


CIVILIANS. 


141 


tinned  to  be  the  refuge  of  the  lazy  and  the  dullard  (as  at  a 
later  period  '  the  botany  poll'  became)  ;  but  the  more  respect- 
able lawyers,  on  the  other  hand,  •were  wont  to  contend  for 
honours  in  the  (philosophico-mathematical)  tripos,  thereby 
securing  some  amount  of  culture  before  devoting  themselves  to 
their  professional  studies. 

Anclreiu  PemheHon  of  Peterhouse,  the  university  commis- 
sary in  1779,  was  sixteenth  wrangler  in  17-51. 

Francis  Maseres  of  CLtre,  attorney-general  of  Quebec,  and 
cursitor-baron  of  the  exchequer,  was  4th  wrangler  and  primary 
senior  chancellor's  medallist  1752,  and  enjoyed  some  reputation 
as  an  algebraist. 

Samuel  Hallifax  of  Jesus -and  Trin.  H«,ll'  was  Srd  wrangler 
and  senior  medallist  in  1754.  In  1770  he  was  law  professor. 
He  wrote  an  Analysis  of  the  Roman  Civil  Law,  which  appears 
to  have  been  employed  as  a  text-book  for  lectures  by  Dr  Joseph 
Jowett^  (LL.B.  Trin.  Hall,   1775),  his  successor  in  1781.     It 


views,  and  too  often  with  a  view  of 
escaping  the  more  severe  studies  which 
are  required  for  the  degree  of  bachelor 
of  arts,  has  not  tended  to  augment  the 
estimation  in  which  the  faculty  is  held, 
notwithstanding  the  very  laudable  ef- 
forts which  have  been  made  by  tho 
present  professor  of  civil  law  to  main- 
tain its  credit  and  character. '  [J.  W. 
Geldart,  LL.D.  Cath.  and  Trin.  Hall, 
was  not  succeeded  by  Sir  H.  S.  Maine 
until  1847.]  Peacock  On  the  Statutes 
(1841),  App.  h..p.\\.n.  A  Quarterly 
llcvkwer  says  (1827,  p.  2C2),  '  The  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law  at  Cambridge,  where 
there  is  a  college  expressly  endowed 
for  this  study,  obliges  all  law-students 
to  attend  his  lectures  and  examina- 
tions ;  and  has  of  late  j'ears  published 
the  names  of  those  who  distinguish 
themselves  classed  in  the  order  of 
merit.  But  as  the  university  at  largo 
have  little  information  and  feel  little 
interest  concerning  these  proceedings, 
in  which  ho  is  solo  arbiter,  his  hon- 
ours, like  foreign  titles,  lose  tho 
greater  i>art  of  tlieir  dignitj'  tiie  mo- 


ment they  pass  tho  confines  of  the 
small  territory  where  they  have  been 
conferred.' 

1  I  have  seen  a  printed  notice  of 
professorial  lectures  on  tlie  Civil  Law 
to  commence  in  Trin.  Hall  on  Monday, 
12  Nov.  1787,  at  10  a.m. 

^  Dr  Jowett,  who  was  tutor  of  Trin. 
Hall,  was  a  man  of  small  stature. 
About  1790,  he  enclosed  a  little  corner 
from  the  public  way  to  plant  as  a 
garden,  wherospon  some  one  (Porsou, 
it  is  said)  wrote — 

A  little  garden  little  Jowett  made 
And  fenced  it  with  a  little  palisade; 
A  little  taste  had  little  Dr  Jowett, 
This  little  garden  doth  a  little  show  it. 

Or  in  Latin, 

Exiguum  liunc  hortum  fecit  Jowcttu- 
lus  isto 
Exiguus,  uallo  et  niuniit  cxiguo: 
Exigui)  hoc  horto   fors:in   Juwettulus 
iste 
Exiguus  mcntcm  i>rodidit  exiguani. 

Tlie    professor   having  afterward  liiid 


142  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

contained  the  heads  of  ITallifax's  own  course  of  Law  lectures, 
and  was  printed  several  times  at  Cambridge  (1774,  1779,  1705). 
I  believe  it  was  the  only  thing  printed  by  a  regius  professor  of 
Civil  Law  at  either  university  in  the  last  century !  Hallifax 
was  also  professor  of  arable  (17G8),  and  bishop  of  Gloster  and 
St  Asaph  (1781,  1789). 

John  Wilson  of  Peterhouse,  of  the  Common  Pleas,  was  senior 
wrangler  in  1761. 

Jeremiah  Pemberton  of  Pembroke,  the  commissary  in  1784, 
was  2nd  wrangler  and  senior  medallist  in  1762. 

Ri.  Peirper  Ardeii  (lord  Alvanley),  of  the  Common  Pleas,  of 
Trinity,  12th  wrangler  in  17CG. 

Edward  Law  (lord  EUenborough)  of  Peterhouse,  was  3rd 
wrangler  and  senior  medallist  in  1771. 

Ediuai'd  Christian  of  S.  John's,  first  Downing  Professor,  was 
3rd  wrangler  in  1779. 

Not  one  of  these  took  a  degree  in  law  except  professor 
Hallifax,  and  that  not  until  ten  years  after  his  degree  in  arts. 

T.  Wood,  in  the  tract  (1708)  to  which  reference  has  been 
made  already,  asks,  *Wiiy  should  not  the  Common  Law  of 
England  be  studied  at  the  universities;  being  "of  infinitely 
more  use  amongst  us  even  than  the  Civil  and  Canon  Laws",  and 
of  more  value  (as  he  says)  than  the  ordinary  studies  of  those 
societies  ?'  *  Because  of  this  Ignorance  you  may  often  hear  our 
Lawyers  say,  they  had  rather  have  any  other  Clients  than 
Clergymen  or  Scholars ;  for  they  ask  so  many  odd  Questions, 
and  will  have  a  Reason  for  everything  in  their  own  way : 
whereas  a  good  Reason  in  the  Schools  is  not  always  a  good 
Reason  in  a  Cou7'V  He  shews  the  practical  utility  of  a  know- 
ledge of  Common  Law  for  Country  Gentlemen,  University  Resi- 
dents, and  the  Clergy  \  whose  predecessors  used  to  study  the 

out  his  estate  in  gravel,  the  following  and  a  lawsuit.    Facetiae  Cantab,  ii.  200. 

postscript  was  added  : —  G.  Pryme's  BecoU.  216.  Gunning  ii.  i. 

Because  this  garden  made  a  little  talk,  i  ^^^^^^    iq^q    Matthew  Eobiuson, 

He  changed  it  to  a  little  gi-avel  walk.  j^j^^jj^g  ^gf^  his  fellowship  at  St  John's 

The  false  reputation  of  having  writ-  Camb.  for  a  country  cui-e,  was  already 

ten  the  epigram,  coupled  with  his  no-  '  by    reading    the    councils    well    ac- 

torious  whiggery,    cost    (archd.)    Fr.  quainted  with  the  canon  law.'  Mayor's 

Wrangham  a  fellowship  at  Triu.  Hall,  Hohinson,  p.  53.  ' 


COMMON   LAW.  143 

Canon  Law,  wliilc  they  do  not  now  know  anytliing  of  tlio 
Common  Law  wliicli  has  superseded  it.  He  enumerates  several 
acts  with  which  the  Clergy  ought  to  be  acquainted :  and, 
after  lamenting  the  want  of  a  'complete  System  of  our  Laws' 
(p.  4)3),  T.  Wood  commends  among  the  methods  then  in  exist- 
ence, Finch's  Discourse  of  Law  as  'the  most  methodical  Book 
extant  that  ever  was  wrote  by  one  of  our  Profession ;  it  almost 
follows  the  method  of  Justinians  Institutes.^  Time  however 
required  its  revision  and  augmentation  with  reference  to  Coke 
upon  Littleton,  Wentiuorth  on  the  Office  of  an  Executor 
(rather  than  Swinhurn^  or  GodolpJiin),  and  IlaJes  Pleas  of  the 
Crown,  should  be  read  with  books  li.  and  iii.  of  [Sir  H.]  Finch's 
Discourse  (a  translation  oi  Nomotechnia  ou  description  del  com- 
mun  Leys  d'Angleterre,  1G13).  Pp.  44 — 54  contain  accounts 
of  some  supplementary  works,  'abridgements'  and  books  of  re- 
ference recommended. 

He  concludes  by  observing  that  the  Chancellor's  Court  at 
Oxford  '  might  be  so  regulated  as  to  conduce  very  much  to 
improve  this  Study'  of  Common  Law  :  for  the  exclusive  attach- 
ment to  the  Civil  Law  is  productive  of  great  inconvenience  and 
disorder ;  while  the  use  of  Common  Law  is  required  in  certain 
cases  by  the  letter  of  the  University  Statutes,  &c. 

Fifty  years  after  this  the  celebrated  William  Blackstone 
{Pemh.,  fellow  of  All  Soids  and  Queens,  afterwards,  17G1 — G, 
principal  of  New  Inn  Hall,  where  Alberic  Gentilis,  who  came 
to  be  law  professor  at  Oxford,  in  the  IGth  cent,  had  re- 
sided) was  made  first  Vinerlan  professor  of  the  Common  Law  of 
England  (1758),  and  delivered  excellent  lectures. 

He  virtually  answered  the  question,  which  Wood  had  asked 
fifty,  and  Sir  J.  Fortescue  three  hundred  years  bcfcre. 

Blackstone  shewed  in  his  inaugural  lecture  or  Discourse  on 
the  Study  of  Law  (4to.  Oxon.  1758,  pp.  40),  that  not  only  wa.s 

1  H.  Swinburne  on  Testaments,  Eiil-  Jure  B.  et  Pads,  Ac.  were  rend  l>y 

ley's  Vieio  of  the   Civil  and  Eccles.  Matt.  Itobinsou  in  the  miiiiUc  of  the 

Law    (1G34),    Dialogues    hctweene    a  17tli  ccntiirj'.     He  liail  also  some  nc- 

D.D.    and    a    Student   in    the    laiues  qnaintanco  with  Canon  Law.  {Mmjor's 

(1569),  Bacon's  Elements  of  the  Com-  Kobinson,  -p.  53.)    J.  Godolphin's  book 

mon  Laws  (KiBO),  Cowdl's  Instit.  juris  was  called  the  0>j)han's  Legacy. 
Anglic.    (Cautabr.   IGO'J),   Grotius  De 


144  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

Common  law  unpopular  at  the  universities  because  it  was  ex- 
pressed in  other  languages  beside  latin  (as  Sir  J,  Fortescue  had 
remarked,  de  Laudibus  Legum  Angliae,  printed  about  1490), 
but  because  the  clergy  had  been  jealous  for  their  own  law,  and 
had  withdrawn  from  the  rising  forum  saeculare  in  accordance 
with  a  canon  of  1217.  Thei-eupon  the  municipal  lawyers  find- 
ing themselves  excluded  from  the  universities',  had  founded 
their  own  colleges  in  the  Inns  of  Court :  and  the  universities 
knowincr  Civil  law  to  be  founded  on  reason  had  not  thought  it 
•worth  while  to  compete  with  the  professional  society  in  teaching 
the  Common  law,  which  was  not  very  valuable  as  an  instrument 
I  of  culture. 

Sir  W.  Black  stone  had  published  his  Essay  on  Collateral 
Consanguinity  (with  reference  to  All  Souls)  in  1750  when  he 
took  his  doctor's  degree,  and  soon  afterwards  his  Analysis  of  the 
Laws.  The  Commentaries  first  appeared  at  Oxon.  in  4  vols, 
1765 — 8.  His  successor  in  the  professorship,  Sir  Robert  Cham- 
bers {Line,  and  Univ.),  B.C.L.,  was,  like  him  and  James  Black- 
stone  (prof,  in  1793),  at  once  Vinerian  Prof,  and  principal  of 
New  Lnn  Hall.  Chambers  had  been  an  Indian  judge,  and  in 
1791  was  chief  justice. 

The  next  professor,  Richard  Woodeson  (1777 — 9.3),  D.CL. 
fellow  of  Magd.^,  published  Elements  of  Jurisprudence,  1789; 
and  a  Systematical  View  of  the  Laws  of  England,  as  treated  in 
a  course  of  Vinenan  Lectures  read  at  Oxford,  3  vols,  1792 — 3, 
re-edited  in  1834,  Dr  G.  Croft  (in  a  Letter  to  a  Young  Gentle- 
man, Wolverhampton,  1784)  bears  witness  that  'no  diligence 
has  been  spared'  in  these  lectures. 

In  the  last  century  two  medical  and  six  Common- Law  fel- 

1  In  the  last  century  and  the  com-  judge)    Buller.     However,   in   1827   a 

mencement  of  the  present,  it  was  not  Quarterly  Revieicer  said  (Pp.  236 — 7) 

uncommon   for   gentlemen   intending  that    a   very  considerable  proportion 

for  the  law  to  leave   the  University  of  English  barristers  were  graduates, 

without  taking  a   degree.      This  was  though    of    attorneys  not    one   in    a 

the  case  for  example  with  jr.  Boscfl if  <?^  thousand,  in  spite  of  the  privilege  of 

(Chalmers'   Diet.  Liog.),  who   was   a  short  service  in  an  office  granted  to 

gentleman-commoner  of  Exeter  Coll.  graduates  by  1  and  2  Geo.  IV.  c.  48. 

about  1770,  then  studied  at  the  Middle  ^  lie  is  mentioned   in  Best's   Me- 

Temple,   and  learnt  the    practice   of  mortals,  §  xvii. 
special  pleading  under  Mr  (afterwards 


CIVIL   AND   COMMON   LAW.  145 

lowships  were  founded  at  Oxford: -at  Cambridge  only  one  of  the 
former,  and  none  iu  law\ 

Cambridge  was  more  backward  in  getting  an  accredited 
teacher  of  Common  Law. 

Edward  Christian  of  S.  John's  (Srd  wrangler  1779)  and 
Gray's  Inn,  had  given  lectures  for  three  years'',  when,  in  May 
1788,  W.  Annesley,  M.P.,  master  of  Downing,  gave  him  a  pro- 
fessorship of  Common  Law.  Half  a  year  later,  the  university 
confirmed  his  title  as  '  Professor  of  the  Laws  of  England '  until 
such  time  as  Downing  College  should  be  founded.  The  pro- 
fessor was  one  of  the  counsel  in  the  long-contested  suit  between 
the  university  of  Cambridge  and  the  heirs  of  the  founder, 
sir  Jacob  Downing.  Christian  became  Downing  Professor  in 
1800,  but  delivered  his  course  of  two  dozen  lectures  in  rooms  in 
S.  John's.  His  Syllabus  was  printed.  Lend.  1797.  Gunning 
says  that  his  edition  of  Blackstone  (the  12th),  Lend.  1796, 
'was  very  creditable  to  him^.'  His  charges  to  the  grand  jury, 
as  chief  justice  of  the  Isle  of  Ely  were  very  queer ;  and  he  died 
in  1823  'in  the  full  vigour  of  his  incapacity.' 

At  this  period  there  was  no  proper  lecture-room  for  the 
Professors  of  Civil  and  Common  Law*,  and  indeed  the  need  of 
them  was  hardly  felt,  so  lax  were  the  requirements  for  the  de- 
gree, while,  in  respect  of  the  other  studies  ef  the  university,  law 
students  were  more  '  waiy  and  wise'  than  even  Chaucer's  lawyer, 
for  they  never  made  their  appearance  in  parvisiis  at  all ! 

It  was  not  till  1851  that  bona  fide  examinations  took  the 
place  of  the  old  farcical  'diBputations'  for  the  degree  of  B.C.L. 
(Bachelor  of  Civil  Law)  at  Oxford"',  yet  some  forty  years  earlier 
Professor  J.  W.  Gcldart  had  set  himself  to  remove  the  stain 
upon  his  faculty  at  Cambridge^   where  it  had   for  at   least  a 

'  F.  W.  Newman  (Ruber's)  Kngliih  Univ.  Calendar,  1802.  p.  33.    Coopor'a 

Universities,  Vol.  ii.  Annals,  iv,  432. 

'^  I  Lave  seen  a  printed  notice  to  the  ^  Cox's  Recollections,  p.  300. 

effect  that  Prof.  Christian  would  com-  ^  Maiden's  Essatj  on  the  Origin  of 

mencc  one  of  his  courses  on  the  Laws  Universities,  p.  130.     It  is  within  the 

of  England  on  Monday  13  Mar.  1786  momorj- of  man  that  a  Law  Professor  in 

in  S.  Juhu's  Coll.  at  11  A.ii.  the  Cambridge  Schools  was  forced  to  say 

'  Gunning  lieminisc.  i.  vi.  to  a  hopeless  candidate,  '  Dcscendas:' 

*  Ingram's   Necessity   of    fntroduc-  the  man  replied,  in  latin  equal  to  the 

ing  Divinity,  1702.  j).   108  n.    Camb.  occasion,   'Son  desccndcbo.'     .^nothcr 

W.  10 


146  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

century  been  considered  the  royul  read  to  a  dei^rec  for  tliose 
W'lio  took  fright  at  tlic  approacliing  art  examination. 

The  Civil-Law  Examination  was  commenced  in  181G.  It 
appears  however  from  the  following  quotation  that  in  earlier 
days  also  this  degree  had  been  fairly  guarded. 

John  Taylor,  the  critic,  of  S.  John's,  Cambridge,  writes  in 
1755  to  Andrew  Coltee  Ducarel,  D.C.L.,  iS'.  Johns,  Oxon.,  one  of 
the  first  fellows  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  established  in 
that  year,  an  interesting  letter  relative  to  the  migration  of  a 
friend  from  Oxford.  He  says  that  'King's  is  esteemed  the 
cheapest'  college,  but  he  thinks  they  make  up  by  higb  charges 
in  some  particulars.  Taylor  adds  '  there  is  a  checque  held  upon 
those  that  vibrate  between  Arts  and  Law,'  in  the  shape  of  a 
fine.  Also  he  believed  'the  common  exercise  must  be  kept 
under  the  Law  Professor :  for  though  the  University  will  give 
him  an  ad  eundem  degree,  they  will  not  be  so  good-humoured 
or  indulgent  as  to  suffer  his  exercises  at  Oxford  to  proceed  ad 
eundem  also.'     (Nichols'  Lit.  Anecd.  IV.  666.) 

One  of  the  points  of  Ld.  Chancellor  Macclesfield's  scheme 
for  University  Reform  was  the  provision  of  a  Professor  of  the 
^ Law  of  Nature  and  Nations'  But  although  this  plan^  was 
committed  to  writing  in  1718,  and  printed  by  Gutch  as  a 
curiosity  in  1781,  it  was  not  till  1869  that  a  Professor  of 
International  Law  w^as  appointed  at  Cambridge  in  virtue  of 
a  bequest  from  Dr  Whewell.  At  Christ  Church  there  were 
lectures  on  Puffendorf  in  1738  [West  to  Gray,  Dec.  2).  His 
de  Officio  Hominis  et  Civis  juxta  Legem  Naturalem  was  also  a 
morning-lecture  subject  at  Trin.  Coll.  Cant,  in  1755.  A  System 
extracted  from  Grotius  de  Jure  was  printed  at  Cambridge  in 
1703.  And  Rutherforth's  Institutes  1754-6,  were  his  Grotius 
lectures  at  S.  John's. 


professor  out  of  sheer  pity  asked  one  '  The  Old-Bailey.^    This  unsuccessful 

person  under  examination  from  whom  '  harry-soph '  shewed  his  wit  when  it 

he  could  get  no  answer  to  more  strict-  was  too  late  by  declaring  that  the  pro- 

ly  technical   questions : — '  If  you  go  fessor  had  plucked  him  for  not  an- 

down  Chancery -Lane,  what  is  the  fir.st  swering  a  question  which  was  not  in 

court  you  come  to  on  tlie  right  ? '    But  any  of  the  books, 

the  only  answer  he  could  elicit  was,  i   University  Life,  pp.  5G8,  579. 


CHAPTER   XII. 

HISTORY  AND  MODERN   LANGUAGES,   WITS,   POETS,   ANTIQUARIES 
AND   SAXONISTS. 

Nerissa.    What  say  you  then  to  Fmiconbridfje  tlio  yong  Baron  of  England  f 
Portia.     You  know  I  say  nothing  to  him,  for  hee  vuderstands  not  me,  nor 
I  him  ;  he  liath  neither  Latino,  French  nor  Italian,  and  you  will  come  into  the 
court  &  sNYcarc  that  I  haue  a  poore  pennie-worth  in  the  English. 

The  Merchant  of  Venice,  Act  i. 

In  very  early  times  nnivcr^itics  seem  to  have  taken  great 
interest  in  such  geography  and  liistory  as  was  .known.  As, 
according  to  a  well  known  legend,  Herodotus  read  his  history  at 
a  panathenaic  festival  Avhcn  young  Tliucydides  was  by,  so  wc 
read  that  Giraldus  de  Barri  (Cambrensis)  recited  his  Topo- 
graphia  Hiberniae  in  the  convention  of  the  university  of  Oxford 
at  the  close  of  the  12th  century,  and  Rolandius  his  chronicle  in 
the  presence  of  the  professors  and  scholars  of  Padua. 

Before  the  twelfth  century  the  study  of  History  meant 
reading  the  work  of  Pauhis  Orosius,  a  book  founded  on  his 
master  Augustine's  De  civitate  Dei^. 

In  later  times  a  taste  sprang  up  for  rhyming  chronicles,  and 
mirabiUa  mundi ;  then  for  moral  tales  and  anecdote,  flowers  of 
liistories,  illustrative  of  the  Virtues  and  Vices,  and  (with  the 
exception  of  the  interesting  and  romantic  character  of  their 
incidents)  bearing  scarcely  higher  claims  to  the  title  than  the 
History  of  the  Faircliild  Family,  or  the  story  of  Sandford  aud 
Merton.  Such  were  the  Gesta  romanornm  and  the  Speculum 
historiarum,  printed  in  1483.  The  era  of  the  invention  of  print- 
ing brought  forward  the  works  of  the  chroniclers,  whicli  con- 
tinued to   be   popuUir  in  the  case  of  Holingshcd  and  Foxe's 

1  In  1703,  Cellarii  Notitia  Orhin  1712,  11,  Varcnii  Gcographia  (ed.  Jn. 
Antiqiti  (also  nS'^),  ixiid  Ili.storia  Uni-  Jurin)  was  published  there,  Nowtou 
i-crsaiis   were    printed    at   Camh.     In       having  edited  it  in  1G81. 

10—2 


148  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Actes  and  Monuments  long  after  the  Elizabethan  times;  as 
was  the  more  modern  Baker's  Chronicle  to  the  memory  of 
recent  generations. 

Fulke  Grcvillc,  Ld.  Brooke,  designing  to  found  a  professor- 
ship of  History  and  Politics  (Civilis  Scientiae)  at  Cambridge, 
offered  the  post  to  G.  I.  Vossius  (epist.  80,  00)  13  Sept.  1G24. 
Eventually  Is.  Dorislaw,  also  of  Leydcn,  was  appointed,  but 
offence  was  taken  at  the  supposed  political  tendency  of  his  first 
course  of  lectures  on  Tacitus.    {Ward  to  Uaher,  IG  May,  1G28.) 

Oxford  boasted  a  Readerof  Histories  or  Professor  of  Ancient 
History  from  the  foundation  of  W.  Camden  in  1G22.  Among 
those  who  held  this  office  we-re  (1778)  W.  Scott,  Lord  Stowell, 
(brother  of  Ld.  Eldon;  he  was  also  Queen's  Advocate,  and 
then  Judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Admiralty)  of  Univ. ;  and 
Tom  Warton  of  Trin,  the  younger,  who  succeeded  him  in  1785, 
the  same  year  that  he  was  made  poet  laureat.  Though  there 
were  then  no  such  professors  at  Cambridge,  we  find  Ambrose 
Bonwicke  the  younger  reading  the  '  Jesuit  Bussieres'  jlosculi 
Mstoriarunn  delihati,  at  St  John's,  in  1710.  A  century  earlier 
Florus,  Gellius,  and  Macrobius  had  been  read,  and  in  the  18th 
.something  was  done  at  Bentley's  suggestion  {Monk  i.  337) 
towards  an  account  of  modern  geographical  discoveries  in  an 
appendix  by  James  Jurin,  fellow  of  Trinity,  to  his  edition  of 
Bernhard  Varenius  in  1712. 

In  the  last  century,  soon  after  Lord  Macclesfield  had  been 
scheming  for  their  benefit,  Geo.  I.  founded  for  each  university  a 
professorship  of  Modern  History  and  Modern  Languages  in 
1724,  to  lecture,  with  a  stipend  of  400  li.,  out  of  which  they 
were,  says  Hearne  (May,  1724^),  to  appoint  two  deputies,  each 
to  instruct  twenty  scholars^  to  be  nominated  by  the  crown,  each  of 
whom  is  to  learn  two  languages,  but  yet  not  to  deviate  from  the 
university  course.     Hearne  himself  thought  that  it  showed  the 

^  Beliqxi.  Jlearn.  ii.  200.     See  also  taiu  proportion  Ly  the  Heads  of  the 

the  eud  of  the  Eeport  of  the  1st  Uiiiv.  diflereut  colleges.     WTjen  W.   Smyth 

Commission.  of  Peterhouse  succeeded  Svmonds  in 

*  According  to  the  rules  revised  at  1S07,  he  refused  to  restrict  the  num- 

Cambridge  in  1772,  not  more  than  six-  bcr  of  his  pupils, 
and-twcnty  pupils,  nominated  in  cer- 


MODERN   HISTORY  AND   LANGUAGES.  143 

depths  to  which  learning  had  fallen  in  1734,  that  'nothing  is  now 
hardly  read  but  Burnett's  romance  or  libel,  call'd  by  hijn  TJie  His- 
tory of  his  own  Times.   'Tis  read  by  men,  women,  and  children  \' 

Samuel  Harris,  of  Peterhouse,  waa  appointed  first  Modern 
Professor  at  Cambridge,  October,  1724.  K.  George  II.  con- 
firmed the  letters  patent  for  the  professorships,  and  continued 
Harris  in  that  office  at  Cambridge  by  a  licence  dated  A^jril  3, 
1728^     His  Oratio  inanguralis  is  dated  1725. 

The  Oxford  professors  were-: 

D.  Gregory,  Ch.  Ch.  (appointed  Oct.  27,  1724). 

VV.  Holmes  (pres'.  of  St  John's)  173G. 

Jos.  Spence,  New  Coll.,  1743.— J.  Vivian,  Balliol,  17G8.— 
T.  Nowell,  Oriel,  1771— l&Ol. 

In  1727  Dr  Rav/linson,  writing  from  Rome,  expressed  his 
approval  of  the  new  professorships^  as  likely  to  supply  tu.tors  fur 
young  noblemen  and  gentlemen  in  the  place  of  '  ijnpudent  and 
ignorant  French  Hugonots  and  Scotch  pedlers.'  Hearne  adds  : 
'  To  our  shame  at  present  be  it  spoken,  both  tutors  and  pupils 
come  and  go  very  little  skilled  in  the  languages :  and  that  little 
they  know  of  the  learned  languages  is  useless,  as  the  pronun- 
ciation, especially  in  Italy,  is  widely  different  from  oujs,  in  a 
manner  unintelligible  to  us  and  them,  as  the  doctor,  he  says, 
found  by  experience*.' 

1  Ihid.  III.  125,  129.  Mr  [Gil.]  West,  Com'.  Stud,  Cb.  Ch. 
s  Cooper's  Annals,  iv.  185,  19G.  ,,  [G.]  Wyndham,  Scho.  Wadham. 

3  I  am  indebted  to  F.  Madan  Esq.         ,,  [Sam.]  Holcombe,  Com".  Trin. 
of    B.  N.  C.   for  a  reference    to-   the         ,,  [J.]  Merrick,  Scbo.  St  John's. 

Gloucester  Journal  for  April  19,  1725,  ,,  [J.]  ^^^listIer,  Com''.  Magd.  Hall, 
containing  a  "Li.st  of  the  Gentlemen  ,,  [W.]  Saunders,  Com''.  Wadham. 
upon  the  New  Establishment  for  the  *  ricliqu.  Ilcarn.  ii.  311. 

study  of  Modern  Languages  and  His-  In  the  summer  of  1728,  J.  Jcbb  of 

tory,    in   the   University   of   Oxford,"  Christ's  while  waiting  for  a  fellowship 

containing  the  following  names :  was  hoping  to  be  put  on  the  new  list  of 

Mr  [Dan.]  Burton,  A.M.  Stud.  Ch.  Ch.  the  Kings' modern  Schollars.'  Hetrust- 

„  [J.]  Burnaby,  A.M.  Oriel.  ed  that  his  taking  Holy  Order  would 

,,  [J.]  Douglass,  A. B.  Balliol.  not  disqualify  him;  for  'most  on  ye 

,,  [Benj.]  Pearson,  A. B.  Queen's.  lastList  were  of  y' Profession.'   Before 

,,  [T.]  Velly,  A.B.  Queen's.  his  ordination  to  the  curacy  at  Sandy 

,,  [Walt.]  Francks,  A.B.  ISferton.  ho  had  entertained   the   idea   that  a 

,,  [H.]  Bland,  Gent.  Com.  Corpus.  place  on  the  Modern  List  might  lead 

,,    —  Eeynolds,  Fellow  of  New  Coll.  to  a  secretaryship  in  England  or  Irc- 

,,  [J.]  Totty,  Scho.  Wore.  land  or  to  some  envoy  or  nobleman,  as 


150  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Shallot  Turner  of  Peterliouso  succeeded  Harris  at  Cam- 
bri(l<,^c  in  1735,  and  in  17G2  was  followed  by  Lawrence  Brockett 
of  Trinity.  We  learn  indeed  from  [Green's]  Academic  (pp.  22, 
25),  that  about  the  year  1750  young  men  were  imbibing  a 
taste  for  modern  languages,  and  that  among  those  who  were 
proficient  therein  were  numbered  many  who  were  also  skilful 
in  the  ancient  tongues\ 

The  poet  Gray  (then  of  Pembroke)  succeeded  Brockett  in 
1768  :  but  it  is  surprising  to  find  that  even  at  his  death  in 
1771  there  had  not  been  a  lecture  delivered  since  the  founda- 
tion of  the  professorship  in  1724.  Ill-health  was  the  poet's 
own  excuse,  and  it  is  stated  that  he  liberally  rewarded  the 
teachers  of  French  and  Italian  in  the  university.  The  terms 
of  his  patent  allowed  him  to  find  a  deputy  in  one  of  the  two 
branches  of  his  duty.  At  Oxford  also  in  1790  the  professor 
employed  an  assistant  in  each  language ;... each  of  them  re- 
ceives an  annual  stipend  from  the  Professor,  and... they  attend 
their  Pupils  at  their  own  Apartments  in  the  Colleges^ 

It  is  to  the  credit  of  St  John's  college  that  at  last  was 
found  a  successor  to  Gray  who  did  deliver  lectures  in  History^ 

John  Symonds  (1771 — 1807)  proposed  a  set  of  rules  Avhich 
were  accepted  by  the  heads  in  1772,  the  Cambridge  professor- 
ship being  in  general  more  unfettered  than  the  corresponding 
one  at  Oxford.  Inter  alia  Symonds  arranged  that  the  fees  of 
Noblemen,  Fellow-Commoners,  and  their  attendant  Private- 
tutors,  should  be  devoted  to  remuneratino-  the  Language- 
Masters  and  buying  books,  maps,  &c.  He  collected  near  1000 
volumes,  each  whereof  was  stamped  Scholae  Historicae  Canta- 
hrigiensis  Liber.    His  course  was  to  lecture  (1)  on  Rules  for  the 

it  had  done  for  those  in  the  last  Kst ;  lectures  or  classes.  Free  Thoughts 
for  such  of  the  set  as  were  taken  any  upon  University  Education;  Occasion- 
notice  of.  He  understood  French  al-  ed  by  the  present  Debates  at  Cam- 
ready,  and  something  of  Italian.  (lam  "bridge. ..By  a  sincere  icell-u-isher,  &c, 
indebted  to  the  Kev.  H.  G.  Jebh  for  1751,  p.  14.  (Trin.  Coll.  Lib.  x.  14. 
these  particulars.)  14.) 

1  In  another  pamphlet  belonging  to  2  PhUalethes'  Reply  to  Knox,  p.  9. 

the  same  controversy  as  the  Academic  ^  I  have   seen   printed    notices   of 

it  is  asserted  that  if  the  professor  of  the  Professor's  Lectures  to  commence 

History  would  reside    at    Cambridge  '  Monday,    13    Nov.    1775,'    '  Tu.    18 

with  his  proper  assistants  a  numerous  April,  1780,'  and  '  Tu.  22  Nov.  1786.' 

audience  would  regularly  attend  his  Also  a  cojiy  of  Eules  dated  1771. 


MODERN    IIISTOIIY   AND   POLITICAL    ECONOMY.  151 

Study  of  History,  cnumcratiou  oi  points  for  subsequent  discus- 
sion, and  of  text-hooks.  (2)  Causes  of  the  Fall  of  Home. 
(3)  State  of  Commerce,  Literature,  Civil  Government,  Feudal 
System,  (4)  Christianity,  centuries  I — xv.  These  topics  oc- 
cupied a  good  many  lectures,  wherein  the  history  of  England, 
France,  Spain,  Germany,  and  Italy,  was  discussed,  with  allusions 
occasionally  to  the  Eastern  Empire,  the  Greek  and  Saracen,  and, 
in  later  times,  to  Turkey.  He  made  a  great  point  of  repro- 
bating 'Intolerance  in  lieligion  and  in  Civil  Government, 
whatever  form  that  Government  might  bear.  The  matter  and 
number  of  the  lectures  have  been  altered  almost  eveiy  year, 
the  Professor  sometimes  omitting  two  or  three  entirely,  which 
had  been  given  before,  in  order  to  introduce  new  circumstances, 
which  either  study  or  reflection  for  the  last  ten  years  had  un- 
hcqyjnlu  afforded  \' 

He  was  succeeded  in  1807  by  W,  Smyth,  tutor  of  Peter- 
house,  He  was  a  whig  but  did  not  obtrude  his  political  senti- 
ments upon  his  hearers.  Though  an  adinirable  lecturer  he 
would  permit  no  notes  to  be  taken*,  but  in  1840  he  published 
altogether  five  volumes  of  lectures  on  Modern  History  and  on 
the  French  Revolution,  which  are  still  read.  He  sometimes 
explained  points  in  political  economy^  His  lectures  were 
eloquent,  thoughtful  and  popular.  But  when  the  Previous 
Examination  was  established,  a  great  part  of  his  audience 
became  too  busy  to  continue  their  attendance*. 

The  nearest  approach  to  Polit.  Economy  lectures  in  the  last 
century  were  Paley's  (at  Christ's),  which  formed  the  ground 
of  his  Principles  of  Moral  and  Political  Philosophy^ ,  published 
in  1785.  Ro.  Acklom  Ingram  of  Queens',  senior  wrangler  in 
1784,  and  afterwards  tutor  of  his  college,  did  indeed  attenqjt  to 

1  Camh.    Univ.   Calendar  1802,  pp.  *  \\'"hov.-c\\,  Princii>h'S  of  Eiujl.  Univ. 

27 — 29.     J.    Jebb    a    thorou{,'li-goirig  Education,  p.  71. 

wliig  pi-cpared  '  some  political  or  cou-  "  C.  V.  Lo  Grico  of  Trin.  edited  an 

stitutioual  locturos'  iu  tho  latter  half  Analysis  of  Taley's  3Ioral  and  Politi- 

of  1773  (Life  by  Disney,  p.  50.),  but  cal  Fhilosophy,  Carub.  1795.     Smith- 

I  do  not  know  that  he  ever  delivered  son   Tenuant  professor  of  chemistry 

them.    Possibly  he  was   deterred  by  who  was  killed  iu  1815  had  projected 

the  fate  of  his  Greek  Testament  class.  a  work  on  political  economy   (Dyer, 

^  Facetiae  Cantab.  183G,  p.  158.  Frivil.  Camh.  ii.  ii.  99). 

^  Prof.  Pryme's  Recoil,  p.  120. 


152  UNIVERSITY    STUDIKS. 

institute  IcctnroR  on  political  economy',  and  wont  so  far  even 
as  to  print  '  a  Syllabus  or  Abstract  of  a  System  of  Political 
Philosophy'  in  1799,  in  the  preface  to  which  he  advocated  the 
establishment  of  public  lectures  on  the  subject,  'but  not  meet- 
ing Avith  suitable  encouragement  he  declined  persevering  in  his 
planV  Mr  G.  Pryme  of  Trinity  delivered  his  first  lecture  in 
March,  181G,  and  twelve  years  later  received  the  title  of  Pro- 
fessor of  Political  Economy. 

Adam  Smith's ' NaUii^e  and  Causes  of  ihe  Wealth,  of  Nations' 
was  published  in  1-776.  Tlie  author  had  left  Balliol  without 
a  degree,  having  been  surprised  when  reading  Hume's  new 
Treatise  of  Hmnau  Nature,  by  the  college  authorities,  in  1741. 
The  remarks  which  he  makes  in  book  V.  §  1,  would  not  tend 
to  make  it  a  work  to  be  favourably  received  in  Oxford.  I  do 
not  know  that  it  was  commonly  read  in  Cambridge  in  the  last 
centtury^,  butf  Pry  me  ^  (the  futurs  professor)  came  across  it  at 
the  age  of  fourteen,  in  1795,  when'  his  private  tutor  read  it 
with  his  older  pupils,  B.  C.  Raworth  and  A,  C.  Verelst,  before 
they  went  up  to  Trinity  Hall  and  Clare ;  and  Pitt,  who  took 
his  first  degree  (M.A.)  in  the  year  of  its  publication,  shewed 
himself  so  familiar  with  it  (1780),  that  there  is  great  probability 
in' his  biographer'a  supposition^  that  he  read  it  with  Pretyman 
(Bp.  Tomline)  in  his  protracted  residence  in  Pembroke  Hall. 

If  Walpole  and  Gray  had  been  less  excliisi\^  and  more 
popular,  and  if  Gray  had  worked  as  professor  of  Modern  Lan- 
guages, french  and  italian  literature®'  might  have  taken  more 
hold  at  Cambridge  than  was  the  case.  But  while  men  are 
much  occupied  in  the  study  of  greek  and  latin,  their  classical 
tastes  are  already  provided  with  as  piquant  diet  as  any  of  the 
moderns  could  produce.     As-  at  the  present  day,  a  few  students 


1  Dyer,  Hist.  Camb.  i.  220,  '  See  Stanhope's  Life  o/Pitt,  i.  17. 

*  Cainb.    U'liiv.   Calendar  for  1802,  «  In  1710,  J.  Byrom   a   scholar  of 

p.  159]n.  Trinity  enquired  for  Bentivoglio's  His- 

3  The  tact  that  a,  '  Complete  Analysis  toria  della  Guerra  dalla  Fiandra  &c., 

or  Abridgment  of  Ad&m  Small's  Wealth  Tasso,    Ariosto,    Marino,    Fiilvio,   G. 

of  Nations'  was  edited  hy  Jer.  Joyce  Testi,    Petrarcha  &c.,  Father  Paolo's 

at  Cambridge  in  1797,  makes  it  proba-  Hist.  Coneil.  Trident.    And  in  Spanish 

ble  however  that  it  was.  Don  Quixote,  Quevedo's  Visions,  &c. 

■*  Autobioq.  RtcoU.  23. 


MODERN   LANGUAGES,  153 

learnt  from  autliorized  teachers  on  their  own  account.  Mons. 
Rend  La  Butte  taught  french  from  about  the  year  1742  till  his 
death  in  1790.  He  had  been  one  of  Bowyer's  printers,  and  was 
the  sole  compositor  of  Gardiner's  tables  of  logarithms*.  Dr 
Conyers  Middleton  had  introduced  him  at  Cambridge,  where 
he  printed,  married,  and  taught  french  with  great  reputition. 
A  contemporary  of  his  was  Agostino  Isola,  who  had  the  honour 
of  instructing  at  a  considerable  interval  of  time  the  poets  Gray 
and  Wordsworth'''  in  the  italian  language.  He  could  boast  of  Pitt 
also  among  his  numerous  pupils.  He  was  a  native  of  Milan, 
but  was  forced  to  fly  from  his  home  because-  a  friend  had  taken 
up  an  English  book  which  Isola  had  carelessly  left  about. 
Charles  Isola  of  Emmanuel,  es([uire  bedell,  1797-18,  was  his 
son,  whose  little  orphan,  Emma,  won  the  heart  of  Charles  and 
Mary  Lamb  in  one  of  their  visits  to  Cambridge,  and  was  adopted 
by  them,  until  in  1833  she  became  Mrs  Moxon. 

The  encouragement  of  modern  languages  was  thought  an 
object  beside  the  scope  of  the  university  by  some  in  1788,  when 
the  author  of  Considerations  on  the  Oaths-  complained  (p.  39) 
that  in  1782  the  Syndics  of  the  Press  had  employed  the  £500 
arising  from  the  tax  on  sheet  almanacs  to  *  a  fac-simile  of  the 
Beza  ms.'  (Kipling's  celebrated  performance),  and  'Italian 
Sonnets.'  £50  was  assigned  'To  Sig.  Isola  towards  printing 
a  new  edition  of  Tasso's  Gerusalemnw  Liherata,^.' 

H.  F.  Gary,  the  translator  of  Dante  (180G,  1813),  when  at 
Ch.  Ch.  (B.A.  1794)  was  instructed  in  Italian  by  U.  Oliviero. 
T.  J.  Mathias  (Trin.)  was  a  good  Italian  scholar. 

How  John  Delaport  proposed,  to  stimulate  conversation  in 
the  french  language  at  Emmanuel  Coffee-House  in  1763, 1  have 
already  narrated  in  my  University  Social  Life*;  where  I  have 
also   given   a   note   on   the   encouragement  Avhich  the  french 


^  Hone's  Year  Book  C83.     Nicbols'  ^  Agostinolsola  printed  some  Italian 

Lit.    Anccd.  ii.   459,   726.    Labuttc's  Selections,     translated    into    English 

French   Grammar  was    published  in  verso  by  some  Gentlemen  of  the  Univ. 

17()4 ;   and  in  1790  with  a  prefatory  of  Cambridge,  8vo.  Loud.  1778,  Camb. 

analysis  of  the  subject.  1788.    Also  Ariosto's  Orlando  Fnrioso, 

2  Memoirii  o/ W.  Wordsworth,  i.  11.  Camb.  1789,  Lond.  1790. 

W.  Gooch  also  learnt  of  huu.     See  his  *  pp.  143,  144,  208  n. 
letter  in  an  Appendix. 


154)  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

language  received  in  our  collegiate  fuundatiims  of  Oic  fourteenth 
century.  Mr  Tliunipson  Cooper  mentions  that  Herbert  Marsh 
( Joh.)  knew  more  german  than  the  rest  of  his  countrymen. 

Something  was  done  both  by  the  universities  and  by  indi- 
vidual colleges  in  enabling  students  to  carry  their  researches 
in  botany,  oriental  studies  or  any  specialite',  beyond  the  seas. 

William  Worts'  will  (1709)'  was  to  provide,  in  process  of 
time,  when  the  interest  should  be  sufficient,  after  endowing 
certain  other  things,  an  exhibition  of  £100  ^jer  annum  for  each 
of  two  young  Cambridge  bachelors  of  arts,  who  should  be  sent 
abroad  severally  for  two  years,  and  should  write  a  descriptive 
letter  every  month  to  tee  placed  in  the  Library. 

It  seems  that  the  period  of  absence  was  ultimately  extended 
to  three  years,  and  the  required  letters  reduced  to  two.  A  list 
of  Worts'  bachelors  is  given  below '^. 

This  was  not  altogether  a  new  invention,  for  Barrow  had 
leave  to  travel  upon  similar  conditions  in  1656,  when  he  was 
a  fellow  of  Trinity.  He  wrote  his  letters  in  Latin  verse.  Vernon 
the  botanist  had  (as  will  be  seen)  a  travelling-fellowship  from 
Peterhouse  at  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century :  and  Fynes 

*  Cooper's  Annals,  iv.  86.  1779  H.  Jacob,  King's. 

2  Worts'    Tratellinq     Bacheloes,  1780  W.    Meeke,    Emm.     (fellow    of 
Cambridge.  Downing). 

17G7  P.    H.   Maty,   Trin.     Son   of    a  1782  J.  Browne,  Trin.  wootlen-spoon. 

LoUauder,  11th  wrang.  Translated  1783  T.  Hardy,  Sid.  otli  jun.  opt. 

Eeisbeck's  Travels  1787.    Index  to  1786  T.  Ellis,  Caius,  3rd  sen.  opt. 

Philos.  Transact.  Keview  1782-6.  1788  E.  Morris,  Pet.  lOtli  wrang. 

17C8  J.  North,  Caius,  7th  wrang.  1789  H.  Nic.  Astley,  Chr. 

1770  Nedham  DjTioke,  Joh.  4th  sen,  1791  Joshua  Stephenson,  Joh. 
opt.  1792  J.  Ellis,  King's. 

1771  T.  Kerrich,  Magd.  2nd  sen.  opt.  179i  Alex.  Eichardson,  Bene't.  4th 
University  Librarian  1797.    Preb.  sen.  opt. 

Lincoln.  1795  J.  Singleton  Copley,  Trin.  (Ld. 

1772  Fred.  Browning,  King's.  Lyntlhurst)2ndwraug.  2nd  Smith's 
1775  AllejTie  Fitz  Herbert,  Joh.  (Ld.              prize. 

St   Helen's),    2ud    sen.    opt.    1st  1795  G.  Caldwell,  Jes.  10th  wrang.  1st 
medal.  medallist. 

1777  C.  [Manners]  Sutton,  Emm.  15th  1797  Eoger  Kingdon,  Joh.  8th  sen. 
\\Tang.  Abp.  Cautuar.  1801.  '  De-  opt.  Translated  a  German  theo- 
scriptiou  of   five  British   species              logical  work. 

of  Orobanche,'  Linn.  Soc.  1797.  1798  Clement   Carlyon,    Pcmb.  M.D. 

1778  Edm.  Morris,  Trin.  1st  jun.  opt.  1813. 


TllAVELLERS.  155 

Moryson  was  similarly  assisted  in  1589.  Sir  William  Browne 
made  it  a  condition  (1774)  that  his  Petcrhouse  'pliysick-Mlows' 
should  not  have  leave  to  travel. 

Dr  Radcliffe  founded  with  an  endowment  of  £000  j)er  crnn. 
two  travelling-fellowships  at  Oxford  for  masters  of  arts  'entered 
upon  the  physick-line.'  These  were  tenable  for  ten  years  and 
entailed  travelling  beyond  the  seas  for  five  years  at  least ;  but 
rooms  were  provided  in  University  College  for  the  travellers. 

A  list  is  subjoined  in  the  notes \ 

Among  travellers  whom  the  universities  produced,  Edmund 
Chishull,  Corpus,  Oxon.  was  chaplain  to  the  factory  at  Smyrna, 
1698-1702,  B.D.  1705.  His  Travels  in  Tarkejj  were  edited 
posthumously  by  Dr  Mead  in  1747,  the  author  having  written 
an  appendix  on  Smyrnaean  medals  for  Mead's  Harveian  ora- 
tion in  1724.  He  wrote  also  a  dissertation  on  the  Sigean 
Inscription  (1721),  containing  a  review  of  a  somewhat  hasty 
private  criticism  of  Bentley's.  His  Antiquitates  Asiaticae 
(1724)  contained  an  inscription  from  the  Bosporus,  wliich  Bent- 
ley  emended  with  marvellous  sagacity,  as  circumstances  after- 
wards contributed  to  shew.  See  Monk's  Bentley,  ii.  15G-9, 
411,  412.  T.  Shaw  {Queens  and  Edm.  Hall)  who  visited 
Barbary  and  the  Levant  about  1730,  and  J.  Marshall  (Chr.), 


1  Eadcliffc's  Teavellikg  Masters,  (^ledical    aud    Classical    works, 

Oxfard.  1760—81). 

1715  Noel  Broxbolmo,  Ch.  Cli.  1701  J.  Turtou,  Quceii's. 

1715  Hobert  Wyutle,  Mert.  1770  J.  Cohvell,  Trin. 

1725  C.  Peters,  Ch.  Ch.  '  Of  a  Tcrson  1771  Frauds   Milmau,   Exeter.  Bart. 

bitten  by  a  mad  Dog,' 1715.  F.ll.S.    'Instances    of    the    true 
James     Stephens,      Corpus    (re-  Scurvy,'  1772. 

signed).  1780  James  Robertson,  Cd/Z/o^  (?  '  On 
1731  Nat.  Hickman,  Queen's.  the  Variation  of  the  Compass  at 

1735  J.  Kidby,  Balliul.  Jamaica,'  180G.) 

1711  J.  Monro,  S.  Joh.  1781  J.  Sibthorpe,  Line. 

1715  G.  Dowdaswell,  Ch.  Ch.  (in  Car-  1790  E.  Ash,  Ch.  Ch.  M.D.,  F.R.C.r., 

miua  Quadragesimalia,  ii.).  F.R.S.  'The  Speculator,'  1790. 

1751  Robert  Lynch,  Cojyjus.  1791  James  Haworth,  B.N.C. 

1755  David  Hartley,  imTf.(M.r.  King-  1800  C.  Ri.  Vaughan,  Mert.  {n\u\  All 

ston-on-HuU)   'Argument  un  the  Souls)  '  Narrative  of  the  Siege  of 

Fr.  Revolution,'  1791.  Zajfagoza,'  1809. 

17G0  Sam.   Mu?grave,   Corpus,  F.R.S. 


156  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

who  observed  the  astounding  height  of  the  Himalayas  before 
Colebrooke,  we  shall  have  occasion  to  notice  in  the  next 
chapter.  Richard  Chandler  (fellow  of  Magd.,  p.  12),  having 
edited  Marmora  Oxoniensia  for  the  Clarendon  Press  in  1763, 
and  Roman  Antiquities  for  the  Dilettanti  Society  in  17G9,  was 
sent  out  by  the  latter  body  to  travel  in  Greece  and  Asia,  He 
published  Inscriptiones  Antiquae...i7i  Asia  M.  et  Graecia  j^'t'ds- 
sertim  Athenis  Collectae,  Oxon.  1774  Travels  in  Asia  Minor, 
Oxon.  1775.  Travels  in  Greece,  Lond.  1776.  History  of  Ilium 
and  the  Chersonesus  of  Thrace,  Lond.  1802.  E.  Daniel  Clarke 
(Jes.),  who  travelled  in  Tartary,  Circassia,  Greece,  Turkey,  &c., 
belongs  properly  to  the  present  century,  as  Sir  G.  Wlieler 
{Line)  is  the  property  of  the  seventeenth. 

The  classical  studies  of  a  uni/versity  with  the  leisure  attain- 
able in  academic  life,  tend  to  produce  a  crop  of  no  great  value, 
though  somewhat  cuiious  in  its  nature. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  the  specimens  of 
facetiae  were  useless  and  even  noisome,  but  about  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  there  w^as  a  coterie  of  humorists  who  have 
left  some  reputation  behind  them.  Such  were  Kit  Smart 
(Pemb.),  Joseph.  Warton  {Oriel).,  and  his  more  witty  brother 
Tom  Warton  {Trin.),  George  Colman  the  elder  and  Bonntl 
Thornton  {Ch.  Ch.),  and  other  contemporaries  of  Johnson  and 
Shenstone.  It  may  be  that  their  time  would  have  been  better 
spent,  and  their  peculiar  talent  better  employed  if  there  had 
been  more  encouragement  in  their  day  for  application  to  clas- 
sical and  continental  literature.  However  it  does  not  seem 
that  Person's  humour  was  much  refined  by  his  scholarship. 

The  generation  of  Pope  (R.  C),  Swift  (T.  C.  D.),  Prior  (Joh.), 
Addison  {Qu.  and  Magd.),  Steele  {Mert.),  immediately  suc- 
ceeding Dryden  (Trin.),  was  rather  more  hopeful.  It  produced 
the  more  elegant  school  of  Chr.  Pitt  {Neiu  Coll.),  Vincent  Bourne 
(Trin.),  and  Samuel  Wesley  the  younger  {Ch.  Ch.) :  but  there 
was  also  Tom  Brown  and  Edmund  Neale  {alias  Mun  Smith) 
expelled  from  Christ  Church.  Nicholas  Amherst  was  removed 
from  St  Johns,  in  an  age  which  was  not  over  particular, 
and  Chr,  Anstey  (King's)  was  reprimanded.  We  may  add 
to  this  list  the  minor   wits  who    contributed    to    the   Oxford 


WITS   AND   rOETS.  157 

Sausage  (17G4).  Herbert  Beaver  (Corp?/,s),  Michael  WoolIIiiiII 
{Line?),  J.  Kidgell  {llert),  Isaac  Hawkins  Browne  (Triu.  Cull. 
Camb.),  and  two  Benet-Hall  men,  J.  Hoadly  and  J.  Duncombe. 
Ralph  Bathurst,  whose  epigram  wsus  included  in  the  collection, 
belonged  to  the  preceding  century. 

Among  the  poets  and  more  respectable  vers'ifiers*  we  may 
mention  T.  Gray  (Pet.  and  Pemb.),  S.  T.  Coleridge  (Jes.),  \V. 
AVordsworth  (Job.),  W.  Brome  (Job.),  Elijah  Fenton  (Jes.  and 
Trin.  Hall),  W.  Whitehead  {Clare),  W.  Mason  (Job.  and  Pemb.), 
W.  Somerville  (New  Coll.),  Gilbert  West  and  G.  Lyttelton  (Ch. 
Ck),  T.  Tickell  {Queens),  W.  Collins  {Qu.  and  ^fagd),  Ri. 
Jago  {Univ.),  W.  Shenstone,  S.  Johnson,  Heywood,  Ri.  Graves, 
Southern  and  J.  Hawkins  {Pemh.);  O.  Lloyd  (Cains),  G.  Dyer 
(Emm.),  Ro.  Southey  {Ball.).  Beside  these  a  large  number  of 
men  tried  their  hands  at  translation.  T.  Creech  {Wadh.)  hanged 
himself  at  Oxford  in  1700,  thus  avoiding  the  limit  of  our  century. 
W.  Gifford  graduated  at  Exeter,  as  also  did  W.  Tasker;  W. 
Hoi  well  and  R.  Polwhele  and  George  Ld.  Lyttelton  at  Christ 
Church,  S.  Barnet  at  University,  and  Dr  S.  Langley  at  Pem- 
broke. Cambridge  produced  W.  Tremenheere  of  Pembroke 
Hall,  W.  Clubbe  of  Cai\rs,  J.  Duncombe  of  Corpus,  Fr.  Fawkes 
and  Gilbert  Wakefield  of  Jesus,  G.  Ogle  of  Sidney  and  R. 
Potter  of  Emmanuel;  while  Capel  Lofft  resided  some  time  at 
Peterhouse, 

Beside  these,  some  of  the  more  eminent  men  devoted  a  part 
of  their  energies  to  translation — as  Ambrose  Philips,  Fenton, 
Broome,  and  Garth:  Addison,  Colman,  Tickell,  C.  Pitt,  and 
Yalden. 

Joseph  Trapp  (Wadham)  the  professor  of  poetry  gave  a 
specimen  of  his  skill  in  this  department. 

Of  his  successors  in  the  professorship,  which  was  tonable  for 
five  years,  Ro.  Lowth  {New  Coll)  and  John  Randolph  {Ch.  Ch.) 
were  bishops,  the  latter  with  Ben.  Wheeler  {Magd.)  being 
regius  professors  of  Divinity  :  Ro.  Holmes  {Xeiv  Coll.)  was  canon 
of  Ch.  Ch.  and  dean  of  Winchester;  the  Thomas  Wartons,  father 
{Magd.)  and  son  {Trin.),  have  some  reputation :  Jo.  Spence 
{New  Coll.)  was  a  friend  of  Pope  and  has  preserved  anecdotes  of 

1  Ri.  Duke  ami  G.  Stepney  (Triu.),       Ch.),  with  Prior  aiul  Addison,  belong 
T.  Otway  J.  Piiilips  aud  W.  Iviug  {Cli.       properly  to  tlio  seveutcoitL  century. 


158  UNIVEKSITY    STUDIES. 

liim  and  of  other  contcni])orarics;  lie  also  piiLlislied  Polijrnctis 
(1747),  a  sort  of  eighteenth  century  'Friends  in  Council'  on  art: 
J.  Whitfield  was  student  of  Ch.  Ch.,  W.  Hawkins  fellow  of 
remhroke,  and  Ja.  Hurdis^  D.D.,  of  Magdalen.  All  (with  the 
exception  I  believe  of  Wheeler)  were  authors,  most  of  them 
theologians,  and  almost  all  published  their  poetry  praelections. 
Cambridge  has  never  enjoyed  the  luxury  of  a  professorship  in 
this  art. 

The  art  and  criticism  of  painting  has  been  utterly  neglected 
by  the  universities  until  quite  lately,  and  nothing  has  been  pro- 
duced of  any  interest,  except  in  the  Avay  of  caricatures  by  such 
draughtsmen  as  the  Kingsmen  T.  Orde,  B.A.  1770,  and  James 
Bearblock,  B.A.  1789.     Tyson  also  used  to  etch. 

In  the  more  serious  department  of  antiquities  (and  history) 
Oxford  has  produced  J.  Urry  and  Browne  Willis  {Ch.  Ch), 
T.  Tanner  {Qu.  and  All  Souls),  A.  Charlet  and  Humphrey  Wanley 
(Univ.),  White  Kennett  and  T.  Hearne  [Edm.  Hall),  Hi.  Baw- 
linson  and  Andrew  C.  Ducarel  {S.  Johns),  and  Joseph  Spence 
{Netv  Coll.). 

Cambridge  reared  Jeremy  Collier  and  F,  Blomefield  (Cai.), 
J.  Strype  (Kath.  and  Jesus),  T.  Baker  (S.  John's),  J.  Le  Neve  (no 
degree),  S.  Knight,  Morris  Drake  Morris^  and  F.  Peck  (Trin.), 
S.  Pegge,  senior  (S.  John's),  W.  Richardson'  (Emman.),  W.  Cole 
(Clare  and  King's),  Jacob  Bryant  (King's),  Bi.  Gough  and 
Michael  Tyson  (Bene't),  Sir  S.  Egerton  Bridges  (Queens'). 

We  should  mention  also  the  learned  William  Bowyer  of  S. 
John's  (the  pupil  of  Mr  Bonwicke)  who  took  John  Nichols  into 
partnership.  In  the  palmy  days  of  the  Gentleman's  j\kigazine, 
while  Sylvanus  Urban  was  a  Nichols,  it  kept  up  a  connexion 
with  the  literary  men  of  Cambridge,  and  it  has  left  us  much 
valuable  information  concerning  them.  John  Upton  (King's), . 
and  T.  Tyrwhitt  {Qu.,  Mert.),  as  students  of  english  must  not 
be  forgotten. 

Some  notices  of  academical  studies  ix  Saxox  are  to  be 
found  in  the  same  authorities,  Nichols'  Anecdotes  and  the  Letters 
from  the  Bodleian,  vol.  ii.  (1813). 

'  Praised  by  H.  F.  Caiy,  Mem.  i.  52.       Atlicnae  Cantab.     His  edition  of  God- 
-  Cooper's  Annals  i\.  162,  1G.3.  win   Dc    PrarsuUhns   was   i^riuted   at 

^  Ivichardson  made  collections    fur       C'aiiib.  17-13. 


ANTIQUARIES   AND   SAXONISTS.  159 

To  these  references  I  will  add  the  following  summary 
gathered  from  the  studious  bookseller,  J.  Potlieram's  Ilim- 
torical  Sketch  of  Anglo-Saxon  Literature  in  England.  18-iO. 
(chapters  III — Yl.) 

At  the  Eeformation  the  attention  of  English  Churchmen 
turned  naturally  to  the  records  of  the  Saxon  Church.  Abp. 
Parker,  beside  collecting  and  completing  by  facsimile  the  mss. 
which  are  now  in  the  University  Library  and  at  his  own  college. 
Corpus  Christi,  employed  J,  Day,  the  celebrated  printer,  to  cut 
the  first  saxon  type  in  brass  in  15G6.  About  seventy  years  later 
W.  L'Isle  received  the  imprimatur  from  the  Cambridge  licenser 
for  printing  a  Saxon  EnrjUsh  Psalter.  A  few  years  after  this 
(1G40)  Sir  H.  Spelraan  (Trin.)  designed  by  w-ill  to  found  a  saxon 
lectureship  at  Cambridge,  but  it  came  not  then  into  existence. 
He  had  already  given  an  allowance  to  Abraham  Wheelocke 
(Trin.  and  Clare)  the  arabic  professor  (see  p.  163),  who  published 
Chronologia  Anglo- Saxonica,  with  W.  Lambard's  Leges  Sax- 
onicae,  Camb.  1044".  The  disturbance  of  property  at  the  time 
of  the  civil  war  delayed  the  foundation  of  the  professorship^ 
but  Spelman's  grandson  Roger  carried  it  into  effect  after 
Wheelocke's  death. 

Fr.  Junius  the  younger  (Leyden),  uncle  of  Is.  Yossius,  studied 
at  Oxford  and  procured  the  cutting  of  Saxon  type  there  in  1G')4'. 
We  must  be  content  with  naming  James  Usher,  abp.  of  Armngh, 
who  resided  at  Oxford  and  left  his  library  to  Trin.  Coll.  Dublin, 
W.  Laud  {S.  Joh.),  abp.  of  Canterbury,  likewise  a  munificent 
collector  of  mss.,  J.  Selden  {Hart  Hall),  Sir  Symonds  D'Ewcs 
(Joh.)  and  Meric  Casaubon  {Ck.  Ch.). 

The  Cambridge  type  used  by  Wheelocke  being  too  large,  his 
successor  W.  Somner  of  Canterbury  had  his  dictionary  printed 
(1659)  at  the  Oxford  press,  wdiich  Avas  afterwards  enriched  by 
the  type  which  lord  Parker  had  given  to  Bowyer's  press  for  miss 
Elstob's  Rudiments  of  tJie  English-Saxon  Tongue,  1715. 

At  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  Oxford  boasted 
several  advancers  of  saxon  studies.  G.  Hickes  {Joh.,  Magd.  C, 
Magd.  H.,  and  Line),  Edm.  Gibson  and  Chr.  Rawlinson  {Queen's) 
and  Humphry  Wanley  ( Univ.).  The  greek  professor  E.  Thwaites, 
of  whom  Hickes  had  a  high  opinion,  had  as  many  as  fifteen 


160  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

saxon  students  (including  T.  Benson  and  Jos.  Todhuntcr)  at  his 
own  college,  Queen's. 

Several  books  in  this  department  were  printed  at  the  close 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  but  we  will  confine  our  list  to  the 
period  which  is  more  properly  the  subject  of  the  present  com- 
pilation. 

1701.     Vocabularium  Gul.  Somner,  cnra  T.  Benson  (Qit.). 

1705.     Thesaurus   Ling.    Vet.    Septentrional.      G.    Hickes    (Joh.,    Mngd.    C, 

Magd.  II.,  Line.)  with  Catalogue  of  MSS.,  &c.  Hum.  Wanley  {Univ.). 
1708.     Compendium  or  Latin  epitome  of  Hickes'  Thesaurus,   by  W.  Wotton 

(Joh.),  notes  by  G.  Hickes  {Jo.  d.r.),  E.  Thwaites  (Qu.),and  a  transcript 

by  Miss  E.  Elstob. 
1708.     Notae  in  Anglo  Saxonum  Nummos.    E.  Thwaites  {Qu.). 
1711.     Grammatica  Anglo  Saxonica.     {Id.) 
1713.     Versions  of  the  Lord's  Prayer,  J.  Chamberlaj'ne  (Trin.). 

1719.  Saxon  Homilies.     Gul.  Elstob.  (Cath.  Qu.  and  Univ.)  et  Soror. 
„        History  of  Kent.     J.  Harris,  D.D.  (Joh.). 

1719—21,  1726.     Complete  Linguist.     (Orator)  J.  Henley  (Joh.). 

1720.  Textus  Eoffensis,     T.  Hearne  {Edm.  II.). 

„       Canons  Ecclesiastical.     J.  Johnson  (Magd.,  and  C.  C.  C.  C). 

1721.  Leges  Saxonicae^.     Dav.  Wilkins  (D.D.  Camb.). 

1722.  Asseri  Annales, 

„       Bedae  Hist.  Eccl.     J.  Smith,  D.D.  (?  Joh.)  Camb. 

1723.  Hemingii  Chartularium  Vigorn.     T.  Hearne  {Edm.  II.). 

1735.     Conspectus  Thesauri  Hickesiani,  a  Gul.  Wotton.     Translated  by  Maurice 

Shelton, 
1737,     Concilia,  aD.  Wilkins  (D.D.  Camb.),  enlarged  from  the  edition  of  1717. 
1743.     Fr.  Junii  Etymol.  Anglic,  ed.  E.  Lye  {Hart  II.)  Oxon. 
1745,  '53,     Enquiry  into  Anglo-Saxon  Government.     S.  Squire  (Joh.).j 
1751.     Caedmon  (j^rojected  edition).    E.  Lye  {Hart  H.). 
1755.     History  of  the  Language  prefixed  to  the  Diet.  S.  Johnson  {Pcmb.). 
1772,     Asseri  de  r.  gestis  Alfredi,  recensuit  Fr.  Wise  {Trin.). 

„       Anglo-Saxon  and  Gothic  Dictionary,  E.   Lye  {Hart  H.)  posthumously 
edited  by  0.  Manning  (Queens'). 

,,        Leges  Saxonicae,     0.  Manning  (Qu.). 
1774.     History  of  English  Poetry,  Vol.  i.     T.  Warton  {Trin.)  Oxon. 
1778,     Letter  to  J.  Dunning  by  J,  Home  [Tooke]  (Joh.). 

1  This  work  had  been  commenced  a  scholar  as  her  brother,  and  continued 

by  W,  Elstob  (Cath.   H.  Camb. ;  Qu.  to  work,  in  great  poverty  and  without 

and     Univ.     Oxo7i.),    nephew    of    Dr  much  encouragement,  after  his  death. 

Hickes,  who  had  died   in  1714.     Ho  Their  type  being  destroyed  in  the  fire 

translated  the  Saxon  homily  of  Lupus  at  Bowyer's  (1712-13),  Ld.  Ch.  Justice 

and   edited  that  on  the  Birthday  of  Parker  gave  them  new  type  for  her 

S.  Gregory,  1709,  &c.    His  sister  Eliz.  Saxon  Grammar,  from  drawings  made 

Elstob  (whose  portrait  is  in  the  initial  by  Humphrey  Wanley.  at  Ro.  Nelson's 

G  of  that  homily)  was  at  least  as  good  request. 


SAXON.  IGl 

1786.  Diversions  of  Parley.     J.  Home  [Tooke]  (Job.). 

1787.  Historical  Account  of  the  Textus  Koffensis,  with  memoirs  of  the  Elstobs 
and  J.  Johnson.     S.  Pegge  (Joh.). 

1798.  Saxon  and  English  (not  Latin)  illustrative  of  each  other,  exemplified  in 
the  errors  of  Hickes,  Wilkins,  Gibson,  and  other  scholars.  S.  Henshall 
{B.  N.  C). 

1799 — 1805.     History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons.     Sharon  Turner. 

The  middle  of  the  century  appears  to  hav^e  had  some  re- 
straining power  for  Saxon  studies.  Not  only  was  there  Lye's 
abortive  edition  of  Caedmon,  but  Squire's  Saxon  Dictionary 
withered  away \  And,  yet  more  important,  Ri.  Rawlinson's  (Joh.) 
purpose  to  establish  a  Saxon  Professorship  at  Oxford  was  frus- 
trated for  a  longer  time  than  Spelman's  had  been  at  Cambridge 
in  the  preceding  century. 

It  was  not  until  the  year  1795  that  C.  Mayo,  fellow  of  S. 
Johns,  was  appointed  first  Rawlinsonian  professor.  He  was 
succeeded  in  1800  by  T.  Hardcastle  fellow  of  Merton. 

1  However     Lye     did     publish     in      Etymologicon,  fol.   Oxon.  1713,  con- 
1750  '  Sacrorum  Evangeliorum  versio      tains  an  anglo-saxon  grammar. 
Gothica,'  in  4to.  Oxon.  and  bis  Juuii 


11 


CHAPTER   XIII. 

ORIENTAL    STUDIES. 


Arabicae  linguae  professor  eras  ibit  in  desertum. 

Edm.  Castell  (1669). 


At  this  point  some  information  relative  to  the  study  of  the 
arch-science  Divinity  might  have  been  expected  to  follow  our 
account  of  Humanity  and  Morality. 

This,  however,  has  been  postponed  for  another  occasion, 
if  it  shall  ever  arise,  "when  it  is  proposed  to  put  together  some 
collections  on  the  kindred  topic  of  Religious  Life  at  the  English 
Universities  in  the  Eighteenth  Century. 

Nevertheless  we  here  subjoin  a  few  notes  upon  the  study 
not  of  arable  only  but  of  hebrew,  as  that  may  be  considered 
simply  as  a  branch  of  philology,  though  its  literature  is  theo- 
logical. 

Some  additional  information,  kindly  communicated  by  Mr 
Bensly,  will  be  found  in  the  concluding  chapter  of  this  volume. 

In  the  seventeenth  century  our  English  schools  and  univer- 
sities were  by  no  means  behindhand  in  the  study  of  hebrew. 
It  was  well  done  that  the  drudgery  of  learning  the  alphabet 
and  grammar  should  be  got  over  while  the  memory  was  young: 
and  some  traces  of  that  system  still  linger  at  King's  College 
Camb.,  and,  if  not  now  at  Westminster,  at  the  other  London 
schools,  and  at  King  Edward  Vlth's  school.  Bury  St  Edmunds\ 

^  Dr  J.  Covell,  master  of  Christ's  (1670 — 77.)  and  brought  home  some 
lfi88 — 1723,  was  educated  at  Bury.  vahiable  eastern  MSS.  HispupilJohn 
Hehal  a  chaplaincy  in  Constantinople       Marshall  (B.A.  Chr.  1663-4,  M.A.  com. 


ORIENTAL  STUDIES.  1G3 

There  were  even  among  the  juniors  at  Cambridge  in  lGo4, 
many  (as  Barrow  f[uaiutly  said)  who  could  have  understood  Adam 
when  he  gave  names  to  all  things^  He  added  that  cabalistic 
studies  were  then  pursued,  and  concluded  by  deploring  the 
death  of  Abraham  Wheelocke  (Clare),  the  first  arable  professor 
on  Sir  T.  Adams'  foundation^  1632-53.  Wheelocke  was  also 
professor  of  saxon,  and  died  while  engaged  upon  the  Polyglot 
Bible.  His  place  was  not  filled  up  until  a  few  years  after 
the  Restoration.  His  successor,  Edmund  Castell,  who  had 
been  pensioner  of  Emmanuel  and  afterwards  fellow-commoner 
of  St  John's,  finding  his  lectures  neglected  the  third  year  of 
his  occupation  of  the  chair,  posted  up  on  the  Schools'  gate  the 
humorous  notice  which  stands  at  the  head  of  this  chapter. 

Simon  Ocklcy  of  Queens'  was  author  of  an  '  lutroductio 
ad  Linguas  Orientales,'  8vo.  Camh.  170G.  'Account  of  Barbary,' 
a  version  of  Esdras  II.,  and  of  an  arabic  life  of  Hai  Ebn 
Yokdhan,  and  other  works.  He  lived  in  very  narrow  circum- 
stances; so  much  so  that  among  Ellis'  Letters  of  Eminent  Men^ 
is  one  addressed  by  him  in  1717  to  the  E.  of  Oxford  from  the 
Castle  prison,  Cambridge,  whence  he  wrote  also  the  introduc- 
tion to  the  second  vol-ume  of  his  History  of  the  Saracens.  His 
*  Oratio  Inauguralis  habita  Cantabrigiae  in  Scholis  publicis. 
Kal.  Febr.  Anno  1711,'  was  published  in  4to.  in  1712  (Camb.). 
The  first  Lord  Almoner's  reader,  1724-9,  was  David  Wilkins, 

regiis  1705)  spent  many  years  in  India  sian,  Greek,  Latine,  French,  Spanish 

and  acquired  unusual  knowledge  of  the  and  Italian,  and  ■well  versed  in  the 
Puranas,  Vcdas  and  the  rites  of  the  Greek  and  Latine  Fathers,  School- 
Brahmins  (Uffenbach  Eciscn  iir.  29).  men,  Counccls  and  modem  writers.' 
Prof.  Cowell,  in  a  paper  read  before  Lloyd  {Memoirs,  1668).  He  also  relates 
the  Camb.  Philological  Soc.  (17  April,  (p.  G19)  of  Ri.  Crashaw  the  poet 
1872)  expressed  his  regret  that  Mar-  that  'Hebrew,  Greek,  Latine,  Spanish, 
shall  did  not  publish  his  diaries  Ilarl.  French,  Italian,  were  as  familiar  to 
il/S.S'.  4250— 4256)  in  1G80,  as  they  were  him  as  E;)(7?is7i.'  Brian  Walton  him- 
in  advance  of  anything  that  was  known  self,  though  incorporated  at  Oxford, 
in  Europe  till  the  present  century.  was  Cambridge-bred  piagd.  &  Pet.). 
Is.  Millcs  brought  a  knowledge  of  -  Cooper's  Annals  iii.  247 — 9.  The 
Hebrew  to  S.  John's  cir.  1G57.  Life  Lord  Almoner's  readership  was  not 
(1721)  p.  14.  instituted  till  1724. 

1  T.   Comber  of  Trinity,    who   was  »  pp.    353,    354.     Among    Ockley'a 

master  (1631,  ejected  1645)  was  'dex-  pxipils  about  1705  was  J.  Jackson  (Jes.), 

terous  in  Hebrew,  Arabick,    Coptick,  theologian  and  biblical  scholar. 
Samaritane,    Syriack,    Chaldce,    Per- 
il—2 


1G4  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

(wlio  appears,  according  to  Saxii  Onomasticon  VI.  278,  to  liavc 
correspoiulcd  with  the  versatile  orientalist  Matliurin  Veyssi^re 
Lacroze  of  Nantes,  St  Maur,  Bale  and  Berlin)  editor  of  the 
'Concilia'  (D.D.  1717),  who  issued  'Novum  Testamentum 
Copticurn,'  and  was  succeeded  by  Leonard  Chappclow  (S.  John's, 
B.  A.  1712),  who  had  then  been  Adams  professor  for  nine  years. 
Chappelovv  published  an  edition  of  J.  8pencer*  '  de  Legibus 
Hebraeorum,'  '  Elementa  Linguae  Arabicae,'  a  commentary 
on  Job  and  translations  of  Abu  Ismael's  '  Traveller,'  and  '  Six 
Assemblies ;  or,  Ingenious  Conversations  of  Learned  men 
among  Arahians'  Camh.  1767,  from  Schultens'  edition  of 
arable  idioms,  proverbs,  &c.,  with  special  reference  to  the  eluci- 
dation of  Holy  Scripture*^. 

He  died  in  1779,  and  was  buried  in  S.  Andrew  the  Great, 
Cambridge.  John  Jebb  was  a  candidate  for  his  place,  but  was 
beaten  by  the  more  popular  Samuel  Hallifax  (B.A.  Jesus ;  M.A. 
Trin.  Hall),  who  held  the  readership  and  professorship  as  sine- 
cures for  two  years,  until  he  became  professor  of  Civil  Law'. 
Dr  W.  Craveu  followed  him,  but  gave  up  the  professorship 
when  he  became  master  of  S.  John's  in  1795.  His  successor, 
Joseph  Dacre  Carlyle  (of  Christ's  and  Queens',  B.A.  1779),  had 
studied  arable  with  the  assistance  of  David  Zamio  of  Bagdad. 
In  1799  he  went  to  Constantinople  with  Col.  Elgin,  visited  the 
Troad,  &c.,  and  died  in  England,  1804.  He  published  in  arable 
and  latin  (1792),  'Maured  Allatafet  Jemaleddini  Filii  Togri- 
Bardii,  seu  rerum  aegyptiacarum  annales  ab  A.  c.  971  usque  ad 
1453,'  and  '  Specimens  of  Arabic  Poetry,'  1796. 

Among  the  Cambridge  verses  on  the  occasion  of  Q.  Anne's 
accession  in  1702  are  hehrew  poems  by  S.  Townsend  (M.  A. 
Jesus  1701),  Pet.  Allix  (B.A.  Qu.  1702;  M.A.  Jesus  1706)  and 


'  Master  of  Benet,  1667—93.  not  noted.     Among  these  is  the  entry 

"  Bp.  Law,  liypo-bibliothecarms  in  ^Thin.  p^-rAa^^s  Turkish.'     Humphrey 

1773,  tried    to    get   H.    A.  Schultens  Wauley  writing  to  Dr  Charlett  in  1699 

to  make  a  catalogue  of  our  Oriental  noticed  here   one  book   described   as 

MSS.   Baker -Mayo-r,    p.    714,    1.    35.  '  lihrr  valde  peregrina  lingua  et  charac- 

This   portion    of  the    catalogue    was  terilus  plane  ignotis  exaratus,'  and  re- 

the  worst  done  in  the  hasty  list  com-  cognized    in   it   a   late    Arabic   tract, 

pleted    in   1752.      The    profr.    added  Ellis' Lf^^rs  (C.  S.),  p.  286. 

descriptions  of   Oriental  MSS,   where  ^  Disney's  Jebb,  10,  20,  22. 


ORIENTAL   STUDIES   AT   CAMBRIDGE.  IGo 

Artliur  Ashley  Sykes  (M.A.  Corpus  1708.)  Also  one  each  in 
arable,  persiaii,  and  turkish  by  C.  Wright,  late  fellow  of  Trinity. 
Some  of  these  persian  characters  had  to  be  supplied  by  substi- 
tute from  the  arabic  fount.  Wright's  MS.  aethiopic  grammar 
is  in  Camb.  Univ.  Library. 

Bentley  boasted  that  between  1G99  and  1708  oriental 
learning  began  again  to  be  cultivated,  first  at  Trinity  under  his 
own  rule,  and  then  by  infection  in  the  whole  university. 
{Corresp.  449).  His  own  reputation  as  a  hebraist  has  been 
established  by  Mr  John  Wordsworth  {ibid.  790),  in  the  face  of 
Middleton's  disparagement  of  his  proficiency  in  such  studies. 
In  a  letter  written  in  1735  {ibid.  711)  he  wrote  to  an  Oxonian 
about  a  persio  ms.  of  the  Gospels  which  had  been  sent  from 
Ispahan  to  the  university,  and  offered  some  acute  remarks  about 
its  date. 

In  1703  H.  Sike  (LL.D.  1705)  succeeded  Talbot  as  regius 
professor  of  hebrew.  By  his  German  connexion  he  was  well 
known  on  the  continent.  Uffenbach  much  regretted^  that  he 
was  not  in  residence  at  the  time  of  his  visit  to  Cambridge,  and 
when  he  was  in  London  he  came  across  a  young  student  of 
Breslau  who  was  going  to  study  eastern  languages  under  our 
professor.  When  he  put  an  end  to  his  own  life  in  his  rooms  in 
Trinity  in  171 2  ■■^,  his  death  caused  much  regi'et  among  foreign 
scholars  as  well  as  in  England.  In  1706  he  paid  a  visit  to 
Oxford  and  inspected  the  arabic  and  other  oriental  mss — cor- 
responding^ with  Kuster  at  Amsterdam  and  Bentley  at  Cam- 
bridge.    He  edited  the  Evangelium  Infantiae.  (arab.)* 

A  Catalogue®  of  the  oriental  MSS.,  and  other  curiosities 
given  by  G.  Lewis,  archd.  of  Meath  in  1726,  was  printed  at  the 
time  in  a  small  pamphlet.  The  seals  on  the  books  and  the 
plates  on  the  book-case  bear  his  name  and  the  date  1707. 

Among  our  orientalists  several  distinguished  themselves  in 
the  senate-house. 

J.  Parhhurst  (Clare)  was  6th  wrangler  in  174|. 

1    JJt'i.sen,  III.  8i,  II.  455.  ">  This  catalogue  was  re-printed,  with 

*  Monk's     Bentley,     i.     328,  329.       the  omission  of 'chop-sticks.    Iterum 

Luard's  End's  Diary,  p.  8.  chop-sticks'  and  the  like,  in  the  Clus- 

3  Bentley  Corresp.  241.  sical  Journal,  No.  xxxvi.  and  in  Dyer'a 

•»  Traject.  ad  Rhouum,  1G97.  Viivileges,  i.  b^l  foil. 


1(56  UNIVERSITY   STUDIKS. 

C.  Torriano  (Trin.)  first  junior  optimc  in  the  same  year,  was 
liebrcvv  professor  IT-^S — 7. 

W.  Disney  (Trin.)  liebrew  professor  1757 — 71,  was  senior 
wrangler  in  1753. 

W.  Craven  (S.  Job.)  arabic  professor  1770 — 95,  and  Ld, 
Almoner's  reader,  was  4tb  in  the  same  year. 

S.  Hallifax  (Jes.)  arabic  prof.  1708 — 70,  and  Ld.  Almoner's 
reader,  was  3rd  in  1754. 

/.  Jebh  (Pet.)  candidate  for  the  arabic  professorship  was 
2nd,  and  i^o.  Ti/riuhitt  (Jes.)  13th  in  1757. 

W.  Collier  (Trin.)  hebrew  professor  1771 — 90,  was  5th  in 
1762. 

J.  Porter  (Trin.)  hebrew  professor  1790 — 95,  was  5th  in 
1773. 

/.  Dacre  Carhjle  (Queens')  arabic  professor  1795 — 1804,  was 
10th  in  1779. 

H.  Lloyd  (Trin.)  hebrew  professor^  1795 — 1831,  was  10th 
in  1785. 

J.  Palmer  (Job.)  arabic  professor  1804 — 9,  was  senior 
wrangler  in  1792. 

The  hebrew  professors  do  not  appear  to  have  produced 
much.  A  good  deal  of  the  instruction  imparted  at  Cambridge 
in  that  language'"*  in  the  middle  of  the  century  was  given  by 
Israel  Lyons ^  a  Polish  silversmith  (father  of  the  botanist), 
whereas  in  1741  the  stipend  (£2),  due  to  the  hebrew  lecturer  at 
Peterhouse,  Avas  devoted  to  increase  the  dean's  salaiy^;  eight 
years  later  it  was  agreed  to  allow  £5  to  Lyons  '  for  teaching 
such  scholars  the  hebrew  tongue  as  shall  be  appointed  by  the 
master  and  deans.'   About  1764  John  Jebb  learnt  from  him®,  and 


^  I  have  seen  a  notice  bearing  the  early  as  1733  when  making  one  of  his 
date  '  1  Feb.  1799  '  to  the  effect  that  sojourniugs  in  Cambridge, 
the   hebrew   Professor   (Lloyd)  would  ■*  By  a  college  order,  28  Nov.  1659 
give  instruction  gratis  on  Tuesdays  and  the  hebrew  lecturer's  place  was  con- 
Thursdays,  and  ofteuer  if  desired.  ferred  on  Mr  Skelton,  the  deputy  junior 

2  The  Statutes  required  every  M.A.  dean,    for  his   encoiu-agement.      The 

quahfying  for  the  degree  of  B.D.  to  lectureship  was  allowed  to  he  fallow  at 

attend  the  hebrew  lecture    daihj  for  least  as  early  as  1700. 

seven  years.  ^  Disney's  Jeib,  i.  10. 

'  John  Byrom  leanit  from  him  as 


ORIENTAL   STUDIES   AT   OXFORD.  167 

at  the  same  time"  he  was  employed  as  teacher  in  S.  John's  Col- 
leges    He  died  about  1770. 

Knowing  what  sentiments  Gilbert  Wakefield  expressed  con- 
cerning greek  accents,  we  are  not  so  much  surprised  to  read  in 
his  autobiography  the  following  disagreeable  remark:  'The  chief 
motive  for  the  recommendation  of  points  in  those  who  under- 
stand them,  is,  I  fear,  too  often  pride.'  He  confesses*  that  in 
1775  he  could  not  master  Lyons  Hebrew  Grammar^,  and  threw 
it  aside  for  Masclef's,  which  discards  the  points. 

We  may  fairly  say  that  Oxford  did  more  than  Cambridge 
for  these  studies.  In  the  previous  century  we  read  of  Ri. 
Kilbye  (one  of  the  translators  of  the  Bible)  as  a  hebrew  pro- 
fessor well  read  in  Rabbinical  lore,  licensing  Jacob  Barnet,  a 
young  jew  (who  subsequently  made  off  when  he  had  undertaken 
to  be  baptized),  to  give  elementary  lessons  to  students*.  Arch- 
bishop Laud  had  been  most  munificent  in  presenting  mss.  to 
the  University  ^  and  in  his  code  of  statutes  he  made  knowledge 
of  hebrew  a  condition  for  the  degree  of  M.A.  That  it  was 
fairly  studied  in  the  middle  of  the  next  century  is  regarded  as 
notorious  by  a  writer  in  the  Student  in  Feb.  17fY.  who  is  advo- 
cating the  revival  of  arable".  In  the  second  volume  (pp.  377 — 
380)  is  a  paper  on  the  hebrew  root  achal,  a  specimen  of  a  sup- 
plement to  the  Originals.  Another  correspondent  contributes 
a  paper  (ii.  306 — 309)  on  reading  hehrew  ivithout  jyoints ; — all 
this  in  the  midst  of  the  facetiae  of  Smart  and  Warton. 

Laud  procured  in  1020  the  annexation  of  a  canonry  at  Ch. 
Ch.  to  the  hebrew  professorship:  he  also  endowed  a  chair  of 
arable,  which  was  supplemented  more  than  a  century  later  by 
the  lord  Almoner's  readership. 

Speaking  of  the  time  of  the  Bartholomew  Act  of  Uniformity 
(1GG2),  Burnet  says  'the  young  clergy  that  came  from  the  uni- 
versities did  good  service.  Learning  was  then  high  at  Oxford ; 
chiefiy  the  study  of  the  oriental  tongues,  which  was  much  raised 
by  the  Polyglot  bible,  then  lately  set  forth.     They  read  the 

1  Baker-Mayor,  p.  1010. 1.  24.  *  Mark  Tattisou's  Is.  Casaubon,  413. 

=  Memoirs  (1804),  i.  100,  101,  .388.  (a.  IGIO.) 

8  The  Scholar's  Instructor  or  RchreyT  "^  Hook's  Laud,  rp.  169,  173,  310. 

Grammar  by  I.  Lyons,  Canib.  etl.   1.  *  The  Student,  or  0:i.ioTd  Miscellany, 

1735,  1738,  cd.  3.  1757.  i.  41— 4G. 


168  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

fathers  much  there.  Mathematics  and  the  new  philosopliy  wore 
in  great  esteem.  And  the  meetings  that  Wilkins  liad  begun 
at  Oxford  were  now  held  in  London  too  in  so  public  a  manner 
that  the  king  himself  encouraged  them  much  and  had  many 
experiments  made  before  him\' 

Edward  Pococke  of  Corpus  then  held  both  professorships, 
but  he  died  in  1691 ;  and  ere  the  century*  opened  Thomas  Hyde 
of  (King's,  Camb.  and)  Queens,  was  his  successor  both  for 
hebrew  and  for  arable.  In  1700  he  had  published  his  great 
work  '  Historia  Religionis  veterum  Persarum.'  He  wrote  also  on 
Chinese  weights  and  measures,  on  eastern  games,  and  edited  the 
Gospels  and  Acts  in  the  malay  language. 

Thomas  Hunt  of  Hart  Hall  (Prof.  Laud.  Arab.  1738.  Reg. 
Hebr.  1747-74)  printed  latin  orations  *De  Antiquitate  Ele- 
gantia,  Utilitate  Linguae  Arabicae '  and  '  De  usu  Dialectorum 
Orientalium.'  Kennicott  published  his  posthumous  '  Observa- 
tions on  the  Book  of  Proverbs.' 

Benjamin  Blayney,  B.A.  Wore,  fellow  of  Hart  Hall,  was 
professor  of  hebrew  1787 — 1802.  He  published  translations 
of  Jeremiah  and  Zechariah,  and  in  1709  edited  the  Oxford 
Bible,  like  Mr  Scrivener  revising  the  marginal  references. 

Thomas  Shaw*,F.R.S.  (who  was  professor  of  Greek  1747 — 51), 
fellow  of  Queen  s,  having  resided  at  Algiers  as  chaplain  to  the 
english  factory,  and  having  visited  eastern  countries,  published 
in  1738  his  '  Travels  in  Barbary  and  the  Levant,'  containing 
observations  and  illustrations  of  the  sacred  and  classical  writings 
as  well  as  other  valuable  information.  Another  edition  in  1757 
included  his  rejoinders  to  Pococke's  strictures.  He  succeeded 
Felton  as  principal  of  S.  Edmund  Hall,  and  figures  in  the 
'  Oxford  Sausage '  as  the  '  Gahy '  of  Herbert  Beaver's  the 
'  Cushion  Plot,'  and  as  a  '  convert'  in  politics. 

George  Home  was  admitted  at  Univ.  coll.  in  his  sixteenth 

1  Biirnet,    i.    332  -  (folio)    i.    192.  professorsliip    should     undertake    to 

Oxon.  1823.  teach  Chaldee  as  well  as  Syriack,  the 

*  There  is  in  Letters  from  the  Bod-  alternate  months  throughout  the  year, 

leian  (1813),  ii.  49 — 62  a  letter  from  ^  Ly^g    j^jg    uamesake    (p.    94)    he 

Arthur   Bedford    {B.  N.  C.    author  of  seems  to  have   been   a  butt   for  the 

Scripture  Chronology   1730,    <!tc.)    to  Oxford  wits  on  account   of  the  latin 

Dr  Charlett  Univ.  (11  Dec.  1799.)  re-  version  of  his  name.     Biog.   Uiiiver' 

commending  that  the  newly  proposed  scUe. 


ORIENTAL   STUDIES   AT   OXFORD.  169 

year,  and  became  fellow  and  president  of  Marjd.  coll.  and  Bp.  of 
Norwich.  He  was  a  follower  of  Hutchinson  the  learned  he- 
braist,  opponent  of  the  Newtonian  system,  which  Home  attacked 
in  the  ironical  'Theology  and  Philosophy  in  Cicero's  Somnium 
Scipionis  explained,'  1751.  Soon  afterwards  he  entered  into  a 
dispute  with  Kennicott,  but  ultimately  they  became  fast  friends. 
In  1776  appeared  his  '  Commentary'  on  the  Psalms '  (2  vols.  4to). 

Benjamin  Kennicott  entered  at  Wadham,  but  he  won  his 
fees^  for  B.A.  and  a  fellowship  at  Exeter  by  his  Dissertation  'On 
the  Tree  of  Life  '  and  'On  the  Oblations  of  Cain  and  Abel '  in 
1747.  Subsequently  he  was  keeper  of  the  RadcUffe  library ^ 
preb.  of  Westminster  and  (by  exchanged  canon  of  Ch.  Ch.  He 
undertook  the  enormous  work  of  examining  the  hebrew  mss.  of 
the  Bible,  and  finally  brought  out  the  hebrew  Bible  with  Pro- 
legomena and  various  readings  in  two  vols,  folio  1776  and  1780. 
But  while  the  Avork  was  in  progress  he  had  brought  out  speci- 
mens of  his  researches  from  time  to  time  : — '  The  State  of  the 
printed  hebrew  Text  of  the  Old  Testament  considered.'  Oxon. 
2  vols.  1753 — 9.  'Annvial  Accounts  of  a  Collation  of  Hebrew 
MSS.'  1761—9,  collected  1770.  '  Dissertatio  Generalis  in  V.  T. 
Hebr.'  Oxon.  1780.  Beside  his  controversy  with  Home  he  had 
a  'Correspondence  with  an  Abbe'  (Rome),  1771 — 3,  and  a 
'  Letter  to  J.  D.  Michaelis'  on  his  strictures  on  the  edition,  1777, 
and  pamphlets  were  interchanged  between  him  and  our  T. 
Rutherford  (Joh.)  on  the  Samaritan  Pentateuch.     1761-2. 

Robert  Lowth  was  elected  to  New  College  from  Winchester 
in  1730.  As  professor  of  poetry  he  signalized  himself  by  taking 
up  the  subject  of  hebrew  compositions  I  His  Prailectiones 
'  De  Sacra  Poesi  Hebraeorum '  came  out  in  1753,  in  which 
certain  passages  relating  to  the  book  of  Job  were  violently 
attacked  by  Warburton  in  an  appendix  to  the  last  vol.  of  his 
second  edition  of  the  '  Divine  Legation  of  Moses.'  Lowth  pub- 
lished a  trenchant  letter  to  the  bishop  in  1765.  He  became 
bishop  of  S.  David's,  Oxon.  and  London. 

Sir  W.  Jones,  F.R.S.,  removed  from  Harrow  to  Univ.  coll. 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship.     When  an  undergraduate  he 

1  Cp.  the  obsolete  Camb.  expression       tion  as  if  the  orieutnl  professorships 
*  to  save  one's  f/roatii.^  were    generally    rcganleil    almost    as 

'  Lowth  speaks  in  liis  Crcwian  ora-       i-iuecures  at  that  time  (1751). 


170  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

was  permitted  to  study  arable  instead  of  attending  tlie  college 
lecture,  and  he  was  appointed  tutor  to  lord  Althorp  (E.  Spencer). 
About  176G  be  began  his  Comraentaries  on  Asiatic  Poetry,  after 
the  example  of  Lowth's  hebrew  praelections.  He  was  em- 
ployed to  translate  the  K.  of  Denmark's  eastern  ms.  life  of  the 
Nadir  Shah.  He  was  appointed  judge  in  the  court  of  Bengal, 
and  at  Calcutta  instituted  a  Royal  Society  of  Oriental  Litera- 
ture and  Science,  and  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  Sanskrit. 
He  died  suddenly  in  1794  (aged  48):  a  monument  by  Flax  man 
was  put  up  in  his  college  chapel. 

Joseph  White,  D.D.  {Wadh.),  arable  professor  1774 — 1814, 
published  the  Syriac  N.  T.  Vers.  Philoxen.  from  the  Ridley  mss., 
several  miscellaneous  works,  and  his  lecture  de  Utilitate  Ling. 
Arab,  in  Studiis  Theologicis ...  Oxon.  in  Scliola  Linguarum 
1775.  Also  Institutes  of  Timour  or  Tamerlane  from  the  Mogul 
through  Dr  Hunter's  Persian  ms.  by  W.  Davy.  Oxon.  1780. 
And  Abollatiplii  Hist.  Aegypt.  Compendium.  Oxon.  1800. 
Beside  later  productions.  He  gave  persian  lessons  to  Gary 
(1794). 

The  first  volume  of  the  Oxford  catalogue  of  Oriental  MSS. 
(hebrew,  chaldee,  syriac,  aethiopic,  arable,  persian,  turkish  and 
Coptic)  was  begun  in  1766  by  John  Uri  (a  hungarian,  pupil  of 
Schultens  of  Leyden),  and  issued  in  1787\  The  first  part  of 
the  second  volume  by  Dr  Nicoll  came  out  in  1821,  and  the 
conclusion  by  Dr  Pusey  in  1835.  Uri's  part  is  said  to  be 
incorrect,  and  rendered  less  valuable  by  the  discovery  of  many 
forgeries  palmed  upon  almost  all  orientalists  except  Pococke. 


1  Notes  and  Queries,  S.  rv.  ix.  379,  tises)  2  vol.  4to.  Plates,  &c.  Greg. 

380,    Macray's  Annals  of  the  Bodleian,  Sliarpe,  LL.D. 

pp.  199,  233.     There  was  also  Notitia  1775  Lexicon  Aegyptiaco-Lat.  a  M.  V. 

Lihrorinn  Hehraeorum,  Graec.  et  Lat.  Lacroze,  ex  cura  C.  Scholtz  notas 

Saec.  XV.,  ct  Aldin.  in  Bodl.  published  et  indices  adj.  C.  G.  Woide.  4to. 

at  Oxford,  1795.    We  may  also  men-  1778  Scholtz    Gramm.   Aegj-pt.   cura 

tion  the  following   books  proceeding  C.  G.  Woide,  4to. 

from  the  Clarendon  press.  ,,    Testament!  Novi  Yersio   Syriaca 

1716  Testcamentum    Novnm    Aesypti-  Philoxeniana.     J.  White.  4to. 

um,  vulgo  Copticimi  ex  MSS.  Bodl.  ,,    Albucasis  de  Chirurgia.  Arab,  et 

D.  Wilkins.  Lat.  J  Charming  {Ch.  Ch.)  4to. 

17G7  T.Hyde, S}-ntagmaDissertatiomim  1790  Pentateuchus  Hebraeo-Samarit. 

(Arabic,  Hebrew  and  Chinese  trea-  charactere  hebraco.B.Blayney,8vo. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


PHYSICK. 


'  How !  you  uuderstand  surgery,'  answers  the  doctor,  '  and  not  read  Galen 
and  Hippocrates  ? '  '  Sir,'  cries  the  other  '  I  believe  there  are  many  surgeons 
who  have  never  read  these  authors. '  '  I  believe  so  too, '  says  the  doctor,  '  more 
shame  for  them;  but  thanks  to  my  education,  I  have  them  by  heart,  and  very 
seldom  go  without  them  both  in  my  pocket.'  '  They  are  jjretty  large  books,' 
said  the  gentleman. 

H.  Fielding's  Adventures  of  Joseph  Andrews,  i.  xiv. 


The  English  universities,  while  aiming  at  educating  profes- 
sional men,  never  pretended  in  old  time  to  give  the  final  prac- 
tical training  which  is  required  for  every  profession.  Even  in 
the  education  of  the  clergy,  to  which  they  gave  their  special 
attention,  they  attempted  to  educate  them  in  scientific  Theo- 
logy rather  than  to  impart  even  the  elements  of  the  pastoral 
profession. 

So  it  was  that  young  men  intending  to  practise  medicine  or 
surgery,  though  they  might  receive  the  grounds  of  a  valuable 
education,  and  some  theoretical  instruction,  in  one  of  the  uni- 
versities, were  obliged  to  look  elsewhere  for  practical  knowledge 
to  qualify  them  for  their  profession. 

A  Quarterly  Reviewer  stated  in  1827  (p.  2,'35)  that  of  all  the 
physicians  then  practising  in  England  (three  hundred  licentiates 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  numerous  unlicensed  country 
practitioners)  about  one  hundred  had  been  educated  at  Oxford 
or   Cambridge ;    while   of  the  six   thousand    members   of  the 


172  UNIVEllSITY   STUDIES. 

College  of  Surgeons  not  six  bad  graduated  at  either  of  our 
universities. 

Let  us  see  what  were  the  relations  in  which  the  former  of 
these  learned  colleges  stood  with  our  own  in  earlier  times. 

In  1701  (18  Nov.),  it  was  ruled  by  Sir  J.  Holt  that  a 
university  graduate  in  physic  might  not  practise  in  London,  or 
within  seven  miles  of  it,  unless  he  had  a  licence  from  the  College 
of  Physicians\  29  Nov.  1715,  the  Senate  agreed  to  support  our 
M.D.s'  claims  against  such  prohibition^  and  a  similar  course  was 
adopted  at  Oxford.  However,  in  iTjy  the  universities  were 
again  defeated  in  the  person  of  Dr  West  by  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians in  the  Court  of  King's  Bench  ^. 

More  friendly  overtures  were  made  between  the  two  learned 
bodies  in  17|^,  the  College  offering  to  appoint  their  fellows 
entirely  from  the  list  of  University  Doctors*,  and  the  University 
of  Cambridge  undertaking,  through  the  Public  Orator  (March  1), 
to  make  her  degrees  in  medicine  strictly  conformable  with  the 
statutable  qualifications.  In  1750,  on  the  demand  of  our  Uni- 
versities, the  College  agreed  to  exclude  graduates  of  foreign 
universities';  and  in  1753  it  was  decided  in  the  case  of  Dr 
Isaac  Schomberg  of  Trinity  that  an  academic  M.D.  cannot  claim 
to  be  enrolled  F.R.C.P.  as  a  matter  of  rights 

There  were  but  three  Regii  Professores  of  Physic  at  Cam- 
bridge in  the  last  century^  (Chr.  Green,  Cai.  1700 :  Russell 
Plumptre,  Qu.  1741:  Sir  Isaac  Pennington  1793 — 1817),  which 
speaks  well  for  their  professional  treatment  of  themselves,  but  I 
do  not  know  that  they  ever  lectured.     Indeed  most  of  our  men 

1  Cooper's  Annals,  iv.  47,  48.  early  observations  on  tlie  nervous  sys- 

'^  Van  Mildert's   life  of  Waterland  tem  which  have   since   been  univer- 

p.  16.  sally  adopted.   (WhevfeU.,  Hist.  Induct. 

3  Cooper's  Annals,  rv.  142,  145.  Sciences  iii.  427,  428.)     "William  Har- 

4  Ibid.  p.  108.  This  was  enforced  vey  who  discovered  the  circulation  of 
in  the  King's  Bench  in  Easter  term,  the  blood  (1615-28)  had  been  educated 
1797.     Gimning's  Eeniinisc.  ii.  ch.  iii.  at  Caius  (and  Padua),  and  -was  elected 

5  Cooper's  Annals,  iv.  281.  King  Warden  of  Merton  in  1645.  Glisson 
Charles  II.  had  made  a  similar  order  said  that  WaUis  (Emman.  1035  ;  fel- 
in  favour  of  the  universities'  monopoly  low  of  Queens')  was  the  first  of  his 
Feb.  12,  IGTj.     Ibid.  iii.  506.  *  sons '  who  defended  the  then  new  doc- 

'^  Nichols'  Lit.  Anecd.  iii.  27  n.  trine  of  the  Blood  (Heame's  Langtoft, 

7  In  the  preceding  century  professor      i.  cl.). 
F.  Ghsson   (Caius),  1036-7,  had  made 


PHYSICK.  1  /  o 

learned  in  medicine  found  a  field  for  their  powers  away  from 
the  University.  However,  it  appears  that  when  Is.  Pennington 
held  another  professorship  (that  of  Chemistry)  in  1773 — 93, 
he  found  a  deputy  who  gave  satisfactory  lectures  in  that  sub- 
ject,— J.  Milner  of  Queens'^;  while  some  years  earlier  we  find 
a  Botany  Professor,  Ri.  Bradley,  delivering  and  printing  (at 
Bowyer's  press  1730)^  'a  Course  of  Lectures  upon  the  Materia 
Medica...in  the  Physick  Schools  at  Cambridge  upon  the  Col- 
lections of  Dr  Addenbroke  and  Signer  Yigani'  deposited  in 
Catharine  Hall  and  Queens'  College. 

Among  the  colleges  at  least  one  (Peterhouse)  had  in  past 
times  a  laudable  custom  of  urging  her  fellows  to  determine 
themselves  in  the  line  of  some  faculty — going  on  'the  Law  line,' 
or  that  of  Physick,  or  of  Divinity.  Two  physicians  celebrated 
for  their  good-nature  and  other  social  and  moral  qualities  were 
residents  (though  not  fellows)  in  that  society  for  some  time.  Sir 
Sara.  Garth  (B.A.  1679,  M.D.  1G91,  Harveian  Oration,  1C97, 
The  Dispensary,  1699),  and  Sir  W.  Browne  (B.A.  1710,  M.D. 
1721),  founder  of  the  classical  medals,  and  translator  and  editor 
of  Gregorys  Elements  of  Catoptricks  and  Dioptricks.  By  his 
will  he  gave  the  college  two  "  Kar  e^o')(rjv  Xon-travelling"  Physic 
Fellowships^.  Among  resident  practitioners  was  Ro.  Glynn 
(Clobcry)  fellow  of  King's  (B.A.  1741,  M.D.  1752,  Seatonian 
Prizeman  '  The  Day  of  Judgment,'  1757)  who  was  physician  to 
the  poet  Gray.  Though  he  was  a  doctor  of  repute  his  favourite 
panacea  was  'emplasma  vesicatorium  amplum  et  acre.'  He  was 
conspicuous  for  his  gold-headed  cane,  scarlet  cloak  and  three- 
cornered  hat.  In  rainy  weather  he  wore  pattens,  which  is 
possibly  the  reason  why  until  1872  there  hung  at  the  gate  of  his 
colleere  a  notice  forbidding  their  use.  His  funeral  in  1800  was 
the  last  performed  by  torchlight  in  Cambridge.  Like  the  author 
of  the  Dispensary  he  shewed  much  professional  kindness  to  the 
poor.  In  [Mathias']  Pursuits  of  Literature  Glynn  is  celebrated 
as  ' dilectus  lapis'  and  laTptKWTaTo<i,  (f)i\6So)po<;  kuI  oSwpo- 
B6Kr]T0<i,   (juXoTTTCiy^o'i,    yevvalo';,   vicov  8iopdcoTi']<;,   oaio^,  8iKaLo<i, 


1  Gunuiiig's  Rcminisc.  Vol.  i.  chap.  ^  Ibid.  ix.  442. 

viii.  ••  Gunning,  Reminisc.  Vol.  ii.  cli.  iv, 

-  Nichols'  Lit.  Anpcd.  l.  44.'>,  44G.  Autohiog.  of  G.  Pryme,  4G. 


171"  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

ei)cre/3/)?,  ci?  uKpov  t?/?  7racSeia<;  i\r]XaK(6<;.     (1790).    His  portrait 
liangs  in  the  libraries  of  Magdalene  and  Caius, 

The  following  notices,  preserved  by  Dr  Webb,  prove  that 
])r  Glynn  used  to  do  some  work  as  a  teacher : 

'On  the  14th  of  March,  1750—1 

Will  begin 

A  Course  of  Lectures 

on 
Tlie  Medical  Institutes. 
I.     On  the  Animal  Oeconomy. 
II.     On  the  Operations  of  Medicines. 
III.     On  the  History  of  Diseases. 
By  E.  Glynn. 

Gentlemen  who  propose  to  attend  these  Lectures  are  desired 
to  call  upon  Mr  Glynn  at  King's  College.' 

And  another  to  the  following  effect : 

On  Monday,  March  2nd,  1752.  Medical  Lectures  on  the 
Structure  and  Use  of  the  Principal  Organs  of  the  Human  Body, 
will  begin  at  3  p.m.  Anatomy  Schools.  1st  Course  2  Guineas; 
2nd,  1  Guinea. 

In  Dr  Webb's  collections,  vol.  i.  (Univ.  Library),  is  pre- 
served a  copy  of  a  printed  ballad,  '  Unfortunate  old  Clobery ' 
(with  a  latin  jingling  version),  to  the  tunc  of  'A  Captain  bold  of 
Halifax,'  relating  to  Dr  Glynn  and  the  '  Chest '  fund  at  King's. 
(1780.)     8vo.  pp.  IG. 

We  will  now  pass  on  to  our  enumeration  of  scientific  men. 

Stephen  Hales  was  preelected  fellow  of  Corpus,  or  Benet 
Hall,  in  April,  1702,  and  admitted  Feb.  1703;  B.D.  1711; 
F.R.S.  1718.  '  Statical  Experiments  on  the  Sap  in  Vegetables, 
and  an  attempt  to  Analyse  the  Air,'  1727  (being  vol.  i.  of  his 
Statical  Essays).  '  Hydraulick  and  Hydrostatical  Experiments 
on  the  Blood  and  Blood-vessels :  also  the  Nature 'of  certain  Con- 
cretions,' 1783,  forming  vol.  ii.  In  1733  he  took  the  degree  of 
D.D.  at  Oxford  by  diploma-r-why  he  took  degrees  in  divinity 
instead  of  medicine  I  cannot  say ;  'Admonition  to  Drinkers  of 
Spirituous  Liquors^  ed.  2.  1734;  'Experiments  of  Sea- Water, 
Corn,  Flesh,  &c.;  containing  many  useful  Instructions  for  Voya- 


PHYSICK.  1  /  o 

gers,'  1739,  in  which  year  he  was  Copley  Medallist  of  the  Royal 
Society;  'Observations  on  Mrs  Stephens s  Medicines^  1740; 
'On  Ventilation!  1743;  'On  Tar- Water,'  1745;  On  'Earth- 
quakes,'' 1750.  '  Crounean  Lecture,  &c.,  Job  x.  11,  12.'  Hales 
was  foreign  member  of  the  Parisian  Academy,  Proctor  in  Con- 
vocation, Clerk  of  the  Closet  to  the  princess  Augusta  and 
prince  George  (afterwards  K.  Geo.  III.).  Like  Dr  Burton,  he 
was  a  trustee  for  the  new  colony  of  Georgia,  which  Wesley 
visited  in  1785.  {Masters'  Hist,  of  C.  C.  C.  C.  302  sqq.)  He 
planned  his  Statical  experiments  in  his  '  private  Elaboratory  in 
Bennet  College\' 

About  1G48 — 9,  Dr  Wilkins  and  Wallis  had  removed  to 
Oxford,  and  continued  such  philosophical  discussions  as  they 
had  held  for  about  four  years  in  London, — in  the  rooms  of 
Wilkins  in  Wadham  College.  There,  with  Boyle,  W.  Petty, 
Seth  Ward,  and  other  doctors  of  physic  and  diviuit\%  they  had 
formed  the  nucleus  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  established  the 
Oxford  Philosophical  Society,  which  lasted  till  1690.  Most  of 
the  founders  of  the  Royal  Society  had  removed  to  London  after 
about  ten  years'  sojourn  in  Oxford.  They  were  incorporated  at 
the  Restoration,  and  had  the  honour  of  receiving  and  printing 
the  MS.  of  the  Principia.  In  1669,  Evelyn  applied  to  H.  lord 
Howard  to  efifect  an  exchange  of  Arundel  MSS.  and  scientific 
books  between  the  university  of  Oxford  and  the  Society.  An 
unfortunate  jealousy  against  the  Royal  Society  appears  to  have 
arisen  at  Oxford,  so  that  Thomas  Sprat  of  WadJiani,  in  his 
history  of  the  R.  S.  (1667),  found  it  necessary  to  argue  that 
ExpeHments  are  not  dangerous  to  the  universities.  Still,  two 
years  later,  South,  the  university  orator,  took  occasion  to  inveigh 
against  it  at  the  opening  of  the  Sheldonian  Theatre,  as  Wallis 
informed  Boyle.  Again,  at  the  very  close  of  that  century 
(1700),  Dr  W.  King  of  Ch.  Ch.  satirized  the  Royal  Society,  or 
at  least  Sir  Hans  Sloane  their  president,  in  two  dialogues 
intituled  The  Transact ioneer.  Sloane  was  created  M.D.  at 
Oxford  in  the  following  year. 

John  Freind,  one  of  the  most  eminent  physicians  of  the 
century,  was  M.A.  Ch.  Ch.  1701,  having  been  joint  editor  with 

^  Ri.  DaA-ies,  General  State  of  Education,  1759,  p.  '11. 


176  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Foulkos  of  one  of  dean  AUricli's  'new  year's  gifts'  {De  Corona, 
lOOG).  The  lectures  which  he  delivered  before  the  university 
in  1704  as  Reader  in  Chemistry  were  published  in  1709. 

In  1G71,  Dr  John  Eachard,  afterwards  master  of  Catharine 
Hall,  in  'Some  Observations  upon  the  Answer  to  an  Enquiry 
into  the  Grounds  and  Occasion  of  the  Contempt  of  the  Clergy' 
gives  an  amusing  sketch  of  the  pert  young  academical  sciolists 
of  the  day.  'And  in  the  first  place  comes  rattling  home  from 
the  Vniversities  the  young  pert  Soph  with  his  Atoms  and 
Globuli;  and  as  full  of  defiance  of  all  Countrey  Parsons,  let  them 
be  never  so  learned  and  prudent,  and  as  confident  and  magis- 
terial, as  if  he  had  been  Prolocutor  at  the  first  Council  of  Nice. 
And  he  wonders  very  much  that  they  will  pretend  to  be  Goion- 
men,  whereas  he  cannot  see  so  much  as  Cartes  s  Principles,  nor 
Gassendiis's  Syntagma,  lying  upon  the  Table ;  and  that  they 
are  all  so  sottish  and  stupid  as  not  to  sell  all  their  Lihranes 
and  send  presently  away  for  a  whole  Wagon  full  of  new  Philo- 
sophy. I'll  tell  you,  Sir,  says  one  of  these  small  whiflers,  per- 
haps to  a  grave,  sober,  and  judicious  Divine,  the  Vniversity  is 
strangely  altered  since  you  were  there,  we  are  groiun  strangely 
inquisitive  and  ingenious.  I  pray,  Sir,  how  went  the  business  of 
onotion  in  your  days  ?  we  hold  it  all  noiu  to  be  violent,'  and  so  on. 
The  whippersnapper's  criticism  on  the  sermon  is  exquisitely 
sketched.  Then  follows  a  slash  at  the  younger  members  of 
Gresham  College  (where  the  Royal  Society  twice  found  shelter), 
who  ask  '  to  what  purpose  is  it  to  preach  to  people,  and  go  about 
to  save  them,  without  a  Telescope,  and  a  glass  for  Fleas  ? ' 
Pp.  142—7. 

Uffenbach  visited  the  chemical  laboratory  at  Oxford  in 
1710.  The  room  had  been  fitted  up  for  the  original  Royal 
Society  in  its  early  Oxonian  days.  He  found  the  stoves  in  fair 
condition,  but  everything  else  in  dirt  and  disorder.  Dr  Ri. 
Frewin  {Ch.  Ch.,  where  his  portrait  is  hung),  afterwards  Cam- 
den Professor  of  Ancient  History,  did  not  seem  to  care  about  it, 
and  White  the  demonstrator  was  a  good-for-nothing  man. 

John  Addcnbrooke  was  B.A.,  S.  Catharine's,  in  1701,  M.D. 
1712.  He  is  thought  to  have  practised  in  Cambridge,  which  he 
endowed  with  £4000  to  build  the  hospital,  which  was  further 
assisted  by  the  bequest  of  £7000  from  J.  Bowtell  the  bookseller. 


PIIYSICK. 


177 


Samuel  and  Joliu  Jcbb  of  Peteilionse  we  have  occasion  to  men- 
tion elsewhere.  They  took  their  first  degree  respectively  in 
1712  and  1757.  The  same  society  produced,  beside  Sir  W. 
Browne  (B.A.  1710),  another  fellow  of  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians, J.  Gierke,  B.A.  1738. 

W.  Battle,  the  Craven  scholar,  B.A.  Ring's,  1726,  was 
Lumleian  lecturer,  physician  of  S.  Luke's  hospital,  and  a  mad- 
doctor  of  some  repute.  He  published  a  Treatise  on  Madness, 
175S,  and  Aphorismi  de  Cor/noscendis  et  Curandis  Morhis, 
17G2. 

The  William  Hebordens,  father  and  son,  were  B.A.s  of 
S.  John's  in  1728  and  1788.  The  former  lectured  for  ten  years 
on  the  Materia  Medica',  having  Sir  G.  Baker,  Dr  Gisborne,  and 
Dr  Glynn  among  his  pupils.  He  presented  his  collection  of 
specimens  for  illustration  to  the  college ;  and  he  relinquished 
his  fellowship  in  favour  of  a  poorer  man.  His  essay  on  Mitliri- 
datium  and  Theriaca  (1745)  is  a  specimen  of  his  university 
lectures.  His  Commentarii  de  Morhorum  Bistoria  et  Curatione 
appeared  posthumously  in  1802''. 

George  Shaw'  of  Magd.  Hall,  Oxon.,  M.A.  1772;  M.B., 
F.R.S.,  having  been  his  father's  curate  for  some  time,  chose  to 
abandon  the  performance  of  clerical  duties  for  the  study  of 
medicine,  in  which  his  heart  lay.  After  attending  lectures  at 
the  University  of  Edinburgh  he  returned  to  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  M.D.  (1787)  in  order  to  qualify  for  the  privileges  of 
the  College  of  Physicians.  If  he  had  not  been  ordained  he 
would  have  been  elected  botanical  professor.  He  was  one  of  the 
vice-presidents  of  the  newly  established  Linnaean  Society,  and 
lectured  on  Zoology  at  the  Leverian  Museum.  He  was  also 
keeper  of  the  Natural  History  department  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum.    (Born  1751,  died  1813'.) 

I  have  already  had  occasion  to  refer  to  the  'Epistle  to  the 
Reverend  Dr  Hales'V  by  Ri.  Davies,  M.D.,  late  fellow  of  Queens', 

1  A  programme  of  the  elder  Dr  He-  rari/  Memorials  pp.  224,  225,  gives  ex- 
berdeu's  Courso  of  Lectures  is  priuted  aiiiples  of  his  trick  of  quaint  phrase- 
at  the  end  of  this  chapter.  ohigy.     Shaw  wrote  the  Rcieutific  de- 

2  Dr  Muak's  lloll  of  li.C.P.  u.li2.  scriptions  of  the  Naturalist's  Miscel- 

3  Brother  of  Putide  SItavius.     See  lany. 

p.  9-1 71.  6  Stephen  Hales.  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  and 

■*  H.  Best  in  his  rcn^onal  and  Lite-       D.D.  Oxon.  by  diploma. 

w.  12 


178  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

on  *  the  General  State  of  Education  in  the  Universities,  with  a 
l);irticular  view  to  the  Philosophic  and  Medical  Education, 
being  Introdvictory  to  Essays  on  the  Blood' — 1759. 

Dr  Davics  proposed  to  abolish  'close'  fellowships  and  scho- 
larships {p.  23),  and  the  restrictions  of  tests  and  holy  orders  to 
Masterships  and  Fellowships  (pp.  10,  .30),  to  raise  the  number 
of  professorships  and  public  lectureships  to  at  least  fifty  in 
each  university,  without  limitation  of  tenure  or  requisition  of 
celibacy,  their  stipends  depending  in  part  on  the  attendance  of 
their  pupils  (pj;.  33,  34),  to  sequestrate  some  existing  fellow- 
ships for  this  purpose  (p.  32),  to  make  them  generally  termin- 
able ten   years   after   the   first   degree    (p.  31),   to   encourage 

V  Colleges  to  devote  themselves  to  some  particular  science  or  line 
of  study  (p.  35).  (This  was  already  in  some  measure  the  case 
with  Caius  and  Trin.  Hall.)  He  goes  on  to  urge  the  need  of 
instruments  as  well  as  books  for  carrying  on  experimental 
knowledge  in  mechanics,  optics,  practical  Astronomy,  &c.,  for 
hooks  will  not  supersede  Nature,  since  they  are  conservative 
rather  than  acquisitive :  being  useful  rather  to  record  past 
inventions  than  to  forward  fresh  discoveries  (p.  39).  'The 
Arts  subservient  to  Medicine  have  no  appointments  to  encour- 
age Teachers  in  them.  Anatomy,  Botany,  Chemistry,  and 
Pharmacy,  have  been  but  occasionally  taught  [175:)];  when 
some  person  of  superior  Talents  has  sprung  up  and  has  hon- 
oured the  University  by  his  first  display  of  them  there,  before 
his  passage  into  the  world'  (j).  40). 

The  author  thought  however  that  no  place  was  so  well 
fitted  for  the  early  training  of  Physicians  (to  be  supplemented 
'  by  due  attendance  at  some  public  Hospital,  which  ought 
to  be  the  finishing  school  of  the  clinical  Physician')  as  the 
English  Universities,   on  account  of  their  discipline  : — if  only 

^^  the  Professors'  lectures  had  not  become  a  farce ' ;    those  posi- 


1  The   statutes  were   evidently   in-  it  was  found  impossible  to  keep  them 

tended  for  the  education  of  medical  waitinp;  for  the  whole  statutable  period 

students  entering  the  University  at  a  required  for  M.D.  (eleven  jjears),  so  it 

very  early  age.     When  in   the   18th  was  given  up  as  impracticable.    When 

cent,  men  came  up  later  from  school  T.  Young,  M.D.,  F.E.S.,  Egyptologer 

or    perhaps    from    some    elementary  and   discoverer  of    the  principles   of 

practice  in  the  profession  or  its  trade,  interferences  in  the  Undulatorj- Theory 


PHYSICK.  179 

tions  being  looked  upon  as  Dignities  rather  than  Offices  (p.  8). 
Love  of  Truth  had  given  place  to  love  of  Disputation  (j5. 12), 
and  the  result  of  this  neglect  might  be  seen  in  the  Patent 
Quackeries  and  Universal  Remedies  displayed  in  every  news- 
paper (j).  4). 

Among  Dr  Webb's  (Clare)  Collections,  now  in  the  Univ. 
Library,  are  two  editions  of  a  scheme  of  Dr  Hebcrden's  lectures, 
about  1741.     One  edition  compresses  them  into  26  lectures. 

'  The  Order  of 

A  Course  of  Lectures 

on  the 

Materia  Medica. 

L  (in  two  parts).  Introductory,  giving  a  general  account  of 
the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Materia  Medica. 

Of  Fossils. 

2.  Of  Waters. 

3.  Of  Mineral  Waters. 

4.  Of  Earths,  Sulphurs,  Fossil  Oyls,  Bitumens  and  Ambar. 

5.  Of  Sea-Salt,  Alum,  Nitre,  Borax  and  Vitriol;    of  the 
Ores  of  Metals. 

6.  Of  Quicksilver,  and  of  Semimetals. 

7.  Of  the  perfect  Metals. 

8.  Of  Stones. 

Of  Vegetables. 

9.  Of  the  Aromatic  Herbs,  Leaves,  Flowers,  Seeds,  Barks 
and  Woods. 

10.  Of  the  Aromatic  Roots :  of  the  Acrid  Herbs,  Fruits, 
Seeds  and  Roots. 

11.  Of  the  Astringent  Flowers,  Fruits,  Seeds,  Barks,  Woods, 
and  Roots. 

12.  Of  the  Peruvian  Bark. 

{Memoir  by  Peacock  ch.  v.)  was  at  no  mcflical  lectures  at  Cambridge  ex- 
Emmanuel  in  1799,  after  studying  at  cept  Prof.  Harwood's,  and  they  were 
Edinburgh  and  Gottingen,  there  were       addi-essed  to  a  miscellaneous  audience. 

12—2 


180  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES. 

13.  Of  the  Emollient  Fruits,  Seeds  and  Roots. 

14.  A  general  account  of  the  use  of  Purging  Medicines: 
[Of  the  Purging  Inspissate  Juices]. 

15.  Of  the  Purging  Herbs,  Leaves,  Flowers,  Fruits,  Seeds, 
Barks,  Woods  and  Roots. 

16.  A  general  account  of  the  use  of  Emetics:  of  the  Eme- 
tic Herbs,  Seeds,  Barks  and  Roots  :    of  Diuretics. 

17.  Of  Narcotics  and  Opium. 

18.  Of  Yulneraries,  &c. 

19.  Of  Gums  ;    [And  a  general  account  of  Resins.] 

20.  Of  Balsams,  Turpentines  and  Resins. 

Of  Animals. 

21.  Of  Insects,  Fishes  and  Birds. 

22.  Of  the  Serpent-kind,  Quadrupeds  and  Man. 

Of  Chemicals. 

23.  Explication  of  some  Terms  used  in  Chemistry. 

24.  Of  the  simple  and  compound  Waters,  Essential  and 
Fixed  Salts,  Soaps,  Caustic  Stones,  Expressed  and  Essential 
Oyls  ;   of  the  Preparations  of  Turpentine. 

25.  Of  Spii'it  of  Wine,  Spirituous  Waters  ;  of  Vegetables, 
Vinegar,  Tartar  and  its  Prepai'ations,  Tinctures  and  Chemical 
Resins. 

26.  Of  Ammoniac  Salt,  Spirit  of  Ammoniac  Salt  and  Hart's 
Horn,  Spii'itiis  Volatilis  Oleosus,  Animal  Oyl  and  Phosphorus. 

27.  Of  Spirits  of  Sea-Salt,  Nitre  and  Vitriol ;  of  the  Prepa- 
rations of  [Ambar],  Sulphur,  Steel,  Lead,  Tin,  Silver  and  Copper. 

28.  Of  the  Mercurial  and  Antimonial  Preparations. 

29.  General  Rules  for  Prescribing. 
80. 


,    Of  the  Antidotes  [proper]  to  all  the  kno^^Ti  Poisons, 
oi. 

[In  this  Course  a  Specimen  of  each  Particular  will  be  shewn, 
and  every  Thing  is  intended  to  be  mentioned  that  is  useful  or 
curious  regarding  its  Natural  History,  Introduction  into  the 
Materia  Medica,  Adulterations,  Preparations,  Virtues,  Dose  and 
the  Cautions  necessary  to  be  observed  in  its  use. 


niYSiCK.  181 

These  Lectures  will  begin  on  Monday,  April  the  ith,  at 
2  o'clock  in  the  Afternoon,  in  the  Anatomy  Schools ;  and  will 
be  read  every  Day, 

By  W.  Heberdex,  M.D.] 

The  First  Course  is  Two  Guineas ;  the  Second,  One  Guinea ; 
ever  after,  Gratis. 

[TJtose  Gentlemen,  ivho  intend  to  go,  are  desird  to  send  in 
their  Names].' 

In  1770  T.  Okes  published  (8vo.  Camh.)  extracts  from  Hip- 
pocrates, with  a  new  latin  translation,  notes,  and  emendations, 
incorporated  in  two  latin  dissertations  delivered  in  the  Schools. 

Of  the  Sedleian  professors  of  Natural  Philosophy  at  Oxford, 
Thomas  Hornsby  (1782-1810)  was  the  most  eminent.  He  was 
fellow  of  Corpus,  D.D.  and  Savilian  Professor,  17G3-1810,  pub- 
lishing several  astronomical  tracts  in  1703  and  the  ensuino- 
decade. 

He  was  a  good  lecturer,  and  his  natural  philosophy  classes 
were  well  attended  although  they  entailed  fees.  Even  his 
occasional  fits  of  dizziness  would  not  disturb  the  sequence  of  his 
remarks  or  explanations,  though  they  might  interrupt  it.  After 
his  servant  had  placed  him  in  his  chair,  and  administered 
restoratives,  he  would  resume  his  prism  or  air-j)ump  as  though 
nothing  had  happened  \ 

J.  Channing  {Ch.  Ch.)  published  Albucasis  de  Chirurrjia 
(arable  and  latin)  at  the  Clarendon  Press  in  1778. 

^  H.    Best's  Personal  and  Literary  Memorials,  219 — 221. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

ANATOMY. 

"  Quantlo  enim,  obsecro,  a  condita,  Acaclemia  in  tot  canum,  piscium',  volu- 
crumqiie  neces  ac  lanienas  sanguiuolenta  curiositas  sae\-iit,  quo  vobis  partium 
constitutio  et  usua  in  animalibus  inuotesceret  ?  0  innocentissimam  cmdelitatem 
et  feritatem  facile  excusaudam  !  " 

I.  Barrow,  In  Comitiis.  [1654.] 

Dissection  appears  to  have  been  no  modern  innovation  at 
Cambridge,  for  queen  Elizabeth  granted  two  bodies  for 
anatomical  purposes  to  the  medical  students  of  Gonville  and 
Caiusl  By  a  grace  of  Nov.  27,  1646,  the  three  dissections 
required  by  the  University  Statutes  (capp.  15,  17)  as  a  quali- 
fication for  M.D.,  and  the  two  required  from  students  aspiring 
to  M.B.,  were  revived,  this  exercise  having  fallen  into  disuse. 
Five  years  later  '  vividissections  of  dogs  and  such-like  creatures' 
were  popular''. 

James  Keill  (younger  brother  of  John  Keill  the  Newtonian, 
see  in  the  index),  1673 — 1719,  having  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh  and  Leyden,  read  anatomical  lectures  at  Oxford, 
and  also  at  Cambridge,  where  he  also  took  the  degree  of  M.D. 
in  1705. 

In  1723  Parliament  considered  and  rejected  a  clause  facili- 
tating the  acquisition  of  the  corpses  of  felons  of  Cambs.  and 
Hunts,  for  dissection  by  the  Cambridge  faculty. 

1  The  first  systematic  iclitliyologist  works, 

vas  Francis  Willughby  of  Trin.  Coll.  ^  Historical  MSS.   Coinmissio7i  Ee- 

Cant.,  who  studied  for  some  time  at  port,  ii.  p.  118. 

the  Bodleian  and  afterwards  travelled  ^  Dr  C.  Ashton's  MS.  Collectanea  on 

all  over  the  continent  with  Bay  who  the  Statutes  (Brit.  Mus.)  refen-ing  to 

edited  and  then  translated  his  Ornitho-  the  V.  Chancellor's  Book  p.  91.    Statut. 

lofjiu  1G76-8,  and  edited  his  Ichtliyo-  cap.    32.     Cp.    Dyer    Frivil.    i.   243. 

gntphia   1680,  and  other  posthumous  Mayor's  Matt.  liobiiison,  p.  31. 


ANATOMY.  183 

III  the  spring  of  1732,  when  Jobu  Morgan'  of  Trinity 
(B.A.  I72I)  was  professor  of  Anatomy,  a  body  was  dug  up  in 
a  village  near  Cambridge,  and  carried  to  Emmanuel  College. 
A  riot  arose,  and  a  warrant  was  issued  to  search  the  College, 
but  in  vain.  The  offence  became  common  at  this  time,  and 
in  the  same  year  (May  9,  1732)  it  was  forbidden  by  grace  of  the 
Senate,  Dr  Mathias  Mawson  of  Corpus  being  Yice-Chancellor'^. 

The  preparations  for  a  private  dissection  in  college-rooms  at 
Cambridge  are  described  in  the  satirical  romance  of  Pompey 
the  Little  (11.  xi.)  in  1750,  by  F.  Coventry,  then  an  under- 
graduate of  Magdalene,  About  fifteen  years  later  (Bishop) 
Watson,  when  professor  of  Chemistry,  procured  a  corpse  from 
London  and  dissected  it  in  his  laboratory,  with  the  help  of 
E.  Waring  (Magd.),  and  W.  Preston  (Trin.),  afterwards  an  Irish 
bishop.  The  remains  wore  not  properly  buried,  and  their 
discovery  would  have  led  to  the  stoning  of  the  operators  had 
they  been  known'. 

The  professorship  of  anatomy  was  founded  by  the  Univer- 
sity in  1707.  The  fifth  professor  (l7o3 — 85)  C.  Collignon^ 
Trin.  M.B.  1740,  printed  a  Compendium  Anatomico-Mediciim, 
175(5,  of  the  lectures  which  he  used  to  deliver  yearly  in  March. 
At  the  close  of  the  century  his  successor,  Busick  Harwood  of 
Christ  Coll.  and  Emmanuel  (M.B.  1785,  M.D.  1790,  Anat.  Prof. 
1785 — 1814,  Med.  Prof.  Downing,  1801)  used  to  give  his 
lectures^  opposite  Queens'  college  at  1  p.m.  at  the  latter  end 

1  Cooper's  Anuals,  iv.  181.  Jobu  turcs  iu  1776.  CoUiguon's  father  came 
Byrorn  attended  some  of  Morgan's  from  Hesse  Cassell  and  ministered 
earliest  lectures  (wliicb  met  with  good  to  the  dutch  congregation  iu  Austin 
encouragement)  when  he  was  making  Friars.  The  professor  was  educated 
a  stay  in  Cambridge  in  Jan.  1728,  and  under  Kinsman  at  Bury,  and  was  ad- 
again  in  1730  he  met  the  elder  (Henry)  mitted  pensioner  of  Trin.  1743.  He 
Coventry  of  Magdalen  on  his  way  to  was  appointed  deputy  regius  professor 
sec  the  professor  conduct  a  dissection  of  Physic  for  Phimtro  in  1779,  and 
on  a  human  subject.  Downing    professor    of    Medicine    or 

2  Masters'  Hist,  of  C.  C.  C.  C.  p.  19G.  rather  professor  iu  Downing  College, 

3  Watson's  Anccd.  i.  237.  1783—5,  as  well  as  professor  of  Ana- 
•*  In  1764  and  1771,  '95,  '96,  CoUig-      tomy.     I  have  seen  a  printed  notice 

non  published  '  An  Enquiry  into  the  stating    that    CoUignou    would    corn- 
Structure  of  the  Human  Body.'    Camb.  mence  an  anatomical  course  16  Feb. 
Bvo.    And  in  1769  '  Medical  and  Moral  1779  at  3  p.m. 
Tracts.'     John  Jebb  attended  his  lee-  ''  I  have   seen   notices  of  B.  Uar- 


184  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

of  tl)G  Lent  Term.  (In  the  early  years  of  lils  professorsliip  he 
used  to  dine  at  2,  and  take  liis  friends  to  bis  lecture  afterwards 
at  4  ji.m.)  His  course  included  '  Comparative  Anatomy  and 
.Plnjsiology ;  in  which  the  structure  and  oeconomy  of  Quad- 
rupeds, Birds,  Fishes'  [which,  according  to  Gunning,  occasionally 
re-appeared  at  his  hospitable  dinner  table]  'and  ^7n;5/«&{a' are 
investigated*;  the  several  organs  which  constitute  the  Animals 
of  the  different  classes  compared  with  each  other,  and  with 
those  of  the  Human  Body ;  the  most  striking  analogies  pointed 
out,  and  remarkable  varieties  accounted  for,  from  the  Natural 
History  of  the  Animals  belonging  to  each  class.  Pathological 
remarks  on  the  diseases  to  which  man  and  other  Animals  are 
liable  are  introduced,  with  observations  on  the  nature  and 
effects  of  the  Medicines  usually  employed  for  their  removal. 
The  Anatomia  Medico-Forensis,  together  with  the  effects  of 
various  poisons,  and  also  of  suspended  animation,  and  the  recovery 
of  drowned  persons,  occupy  a  share  of  these  Lectures.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  course,  the  Blood  of  various  Animals  is 
compared  with  that  of  the  Human  Species :  the  doctrine  of 
Transfusion  is  investigated^ :  its  probable  advantages  and 
defects  enquired  into,  and  the  practice  illustrated  by  an  actual 
experiment'.'  So  few  medical  students  were  there  at  Cam- 
bridge, that  these  lectures  w^ere  designedly  popular  and  un- 
professional. He  was  assisted  by  a  Demonstrator  named 
Orange.  Harwood  wTote  descriptions  and  histories  of  about 
twenty  specimens  which  are  enumerated  in  the  Catalogue  of 
the  Anatomical  Museum  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  ar- 
ranged according  to  the  system  of  Bichat,  1820.  (pp.  i. — viii. 
i — 71.)  The  university  purchased  also  for  the  use  of  the 
anatomy  school  the  anatomical  models  which  had  been  executed 
in  wax  for  Sir  Busick  Harwood  at  Florence  and  Bologna. 

wood's  lectures  for  1792, '94, '96:  the  sis    of  a    Course  of  Lectures  on   the 

time  there  stated  is  4.15  p.m.,  in  the  Plnlosopluj  of  Natural  History.     Ato. 

Anatomy  School  opposite  Queens'.  Camb.    1812.      The    Scots  Magazine, 

1   In    1775,    Thomas    Martyu    the  Vol.  liii.   p,   27,   contains  a  curious 

Botanical  professor  pubUshed  at  Cam-  description  of  a  visibly  effectual  trans- 

bridge  ^ Elements  of  Natural  History'  fusion  of  blood  from  a  sheep  into  a 

Vol.  I.  Part  1.  8vo.  pp.  80,  containing  dog  at  one  of  lus  lectures.     (1791.) 

Mammalia,  289  species.  "  Camb.   Univ.  Calendar  1802,  pp. 

''  Busick  Harwood  printed  a  Syno})-  20,  27. 


ANATOMY.  185 

111  1710  Uffenbach  went  to  sec  tlie  anatomy  school  at 
Oxford,  and  agreed  with  Borrichius  that  it  was  not  to  be 
compared  with  the  anatomical  theatre  at  Leyden.  It  was  in 
charcfe  of  the  celebrated  Tom  Hearne,  who  did  not  know  the 
cast  of  a  foot  from  the  natural  limb.  UfTenbach  also  attended 
a  lecture  given  by  Dr  Lavater,  who  being  only  lately  appointed 
had  no  corpse  provided  for  dissection,  but  gave  a  lecture  (in 
English)  on  osteology. 

Before  1738  Dr  NichoUs  had  deserted  the  anatomy  school 
at  Oxford,  and  about  that  year  Nathan  Alcock,  M.D.  of  Leyden, 
began  lectures  on  his  own  account.  He  taught  physic  also,  as 
the  old  W.  Woodford  {Kew  Coll)  the  regius  professor  (1730 — 
59)  made  a  sinecure  of  his  office.*  The  university  was  shamed 
into  appointing  a  chemistry  reader,  T.  Hughes,  M.D.,  Trin., 
and  summoning  Dr  Laurence  from  London  to  lecture  in 
anatomy.  Alcock  was  allowed  a  room  by  his  own  college 
(Jesus).  This  was  crowded,  while  the  authorized  readers  ad- 
dressed the  walls  of  the  empty  museum,  which  at  last  they 
resigned  to  their  rival.  Alcock  received  his  degree  of  M.A. 
after  some  opposition,  and  proceeded  M.B.  in  1744. 

In  the  Student,  or  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Montldy  Mis- 
cellany (1750 — 1)  are  printed  several  papers  relating  to 
anatomical  studies— viz.;  Twelve  Experiments  on  dogs  and 
pigeons,  by  Mr  F.  G.  Zinn  (ii.  12 — 19)  forming  part  of  a  thesis 
read  before  professor  Haller  of  Gottingen,  in  Oct.  1749.  Alb. 
von  Haller  was  F.R.S.,  and  had  declined  the  Oxford  professor- 
ship of  botany  in  1747,  as  well  as  the  invitation  of  Holland, 
Russia,  and  Prussia.  A  paper  of  his,  de  nova  tunica,  oculi  fetus 
claudente  pupillam  ohservatio,  was  also  printed  in  the  Student 
(I.  2G1 — 4),  and  called  forth  a  communication  '  On  the  Meni- 
hrana  Pupillaris^'  (p.  340)  by  'R.  B.  Plnlomed.' 

About  this  time  (Dr  M.)  Lee's  Ch.  Ch.  Readerships  in 
Anatomy  were  founded,  and  rather  later  (177G)  the  anatomical 
theatre  was  commenced  at  Oxford.  The  Tomlin's  lectureship 
held  by  the  professor  of  medicine  was  founded  in  1G23,  the 

1  Francis  Sandys    (M.D.   1739)    is  tanglit   anatomy  at    Cambritlge    and 

mentioned  in  Simmons'  life  of  Dr  W.  made   collections  of  anatomical  pre- 

Huntcr    pp.  14,    15  n.   as    discoverer  parations  which  passed  at  one  time 

of     the    Mcmhmiia    jnipiUaris.      lie  into  Pr  Hunter's  possession. 


18G  UNIVKIISITY    STUJMES. 

Aldricliian  profcssorsliip  dates  only  from  ]<S0;3.  J.  Parsons 
{Cli.  Ch.)  was  nominated  Lee's  reader  in  1700,  tlio  year  wlien 
lie  took  his  M.A.,  and  tliree  years  before  lie  was  M.B.  Under 
his  direction  the  anatomical  theatre  was  built;  he  provided 
excellent  preparations,  and  read  two  courses  of  lectures  in 
anatomy  every  year.  In  1780  Parsons  was  elected  first  clinical 
professor  of  the  Radcliffe  infirmary. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

CHEMISTRY. 

" If  be  banc  Icasui-e  to  be  idle  (tbat  is  to  stu Jj)  be  ba's  a  smatcb  at  Alciimv 
and  is  sicke  of  tbe  Pbilosopbers  stone,  a  disease  vncurable  but  by  an  abundant 
Pblebotomy  of  tbe  piu'se." 

J.  Eaiie's  Micro-cosmorjraphie.   [1628.] 

James  Keill,  whom  we  have  mentioned  as  an  anatomist, 
translated  Lemery's  Course  of  Chemistry  in  1698,  thereby 
introducing  English  chemists  to  the  current  theory  of  the 
relations  of  acids  and  alkalis\  But  ten  years  before  that  time, 
J.  J.  Bcccher  of  Mentz  had  died,  and  G.  E.  Stahl  was  followino- 
out  his  observations,  which  had  already  borne  fruit**  in  his 
Zymotechnia  Fundamentalis,  with  an  '  experimentum  novum 
sulphur  verum  arte  produccndi '  (1097),  which  resulted  in  the 
enuntiation  of  the  theory  of  phlogiston,  the  terminology  of 
which  was  retained  or  adapted  even  by  our  Cavendish  and 
Priestley  in  England  in  the  latter  half  of  the  succeeding  century, 
when  they  had  passed  to  more  positive  observations  and  dis- 
coveries of  the  composition  of  water,  and  oxygen  gas. 

Long  before  a  chair  of  Chemistry  was  endowed  at  Cam- 
bridge', we  have  Barrow's  testimony*  to  the  ardour  with  which 

1  Wbewell,  Hist.  Induct.   Sciences,  to  take  notes.     Wood  paid  £3  for  tbo 

III.  110.  course.     In   Sept.    1G83    tbo   Oxford 

-  Wbewell,  Hist.    Induct.  Sciences,  '  ehibatory  was  quite  fiuisbed '  and  E. 

III.  pp.  lie — 123.  Plot.J.Massey  and  some  otberscbolars 

^  Uffeubacb's  visit    to   tbe   Oxford  '  went    a    coiu'se   of    cbemistry '   and 

cbcmical   laboratory  bas  been   men-  beld    friday  afternoon   conversations, 

tioned  above  (p.  17G).    Aiitbony  Wood  In  tbese  meetings  tboy  were  joined  by 

bad  gone  tbrougb  a  course  of  cbcmis-  WaUis,  Batburst,  Aldricb,  prof.  Ber- 

try  in  16G3  'under  tbe  noted  cliimist  nard,    &c.    (A.    Wood's    Diary).     J. 

and  rosicrucian,  Peter  Stbael  of  Stras-  Friend's    Praelectiones    Chymicae    in 

burgb  in  Eoyal  Prussia,'  wbom  Eo.  quibu^  omnes  fere  opcrationes  Chym. 

Boyle  bad  brougbt  to  Oxford.    Wallis,  ad  vera  principia  et  ipsins   naturae 

Wren,  Batburst  and  bp.  Turner  were  leges  rediguntur  were  publisbcd  8vo. 

bis  pupils.    Also  Locke,  wbo  was  very  Oxon.  1704. 

troublesome  at  lecture  and  'scorn'd'  ••  irorAs  (Napier,  1859)  ix. -IG, 


188  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

the  study  was  pursued.  In  a  speech  deUvered  in  Comitus 
about  the  year  lGo4  he  said  :  '  Equidem  noui  quorum  aniinos  ad 
haec  stadia  igni  chymico  feruentius  desiderium  inflammauit: 
alios  qui  se  Luhii,  Villanouae  et  quae  eiusdem  farinae  Philo- 
sophorum  extaut  monumenta,  immo  et  ipsius  Paracelsi  obscu- 
rissima  scripta  se  capere  et  comprehendere  non  dubitarent ; 
ne  memorem  ahos  egregios  uiros,  quorum  magnanima  audacia 
de  Chrysopoeo  Lapide  nobilcm  siue  fabulam  siue  historiam 
generosi  fide  amplecti  non  pertimesceret.' 

Towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century  chemistry 
had  been  successfully  taught  at  Cambridge  for  twenty  years 
by  a  Veronese,  John  Francis  Vigani.  In  the  winter  of  1G02 
Abraham  De  la  Pryme  went  to  his  course,  but  '  by  reason  of 
the  abstruceuess  of  the  art... got  little  or  no  good  thereby.' 
He  describes  the  '  Siguier '  as  '  a  very  learned  chemist,  and  a 
great  traveller,  but  a  drunken  fellow\'  10  Feb.  1702 — 3, 
Vigani's  services  were  acknowledged  in  the  University  by  in- 
vesting him  with  the  title  of  Professor  of  Chemistry. 

Bentley  soon  afterwards  fitted  up  a  chemical  laboratory  for 
him  in  the  '  lumber  hole,'  eastward  of  Trinity  bowling-green. 

His  two  nearest  successors,  J.  Waller,  1713,  and  J.  Mickle- 
borough,  were  Corpus  men.  Then  followed  J.  Hadley  of 
Queens'  in  17oG,  the  Plan  of  whose  lectures  was  printed,  Camb. 
1758. 

Two  sets  of  lectures  by  professor  IMickleborough  with  list 
of  persons  attending  his  courses  in  several  years  between  1726 
and  17-il  are  preserved  among  the  Caius  College  ]\[SS.  (610 
=  342  red)^.     In  1728  as  many  as  three  and  twenty  attended 

^  Diary  of  Abr.  De  la  Piyme,  p.  25  Democritus,  to  give  tlaem  tlie  title  of 
(Stirtees  Soc.  No.  54).  Mouk'sBentlctj,  x^'^POKf^VTO-,  as  be  did  his,  wliicli  being 
1. 204.  Cooper's  Annals,  iv.  53.  Bent-  interpreted  implys  the  Experiments  of 
ley's  Corrcsj).  Wordsw.  448.  Eatber  my  own  Personal  Trying.  The  retorts 
more  than  a  year  later  De  la  Pryme  cost  me  4rf.  a  piece  at  London,  and 
seems  to  have  advanced  in  the  study.  the  receivers  6rf.,  and  I  pay'd  for  their 
He  records  in  his  diary  '1694.  Fehr.  carriage  from  thence  hither  Is.  6d.' 
14.  This  day  I  received  twelve  little  *  Another  MS.  at  Caius  [No.  460,  a 
retorts  and  three  receivers  from  Lon-  small  4to. ;  pp.  215,  a  few  blank]  con- 
don,  to  try  and  invent  experiments,  tains  A  Course  of  Chymistry  in  Four 
and  all  the  things  that  I  shall  do  £ooA-s  by  J.  Yardlcy,  Trin.,  M.  A.  1704, 
I  intend  to  put  down  in  a  proper  book,  a  student  in  medicine  in  Vigani's 
and  in  imitation  of  the  most  learned  time.     Bk.  i.  contains  some  general 


CHEMISTRY.  180 

(the  fee  being  one  guinea),  including  Theodore  CoHadon,  Gene- 
vensis,  and  a  Cambridge  apothecar}'.  Only  fourteen  came  to 
his  fourth  course  in  1735\  the  list  commencinfr  -with  'Charles 
Mason,  A.M.,  Coll.  Trin.  Soc,  Woodward  Prof. ;  Sheppard  Frerc, 
Coll.  Trin.  Soc.  Commens.V  Sec,  &c.  The  lectures  embraced  an 
encomium  on  Dr  Friend,  the  first  who  applied  the  Newtonian 
philosophy  to  Chemistry.  Calcinations.  Distillation  of  Harts- 
horn. Analysis  of  Plants  distilled  in  the  Great  Alembic. 
Distillation  of  Vitriol.  Tinctures  of  Myrrh,  Aloes,  Saffron, 
Laudanum,  Steel,  and  Antimony,  and  many  by  Digestion. 
Acids  and  Alkalis.  Experiments  of  Phosphorus.  A  short 
course  on  the  Four  Elements. 

In  1764,  Ei.  Watson  of  Trinity  (afterwards  bp.of  Llandaff)  was 
appointed,  and  his  stipend  augmented  by  the  Government,  with 
which  he  was  in  favour.  Dr  Watson  '  knew  nothing  at  all  of 
Chemistry,  had  never  read  a  syllable  on  the  subject,  nor  seen 
a  single  experiment  in  it,  at  the  time  this  honour  was  conferred' 
upon  him :  yet  he  had  had  the  effrontery  to  signify  his  intention 
of  reading  chemical  lectures  in  the  University,  to  '  an  eminent 
physician  in  London'  who  'had  expressed  a  wish  to  succeed 
Dr  Hadley.'  However  he  took  to  the  subject,  sent  immediately 
after  his  election  to  Paris  for  an  operator,  and  busied  himself 
in  his  laboratory,  so  that  in  fourteen  months  he  began  to 
lecture  to  a  very  full  audience.  He  delivered  other  courses 
in  Nov.  of  the  years  1706 — 8,  and  published  volumes  of 
Chemical  Lectures  in  1781,  '82,  and  '86.  In  1768  he  printed 
Institutiones  Metallurgicae,  designed  a  series  of  chemical  pro- 
positions in  Hutherforth's  system,  and  sent  a  paper  on  the 
Solutions  of  Salts  to  the  Royal  Society.  In  1771  (when  he 
printed  an   'Essay  on    the  Subjects  of   Chemistry,   and   tlnnr 

Praecogiiita,    Rules   for   Distillations,  Natural    FhUosophy    in    four    parts 

Coliobations,  Sublimations,  Extracts,  Camb.   8vo.   commenced    its   appcar- 

Tinctures,  CbjTuical  Principles,  Salts,  ance,  being  completed  in  1744. 

Colours,   Alkali  Austcra,  Crystalliza-  ^  I  suppose  tliis  was  tbe  Mr  Frore 

tion,  Fermentation.    Bk.  ii.  Of  Metals  who  accompanied  John  Byrom  (Chet- 

and  Minerals.     Bk.  iii.  of  Vegetables.  ham  Soc.  1855,  p.  531)  to  Dr  Long's 

Bk.  IV.  of  Animals.     Lutes  and  Fires.  astronomical  lectures   29  Nov.    173.3. 

Calcination.  Extraction.   Coagulation.  He  was  educated  at  Bury  and  Trin. 

Index.  Coll.  Camb.,  took  no  degree,  bought 

1  In  this  year  J.  Rowuing's  (^ktagd.)  Roydo.i  Ilall,  Norf. 


190  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

general  division,'  and  a  '  Plan  of  Lectures ')  a  paper  of  his  was 
noticed  in  the  Journal  Encyclopedique'. 

Dr  Watson  was  enabled  to  conduct  electrical  experiments 
on  so  large  a  scale  as  to  excite  the  admiration  of  professor 
Musschcubroek  of  Utrecht  and  Leyden.  About  1747  he  ob- 
served almost  simultaneously  with  Franklin'^  'positive  and 
nejxative'  (or  as  the  former  called  them,  'more  rare  and  more 
dense ')  electricity,  and  that  when  an  electric  bod}'  was  excited, 
the  electricity  was  not  created,  but  collected.  Watson  pub- 
lished '  Institutionum  chemicarum  in  praelectionibus  academicis 
explicatarum  pars  metallurgica,'  Camb.  1768,  and  'Plan  of  a 
Course  of  Chemical  Lectures,'  Camb.  1771. 

Isaac  Pennington  of  St  John's  (finding  a  sufficient  deputy 
in  J.  Milner')  succeeded  Dr  Watson  in  1778 ;  and  when  he  was 
advanced  to  the  Kegius  Professorship  of  Physic  in  1793,  his 
place  was  filled  by  W.  Farish  of  Magdalene.  He,  finding  that 
Chemistry  was  already  being  taught  by  Wollaston,  the  Jack- 
sonian  Professor,  struck  out  quite  a  new  line.  '  The  application 
of  Chemistry  to  the  Arts  and  Manufactures*  of  Britain  pre- 
sented a  new  and  useful  field  of  instruction,  which,  however, 
could  not  be  cultivated  with  effect,  without  exhibiting  whatever 
else  was  necessary  to  the  full  illustration  of  the  subject.  After 
having  taken  an  actual  survey  of  almost  everything  curious 
in  the  manufactures  of  the  Kingdom,  the  Professor  contrived 
a  mode  of  exhibiting  the  operations  and  processes  that  are  in 
use  in  nearly  all  of  them.  Having  provided  himself  with  a 
number  of  Brass  Wheels  of  all  forms,  and  sizes,  such,  that  any 

1  Anecdotes  of  Ei.  "Watson  (ed.  2)  vis,  223,  272.     Watson's  device  of  dis- 

I.   45,   46,    53,  54,  64.     Perhaps  the  tilling  wood  in  close  vessels  was  said 

most  characteristic  story  of  Bp.  Wat-  to  have  saved  the  government  £100,000 

son's  impudence  is  that  told  in  J.  S.  a  year  for  gunpowder  (c.  1787). 

Watson'sPorson(pp.  79, 80,)  whereit  is  ^  ^^i^g^gU^  Hist.  Induct.   Scie7ices, 

related  that  the  professor  having  been  iii.  12,  15,  22  (1837). 

recently  primed  with  a  quotation  from  ^  Miluer  printed  the  '  Plan '  of  his 

Gregory,  an  author  he  had  previously  chemical  lectui'es,  Camb.  1784. 

never  seen,  protested  in  a  moderatorial  *  About   1750    Dr   Chai-les   Mason, 

speech  '  Uaec  ex  Gregorio  illo  Nazi-  one  of  the  senior  fellows  of   Trinity 

anzeno,  quern  semper  in  dcUciis  liabui'  (B.  A.  1722),  a  good    mathematician, 

(an  expression  borrowed,  by  the  way,  used  to  be  much  interested  in  practical 

from  Erasmus).     Person  aUudes  slyly  mechanics,  working  at  his  lathe,  &c. 

to  this  audacity  in  his  Letters  to  Tra-  Cumberland's  Memoirs,  p.  106. 


CHEMISTRY.  191 

two  of  them  can  work  with  each  other,  the  Cogs  being  all 
equal ;  and  also  with  a  variety  of  Axles,  Bars,  Screws,  Clamps, 
&c.,  he  constructs  at  pleasure,  with  the  addition  of  the  peculiar 
parts,  working  Models  of  almost  every  kind  of  Machine.  These 
he  puts  in  motion  by  a  Water  Wheel,  or  a  Steam  Engine,  in 
such  a  way,  as  to  make  them  in  general  do  the  actual  work  of 
the  real  Machine  on  a  small  scale ;  and  he  explains  at  the 
same  time  the  chemical  and  philosophical  principles,  on  which 
the  various  processes  of  the  Arts  exhibited,  depend. 

'  In  the  course  of  his  lectures  he  explains  the  theory  and 
practice  of  Mining  and  of  Smelting  metallic  Ores — of  bringing 
them  to  nature — of  converting,  purifying,  compounding,  and 
separating  the  Metals,  and  the  numerous  and  various  !Manu- 
factures  which  depend  upon  them,  as  well  as  the  Arts  which 
are  more  remotely  connected  with  them,  such  as  Etching  and 
Engraving.  He  exhibits  the  method  of  obtaining  Coal  and  other 
Minerals,  the  processes  by  which  Sulphur,  Alum,  common  Salt, 
Acids,  Alcalies,  isitre,  and  other  saline  substances  are  obtained, 
and  in  which  they  are  used;  the  mechanical  process  in  the 
formation  of  Gunpowder,  as  well  as  its  theory  and  effects.  He 
shews  the  arts  of  procuring  and  working  Animal  and  Vegetable 
substances;  the  great  staple  manufactures  of  the  country,  in 
Wool,  Cotton,  Linen,  Silk;  together  with  the  various  chemical 
arts  of  Bleaching,  of  Preparing  Cloth,  of  Printing  it,  of  using 
adjective  and  substantive  colours,  and  Mordants  or  Intermediates 
in  Dying.  He  explains  in  general  the  nature  of  Machinery: 
the  moving  powers,  such  as  Water-iuheels,  Windmills,  and 
particularly  the  agency  of  Steam,  which  is  the  great  cause  of 
the  modern  improvement  and  extension  of  manufactures.  He 
treats  likewise  on  subjects  which  relate  to  the  carrying  on,  or 
facilitating,  the  commerce  of  the  country,  such  as  Inland 
Navigation,  the  construction  of  Bridges,  Aqueducts,  locks. 
Inclined  Planes,  and  other  contrivances,  by  which  Vessels  are 
raised  or  lowered  from  one  Level  to  another;  of  Ships,  Bocks, 
Harbours,  and  Naval  Architecture.  On  the  whole,  it  is  the 
great  design  of  these  Lectures  to  excite  the  attention  of  persons 
already  acquainted  with  the  principles  of  Mathematics,  Phi- 
losophy, and  Chemistry,  to  Real  Practice;  and  by  drawing 
their  minds  to  the  consideration  of  the  most  useful  inventions 


1()2  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

of  ingouions  men,  in  all  parts  of  the  kingdom,  to  enlarge  tlicir 
sphere  of  amusement  and  instruction  and  to  promote  the  im- 
provement and  progress  of  the  Arts. 

'These  Lectures  are  given  in  the  Schools  in  the  Botanical 
Garden,  alternately  with  those  of  the  Jacksonian  Professor,  in 
the  Lent  and  Midsummer  Terms  \' 

In  the  vestibule  of  one  of  the  most  remarkable  of  European 
Laboratories,  that  of  the  chemical  faculty  in  Bonn  university, 
it  is  with  some  feeling  of  national  pride  that  the  Englishman 
will  recognize  among  the  select  medallions  of  eminent  chemists, 
&c.,  those  of  his  own  countrymen,  Cavendish,  Watt,  and  Davy. 

The  Hon.  Henry  Cavendish  was  matriculated  Dec.  1749, 
he  was  admitted  fellow-commoner  of  Peterhouse,  being  con- 
temporary in  residence  with  the  E.  of  Euston  (afterwards  Duke  of 
Grafton),  Gray,  and  Jeremiah  Markland.  He  left  Cambridge 
just  before  the  time  when  he  should  have  taken  his  degree. 
As  the  'three  Articles'  were  then,  and  for  about  twenty  years 
afterwards,  required  as  a  test  for  the  degree  of  B.A.,  he  may 
have  been  thereby  deterred.  Cavendish  inherited  some  in- 
terest in  science  from  his  father,  who  was  a  meteorologist, 
and  he  himself  has  been  ranked  'the  third  in  order  of  time 
of  the  four  great  English  pneumatic  chemists  of  the  18th 
century:  the  other  three  being  Hales,  Black,  and  Priestleyl' 
Sir  H.  Davy  characterized  him  as  ''fearful  of  the  voice  of  fame;" 
but  now  he  is  credited  with  being  the  real  discoverer  of  the 
Composition  of  Water,  to  which  Watt  and  Lavoisier  have  had 
their  claims  set  up  and  demolished  I  There  is  now  a  cha- 
racteristic likeness  of  him  in  one  of  the  windows  of  Peterhouse 
liall,  from  a  cartoon  by  Mr  Madox  Brown,  in  his  grey  suit  (once 
violet),  and  knocker-tailed  periwig,  standing  wdth  one   hand 


1  Univ.  Calendar,  1802,  pp.  2i,  25.  of  tlie  commencemeut  oi  Farish's  lec- 

Another  sketch  of  Farisli's  lectm-es  is  tures  for  1794. 

given  in  Facetiae  Cantab.  1836,  p.  154  ;  "  Life  of  the  Hon.  H.  Caveudisli  hi/ 

and  another  in  the  Edinlmrfili  Revinv  G.  Wilson,  M.D.  (Cavendish  Society's 

of  the  first  number  of  the  Camhridtje  publications,  1851)  p.  24. 
Philosophical    Transactions    in    1821.  ^  Sir  H.  Ellis,  Letters  of  Eminent 

In  the  reviewer's  light  sketch  profes-  Litcranj  Men,   p.   427    (Camden   So- 

sors   Clarke   and    Sedgwick   are   also  ciety). 
noticed.    I  have  seen  a  jn-intcd  notice 


CHEMISTRY.  193 

behind    his   back,  and    his    stockings  hanging  loose   and  un- 
garteied,  like  the  boy  Napoleon  Bonaparte's \ 

Isaac  Milner  of  Queens'  was  the  first  Jacksonian  professor 
of  Natural  and  Experimental  Philosophy  appointed  in  Cam- 
bridge (1783).  According  to  the  will  of  the  founder,  he  and 
his  successor,  Fr.  J.  Hyde  Wollaston,  of  Trinity  HalP  (1792) 
paid  great  attention  to  the  exhibition  of  'facts'  in  Natural 
History,  &c.,  at  least  three  hundred  experiments  being  ex- 
hibited annually^.  But  Miluer's  experiments  in  Optics,  though 
entertaining,  were  'very  little  more  than  exhibitions  of  the 
Magic  Lanthorn  on  a  gigantic  scale*.'  When  Vince  broke 
through  the  bad  example  of  preceding  Plumian  professors, 
by  lecturing  in  Experimental  Philosophy  (1796),  Wollaston 
devoted  himself  to  Chemistry  alone.  Twelve  students  might 
receive  nominations  to  attend  these  lectures  (jratis,  four  being 
reserved  for  Trinity. 

William  Hyde  Wollaston^,  who  studied  medicine  at  Caius 
(M.B.  1788,  M.D.  and  F.R.S.  1793),  had  a  wider  reputation 
than  his  namesake,  as  the  discoverer  of  the  goniometer  for 
crystals,  and  was  barely  anticipated  by  Dalton  in  the  rule  of 
multiple  proportions,  a  stopping-stone  on  the  way  of  the  atomic 
theory.  With  Smithson  Tennant  the  Cambridge  professor  he 
detected  the  new  metals  palladium,  rhodium,  iridium  and 
osmium  in  platinum  ore,  before  Davy's  discovery  of  potassium. 

Tennant's  other  discoveries  relate  to  the  analysis  of  carbonic 
acid,  the  magnesian  variety  of  limestone,  the  inflammable  nature 
of  the  diamond,  the  chemical  examination  of  emery,  the  nitrous 
solution  of  ffold,  and  a  mode  of  double  distillation.  Tennant 
was  Copley  medallist  of  the  Royal  Society  1804°.      A  notice  of 


1  Wilson's  Cavcndiih,  pp.  1G7,  1C8.  (dated  G  Dec.  1790)  to  tbo  effect  tliut 
^  Afterwards     Master     of      Sidney  *  in  consequence  of  the  election  of  Mr 

(1807).  Vince  to  the  Plumian  rrofessorship, 

2  Univ.  Calendar,  1802,  p.  32.  Mr  Wollaston  will  discontinue  Li.s 
•*  Gunning's  lleminisc.  i.  viii.  Lectures  in  Experimental  I'liilosopliy 
*  Whewcll,  Hist.   Induct.   Sciences,  and  intends  to  read  Clwmistry  anuu- 

iii.  pp.  150,  151,  160,  181,  207  (1837).  ally.'    His  apparatus  was  handed  over 

See  also  Munk's  Holt  of  11.  C.  P.  ii.  to  Vince,  partly  to  use  and  partly  to 

381 — 3.  dispose  of. 

Dr  Webb  preserved  a  printed  paper  "  Pyrr,  rrivil.  Cawh.  ii.  ii.  'J'.). 

w.  13 


194.  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

his  death  is  given  in  the  next  chapter,   p.  199  n.      Wright's 
account  is  not  so  accurate. 

The  Plan  of  Wollaston's  cliemical  course  was  printed  at 
Cambridge  in  1794. 

Later  in  the  present  century  (1823)  James  Gumming  of 
Trinity,  the  Cambridge  professor  of  chemistry,  determined  the 
thermo-electric  order  of  most  of  the  metals  within  a  few  months 
of  the  discovery  of  thermo-electricity  by  Seebeck  of  Berlin \ 
Cumming's  syllabus  appeared  in  1834  (Camb.) 

In  days  when  the  Universities  could  not  set  before  them- 
selves the  task  of  giving  a  good  education  to  more  than  one 
or  two  classes  of  professional  men,  and  when  the  ancient  road 
branching  at  one  point  into  its  triuium,  and  again  parting  in  a 
guadriuium,  had  become  overgrown  and  impracticable  for  the 
heavier  traffick  of  the  Sciences,  it  was  perhaps  inevitable 
(though  humiliating)  that  our  ancient  bodies  should  be  content 
practically  to  abandon  the  work  of  pioneering  students  in  the 
natural  Sciences.  *  What  Science  there  was  in  England  was  in 
an  attitude  of  hostility,'  says  the  Kector  of  Lincoln  College, 
speaking  of  Oxford  at  the  time  of  /.  Casauhons  visit  about 
16131  '  Neither  Selden  nor  Bacon  were  ever  fellows  of  a 
college.'  This  is  the  more  to  be  regretted  when  we  think  of 
Bacon's  almost  pathetic  dedications  to  the  universities,  whereof 
one  is  now  engraved  upon  the  pedestal  of  his  monument  in 
Trinity  ante-chapel. 

In  the  seventeenth  century  the  universities  manifested  some 
jealousy  of  the  Royal  Society  ^  which  (after  some  London  meet- 
ings) was  first  established  in  Oxford  in  164|.  Even  beyond  the 
middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  it  beneficially  centralised  the 
best  powers  of  the  country  on  the  Natural  Sciences  in  their 
widest  sense.  Dr  South,  the  University  Orator,  at  the  Encaenia 
in  Oxford  in  1669,  took  occasion  to  inveigh  against  it  in  his 
satirical  vein,  denouncing  its  members  'as  underminers  of  the 
University;  which  was  very  foolish  and  untrue,  as  well  as  un- 

1  Dyer,  Privil.  Camb.  in.  90.  Er^fjl  Vniv.  (F.  W.  Newmau)  n.  i.  82. 

2  p.  -417.  Hobbes'  sneer  at  the  Eoyal  Society  is 

3  Evelyn's  Dfarj/ (July  9, 1669)  Tnu'.  quoted  by  Dr  Wliewell,  Hist.  Moral. 
Society,  p.  287.  Eeliqu.  Hearn.  (anno  Phil.  p.  53.  Mayor's  Matt.  Bobimon 
1731)   Bliss   III.  71.    ed.  1.      Huber's  lOi  ct  passim. 


CHEMISTRY.  lOo 

reasonable.'  In  1700  the  toiy  W.  King  of  Cli.  CIj.,  LL.D., 
ridiculed  the  Royal  Society  and  its  president  Sir  Hans  Sloane 
in  the  Transactioneer^.  And  Hearne  {Diary,  April  13,  1731) 
remarks  that  it  'sinks  every  day  in  it's  credit  both  at  home  and 
abroad,  occasioned  in  some  measure  by  it's  new  statutes  for 
election  of  foreigners  and  natives  by  posting  up  their  names  in 
the  public  room  ten  weeks  together.  'Tis  observable  (what  I 
have  been  told  by  one  of  the  fellows  thereof)  that  this  Society 
is  now  as  much  tinged  with  party  principles  as  any  publick 
body,  and  Whigg  and  Tory  are  terms  better  known  than  the 
naturalist,  mathematician,  or  antiquary.' 

1  Jolinsou's  Life  of  W.  King.  Sir  he  revived  the  publication  of  their 
Hans  Sloane  was  president  in  1727.  Transactions  which  were  commenced 
He  was  secretarj-  in  1693,  whereupon      6  Mar.  164*. 


13—2 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

GEOLOGY   AND   MINERALOGY. 


"  Terrible  apprehensions  and  answerable  unto  their  names,  are  raised  of 

Fayrie  stones,  and  Elves  spurs,  found  commonly  ^\-ith  us  in  Stone,  Chalk  and 

Marl-pits." 

T.  BrowTie,  Vulgar  Errors,  ii.  5. 


Although  some  of  the  chief  men  who  were  interested  in 
mineralogy  and  geology  in  the  last  century  got  their  degrees 
elsewhere',  we  find  that  both  at  Oxford  and  at  Cambridge  the 
study  of  stones  was  not  a  novelty.  Two  keepers  of  the  Ashmo- 
lean,  Ro.  Plott  {Magd.  H.)  and  E.  Llwyd  {Jes)  established  the 
credit  of  Oxford  in  the  17th  century.  The  latter  edited  a 
catalogue  of  english  fossils  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  under 
the  title  of  Lithophylacii  Britannici  Iconographia^  (8vo.  Lend. 
1699;  ed.  2.  Oxon.  1760).  Llwyd's  book  has  been  useful  ever 
since,  especially  for  the  figures. 

'A  Lapidary  or  the  history  of  Pretious  Stones  by  T.  Nichols 
sometimes  of  Jesus-Colledge  in  Cambridge,'  printed  by  T.  Buck, 
4to.  Camb,  1652,  was  founded  chiefly  upon  the  Gemmarum 
Historia  of  Anselm  Boetius  de  Boot.  Tlie  classification  of 
stones  by  sizes  tells  of  diligence  and  system  at  Cambridge,  if 
the  science  was  but  infantile. 

The  study  of  Geology  may  be  said  to  have  been  begim  at 
Cambridge  by  the  bequest  of  J.  Woodward,  M.D.^  (dated  1  Oct. 
1727)  of  his  original  collection  of  English  Fossils  (begun  in 
1695  with  wonderful  system  and  sagacity)  in  two  cabinets  with 
their  catalogues  to  that  University,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
foundation    of    the    Geological    Professorship    or    Lectureshijj 

1    e.g.    Woodward  from  Lambeth,  iii.  495,  496.     Hearne's  Diary  (1706). 

his  antagonist  Sii-  J.  Hill  from  Scot-  Bliss  i.  107. 

land,  and  in  more  recent  times 'father'  ^  'Woodward;  a  man  ridiculed  by 

W.  Smith  from  Dublin.  Pope  who  was  his  contemporary,  but 

*  Whewell,   Hist.   Induct.   Sciences,  who  was  far  in  advance  of  his  age  in 


GEOLOGY  AND  MINERALOGY.  197 

W'itli  a  view  to  opposing  the  theory  of  Dr  Camerarius  that 
fossils  were  not  of  organic  origin  \  Dr  Conyers  Middleton  of 
Trinity  (Bentley's  '  fiddling  Conyers',)  was  the  first  to  fill  it, 
being  elected  in  1731.  Upon  Dr  Woodward's  death  his  col- 
lection of  Foreign  Fossils  also  was  secured  for  £1,000  {Reliq. 
Heavn.  in.  18.) 

The  professor  was  bound  to  attend  at  the  Museum  and  to 
give  oral  instruction  '  to  all  such  curious  and  intelligent  persons 
as  shall  desire  a  view  of  thcm'^ — he  was  expected  also  to  de- 
liver four  lectures  a  year  in  latin  or  english,  and  to  publish  one 
at  least  of  them. 

About  1782  was  printed  by  Bowyer  Oratio  de  novo  Physio- 
logiae  explicandae  munere  ex  celeberrimi  Woodwardi  Testa- 
mento  institute,  habita  Cantabrifjiae  in  ScJiolis  Puhlicis  a  Con- 
yers Middleton^  S.  T.  P.,  Acad.  Cant.  Protobibliothecario  et 
Lectori  ibidem  Woodwardiano. 

Middleton's  successor  was  Charles  Mason  of  Trinity,  known 
as  a  practical  engineer  of  a  queer  character.  His  '  Oratio  Wood- 
wardiana'  appeared  in  4to.  Camb.  1731. 

J.  Mitchell  of  Queens'  followed  him  (1762 — 4).  Shortly 
before  he  was  made  professor  he  had  enunciated  with  novel  dis- 
tinctness the  stratified  structure  of  the  earth's  crust.  (Philos. 
Trans.  17G0).  His  papers  shewed  that  he  had  himself  inves- 
tigated the  strata  which  occur  between  Cambridge  and  York*. 
His  '  Essay  on  the  Cause  and  Phenomena  of  Earthquakes ' 
(17G0)  is  philosophical  and  in  advance  of  his  contemporaries. 
His  successor.  Professor  Sam.  Ogden  (Joh.)  17G4,  was  a 
remarkable  preacher.  T.  Green  (Trin.)  1778  spent  some  pains 
in  arranging  the  collections  and  books.  J.  Hailstone  (Tiin.) 
1788  was  a  botanist  and  antiquary  as  well  as  a  geologist.  He 
seems,  from  a  comparison  of  the  Calendars  of  1802  and  the  fol- 

perceiving  the  importance  of  collections  '  Middleton  held  the  professorship 

of  organic  and  other  fossils.'  IVhciccU.  1731 — 4,    The  office  of  Protobibliothe- 

(Todhuuter,  i.  379.)    His  earlier  vrorka  carius  was  created  specially  for  him  in 

were    translated   into   freuch ;    Anist.  spite  of  Bentlej',   Dec.    15,  1721.     In 

1735,  &c.  1845  it  was  consohdated  with  the  Li- 

^  Woodward,  like  Ray  and  Winston,  brarianship.     His   scheme  for  the  li- 

considered  Geology  in  illustration  of  brary  is  extant, 

the  Mosaic  record.  *  Whewcll,   Hist.   Induct.  Sciences, 

^  Facetiae  Cantab,  pp.  151,  152.  in.  501. 


198  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

lowing  years,  to  have  been  pretty  constantly  employed  in  giving 
descriptions  to  all  comers  for  four  hours  twice  a  week,  though  he 
did  not  lecture.  He  made  a  collection  distinct  from  Woodward's'. 
When  Mr  Hailstone  died  in  1818  there  came  forward  a  man 
who  had  studied  geology  for  some  time,  G.  Corn,  Gorham  of 
Queens'  (B.A.  1809),  known  in  theological  controversy,  and 
biographer  of  the  botanists  Martyn. 

The  successful  candidate  was  Adam  Sedgwick,  who  with 
boldness  equal  to  Watson's,  but  with  more  striking  success, 
undertook  to  get  up  his  subject  after  his  election.  He  lectured 
both  in  his  auditorium  and  in  the  open  air  with  characteristic 
energy. 

Now,  the  Woodwardian,  with  the  additions  of  the  splendid 
Fletcher,  Leckenby,  and  Walton  collections,  its  fine  series  of 
fossil  reptiles,  and  numerous  other  additions,  many  of  them  the 
result  of  Professor  Sedgwick's  work  and  liberality,  is  a  museum 
of  which  the  university  may  well  be  proud ;  while  the  most 
ancient  foundation  of  Peterhouse  has  a  choice  practical  selection 
of  specimens  on  a  smaller  scale,  gathered  and  arranged  with 
loving  care  by  the  late  Master,  whose  love  of  science  and  fore- 
thought have  left  a  mark  on  the  Woodwardian  Museum  also. 

While  Mr  Hailstone  was  alive  there  arose  an  ardent  disciple 
of  the  kindred  science  of  mineralogy,  Edward  Daniel  Clarke 
of  Jesus,  the  famous  traveller  and  discoverer  of  the  Eleusiuian 
'  Ceres'  or  Caryatid.  He  gave  lectures  in  mineralogy,  Feb.  17, 
1807,  which  were  enthusiastically  received.  The  end  of  the 
following  year  he  was  made  first  ^9?'q/esso7'  of  mineralogy  at 
Cambridge,  Hailstone  was  favourable  to  his  lectures,  which 
were  delivered  in  the  Botanic  room  by  invitation  from  Tho. 
Martyn,  who  was  become  superannuated. 

Clarke's  lecture-room  was  thus  described  from  recollection — 

'  We  will  wile  away  a  few  minutes  over  the  beautiful 
specimens  which  are  so  delicately  arranged  upon  the  table,  and 
the  surrounding  cases,  from  the  primitive  formation  of  granite 
to  the  costly  stones  and  precious  metals ;  the  [gas]  blow-pipes' 
too,  [his  own  invention],  whose  intense  heat  in  fusing  metal  has 

^  Hailstone  published  ^Outlines  of      cliap.  vii.  and  Whewell's  Trr/fiH^s  AHd 
the  Geoloijy  of  Cambridgesliii-e'  181G.  Letters  (Todliiuiter)  i.  378, 

"  Cf.  Guuniug's  lieminisc.  Vol.   ii. 


GEOLOGY  AND  MINERALOGY.  199 

SO  mach  assisted  the  science;  the  picture  of  the  grotto  of  Anti- 
paros,  with  its  beautiful  stalactites  and  crystal  floor;  the  ingeni- 
ous section  of  the  strata  of  this  island;  the  green  god  of  the 
New  Zealanders;  and  a  vast  collection  of  curious  and  precious 
things....  His  earnest  manner  of  recommending  his  darling 
pursuit  shows  that  his  heart  and  soul  are  wrapt  in  it.  To  a 
full  audience  he  mentions  the  names  of  some  ambitious  tra- 
vellers among  his  pupils  who  have  brought  him  specimens  from 
Scandinavia,  Switzerland,  and  the  Pyrenees\'  He  was  called 
'  Stojie  Clarke'  as  distinguishable  from  two  other  professors, 
Bone  Clark  (anat.)  and  Tone  Clarke  [Whitfield, — (music)]. 

J.  Holme  of  Peterhouse  framed  the  syllabus  for  his  lectures, 
and  assisted  the  professor  to  accuracy  in  details  ^ 

Many  may  like  to  have  preserved  the  following  jeu  d'espnt 
on  Dr  E.  D.  Clarke,  attributed  to  professor  Smyth  of  Peter- 
house.  It  exists  in  various  forms,  and  has  been  communicated 
to  me  by  Mr  J.  Willis  Clark  of  Trinity. 

I  sing  of  a  Tutor  renowned 
Who  went  roving  and  ra\-iug  for  knowledge, 

And  gather'd  it  all  the  world  round, 
And  brought  it  in  boxes  to  College. 

And  because  Mathematics^  was  clear, — 
Too  clear  for  our  Metaphysicians^ — 

Introduced  Dr  Gall  as  I  hear 
To  enlighten  his  Academicians. 

Tol  de  rol,  &c. 

His  pupils  flocked  eagerly  round 
When  they  heard  there  was  nothing  to  bore  'em, 

But  guess  their  surprize  when  they  found 
A  lot  of  old  skulls  placed  before  'em. 

Astonished  confused-*  and  perplext, 
They  stared  at  their  Lecturer  able, 

1  Facetiae  Cantab,  p.  153.  in  1815)  he  would  Lave  left  a  lasting 

2  Gunning /.  c i7.  In  [Wright's]  .-1/nia  name  behind  him.  'He  was  known 
Mater  ii.  31  Clarke's  grief  at  his  friend  throughout  Europe  by  several  impor- 
Teunant's  death  is  commemorated.  tant  di-^coveries,  among  others  that 
When  Farish  became  Jacksonian  Pro-  the  diamond  is  the  purest  form  of 
fessor,  S.  Tennant  succeeded  him  in  carbon,  which  he  explained  in  the  P/u- 
the  chair  of  Chemistry  (1813).  He  losojihical  Tratigactiotts.^  (G.  Prymo's 
was  devoted  to  that  science  even  as  an  EecuU.  p.  115.  Gunning's  licminisc. 
undergraduate  (178G),  and  but  for  his  ii.  ii.) 

untimely  end  (which  was  owing, not  to  ^  al.   'Metaphysics Mathemati- 

drowning  as  Wright  supposed,  but  to      cians.' 

the  fall  of  a  draw-bridge  near  Boulogne  ■*  al.  '  plagued.' 


200  UNIVEKSITY   STUDIES. 

And  the  FrcHlimcn  expected  tliat  next 
Old  Nick  would  pop  up  through  the  table. 

'Come  round  me,  Sophs^  Freshmen  and  all,' 
Cried  the  Doctor,  and  sprang  from  his  chair : 

'You  shall  hear  of  the  wonderful  GaV, 
And  of  skulls  and^  their  mysteries  rare. 

Of  Thought,  how  it  comes  and  it  goes, 
And  of  Life  in  the  marrow  descending; 

And  I'll  tell  you  what  nobody  knows, 
And  you'll  see  me  begin  at  the  ending. 

'  First  there's  life  that  must  fashion  and  warm, 
And  when  figure  and  form  have  begun 

The  skull  is  the  seat  of  the  charm, 
'Tis  there  yoit  must  look  for  the  fun. 

And  you've  only  to  peep  in  the  brain 
Just  to  see  how  it  bumps  and  it  bends, 

And  when  the  whole  matter  is  plain, 
Why — 'tis  plain  the  whole  mystery  ends. 

'  Observe  now  this  skull  I  pick  out, 
'Tis^  hard;    see  how  slowly  it  moulders; 

And  hence  I  conclude  without  doubt 
'Twas  on  some  Fellow  Commoner's  shoiilders. 

And  this,  by*  the  lines  in  the  face, 
Belonged  to  some  fam'd  Ehetorician. 

And  this  by  this  little  soft  place, 
Was  the  head  of  a  Metaphysician.' 

Then  ho  talked  in  a  capital  strain 
Of  the  Lion  the  Bear  and  the  Fox, 

Of  Parrots  with  musical  brain, 
And  of  men  with  mechanical  blocks, 

That  the  Organ  of  Courage  was  clear 
To  the  test  of  an  Investigation, 

And  he  talked  till  his  Pupils  looked  queer 
Of  an  Organ  of  Assassination. 

Next  he  shewed  how  the  Organ  of  Thought 
Was  developed,  as  easy  as  may  be, 

How  Man  to  perfection  was  brought 
By  tinkering  the  nob  of  the  Baby. 

The  Doctor  grew  more  and  more  able 
And  his  eloquence  clearer  and  clearer. 

Till  he  knocked  round  the  skulls  on  the  table 
And  knocked  up  the  skiUl  of  each  hearer. 

1  al.  ' ye  merry  men  all.'  ^  al.  ...'by  the  mai-ks  in  this  place 

^  al.  "■  and  of  brains  and  of  hair.'  Was  the  head  of  a  Mathematician 

*  ul.  '  IIow  hard!   See,  how  little  it  And  this,  by  the  lines  in  the  face.' 
moulders.' 


DOCTOR   CLARKE.  201 

Biit^  alas  !    while  tlie  Doctor  was  prosing 
Of  Brains-  and  their  wonderful  parts, 

In  entered  a  German  ^  imposing 
To  sell  him  a  lump  of  Eed  Quartz. 

lied  Quartz !    There  was  no  standing  that, 
And  besides  he  had  with  him  a  gander 

Which  he  swore  had  grown  jolly  and  fat 
At  the  Tomb  of  the  Great  Alexander. 

And  Flaxman  was  now  at  the  door, 
To  talk  of  the  Ceres*  divine; 

And  Bircliam^  to  settle  the  Corps; 
And  CaUhcell  to  sell  him  bad  wine. 

In  the  Coiu't  were  five  Lions  from  Town, 
And  a  message  came  hot  from  the  Master 

So  that  round  about  up-stairs  and  down 
The  plot  thicken'd  faster  and  faster. 

Oh  me !  cried  poor  Clarice  in  a  stew, 
And  to  lecture  no  longer  was  able, 

Off,  whizz !  like  a  rocket  he  flew, 
Overturning  the  skulls  and  the  table. 

And  he  cried  in  a  ^chiJf'  as  he  went 
That  now  nothing  more  was  expedient. 

That  in  short  they  all  knew  what  he  meant 
And  that  now  he  must  be  then-  Obedient. 

So  huzza  for  all  Tutors  and  Lectures 
And  our  able  promoters  of  knowledge, 

And  the  rest  of  our  learned  protectors, 
Not  forgetting  the  Cooks  of  the  College. 

And  long  may  a  Tutor  be  found 
To  explain  Dr  GalVs  lucubrations. 

And  his  humbugging  System  profound 
Of  prancing  and  proud  botherations. 

After  1813,  when  lie  was  translated  to  the  Jacksonian  pro- 
fessorship, Farish  prefixed  (in  the  University/  Calendar  of  1814) 
to  his  syllabus  about  mining,  &c.  (see  above  p.  101) — '  tlie 
natural  history  of  minerals.'  Hailstone  and  Clarke  were  al- 
ready engaged  for  that  subject. 

1  al.  '  Thus  far  had  the  Doctor  pro-  30th  foot  drilled  the  Cambridge  Yolun- 

ccedcd.'  tccrs.    Prof.  Clarke  was  on  the  Com- 

^  al.  '  sculls.'  mittee  and  his  college  (Josus)  supplied 

'■*  al.  'and  pleaded  the   largest  contingent   to  the    corjys 

He'dbroughthimaluuipoffiueQuartz.'  after    Trinity    and    S.   John's.      Ld. 

Fine  quartz  ! '  I'almerstun  was  one  of  his  comrades. 

4  the  Ceres.     See  p.  108.  Cp.   Otter's   Clarke   ii.  210.    Cooper's 

^  In  180.T  Capt.  S.  Bircham  of  the  Annals  iv.  178,  0.     Gunning  n.  vii. 


CHAPTER   XVIII. 


BOTANY. 


Bernardus  ualles,  colles  Bcnedictus  amabat, 
Frauciscus  uillas,  magnas  Ignatius  urbes. 


If  the  fathers  of  the  monastic  orders  had  their  tastes  in 
scenery  and  situation,  their  degenerate  posterity  at  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries 
took  great  pleasure  in  gardens.  Paradise  and  Christ  Church 
Walks,  Merton  and  Magdalene  Gardens,  St  John's  Grove, 
New  College  and  Wadham  Gardens,  Trinity  Mount— beguiled 
the  sohtude  of  Earle,  Addison,  and  Whitefield;  while  '  Kinges 
colledge  hacJcesides\'  the  Groves  of  Peterhouse,  Queens',  and 
Trinity  Hall,  the  Wilderness  of  St  John's,  the  Gardens  of 
Christ's,  Emmanuel  and  Sidney,  as  well  as  the  walks  of  Tiinity, 
offered  their  attractions  to  Barrow  and  Simeon.  The  avenue 
of  the  last-named  royal  foundation,  with  Coton  Church  in  the 
distance,  suggested  to  the  sportive  fancy  of  Person  a  type  of 
a  clerical  fellowship  which  he  declined  —  'a  long  dreary  walk 
with  a  church  at  the  end  of  it.'  Many,  perchance,  would 
question  the  great  critic's  estimate  both  of  the  '  Coton  grind ' 
and  of  the  Trinity-fellowship  and  country-Parsonage — 

*  Sheltered,  but  not  to  social  duties  lost, 
Secluded,  but  not  buried-.' 

However,  gardens  are  not  only  suited  for  academic  dis- 
cussion and  meditation,  recreation  and  pleasant  converse;  but 
as  they  were  in  the  days  of  Evelyn  and  Sir  T.  Browne,  they 

1  See  Speed's  map  of  Cambridge,  1610. 

2  W.  Wordsworth's  Excursion,  Book  v. 


BOTANY.  203 

may  be  made  studies  in  themselves*.  Lord  Bacon  wrote  as 
follows  in  1G0.5,  'We  see  likewise  that  some  places  instituted  for 
physic  [medicinae  (1628)]  have  annexed  the  commodity  of 
gardens  for  simples  of  all  sorts,  and  do  likewise  command  the 
use  of  dead  bodies  for  anatomiesV 

The  study  oi  botany  made  one  very  great  and  important 
step  in  the  course  of  the  last  century.  But  if  we  say  that 
Charles  von  Linne,  or  Linnaeus,  of  Sweden  published  his  most 
remarkable  works  about  the  miildle  of  the  century,  and  that 
his  system  was  introduced  into  our  Universities  about  ten  years 
later,  and  that  there  were  one  or  two  families  of  enthusiasts 
who  kept  the  claims  of  their  subject  before  our  learned  public, 
we  have  said  nearly  all.  If  we  may  say  that  Newton  belonf^ed 
to  the  seventeenth  century,  and  left  few  behind  to  continue 
his  work,  we  might  more  fairly  surrender  Ray  (d.  170^)  to 
that  period,  and  assert  that  his  work  outstript  our  investiga- 
tions for  the  next  century  in  their  claim  to  be  recognized  as 
scientific.  J.  Ray  was  a  student  of  Catharine  hall,  whence 
he  migrated  to  Trinity  and  became  fellow  of  that  royal  foun- 
dation (1G49) — but  Avas  afterwards  deprived  (though  in  holy 
orders)  for  refusing  to  protest  against  the  Solemn  League  and 
Covenant.     He  subsequently  conformed. 

After  liis  time  English  botanists  seem  to  have  contented 
themselves  with  collecting  plants,  especially  curiosities,  and 
in  publishing  catalogues.  In  such  occupations  and  in  herbarizing 
expeditions  considerable  energy  was  expended.  Even  as  early 
as  lGo4«  Ray's  contemporary  Barrow'  asserted  that  Cambridge 
freshmen  could  name  and  distinguish  all  plants  that  were  to 
be  found  in  the  fields  and  gardens  of  the  neighbourhood. 

When  Utfenbach  visited  Oxford  in  1710  he  went  (Sept.  19), 
to  the  hortus  medicus  Avith  Dr  Buttner.  They  had  an  intro- 
duction to  professor  Jacob  Bobart  *,  an  ill-favoured  man,  rather 

^  The  colleges  were  iutendcil  appa-  '  anclaiii.i '  (nuts)  and  \foc<iUbux.^ 

reutly  to  be  self  supporting.     To  this  ^  Advancement  of  Lcaruiii^,  ii.    'To 

day  Queens'  has  its  own  kitchen  gar-  the  King.' 

den.     Mr  J.  W.  Clark  has  drawn  my  *   Works  (Napier)  ix.  46. 

attention  to  the   reditus  orti  in  the  *  The  younger   Jacob  Bobart,  who 

old  computus  rolls,  whence  it  appears  like  his  father  was  keeper  of  the  Ox- 

that  in  1472  (c.  gr.)  reterhouse  made  ford     physick-gardcn     (1G83 — 1719.), 

what  was  then  a  handsome  sum  from  manufactured    a   winged   dragon    out 


20t  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

it  farJencr  tluan  a  botanist.  However  he  was  devoted  to  liis 
occupation,  and  published  the  work  of  liis  more  scientific  pre- 
decessor Eob.  Morison\  The  plants  seemed  to  Uffenbach 
pretty  numerous,  but  not  to  be  compared  with  the  treasures 
of  Leyden  and  Amsterdam.  Some  specimens  intended  for 
the  former  place  had  found  their  way  to  Oxford,  having  been 
captured  by  a  French  privateer ;  afterwards  when  they  were 
recognized  Bobart  kindly  restored  them  to  professor  Hermann 
of  Leyden.  Biittner  did  not  see  a  dozen  plants  which  he  con- 
sidered rare. 

Morison  died  in  London  Nov.  10,  1G83,  and  the  second 
professor  Edwin  Sandys  of  Wadham  was  not  appointed  by  the 
University  till  1720,  if  we  may  rely  on  an  old  Oxford  Calendar. 
Jacob  Bobart  the  younger  (above-mentioned)  succeeded  Mori- 
son  at  least  in  the  work  of  the  place.  His  father  Jacob,  who 
died  in  16-|^,  had  also  published  (1648)  a  catalogue  of  the 
plants  at  Oxford,  more  than  twenty  years  before  the  first 
professor  was  appointed.  The  botanical  gardens  seem  to  have 
descended  from  father  to  son  in  quite  a  patriarchal  style. 
Beside  the  Linnsei  at  Upsal,  and  the  Martyns  at  Cambridge, 
there  were  at  Oxford  the  Bobarts,  and  Humphrey  and  John 
Sibthorp,  father  and  son  (1747,  and  1784 — 9G).  These  last 
were  preceded  by  John  James  Dillenius  of  Darmstadt,  who 
had  followed  Sherard  to  England  in  1721,  of  whose  foundation 
he  was  first  professor  in  1728.  He  had  undertaken  an  edition 
of  Kay's   Synopsis  Stirpium  Britannicarum.      He  entered   at 

of  a  rat's  skin  which  deluded  several  of    the    Eojal    Gardens,     and    '  first 

naturalists  and  was  deposited  in  the  director  of   the   Botanical  Garden  at 

museum.     (Grey's  Hiulibras  i.  125  n.)  Oxford.'    He  wrote  '  Eemarks  on  the 

Cp.  Terrae-Filius -^xxi.  Mistakes  of  the  twoBauhins'  (1669), 

1  However  Cuvier  and  "\i\TieweU  do  and  '  Plantarum  Historia   universahs 

not  speak  very  highly  of  his  system  Oxoniensis '  (the  original  volume)  fol. 

of  classification.     '  The  most  distinct  Clarendon  Press,  1680. 
part  of  it,  that  dependent  on  the  fruit,  Morison  was  the  Duke  of  Ormond's 

was  probably  borrowed  from  Caesalpi-  candidate  for  the  Sedleian  professor- 

nus.'  (Whewell  Hist.  Ind.  Sciences  iii,  ship.     Ealph   Bathm-st  wi'ote  to   the 

296.)     Morison  was  an  Aberdeen  man  duke  (their  Chancellor)  16  Nov.  1675, 

wounded  near  Dee  bridge  in  the  Eoyal  to  explain. that  botany  was  not  enough 

cause. — He  retired  to  France  where  for  a  professor  of  Natural  Philosophy, 

Charles  II.  found  him,  and  after  his  and  that  they  elected  Dr  MLllLugtou. 

Ecstoration  made  him  superintendent  (Waitons  Bathurst,  i.  138.) 


BOTANY.  205 

St  John's,  and  in  1735  received  the  degree  of  M.D.  He  died 
in  1747,  having  publislit  Ilurtas  Elthamensis,  and  a  History 
of  Mosses. 

We  have  a  quaint  account  of  the  dutch  appearance  of  the 
Oxford  Physick  Garden  in  1707,  from  the  pen  of  Thomas 
Tickell  (Queen's),  in  his  poem  of  '  Oxford.' 

'  How  sweet  the  lanJskip !    where  iu  Hvmg  trees 
Here  frowns  a  vegetable  Hercules  ^ ! 
There  fam'd  Achilles  learns  to  live  again, 
And  looks  yet  augi-y  in  the  mimic  scene  ; 
Here  artful  birds,  which  blooming  arbours  show, 
Seem  to  fly  higher  while  they  upward  gi'ow, 
From  the  same  leaves  both  arms  and  warriors  rise; 
And  every  bough  a  different  charm  supplies. 

So  when  our  world  the  great  Creator  made ' &c.  etc. 

The  'Pocket  Companion  for  Oxford'  17G1  (pp.  22—24), 
dilates  upon  the  architectural  glories  of  the  Physick  Garden 
adorned  by  the  Earl  of  Danby,  1G32.  'The  Garden  is  divided 
into  four  Quarters,  with  a  broad  Walk  down  the  Middle,  a 
cross  Walk,  and  one  all  round.  Near  the  Entrance,  one  on  the 
R.  and  the  other  on  the  L.  H.,  are  two  elegant  and  useful 
Greenhouses,  built  by  the  University  for  Exotics ;  of  which 
there  is  as  considerable  a  Collection,  as  can  be  met  with  any 
where.  One  of  the  large  Aloes  was  blown  in  I7o0,  and  grew 
to  the  Height  of  21  Feet.  In  the  Quarters  within  the  Yew 
Hedges,  is  the  greatest  Variety  imaginable  of  such  Plants 
as  require  no  artificial  Heat  to  nourish  them,  all  ranged  in 
their  proper  Classes,  and  numbered.  At  the  lower  end  of  the 
middle  Walk,  near  the  Iron  Gates,  are  two  magnificent  Yew- 
Trees,  cut  in  the  Form  of  Pedestals  (but  of  Enormous  Size) 
with  a  Flower-Pot  on  the  Top,  and  a  Plant  as  it  were 
srowino-  out  of  it.... Eastward  of  the  Garden,  without  the  Walls 
is  an  excellent  Hot-House;  where  tender  Plants,  such  whose 
native  Soil  lies  beneath  the  Tropics,  are  raised  and  brought 
to  great  Perfection ;  viz.  the  Anana  or  Pine-Apple,  the  Plan- 
tain, the   Coffee  Shrub,  the  Caper  Tree,  the  Cinnamon,  the 

1  Mrs  Alicia  D'Anvers  {Academia:  of  a  Giant  the  Face  Alabaster '  in  tlio 

or  Humours  of  the  Univ.  of  Oxford  Physick  Garden,  and   another  iu  the 

in  Burlesque  Verse,   1G91,  p.  IG  n.)  shape  of  n  crane, 
speaks  of  '  A  Tree  cut  into  the  shape 


20G  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

Creeping  Cercus,  and  many  others.  These  Pinc-Api)les  liave 
nearly  the  same  delicious  Flavour  as  those  in  warmer  Climates  ; 
the  Caper  and  the  Coffee-Shrub  also  bear  well. 

'  The  Earl  settled  an  annual  Revenue  for  the  Maintenance 
of  the  Garden,  and  furnished  it  with  Plants  and  Herbs,  fur 
the  Use  of  such  Gentlemen  of  the  University  who  study 
Botany,  as  a  necessary  Branch  of  Physic.  This  useful  Foun- 
dation has  been  much  improved  by  thfe  late  Dr  Sherard, 
who  brought  from  Smyrna  a  valuable  Collection  of  Plants.  He 
built  a  Library  adjoining  to  the  Garden,  for  Botanical  Books, 
and  furnished  it  with  a  curious  Collection.  One  End  of  this 
Building  hath,  within  a  few  Years  been  altered  into  a  conve- 
nient Apartment  for  the  Professor  whose  Salary  is  paid  out 
of  the  Interest  of  3000/.  given  by  Dr  Sherard  for  that  Purpose. 
The  Assistant  to  the  Professor  is  paid  by  the  University.'  In 
1764)  Israel  Lyons  the  younger,  a  native  of  Cambridge, 
lectured  on  botany  at  Oxford  to  a  class  of  sixty  or  more,  at 
the  instance  of  [Sir]  Joseph  Banks  who  had  learnt  that  science 
from  him.     He  had  some  reputation  as  a  mathematician. 

The  following  botanical  works  were  produced  at  Oxford : — 

1648.     Catalogus  Horti  Botanici  Oxon.  (by  Jacob  Bobart  the  elder.) 

1658.    Catalogus  Ac.  priore  duplo  auctior.   (by  P.   Stephan,  W.  Browue  and 

Bobart. ) 
1672.     Plantarum  Umbelliferarum  Distributio  Nova.     Ro.  Morison. 
1678.     Plantarum  Historia  Universalis  Oxonieusis,  fol.  Vol.  i.  (by  R.  Morison  : 

posthumous.) 
1690.     Plantarum   Hist.    Universal.    Oxon.    Vol.   ii.    (by    Jacob    Bobart    the 

younger.) 
1699.     In  Historiam  Plantarum  Adnotatioues  Nomiuum  singularum  plantarum 

lingua  Arabic;!,  Persica,  Turcica,  by  T.  Hyde  D.D.  Queen's,  oriental 

professor  and  keeper  of  the  Bodleian. 
1713.     Vertumnus.     An  Epistle  to  Mr  Jacob  Bobart,  Botany  Professor  of  the 

uuiv.  of  Oxford  and  keeper  of  the  Physick- Garden,  (frontisp.)  12mo. 

pp.  1 — 33. 
1732.    Hortus  Elthamensis.    J.  J.  Sherard  Dilleniusi. 
174:0.     Historia  Muscorum.     J.  J.  Sherard  Dillenius. 

1794.    Flora  Oxonicnsis  exhibeus  Plantas  in  Agro    Oxon.    Auctore    Jo.  Sib- 
thorp,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 

1  Professor  Dillenius   of  S.  John's  country   round    Oxford.      Dr  Alcock 

whom  Sherard  brought  from  Giesscn  used  to  find  the  plants  when  he  went 

and  appointed  his  first  professor  was  botanizing    about    1740.    }femoirs  of 

created  M.D.  in  1735.     He  scattered  Nathan  Alcock  (1780)  p.  24. 
foreign  and   indigenous  seeds  in  the 


BOTANY.  207 

1808.     Flora  Graeca  &  Florae  Graecae  Prudromiis,  vol.  i.  8vo.     J.   Sibthorp 
(the  characters  by  Hir  J.  E.  Smith.) 

Ill  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  Matthew  Robin- 
son, of  St  John's,  was  an  ardent  botanist  at  Cambridge,  and 
pursued  the  study  after  he  left  the  university ^ 

Adam  Buddie,  whose  botanical  collection  Uffenbach  saw  in 
the  British  Museum  in  1710  {lieisen  iil.  202)  took  his  degree  at 
Catharine  Hall  in  1G81, 

Among  the  records  of  permission  for  non-residence,  which 
were  granted  at  Peterhouse  from  time  to  time,  is  the  licence 
of  '  W.  Vernon  on  the  approval  of  the  Visitor  to  be  absent  for 
three  or  four  years  to  improve  his  Botanick  Studies  in  the 
West  Indies,'  Avith  the  proviso  that  he  shall  certify  yearly 
that  he  is  alive  and  unmarried.  (Dated  23  Dec.  1G97.)  Vernon 
collected  plants  in  Maryland,  as  Hans  Sloanc  did  in  Jamaica, 
and  John  Banister  in  Virginia^ 

Of  the  minor  botanists  of  Cambridge  in  the  last  century 
we  may  notice  Benjamin  Stillingfleet  the  younger,  whom  Gray 
described  as  a  cheerful,  honest  and  good-hearted  man.  His 
grandfather  was  the  bishop  of  Worcester,  whose  ex-chaplain 
Bentley  invited  this  young  man  to  Trinity  and  then  used 
his  influence  to  prevent  his  election  to  a  fellowship,  observing 
that  '  it  was  a  pity  that  a  gentleman  of  Mr  Stillingfleet's  parts 
should  be  buried  within  the  walls  of  a  College.'  The  colour 
of  his  stockings  has  been  immortalized  in  our  language  as  the 
sobriquet  for  learned  ladies  such  as  delighted  in  his  company. 
He  made  in  1755,  and  published  in  17G1,  the  Calendar  of 
Flora,  in  Swedish  and  English,  Miscellaneous  Tracts  by  mem- 
bers of  Upsal  University,  translated  from  the  latin  1759,  &c., 
and  other  works.  He  was  one  of  the  first  (in  1757)  to  bring 
the  system  of  Linnaeus  into  notice  in  England'\ 

At  the  end  of  the  century  James  Lambert,  a  senior  fellow 
of  Trinity  and  regius  professor  of  greek,  was  much  addicted 
to  this  study*.  The  Quartei^hj  Reviewer  said  in  1827  (p.  203), 
that  the  study  of  botany  was  then  'just  awakened  out  of  a 
thirty  years'  slumber.' 

1  Mayor's  M.  Robinson  pp.  31,  106.  ^  Boswell's  Johnson,  sub  anno  1781. 

2  Whewell,   Hist.   Induct.  Sciences,       Nichols' Lif.  J nrcd.  ii.  336. 

in.  p.  291,  ed.  1837.  *  Gunning's  Eeminisc.  u.  eh.  iv. 


208  UiNIVKUSlTY   STUDIIIS. 

The  following  books  relating  to  Cambridge  and  Cambridge- 
shire botany  have  been  printed  : — 

1660.     Catalogus  Plantarum  circa  Cantabrigiam  nasccntiura  I.  Tlaius.  8vo. 

16()3.     Eay's  first  Aiipeiidix  ad  Oatalogum  &c,     8vo.  and  12mo. 

1607.     Edmuiuli  CastcUi  Oratio.     (Scripture  botany  elucidated  from  oriental 

writers  ^) 
1685.    Ray's  second  Appendix. 
1716 — 27.    Five  Decads   of    a   Historia  Plantarum   Succulentarum...quae   in 

Horto  sicco  coli  non  possunt.     (R.  Bradley.)  4to. 
1727.     Methodus  Plantarum   circa  Cantabrigiam  nascentium  (J.  Martyn)  8vo. 

and  12mo. 
1734.     Bradley's  Hist.  Plant.  Succulent,  (reprinted  posthumously). 
1711.     The  Georgicks  of  Yirgil  with  a  Translation  and  Notes  (partly  botanical) 

by  J.  Martyn. 
17-19.     The  Bucohcks  (ditto). 
1754.     On  the  Sex  of  Holly,  by  J.  Martyn  (Philos.  Transact.) 

1763.  Plantae  et  Herbationes  Cantabrigienses.    T.  Martyn. 

A  Short  Account  of  Dr  Walker's  Donation  to   the  Botanick   Garden. 

T.  Martyn. 
Fasciculus  Plantarum  circa  Cantabrigiam  nascentium  quae  post  Raiiim 

observatae  fuere.     Israel  Lyons  juu.  (Bowyer). 

1764.  Heads  of  Botany  Lectures  (privately  printed).     T.  Martyn. 

1771.  Catalogus  Horti  Botanici  Cantabrigiensis.     T.  Martyn. 

1772.  Catalogus   &c.   cditlo  sccunda.      (With  Lectm'es  and   a   Plan    of    the 

Gardens  prefixed.) 
1775.     The  Elements  of  Natm-al  History.     T.  Martyn.  Camb.  8vo. 
1782.     Heads  of  Lectures  on  Botany,  Natural  History  and  Fossils.     T.  Martyn. 
1785.     Rousseau's    Letters   on    Elements    of    Botany.     To     a    yoimg    Lady. 

T.  Martyn. 
1788.     Thii-ty-Eight  Plates  to  illustrate  Linnaeus'  System  of  Vegetables  and 

Rousseau's  Letters.    T.  Martyn. 
1786 — 93.     Three  parts  of  Flora  Cantabrigiensis  by  R.  Relhan  (collected  in  1802 

and  1820.) 
1787.    Heads   of  a  Course  of  Botanical  Lectures   delivered   at  Cambridge  by 

R.  Relhan. 
1792—4.     Flora  Rustica.     T.  Martyn. 

1793.  The  Language  of  Botany.    A  dictionary  with  critical  Remarks.     T.  Mar- 

tyn. 

1794.  Horti  Botanici  Cantab.  Catalogus-. 

Account  of  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Cambridge^. 

1802,  1820.     Relhani  Flora  Cantabrigiensis,  see  above. 

1804,  1807.     Hortus  Caiitabrigiensis  ;    or  a  Catalogue  of  Plants  Indigenous  and 

Exotic,  by  James  Donn,  Curator. 
1807.     T.  Martj-n's  edition  of  P.  Miller's  Gardoier's  and  Botanist's  Dictionarg. 
(A  list   of  Fen-plants   by  W.   Marshall,   Esq.   of  Ely  is   given  in  G. 

Pryme's  Recollections,  pp.  147,  405.) 

^  A  copy  in  Queens'  Coll.  Library,  -  Queens'  Coll.  Library,  Hh.  3.  31. 

M.  14.  30.  8  ibid.  P.  5.  (11). 


BOTANY.  209 

1829.  A  Catalogue  of  British  Plants  arranged  according  to  the  Natural 
System,  with  the  Sj-nonyms  of  De  CaudoUe,  Smith  and  Liudley. 
By  Prof.  J.  S.  Heuslow.     Camb.  8vo.  pj).  40. 

It  appears  that  about  I.jSS  John  Gerard  the  herbalist 
tried  to  move  lord  Burleigh  to  establish  a  botanical  garden 
in  Cambridge,  and  to  recommend  him  as  'HerbaristV  but 
his  project  came  to  nothing,  and  the  letter  which  he  com- 
posed never  had  the  Chancellor's  signature.  A  similar  attempt 
to  establish  a  physic  garden  at  Cambridge  was  made  a  century 
later  (1695),  which  also  met  with  no  success  ^ 

Ri.  Davies  M.D.  of  Queens',  writing  to  Dr  Hales  in  1759, 
on  the  General  State  of  Education,  &c.,  says  '  Oxford  indeed 
has  long  enjoyed  a  Botanic  Garden,  which  since  the  time  of 
Mr  Sherard's  donations  has  been  properly  supported.  There 
has  also  been  lately  erected  there  a  magnificent  pile  of 
Building  by  the  donation  of  a  celebrated  Physician  of  the 
last  age.  But  it  has  not  proved  a  real  enlargement  of  the 
School  of  Science.' — The  Library  founded  by  John  Radcliffe, 
M.D.,  Line.  1682,  was  originally  entirely  the  Physical  Library. 
It  was  opened  April  13,  1749. 

The  ground  for  the  garden  at  Cambridge  was  actually 
measured  and  the  plan  drawn  in  1696,  but  through  some 
unknoAvn  impediment  the  scheme  failed '.  But  the  hopes  of  a 
later  generation  were  raised  when  the  title  of  Professor  of 
Botany  was  conferred  on  Ri.  Bradley  ^  F.R.S.,  by  a  grace  dated 
Nov.  10,  1724.  He  was  author  of  a  large  number  of  miscel- 
laneous works  on  botany  and  agriculture.  He  died  in  1732, 
Nov.  5,  while  measures  were  being  taken  to  deprive  him  on 
account  of  his  irregularities.  It  is  said  that  he  was  chosen  pro- 
fessor 'by  means  of  a  pretended  verbal  recommendation  from 
Dr  Sherard  to  Dr  Bentley,  and  pompous  assurances  that  he 
would  procure  the  University  a  public  Botanical  Garden  by  his 
own  private  purse  and  personal  interest. . .  with  the  mere  view 


^  Cooper's  Annah,  ii.  458,  459.  *  Bradley's  most  important  research 

2  Baker  MS.  xlii.  138  h,  ap.  Cooper's  related  to    exotic    succulent    plants. 

^J77!a/.<!,  IV.  30.  See   preceding   page,  p.  a.  1734,   and 

'  Cole  MS.   XXXIII.   2fi,   Athrnne  iii.  NichoLs'  lAt.  Anccd.  i.  410  n. 

312. 

\v.  14 


210  UNIVERSITY    STUDIKR. 

(it  should  seem)  of  obtaining  the  Botanical  Chair '.'  How 
thoroughly  Bentley  was  alive  to  the  importance  of  this  as  of 
other  branches  of  science  may  be  seen  from  his  correspondence 
{Wordsiu.  pp.  620 — 625)  with  the  Rev.  John  Lawrence  on 
mipldum  and  Laserpitium. 

Bradley  publicly  repeated  his  promise  in  his  lectures  in 
1729,  but  nothing  was  done.  And  as  he  usually  neglected  to 
read  lectures  the  university  made  no  difficulty  to  permit  another 
person  to  do  it.  Mr  John  Martyn,  F.R.S.,  who  in  his  early 
days  as  a  counting-house  clerk  had  herbarised  in  St  George's 
Fields,  was  'recommended  by  Dr  Sherard  and  Sir  Hans  Sloane 
as  a  proper  person  to  execute  the  office.  Accordingly  in  the 
next  year  (1727)  in  the  Anatomy  Schools  he  gave  the  first 
course  that  ever  had  been  read  there  in  that  Science,  with  a 
view  to  restore  this  study  on  the  spot  which  should  seem  most 
adapted  to  its  growth,  as  having  nourished  the  most  eminent  of 
all  our  english  Naturalists,  the  excellent  Mr  Ray.'  It  appears, 
however,  that  Bradley  was  shamed  into  reading  a  course  of 
Lectures  on  the  Materia  Medica  in  1729,  which  he  published 
in  1730. 

John  Martyn  entered  at  Emmanuel  in  1730.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  had  several  conferences  with  Dr  Mawson,  the 
V.  C,  and  Phil.  Miller  of  the  Chelsea  garden^  about  the  pro- 
jected physick  garden  at  Cambridge,  but  the  gi'ound  (BrowneU's) 
designed  for  it,  was  secured  for  some  other  purpose.  In  1733 
on  Bradley's  death  J.  Martyn  was  elected  professor,  H.  Goddard 
of  St  John's  and  T.  Parne  of  Trin.  retiring. 

He  continued  to  lecture  only  till  1735,  when  other  employ- 
ment engaged  his  time.  However,  he  did  not  lose  his  interest 
in  the  subject,  but  soon  afterwards  opened  a  correspondence 
with  Linnaeus :  and  in  1741  he  sent  forth  his  botanical  edition 
of  Virgil's  Georgicks  dedicated  to  Mead,  the  astronomical  por- 
tion being  submitted  to  Halley.  In  17-19  his  translation  and 
notes  of  the  Bucolicks  followed. 

He  had  a  valuable  botanical  library  (200  vols.)  which  with 

^  Gorliam's  Memoirs  of  the  Martyns  Bentley,  -wliicli  the  latter  terminated 

pp.  31,  32... 113.     Cooper's  ii;ina?s,  IV.  abruptly  •with  the  celebrated  'Walker, 

185.  7/!!/  hat,"  is  narrated  by  Monk  (TAfe  ir. 

=*  The  interview  between  Miller  and  40G,  407). 


BOTANY.  211 

his  Ilortus  Siccus  of  foreign  plants  be  bequeathed  to  the  Uni- 
versity on  his  resignation.  The  lack  of  a  garden  was  still  felt : 
indeed  we  are  told  that  W.  Heberden's  course  of  experiments 
on  Medicinal  plants  of  Cambridgeshire,  about  1748,  was  spoilt 
for  want  of  one  '.     But  it  was  left  for  Martyn's  son  to  supply  it. 

In  1701  Thomas  Martyn  (otli  senior  optime,  Emraan.  1756), 
tutor  of  Sidney,  succeeded  his  father  Joh.  Martyn  of  Emmanuel 
(who  survived  exactly  six  years)  as  professor  of  Botany.  In 
the  following  year  Dr  Ri.  Walker,  Bentley's  Vice  Master,  en- 
dowed the  new  garden,  where  many  plants  had  already  been 
put  in,  and  a  greenhouse  partially  erected.  He  appointed 
T.  Martin  {sic)  as  first  reader,  and  C.  Miller  first  curator'^. 
T.  Martyn  introduced  the  Linnaean  system^  into  his  first 
lecture  in  1763,  contemporaneously  with  professor  Hope  in 
Edinburgh. 

Young  Martyn's  publications  have  been  enumerated  above, 
so  far  as  they  relate  to  Cambridge.  In  May  1766  he  had 
but  few  pupils,  and  those  inattentive.  His  curator  C.  Miller 
went  to  the  East  Indies  in  1770,  and  the  professor  gi-atuitously 
supplied  his  place,  receiving  (till  1703)  nothing  but  lecture-fees. 
Soon  after  he  married  the  sister  of  the  master  of  his  college 
and  took  the  incumbency  of  Triplow,  but  continued  to  lecture, 
though  his  subject  was  not  at  all  popular:  indeed  in  1782  (if 
not  in  other  years)  he  was  forced  to  include  natural  history  and 
geology  in  his  course  in  order  to  secure  an  audience.  Miller 
(who  was  son  of  the  Chelsea  curator)  had  worked  satisfactorily 
for  eight  or  nine  years  before  his  resignation.  A  good  account 
of  Sumatra  was  pirated  from  his  papers  for  Philos.  Transact. 
LXViii.  160*. 

In  May,  1784,  a  syndicate  was  appointed  to  build  a  lecture- 
room  for  the  Botanical  and  Jacksonian  Professors'.  The 
Calendar  of  1802  states  that  T.  Martyn  lectured  in  this  room^ 

*  Gorham's  Martyns  117.  Philosophia  Botanira  and  the  Species 

-  ibid.  32,  33.  riantarum  effectually  drew  him  over 

3  Linnaeus  when  visiting  England  to  Linnaeus. 

in  1736  had  been  coldly  received  by  ••  Gorham's  3/rtr/!/».s'  111,114  n. 

Hans  Sloaue,  and  Dillenius  the  Oxford  =  Cooper's  Annals  iv.  412. 

professor  refused  to  accept  the  sexual  «  Mr  Gorham    however    says  that 

system.  Thomas  Martyn  was  a  Rayian  he  delivered  his  last  lectures  in  179fi. 

about  1750,    but  about   1751—3    the  He  died  in  1825,  and  was  succeeded 

U— 2 


212  UNIVEHSITV    STUDIES. 

(luring  tlic  first  half  of  the  Midsurnnicr  term  at  4  p.m., 
explaining  the  elements  of  Botany,  and  elucidating  Linnaeus' 
system.  The  doctrine  of  the  Sexes  in  Plants,  being  the  foun- 
dation of  that  .system,  was  proved.  The  Theory  of  Vegetation 
and  other  matters  relative  to  the  Physiology  of  Plants  were 
detailed ;  and  finally,  the  more  curious  and  useful  species  were 
selected  and  exhibited.  When  he  got  old,  Thomas  Martyn  lent 
his  lecture-room  to  E.  D.  Clarke,  the  professor  of  mineralogy. 

A  controversy  between  Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  M.D.  (President  of 
the  Linnaean  Society^),  and  professor  J.  H.  Monk  (1818,  1819), 
on  the  Cambridge  Botanical  Professorship,  is  bound  up  in  a 
volume  of  pamphlets'  in  the  library  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge. It  arose  from  the  successful  opposition  of  the  tutors  of 
most  of  the  colleges',  refusing  to  allow  their  pupils  to  attend  the 
lectures  of  one  who  was  a  member  neither  of  the  University 
nor  of  the  Church  of  England ;  Thomas  Martyn  having  nomi- 
nated Sir  James  as  his  substitute. 


by  J.    S.   Henslow  the  mineralogist.  iv.    520,     521.      Gorbam'a     Martyns 

Perhaps    Ei.    Kelhan    of    Trin.    was  242 — .9. 

Martyn's  deputy  at  this  time.  3  Queens',   Clare  Hall,  Benet  Coll., 

1  He  purchased  the  herbarium  and  Magdalene    and    Downing   were    not 

collections  of  Linnaeus.  represented. 

"  X.  14.  10.    Cp.   Cooper's  Aimals, 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


THE   DEGREE  OF  MASTER  OF   ARTS. 

*  Non  stabit  pro  forma.' 

Specimen  of  Early  Latin. 

That  candidates  for  the  degree  of  B.  A.  had  some  instruction 
in  Philosophy  (probably  as  much  as  they  ever  had)  we  have 
already  seen.  But  since  the  Reformation  there  does  not  seem 
to  have  been  any  great  effort  made  to  incite  bachelors  to  spend 
their  three  years  in  the  statutable  pursuit  of  the  University 
quadriuium  of  Music  Arithmetic,  Geometry  and  Astronomy. 
Still  in  1787  the  University  still  required  of  candidates  for  a 
Mastership  in  Arts  three  years  continuance  as  B.A.,  and  (in  that 
capacity) 

Three  Respondencies  against  M.A.  Opponents. 
Two         ....        B.A.     . 
One  Declamation  \ 

Hence  we  gather  that  even  M.A.S  were  called  upon  to  dis- 
pute ^     (See  Statut.  Acad.  cap.  L.) 

Accordingly  the  colleges'  bade  their  bachelors  to  exercise 
themselves  in  Acts  within  their  walls.  It  was  in  order  to 
remunerate  M.A.  Fellows  who  acted  as  moderators  in  these 
college  disputations,  that  college  fees  for  M.A.  degrees  were 
levied  originally  from  B.A.s.      But,  as  I  have  observed,  when 

1  Considerations  on  the  Oaths. ..by  a  ceremonies  of  Admission  and  Sub- 
Member  of  the  Senate.  Camb.  1788.  scription  to  the  xxx^ith  Canon; — 
p.  43.   Appendix  I.  and  for  an  ordinary  JI.A.  '  performed 

2  But  these  'acts'  were  huddled  privately'  before  his  '  supplicat '  was 
tlirough  all  at  one  time,  after  the  offered.  Ceremonies  ■\Vall-Guuuing 
style  of  '  Hodiissime,  Omues  Magistri  pp.  1G7,  1G8  (1828). 

estote'     (CorheVa  Ballad.    161.5),    for  3  xi^e  statutes  of  University  College 

an  ad  euiidem  degree  in  the  presence       Oron.  ordered  that  a  moderator  of  the 
of  an  M.A.  and  a  B.A.,  between  the      bachelors  should  be  appointed  to  pre- 


214-  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

undergraduates  began  to  be  admitted  at  a  manlier  age,  there 
was  a  tendency  at  Cambridge  to  anticipate  the  course  of  study, 
and  to  require  from  undergraduates  that  mathematical  know- 
ledge which  according  to  the  statutes  belonged  rather  to  gradu- 
ates. Shall  we  say  that  Oxford  went  further  \  and  expected 
her  undergraduates  to  be  qualified  as  bachelors  in  the  arch- 
science  of  Divinity  ? 

It  is  not  surprising  that  a  man  of  Gray's  calibre  should 
rebel  against  the  thraldom  of  mathematical  and  metaphysical 
lectures  (1736) ;  but  towards  the  close  of  the  18th  century, 
there  was  a  growing  vehemence  in  the  protest  against  that 
state  of  affairs  which  continued  until  the  foundation  of  the 
Classical  Tripos  in  this  century. 

I  have  read  two  pamphlets  of  the  year  1788,  in  which  this 
complaint  is  set  forth — that  at  Cambridge  mathematics  was 
made  the  only  standard  of  merit  and  '  the  only  Introduction  to 
a  Fellowship  ^'  '  Mathematics  ^  with  a  little  Logic,  Metaphysics, 
and  Moral  Law,  constitute  the  sum  of  the  course  of  lectures : 
for  Divinity,  History,  and  Classical  Knowledge  scarce  enter  into 
the  plan;  Civil  and  Common  Law  never  :  so  that  unless  a 
student  have  a  taste  for  mathematical  studies,  he  may  as  well 
not  attend  the  public  lectures.'  And  the  like  testimony  was 
bome  by  R.  Acklom  Ingram  of  Queens'  in  1792  ^ 

But  if  at  Cambridge  mathematics  were  dominant,  this  was 
not  so  at  Oxford :  Avhile  on  the  other  hand  she  could  not  boast 
any  more  than  her  sister  that  she  was  free  from  the  abuse  of 
huddling^,  though  she  did  not  perhaps  recognize  the  name. 
If  I  mistake  not,  the  Cambridge  Schools  had  the  dust  swept 
from  them  and  the  daylight  let  into  them  many  years  before 
the  Oxford  examination  was  made  efficient. 

It  has  been  stated,  that  real  examinations  may  have  taken 

Fide    over    the    dispntations    of    the  *  The  Necessity  of  Introducing  Di- 

baclielors.    Dr   Stanley  informed  the  vinity  ■  into    the  regular    Course,  &e. 

Commissioners  in  1852  that  the  office  by  E.  A.  Ingram.    Colchester  &c.  1792. 

vras  still  retained  in  name.  p.  122. 

'  Cp.  [Southey's]  Eapriclla  ii.  79.  ^  Dr  Knox  (ap.  Gradns  ad  Cantab. 

'  Reiiiarks  on  the  Enormous  E.rjyence  s.  v.    Huddling)   says    that  at  Oxford 

in  Education,  1788,  p.  13.  'droll  questions  are  put  on  any  snb- 

'  Cotisiderations  on  the  Oaths,  1788,  ject ;  and  the  puzzled  candidate  fur- 

p.  16.  nishes  diversion  by  his  awkward  em- 


THE  DEGREE   OF   MASTER   OF   ARTS.  215 

place  in  Oxford  up  to  the  thirteenth  century,  but  they  had 
completely  fallen  into  disuse  at  all  events  after  the  end  of 
that  century'.  Two  years  after  the  statutes  of  1036"  a  supple- 
mentary statute  introduced  at  Oxford  a  principle  which  had 
been  recognized  at  Cambridge  a  century  before  :  viz.  that  of  a 
real  examination  for  the  degree  in  arts;  the  degree  having 
depended  virtually  upon  a  plurality  of  votes,  although  nomi- 
nally upon  the  old  scholastic  exercises,  which  for  a  long  time 
past  were  become  a  practical  nullity  \  And  it  would  not  now 
have  been  prudent  politically  to  encourage  the  freedom  of 
disputations.     So  pass  examinations  were  established. 

It  seems  a  startling  statement,  but  so  far  as  I  am  aware 
there  was  no  such  thing  at  Oxford  as  an  honour  exaviination  for 
degrees  until  the  nineteenth  centuryl 

The  same  wave  of  interest  in  university  examination  which 
distressed  Powell  and  Jebb  at  Cambridge  about  1770,  seems  to 
have  stirred  a  ripple  on  the  tranquil  waters  of  Isis.  In  1773 
was  printed  Considerations  on  the  Public  Exercises  for  the  First 
and  Second  Degrees  in  the  University  of  Oxford.  This  pam- 
phlet was  circulated  in  Cambridge,  and  was  considered  by  Jebb 
as  '  an  ingenious  performance*.'  The  writer  mentions  that  the 
question  had  been  mooted  at  '  an  occasional  meeting  of  several 
respectable  Members  of  the  University,'  and  had  been  subse- 
quently commended  by  the  V.  C.  to  the  serious  consideration  of 
the  Heads  of  Houses  and  the  Proctors.  He  proposes  to  make 
the  examinations  really  public  by  having  fixed  days  for  their 
performance,  a  change  which  would  also  induce  men  to  com- 
mence their  residence  at  one  time  of  year:  that  there  should  be 
two  regular  Examiners  or  Censors  holding  office  perhaps  for 
three  years.     The  first  week  in  Lent  Term  should  be  an  cxami- 

barrassment.     I    have    known '      (he  tronomj',  Metaphysics,  Natural  Philo- 

adds)    'the  question   on  the  occasion  sophy,  Ancient  History  and  Hebrew, 

to   consist    of    an   enquiry  into    the  as  well  as  the  continuation   of    tliii 

pedigree  of  a  race-horse.'  study  of  Geometry  and  Greek  which 

1  English  Univ.  V.  A.  Pluber  (F,  W.  were  to  occupy  the  latter  part  of  the 
Newman,  18  i3)  ii.  pt.  1,  p.  59.  undergraduate  course. 

2  The  statutes  of  Laud  required  as  ^  See  Bp.  Mant's  Life  (Triu.   Coll. 
a   qualification   for  M.A.  throe  years  0.rnn.  1707 ;   fellow  of  Oriel)  p.  C>2. 
study  after  the  degree  of   B.A.     As-  *  Jc'bl)"s  ]l'nrJ;f  ii.  301. 


216  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

nation-week  for  all  who  were  candidates  for  a  bachelor's  degree 
the  ensuing  year,  and  another  week  or  i'our  days  in  Act  (Trinity) 
Term  for  candidates  for  their  second  degree.  The  examinations 
to  be  held  in  presence  of  Congregation  in  the  Theatre  or 
the  Nat.  Philos.  Schools,  to  be  conducted  generally  by  the 
Examiners,  any  member  of  Congregation  having  a  right  to  take 
some  part  in  examining  (as  under  the  then  existing  regime  at 
both  Universities).  It  would  have  been  a  formidable  ordeal  if 
conducted  in  latin  in  the  Theatre,  each  examinee  appearing 
in  one  rostrum  and  answering  the  two  examiners  who  were  to 
sit  in  the  other  rostrum.  Private  examination  would  the  more 
grow  into  disrepute  if  it  were  reserved  for  those  who  had  been 
'plucked'  in  the  public  scrutiny.  The  author  approved  on  the 
whole  the  matter  prescribed  by  the  statutes  for  examination. 
He  wished  however  to  make  mathematics  a  more  important 
subject  than  it  was  then  made  at  Oxford.  He  proposed  there- 
fore six  books  of  Euclid,  the  nature  and  use  of  Numbers,  par- 
ticularly vulgar  and  decimal  Fractions,  and  the  Elements  of 
Algebra,  reserving  (as  we  shall  see)  higher  subjects  for  the 
second  degree.  In  addition  to  the  other  recognized  subjects 
(grammar,  rhetoric,  logic,  ethics,  greek  classics,  and  speaking 
latin)  he  proposed  to  examine  in  the  historical  part  of  the  New 
Testament,  and  in  the  xxxix  Articles.  And  to  arrange  the 
names  of  the  successful  candidates  in  three  classes — the  1st  and 
2nd  only  being  published : — thus  virtually  making  the  modem 
distinction  between  'pass  and  class! 

So  much  for  the  author's  proposal  (in  1773)  for  a  new 
examination  for  B.A.  at  Oxford.  Let  us  pass  to  the  state  of 
things  which  then  was,  and  which  continued  to  be  till  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century.  The  Oxford  statutes  re- 
quired from  candidates  for  the  degree  of  B.A. — 

I.     disputationes  in  parviso  ['generals'  and  'juraments']\  a 

1  "Wood  records  that  this  exercise,  once  prior  opponent.   At  that  time  the 

having  been  in  early  times  the  pride  proctors  appointed   certain   M.A.s  as 

of  Oxford,  fell  into  desuetude  but  was  Supervisors.    (Wood  ii.   271,  291,  726 

revived   in   1601,   and  in   1G06   each  — 8.)    About   16i5  acts  and  exercises 

candidate   for  B.A.    was   required   to  were    discontinued,    and    all    tmder- 

Bwcar  that  he  had  '  answered' in  Prtr-  gi-aduates   under  sixty  years   of    age 

viiiis  or  generals,  or  at  least  had  been  were  on  military  duty.     {ibid.  ii.  475.) 


OXFORD   EXERCISES   FOR   B.A.  217 

disputation  on  three  questions  in  grammar  or  logic  from  1  to 
3  p.m.  Each  Student  was  to  hear  others  perform  in  his  2nd,  3rd, 
and  4th  years.  This  was  systematically  neglecte(h  In  his  3rd 
year  lie  was  to  be  created  a  senior  soph  after  performing  these 
disputations  twice  himself  (this  was  called  generals);  after 
which  he  was  to  keep  one  such  disputation  (juraments)  every 
term.  The  questions  -svere  trite  and  uninteresting,  and  when  a 
student  was  once  Senior  Soph  he  merely  went  into  the  schools 
every  term  and  proposed  one  syllogism  juramenti  gratia,  and 
was  said  to  be  'doing  juraments.'  One  great  defect  in  the 
working  of  this  statute  was  the  frequent  absence  of  proctors 
and  regent  '  masters  of  the  schools,'  so  that  as  a  general  rule 
there  was  no  one  to  watch  the  proceedings. 

II.  answering  under  bachelor.  The  student  disputed  upon 
three  questions  in  grammar,  rhetoric,  ethics,  politics,  or  (more 
often)  in  logic,  a  B.A.  taking  the  office  of  moderator.  This  was 
performed  twice  in  the  Lent  of  his  third  or  fourth  year  for  an 
hour  and  a  half  The  proctors  and  masters  visited  the  schools 
in  Lent  more  often  than  in  parviso,  but  still  they  did  not 
always  watch  the  entire  time.     {p.  56.) 

III.  Examination  in  grammar,  rhetoric,  logic,  ethics, 
geometry,  greek  classics,  fluency  in  the  latin  tongue.  The 
proper  examiners  were  three  regent  masters,  but  as  the  cu.stom 
of  the  regents  taking  this  duty  b}^  rotation  had  long  since  become 
obsolete,  the  candidate  usually  chose  his  oiun  three  examiners, 
and  then  got  their  liceat  from  the  proctor.  This  examination 
was  quite  private.  This  was  the  main  point  which  the  author 
of  tiie  'Considerations'  wished  to  reform.  He  proposed  to  add 
to  the  statutable  exercises,  one  latin  and  one  english  declama- 
tion to  be  delivered  publicly  in  the  Theatre  in  Act  Term, 

The  writer  of  another  Oxford  pamphlet  of  that  period* 
remarked  that  at  Cambridge  'they  are  generally  supposed  to 
expect  more  than  we  [Oxonians]  do  from  a  Candidate  for  the 
First  Degree,  in  proportion  as  they  expect  less  from  a  Candidate 
for  the  Second.'  Doubtless  the  statutable  exercises  (viz.  three 
respondcncies  to  an  M.A.,  two  respondencies  to  a  B.A.,  and  one 
declamation)  for  a  Cambridge  M.A.  were  trifling',  and  generally 

^  Considerations    on    the  Residence       Oxford  1772—;).  10. 
n^uallij  required   fur  Degrees,   &c.—  ^  Stat.  Aeud.  Cautab.  1570,  cap.  7. 


218  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

shiltificd  by  'huddling'  or  by  the  forfeiture  of  caution-money, 
and  indeed  of  no  account  except  so  far  as  some  of  the  Colleges 
kept  their  bachelors  employed  by  'acts'  and  'declamations.' 
We  may  gather  from  these  Considerations  on  the  Exercises 
(177-})  that  if  the  statutable  requirements  for  an  Oxford  M.A, 
were  not  inconsiderable,  they  were  in  the  last  century  by  no 
means  so  creditably  observed  as  were  the  Cambridge  exercises 
for  the  fii'st  degree. 

Our  university  indeed  seems  never  to  have  pressed  the 
revival  of  the  exercises  of  those  who,  being  bachelors,  were 
proceeding  to  their  oiext  degree  in  Arts.  For  a  long  while — 
even  almost  till  1840 — '  the  incepting  masters  of  arts  crowded 
(huddled)  to  the  schools,  sometimes  on  a  day  preceding,  some- 
times within  a  few  minutes  of  the  presentation  of  their  suppli- 
cats,  to  keep,  juramenti  gratia,  the  statutable  exercises\'  It  was 
allowed  that  the  repetition  of  two  lines  of  Virgil's  first  Eclogue 
or  the  same  quantity  of  Aen.  i.  would  do  for  a  declamation;  and 
as  for  the  three  disputations  or  'acts'  which  the  statute  (cap.  7) 
required,  they  might  be  summarily  despatched  in  one  compen- 
dious form^ — the  'respondent'  asserting 

'  Recte  statuit  Newtonus — Recte  statuit  Woodius — Recte 
statuit  Paleius.'  The  'opponent'  was  allowed  to  attack  these 
all-embracing  positions  with  a  scarcely  less  positive 

'Si  non  recte  statuerunt  Newtonus,  Woodius,  Paleius,  cadunt 
quaestiones. 

Sed  non  recte  statuerunt  Newtonus,  Woodius,  Paleius. 
Ergo  cadunt  quaestiones.' 

Between  such  combatants  it  would  have  been  sheer  pre- 
sumption for  a  moderator  to  interpose.  It  remained  only  for 
the  opponent  to  become  respondent  (and  vice  versa),  and  to  go 
through  the  same  nonsense — and  there  were  six  acts  and  two 
declamations  finished,  and  two  sapplicats  earned,  in  less  than 
two  minutes  !  It  needed  only  that  the  first  and  second  dispu- 
tants should  have  said  the  same  couplet  of  Virgil  for  their 

1  Te&cock  onthe  Statutes, 16il,i^.  86.  while  it  emulated  these  modem  Can- 

*  Poison's  juvenile  theme —  tahs  in  brevity,  had  the  advantage  of 

'  Nee  bene   fecit   Brutus   occiso  them  in  wit.    (See  Facetiae    Cantab. 

Caesare,  nee   male  fecit,    sed   inter-  p.  199.) 

fecit ' — 


HUDDLING   FOK  M.A.  210 

declamations  to  reduce  the  formula  to  its  lowest  and  simplest 
terms,  and  to  absolute  barrenness.  It  seems  strange  that  the 
'bold  interpretation'  of  the  Heads  in  1608  (25  May),  which 
virtually  excejited  the  clause  'I'listum  trium  annorum  spatium' 
(cap.  7)  from  the  apparently  plain  prohibition  'nee  plures  pro- 
ponant  terminos  in  quibus  studuerint  in  academia'  &c.  (cap.  21), 
sliould  not  have  been  imitated  by  abrogating  the  remainder  of 
caj).  7  of  the  University  Statute,  ratlier  than  that  the  farce  of 
'huddling'  should  continue  in  the  18th  and  part  of  the  19th 
centuries  to  rival  the  promenade  'ad  opposituni  whereby  the 
commencers  of  the  IGth  century  almost  to  our  own  time  have 
mounted  to  the  degree  of  doctor  (or  M.A.).  Yet  we  might  be 
inclined  to  regret  that  the  university  had  the  heart  to  improve 
away  that  quaint  old  step  worn  b}'  so  many  worthy  feet,  now 
that  the  doctorate  is  dignified  by  an  ascent  of  more  becoming 
altitude. 

The  Oxford  requirements  for  M.A.  were 

I.  determination.  A  solemn  exercise  opening  with  prayers 
and  contio  in  St  Mary's  on  Ash  Wednesday.  Then  the  dean  of 
each  college  walks  in  procession  to  the  Schools,  at  the  head  of 
his  determining  bachelors,  and  there  holds  a  disputation  for  the 
tedious  period  of  four  hours.  He  reads  a  copy  of  verses,  pro- 
poses arguments  upon  three  questions  to  every  determiner  of  his 
house:  which  questions  are  to  be  defended  against  him  by  a 
determined  or  senior  bachelor,  who  responds  for  the  determiner 
and  is  therefore  called  his  Aristotle.  [' Arlstoteles  pro  me  respon- 
debit.']  In  the  course  of  Lent  the  determiner  is  required  to 
hold  two  disputations,  each  on  three  questions  in  grammar, 
rhetoric,  ethics,  politics,  or  (more  often)  logic;  in  which  he  is 
always  to  maintain  the  doctrine  of  Aristotle  and  the  Peripa- 
tetics. Though  the  questions  themselves  and  the  arguments 
were  not  good  for  much,  the  exercises  of  Ash  Wednesday  itself 
were  respectable,  the  V.  C.  being  usually  present  as  well  as  the 
deans  and  a  fairly  large  audience  of  determiners,  &c. ;  but  the 
other  days  in  rjuadragesima  were  comparatively  neglected  and 
made  to  do  double  duty  as  'answering  under  bachelor'  for  the 
degree  of  B.A.,  and  as  'determinations'  for  M.A.  This  exer- 
cise was  often  held  in  the  afternoon, — an  inconvenient  time. 


220  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

II.  disputationes  apud  Augustiiienses^ — to  be  performed 
from  1  to  3  p.m.  for  the  degree  of  M.A.  by  a  determined  Baclie- 
lor.  He  might  be  called  upon  to  repeat  the  exercise  in  the 
subsequent  years  of  his  triennium.  No  one  was  present  except 
the  candidate  and  the  moderating  master  of  the  Schools.  It 
was  an  exercise  which  might  well  be  discontinued. 

III.  disputationes  quodlihetlcae — responding  to  a  certain 
regent  master  on  three  questions,  and  to  any  other  disputant 
on  any  question  whatsoever.  This  had  become  the  merest  farce, 
and  might  (it  was  urged)  be  dropped  with  advantage. 

IV.  sex  solennes  lectiones — three  original  dissertations  in 
Natural,  and  three  in  Moral  philosophy,  to  be  delivered  in  the 
Schools  between  1  and  2  p.m.  These  were  intended  to  stimu- 
late original  invention  and  research,  but  had  so  degenerated 
that  they  were  held  pro  forma  in  an  empty  school,  and  had 
long  since  obtained  the  title  of  Wall  Lectures'^,  being  then  'scarce 
known  by  any  other  name.  An  attempt  has  lately  been  made 
in  one  of  our  Colleges  to  restore  it  to  its  ancient  dignity  and 
utility,  by  obliging  every  Bachelor  to  read  his  solemn  lectures 
publicly  in  the  College  Hall:  a  regulation  which  does  honour 
to  the  Society ^'  The  author  proposed  to  have  these  lectures 
read  publicly  in  the  Theatre,  and  to  give  honours  of  some  sort 
for  excellency  therein. 

V.  hinae  declamationes — to  be  delivered  (at  2  p.m.)  without 
book  before  the  proctor  on  a  thesis  assigned  or  approved  by 
him.  This  was  intended  as  an  exercise  in  polite  learning  and 
elegant  composition.  In  old  times  one  candidate  affirmed  the 
thesis,  a  second  denied,  and  a  third  arbitrated  '  in  the  way  of 
ambigitur.'     It  was  suggested  that  this  system  should  be  re- 

1  When  clean  FeU  was  V.C.  in  1646,  Urnv.  Life  pp.  315,  317.) 

1647,  lie  revived  for  a  time  the  strict  *  See  above,  p.  10. 

discipline  and  the  interest  of  this  ex-  ^  This  was  a  provision  of  the  Eules 

ercise,  vulgarly  known  as  doing  Aus-  and  Statutes  0/ Hertford  College  {Hart 

tins.     It    took    its    name    from    the  Hall)  as  early  as  1747.    See  my  Univ. 

custom   of  scholars    at    Oxford    dis-  Life  p.  576.      At   Christ    Church  to- 

piiting  with  the  Augustinian  monks,  wards  the  end  of  the  century  a  man 

who  had  a  reputation  for  exercises  of  (apparently    an    undergraduate)    was 

tills  kind.     The  proctor  appointed   a  chosen  to  read  an  essay  each  week  in 

B.A.  as  his  '  collector  in  Austins '  who  hall.      WhUe  H.  F.  Gary  was  in  resi- 

had  authority  to  match  the  disputniits  dence   (Memoir    i.   66)    Canning  was 

together   at  his  discretion.     (See  my  frequently  thus  distinguished. 


OXFORD   EXERCISES   FOli   M.A.  221 

vived,  the  declamations  held  publicly  in  the  Theatre  in  Act 
Terra,  and  one  of  the  two  made  in  the  enolish  language. 

VI.  examination — as  for  B.A.,  only  the  subjects  are  geo- 
metry, natural  philosophy,  astronomy,  metaphysics,  and  history 
(including  geogi'aphy  and  chronology),  greek  classics,  and  he- 
brew,  and  latin  conversation  yet  more  perfect.  The  writer  of 
the  pamphlet  proposed  to  regulate  the  examination,  as  has  been 
stated  on  p.  21G,  and  to  add  to  the  fixed  subjects  Euclid  xi,  xii, 
some  system  of  Conic  Sections,  Trigonometry,  Logarithms,  and 
Algebra  applied  to  Geometiy.  Also  the  Epistles  in  the  New 
Testament,  the  xxxix  Ai'ticles,  and  the  book  of  Genesis  in 
hebrew. 

This  scheme  seems  to  have  produced  no  immediate  effect  at 
Oxford  in  1773.  Accordingly  we  find  Mr  G.  V.  Cox,  the  Oxford 
esquire  bedel,  recollecting  the  sad  decay  at  Oxford*,  when 
Cambridge  examinations  for  B.A.  were  in  a  comparatively 
healthy  condition.  At  Oxford  '  it  seems  (1868)  the  trial  is 
strict  when  one  takes  a  Master's  or  Bachelor's,  but  slack  when 
you  come  to  the  Doctor's  Degrees,  and  vice  versa  at  Cambridge.' 
But  at  Oxford  in  1797  there  were  traditional  schemes,  skele- 
tons, or  '  strings '  of  questions,  examples  of  syllogisms,  used  by 
the  Examiners  or  Masters  of  the  Schools,  as  well  as  by  the 
examinees*, — sometimes  wound  up  by  a  latin  epigram.  '  It  is 
well  known  to  be  the  custom  for  the  candidates  either  to  present 
their  examiners  with  a  j;iece  of  gold,  or  to  give  them  a  hand- 
some entertainment.' 

Cox  quotes  a  contemporary  english  epigram  {pp.  3G,  37), 
supposed  to  be  spoken  by  a  well  satisfied  examiner.  In  1799 
(he  continues)  the  examination  for  the  B. A., degree,  under  the 
old  system,  *  had  dwindled  into  a  formal  repetition  of  threadbare 
"  Questions  and  Answers"  (in  Divinity,  Logic,  Grammar,  "  ct  in 
omni  scibili"),  which  had  been  transmitted  in  manuscript  from 
man  to  man,  and  were  unblushingly  admitted,  if  not  adopted, 

»  Cox's  Collections  and  Recollections  were  to  be  bad  ready  made  and  were 

0/ Oxford, j)p.  34,  35.  called    'striugs.'     'Schemes'   are   dc- 

2  lu  the  Gent.  Mag.  vol.  l.  pp.  277,  fined  as  '  collections  of  all  questions 

278,  an  example  is  given  of  an  '  argu-  whicli  will  be   probably  asked  iu  tlio 

ment '  in  Generals  at  Oxford.    These  sciences." 


222  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

even  by  the  "  Masters  of  the  Schools.'"  These  were  Regent- 
Masters  of  the  year,  whose  duty  it  was  by  virtue  of  their  Regency 
to  go  through  this  ceremony,  for  a  mere  ceremony  it  had  be- 
come. The  more  scrupulous,  joining  in  the  increasing  cry  for  a 
new  Examination-Statute,  hung  back  from  the  farce  ;  but  each 
year  was  sure  to  produce  a  few  Masters  who  did  not  object  even 
to  dine  with  the  examined  after  the  fatigues  of  the  morning  ! 
Well  might  such  a  state  of  things  expire  with  the  expiring 
century ! 

'  The  "  New  Examination-Statute "  was  already  on  the 
anvil,  and  was  being  worked  into  shape ;  Dean  Cyril  Jackson 
[Ch.  Ch.,  1783—1809],  Dr  [John]  Eveleigh  [provost  of  Oriel, 
1781—1814],  and  Dr  [John]  Parsons  [Mr  of  Ball.,  1708—1810], 
were  labouring  hard  for  the  revival  of  scholarship  and  the  credit 
'of  our  Alma  Mater'  [Oxon.]\  The  new  Public  Examinations 
Statute  came  into  action  rather  feebly  indeed  at  first  in  1802 ; 
but  the  claimants  for  honour  degrees  were,  in  the  years  from 
1802  to  1806,  only  two,  four,  three,  one,  three  respectively. 

Professor  F.  W.  Newman  bears  witness  to  the  efforts  of 
Eveleioh  and  Jackson  in  the  interest  of  Oxford  examinations. 
He  bestows  also  deserved  praise  upon  Dr  Eveleigh's  successor, 
the  provost  of  Oriel,  Dr  Coplestone  (bishop  of  Llandaff  J^ 

He  says,  translating  Huber's  English  Universities,  '  In  proof 
of  the  degeneracy  of  the  University  Studies  in  the  last  cen- 
tury', I  need  only  refer  to  Kuettner's  Beitrdge  zur  Kenntniss 
von  England.  Kuettner's  account  refers  more  immediately  to 
the  second  half  of  the  18th  century;  but  if  any  alteration  bad 
by  then  taken  place,  it  was  for  the  better :  so  that  the  earlier 

^  Gent.  2Iag.  xlix.  pp.  35,  37,  45.  University  College?"  I  stated  (though, 

^  Huher  and  F.  IF.  Neinnan,  English  by  the  way,    the   point  is  sometimes 

Universities,  1843,  vol.  ii.  part  ii.  pp.  doubted)  "that  King  Alfred  founded 

513,  5U;  501.  it."     "Very  well,   Sir,"  said  the  Ex- 

3  'Mr   John    Scott    [Lord    Eldon]  aminer,  "you  are  competent  for  your 

took  his  Bachelor's  Degi-ee  in  Hilary  Degree."'     Horace  Twiss'  life  of  Ld. 

Term,  on  the   20th  February,    1770.  Eldon,   i.   57,   quoted   in   the   Oxford 

"  An  Examination    for  a  Degree  at  Univ.  Commission  Report,  p.  59.     Mr 

Oxford,"  he  used  to  say,  "  was  a  farce  G.   V.   Cox    {Recollections,    p.   34?!.) 

in  my  time.     I  was  examined  in  He-  loyally    regards     the     anecdote    told 

brew  and  in  History."     "  What  is  the  against  his  university  as  a  mere  '  post 

Hebrew   for  the  place  of  a   skull?"  prandium  io]ie.' 
I  replied  "  Golgotha."     "Who  founded 


THE  DEGREE  OF  MASTER  OF  ARTS.  S'^o 

period  a  fortiori  deserves  the  severest  censure  justly  applicable 
to  the  later.'  After  quoting  Amhurst's  example  of  an  Oxford 
disputatio  quodlibetica,  'a  short  string  of  syllogisms,  upon  a 
common  C[ue>ii\<m,  An  datur  actio  in  distans,^  &?,  it  was  disputed 
about  1718^; — Huber  adds,  'Such  jokes  as  these  are  among 
the  less  ordinary  efifusions  of  talent.  Generally  the  whole- 
party — Moderator,  Opponent,  and  Respondent — passed  the  pre- 
scribed half-hour  in  reading;  or  talkincr'^ 

'  Doubtless  the  young  men  who  carried  off  the  various  Uni- 
versity and  College  prizes  from  the  year  1801  to  the  end  of  the 
war,  were  morally  superior  to  the  mass ;  yet  of  these  but  few 
can  have  become  permanent  residents  in  Oxford,  as  so  few 
Fellowships  were  as  yet  thrown  open  to  any  sort  of  fair  com- 
petition. The  first  College  which  in  this  respect  became  cele- 
brated was  Oriel.' 

The  same  movement,  at  the  beginning  of  this  century,  which 
improved  the  B.A.  examinations  in  Oxford,  revived  also  for 
a  time  the  qualification  for  the  M.A.  degree.  We  happen  to 
have  a  minute  account  of  their  working  in  the  life  of  Daniel 
Wilson  (bp.  of  Calcutta),  who  was  born  in  1778.  It  will  be  as 
well  to  sketch  his  studies  up  to  that  time^ 

'  He  continued  during  the  six  months  of  his  student  life  [as 
private  pupil  of  Josiah  Pratt,  in  1798]  to  rise  at  5  o'clock  and 
retire  at  10  o'clock.  One  hour's  exercise  in  the  day  sufliced 
him.  At  breakfast  the  Spectator  and  Johnson's  Lives  of  the 
Poets  were  read  through.  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  and  element- 
ary parts  of  mathematics  occupied  the  morning.  The  after  part 
of  the  day  was  assigned  to  divinity,  logic,  history,  natural  philo- 

1  Terrae  Filiiix,  1721,  No.  xxi.    The  liave  been,  we  must  not  omit  to  notice 

Respondent  chooses  to  maintain  the  that   individual   Societies   were   more 

negative,    and    simply    says    negatur  particular.     In    1720  we    find    John 

minor,   negatur  antecedens,   &c.   after  Wesley    acquiring    skill    in    logic    at 

each  syllogism.     The  opponent  takes  Christ  Church,   and   improving  it  in 

as  his  example  the  power  of  the  fear  1726—8,  when  as   'Moderator  of  the 

of  the  Vice  Chancellor  upon  a  student  Classes'   in  Lincoln   Coll.    Oxon.  bo 

who  has  committed  a  breach  of  the  presided  at  disputations  six  times  a 

statute    by  wearing  a  hat   {galerus).  week.  {Life  by  Soutliey,  Coleridge  and 

The  Moderator  ends  with  a  ridiculous  C.  C.  Southey,  18-lG.   pp.  27,  37,  31).) 

distinctio   about   the    bedels   and    the  ^  Bateman's    Life    of    D.    Wilson, 

imagination  of  the  offender.  18C0.  pp.  49 — 07. 

'^  However  lax  the   Universilij  mny 


224.  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

sopliy,  gcogrnpliy,  and  general  literature.  Tlie  books  read  were, 
The  Holy  Scriptures  in  llehretu  and  Greek,  Hooker's  Eccl. 
Polity,  Doddridge's  Lectures,  Fuller's  Calvinism  and  Socinianism, 
Rowning's  Natural  Pldlosophy,  Drallois'  Epitome  of  Logic, 
Chisscldon's  Anatomy,  Adam's  Geoyraphy,  Anacliarsis'  Travels, 
Wilcock's  Rome,  Bisset's  Life  of  Burke,  Blair's  Lectures,  and 
Payne's  Epitome  of  History. 

'  Seventy  or  eighty  years  have  witnessed  great  changes  and 
improvements  in  our  universities.  All  testimony  goes  to  shew 
that  towards  the  end  of  the  last  century  religion  had  little  life 
there,  and  learning  little  encouragement \  The  Classes  and  the 
Tripos  which  now  gauge  a  man's  ability  and  assign  him  his 
proper  place  were  then  unknown.  At  Oxford  . . .  the  examina- 
tion w^as  a  mere  form.  A  man  chose  not  only  Ids  own  hooks,  hut 
Ins  own  examiners.  It  was  consequently  the  very  general  cus- 
tom to  choose  the  easiest  books  and  the  most  indulgent  ex- 
aminers. There  was  no  audience.  The  three  Masters  of  Arts, 
who  were  the  examiners,  and  the  undergraduates  to  be  ex- 
amined, were  alone  present ;  and  it  was  not  unusual  to  proceed 
to  the  Schools  from  a  pleasant  breakfast,  or  to  adjourn  after  a 
successful  termination  of  the  day's  labours  to  a  good  dinner ! 

"  Quid  solidus  angulus  ?  " 

Such  w^as  the  question  of  an  examiner  in  the  schools :  and 
receiving  no  answer  from  the  respondent,  he  answered  himself 
by  grasping  the  corner  of  the  desk  at  -which  he  stood,  and 
saying, 

"Hie  solidus  angulus." 

*  Such  is  a  specimen  of  the  traditionary  stories  of  the  day ; 

and  it  might  be  capped  by  many  of  the  same  kind 

'  Before  the  last  century  had  closed  many  changes  had 
begun,  and  many  abuses  w^ere  corrected.  The  authorities  of  the 
university  appointed  examiners,  and  publicity  was  given  to  the 
examination.  Though  there  was  not  as  yet  any  fair  and  im- 
partial criterion  of  ability,  such  as  the  Classes  have  since 
presented,  yet  the  opinion  of  the  Examiner  was  publickly  ex- 

1  It  ■will,  I  think,  have  appeared  from  the  foregoing  pages  that  this  remark 
does  Camhridije  scant  justice. 


THE   DEGREE   OF   MASTER   OF   ARTS.  225 

pressed,  and  sent  tlirongli  the  university  the  gradually  widening 
circle  of  commendation  or  disgrace. 

'  It  was  in  November,  1798,  that  Daniel  Wilson  entered  into 
residence  at  Oxford  ...  in  St  Edmund's  Hall.  It  was  but  a 
small  society,  and  perhaps  at  that  time  better  known  for  its 
piety  ^  than  its  learning.  Still  he  says  that  he  found  the  men 
reading  what  required  from  him  five  hours'  preparation  daily. 

'During  the  short  vacation  in  March,  1799  ...  he  was  giving 
more  time  to  Hebrew  and  Greek.  He  makes  also  a  successful 
application  [to  his  father]  for  permission  to  have  a  private 
tutor,  in  order  to  work  at  Thucydides.  "  I  am  perfectly  well," 
he  says,  "  in  health,  not  as  yet  experiencing  any  inconvenience 
from  my  studies.  Very  few  days  pass  when  I  do  not  walk  for 
about  an  hour." 

'In  1799  he  leaves  Oxford  for  the  Long  Vacation,  July  1st, 
and  returns  October  17th,  to  set  to  w^ork  at  Herodotus,  and 
Livy,  the  Hebrew  Bible,  Hutton's  Mathematics,  and  Rollin's 
Ancient  History.  He  now  also  began  to  talk  Latin  familiarly 
with  his  friends.  Bull  and  Cawood.  Tradition  says  that  he 
translated  and  re-translated  the  whole  of  Cicero's  Epistles.  In 
the  vacation  he  had  devoted  his  mornings,  from  9  o'clock  till 
2; — the  first  hour  in  Hebrew,  the  second  in  Greek,  and  the 
third  in  Latin ;  reading  French  and  then  English  after  dinner 
if  time  allowed.'  He  had  fortunately  acquired  regular  habits 
by  being  in  business  in  his  early  youth. 

He  was  examined  for  his  B.A.  degree  early  in  June,  1801  ; 
and  for  that  of  M.A.  about  the  same  time  in  the  following 
year. 

It  appears  that  in  May,  1800,  an  examination  statute  pro- 
vided that  there  should  be  a  strict  public  examination  for  the 
degree  of  M.A.  at  Oxford  as  well  as  for  that  of  B.A.  This 
regulation  induced  men  to  forego  tlicir  second  degree,  or  to 
seek  it  at  Cambridge,  so  that  the  decree  fell  into  neglect  and 
desuetude. 

'But  Daniel  Wilson  came  under  its  operation  whilst  it  was 
in  vigorous  action,  and  we  are  thus  enabled  from  his  second 

^  It  was  famous  for  tlic  expulsion  of  I'niversHij  Relifjion  in  tin'  ISth  Ci'iit.). 
six  'pious  students'  in  1708,  (a  trans-  Few  of  the  larger  societies  could  linve 
action  more  proper  to  the  records  of       found  so  many  to  expel. 


W. 


15 


22G  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

examiiuition  to  supply  wliat  was  lacking  in  the  details  of  the 
first. 

'  He  writes  to  liis  friend  Cawood  and  makes  very  liglit  of  it. 
"  You  seem,"  he  says,  "  to  make  a  great  deal  more  of  the  ex- 
amination I  have  just  passed  than  it  deserves.  I  can  scarcely 
help  smiling  at  what  you  say,  and  at  the  anxiety  you  feel.  I 
only  gave  three  days  for  direct  preparation,  and  you  need  not 
give  one.  But  since  omne  ignotum  jji'o  magmfico,  I  will  tell  you 
what  really  took  place."  He  then  goes  on  to  say  that  he  was 
examined  with  his  friend  Wheeler  and  a  Christ  Church  man. 
The  books  he  took  up  in  Greek  were  Thucydides  and  Herodo- 
tus. But  in  Latin  he  made  no  selection ;  he  took  up  all :  omnes 
optimae  aetatis  aiidores — omnes  aureos  auctores — are  the  ex- 
pressions he  employs.  His  friend  Wheeler  followed  his  example 
in  the  Latin,  and  took  up  Soj)hocles  and  Longinus  in  the  Greek. 
In  Eebrew  Daniel  Wilson  stood  alone. 

'  A  book  was  first  put  into  his  hand  called  the  Gentleman  s 
Religion,  and  he  turned  a  page  of  it  into  Latin.  The  Greek 
Testament  followed.  He  read  part  of  St  Mark  xiii,  and  an- 
swered questions  about  the  Temple  erected  in  the  time  of 
Vespasian  and  the  prophecies  concerning  it  in  the  Old  and  New 
Testament.  Livy  was  then  opened  and  a  page  translated.  This 
led  to  many  historical  questions.  Up  to  this  time,  he  confesses, 
he  was  not  without  apprehensions,  not  knowing  where  the 
examination  might  lead  him:  but  now  all  fears  subsided.  Latin 
being  finished,  Hebrew  came  on.  He  took  up  the  whole  He- 
brew Bible:  but  the  examiner  (wisely  perhaps  for  himself) 
confined  his  examination  to  the  first  Psalm,  and  some  gramma- 
tical questions  which  were  readily  answered.  His  friend  ha\ang 
passed  a  similar  ordeal,  they  were  now  bid  to  sit  down  whilst 
others  were  called  on,  approbation  being  expressed  with  what 
they  had  done. 

'Whilst  sitting  apart  the  junior  examiner,  as  if  casually, 
asked  whether  Wilson  had  read  Physics,  and  then  put  certain 
questions  such  as  "Whether  the  angle  of  refraction  was  equal  to 
the  angle  of  incidence?"  "Whether  a  ray  of  light  passing  from 
a  thin  into  a  denser  medium  would  be  deflected  from  the  per- 
pendicular ?"  &c. ;  all  of  which  were  of  course  answered.  Mathe- 
matics, Logic   and   Metaphysics  were  passed  by ;    one   of  the 


THE   DEGREE   OF   MASTER   OF   ARTS.  22/ 

sciences  only  being  required  by  the  statute.  When  he  was 
again  formally  called  up,  the  third  Book  of  Thucydides  was 
selected,  and  he  was  put  on  at  one  of  the  speeches.  Neither 
this  nor  the  historical  questions  connected  with  it,  gave  him  any 
difficulty.  Xenophon  followed  instead  of  Herodotus  (which  was 
his  book)  :  but  he  took  things  as  he  found  them ;  and  the  pas- 
sage selected  was  (he  says)  neither  obscure  nor  difficult. 

'  Thus  ended  the  examination :  and  the  Senior  Examiner 
confirmed  his  former  sentence  by  saying  in  a  loud  voice  that 
Wheeler  and  Wilson  had  done  themselves  the  gTeatest  credit, 
and  obtained  the  highest  honour.  The  Christ  Church  man  gained 
his  testamur,  but  nothing  more ;  and  six  men  were  rejected. 
There  were  about  one  hundred  auditors.' 

This  new  examination  for  the  Oxford  M.A.  degi'ee  seems 
soon  to  have  degenerated,  and  existed  barely  for  half-a-dozen 
years.  Mr  G.  V.  Cox  in  his  Recollections  (p.  57)  speaks  of  it  as 
'  fast  becoming  an  "  examination  made  easy,"  for  it  never,  I 
believe,  ended  in  plucking,  and  seldom  attracted  an  audience.' 
This  testimony  of  an  accurate  observer  shews  how  fast  and 
utter  was  its  decline,  for  Mr  Cox  was  admitted  to  New  College 
onhj  two  years  after  Wilson  saw  six  men  rejected  and  a 
hundred  persons  present.  The  M.A.  examination  w^as  discon- 
tinued towards  the  end  of  1807*. 

'A  Gentleman  in  the  City'  writing  'to his  Friend  in  Oxford",' 
Nov.  25,  1700,  says  'I  am  glad  to  hear  from  you  that  the  study 
of  the  Mathematicks  is  Promoted  and  Encouraged  among  the 
youth  of  your  University^ .^  He  concludes  however  {p.  33)  that 
mathematics  must  be  'more  generally  study'd  at  our  Universities 
than  hitherto  they  have  been.'  Still  it  is  below  the  dignity  of 
those  Bodies,  that  their  students  should  be  'taught  the  practice 
of  any  rule  without  the  true  and  solid  reason  and  demonstra- 
tion of  the  same.'  So  that  the  common  Compendiums  are  to  be 
reprobated  ^ 

^  See  also  Abj).  WUatehfs  Evidence  were  men  of  middle  age,  aud   many 

(p.  25),  Oxford  Univ.  Commission  1852.  clerpj-mcu.' 

'In  fact   it  was    not   public,    all   tlio  '  ed.  2.  1721.     Bodl.  Godwin  Pum- 

Undergraduates  and  Bachelors  making  plilcts,  22. 

it  a  point  of  delicacy  never  to  attend,  *  ibid.  p.  35. 
becavs3    several   of    those    examined 

15—2 


228  UNIVERSITY   STUDIKS. 

It  is  amusing  to  compare  witli  the  foregoing  pages  an  ac- 
count of  the  Oxford  examinations  when  they  had  come  to  be 
empty  forms,  as  they  are  indignantly  described  by  Vicesimus 
Knox  in  liis  seventy-seventli  Essay  {ed.  1782).  He  had  taken 
his  M.A,  degree  at  8.  Johns,  Oxon.  in  1753. 

'  The  youtli  whose  heart  pants  for  the  honour  of  a  Bachelor 
of  Arts  degree  must  wait  patiently  till  near  four  years  have 
revolved.  But  this  time  is  not  to  be  spent  idly.  No ;  he  is 
obliged  during  this  period  once  to  oppose,  and  once  to  respond 
in  disputations  held  in  the  public  schools — a  formidable  sound, 
and  a  dreadful  idea;  but  on  closer  attention  the  fear  will  vanish 
and  contempt  supply  its  place. 

'  This  opposing  and  responding  is  termed  in  the  cant  of  the 
place  doing  generals.  Two  boys  or  men  as  they  call  themselves 
agree  to  do  geneyxds  together.  The  first  step  in  this  mighty 
work  is  to  procure  arguments.  These  are  always  handed  down 
from  generation  to  generation  on  long  slips  of  paper,  and  consist 
of  foolish  syllogisms  on  foolish  subjects  of  the  formation  or  the 
signification  of  which  the  respondent  and  opponent  seldom 
know  more  than  an  infant  in  swaddling  cloths \     The  next  step 

^  'These  commodious  sets  of  syllo-  great  rarity),  aucl  was,  I  believe,  made 

gisms  are  called  strings,  aud  descend  by  the  disputant  himself. 
from  undergraduate  to  uudergi-aduate 

in  a  regular  succession  ;  so  that  when  Intrent  Opponens  Eespondens  et 

any  candidate  for  a  degree  is  to  exer-  Moderator, 

cise  his  talent  in  argumentation  he  Opponens.   Propono  tibi,  domine,  hauc 
has  nothing  else  to  do  but  to  enquire  quaestionem,  (viz.) 

among  his  friends  for  a  string  upon  —An  datur  actio  in  distans. 

such  or  such  a  question,  and  to  get  it  Eespondens.     Non  datur  actio  in  dis- 
by  heart,  or  read  it  over  in  his  cap...  tans. 

I  have  in  my  custody  a  book  of  strings  0pp.     Datur  actio   in   distans  ;    ergo 
upon  most  or  all  of  the  questions  dis-  falleris. 

cuss'd  in  a  certain  college  very  famous  Resp.     Negatur  antecedens. 

for  their  ratiocinative  faculty;  on  the  0pp.     Probo  antecedentem  ; 
first  leaf  of  which  are  these  words.  Si  datur  fluxus  virium  Agent  is  cum 

Ex   dono  Eichardi  P e   primae  distat  Agens,  turn  datur  actio  in  dis- 

Classi  Beuefactoris  munificentissimi.  tans. 

...I  will  present  the  reader  %\-ith  a  Sed  datiu  fluxus  vii-ium  agentis  cum 

short  string  of  syllogisms  upon  a  com-  distat  agens. 
nion  question  as  it  was  disputed  about  Ergo  datur  actio  in  distans. 

three    years   ago ;    Dr   B[aro]n  being  Resp.     Negatur  minor, 

then    vicech[ancello]r    (1715— 18.). ..it  0pp.     Probo  miuorem ; 
was  really  a  new  one  (which... is  a  very  Vice-Cancellarius  est  agens  ; 


THE   DEGREE   OF   MASTER  OF   ARTS. 


229 


is  to  go  for  a  liceat  to  one  of  the  petty  officers  called  the  Regent- 
Master  of  the  Schools,  who  subscribes  his  name  to  the  questions 
and  receives  sixpence  as  his  fee.  When  the  important  day 
arrives  the  two  doughty  disputants^  go  into  a  large  dusty  room, 
full  of  dirt  and  cobwebs,  with  walls  and  wainscot  decorated  with 
the  names  of  former  disputants,  who  to  divert  the  tedious  hours 
cut  out  their  names  with  their  penknives  or  wrote  verses  with  a 
pencil.  Here  they  sit  in  mean  desks  opposite  to  each  other 
from  one  o'clock  till  three.  Not  once  in  a  hundred  times  does 
any  officer  enter ;  and  if  he  does  he  hears  one  syllogism  or  two, 
and  then  makes  a  bow  and  departs,  as  he  came  and  remained, 
in  solemn  silence.  The  disputants  then  return  to  the  amuse- 
ment of  cutting  the  desks,  carving  their  names  or  reading 
Sterne's    Sentimental   Journey   or  some  other  edifying   novel. 


Sed  datur  fluxus  virium  Vice-Can- 
cellarii  cum  distat  Vice-Cancellarius. 

Ergo  datur  fluxus  virium  ageutis 
cum  distat  ageus. 

Bc.tj).     Negatur  minor. 
Ojyp.     Probo  miuorem ; 

Si  Disputans  Parvisiis  vel  aliquis 
Galero  indutus  timet  et  patitur,  dato 
spatio  inter  Vice-Cancellarium  et  Dis- 
putantem  vel  Galero  indutum,  turn 
datur  fluxus  virium  Vice-Caucellarii, 
cum  distat  Vice-Cancellarius. 

Sed  Disputans  Parvisiis  vel  aliquis 
Galero  indutus  timet  et  patitur  dato 
spatio  inter  Yice-Canccllarium  et  Dis- 
putantem  vel  Galero  indutum  : 

Ergo  datur  fluxus  virium  Yice-Can- 
cclJarii  cum  distat  Yice-CanccUarius. 
Eesp.    Negatur   turn  minor,  turn  se- 
quela. 
Ojip-    Constat  minor  ex  perfcctissima 
Academiae   disciplina  et   experieu- 
tia;   et  valet   sequela  quouiam  /«- 
cutere  timorem  alicui  est  agcrc  in 
aliquem. 
Moderator.     Distingueudum     est     ad 
tuam  probationem. 
Terror  non  procodit  a  fluxu  sivo  ex 
eflluvio  Vice-Cancellarii ;    sed  BedcUi 
forsitau    (viz.   ]VIiii<t[leni]'i  et    .V — ck 


Miiss[endi]nus)  baculis  suis  incutiunt 
terrorem. 

Et  dice  secundS  quod  imaginatio 
Disputautis  sibi  iucutiat  terrorem ; 
quippe  nihil  est  inaterialiter  terrificum 
vol  in  Baronio  vel  in  WJnstlero,  vel 
(utcunque  obeso)  in  Musscndino;  sit 
quamvis  formaUter.^ 

(TeiTae  Filius,  xx,  xxi. ) 
1  Knox  says  nothing  of  any  modera- 
tor who  according  to  Amhurst's  account 
(1721,  March  24.)  is  always  present 
and  'struts  about  between  the  two 
u-ordy  champions  diuing  the  time  of 
action,  to  see  that  they  do  not  wander 
from  the  question  in  debate,  and  when 
he  jierceives  them  deviating  from  it  to 
cut  them  short,  and  put  them  into  the 
right  road  again  ;  for  which  purpose 
he  is  provided  with  a  great  quantity 
of  subtle  terms  and  phrases  of  art 
such  as  quoad  hoc,  and  quoad  ilhtd, 
formal  iter  and  inaterialiter,  j'raedica- 
mottalitcr  and  transccndcntaliter,  acta- 
aliter  and  potentialiter,  directs  and 
per  se,  rcductivd  and  per  accidens, 
eiititaiivi  and  quidditativi,  rfc.  all 
which  I  would  explain  to  my  eitfjUxh 
reader  with  all  my  hcait,  if  I  could.' 


230  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES. 

When  this  exercise  is  duly  perfonncd  hy  both  parties  they  have 
a  right  to  the  title  and  insignia  of  SopJis ;  but  not  before  they 
have  been  formally  created  by  one  of  the  regent  masters,  before 
whom  they  kneel  while  he  lays  a  volume  of  Aristotle's  works 
on  their  heads  and  puts  on  a  hood  a  piece  of  black  crape  hang- 
ing from  their  necks  and  down  to  their  heels  ;  which  crape  it  is 
expressly  ordained  by  a  statute  in  this  case  made  and  provided 
shall  be  plain  and  unadorned  either  with  wool  or  with  fur. 

'  And  this  work  done  a  great  progress  is  made  towards  the 
wished-for  honour  of  a  bachelor's  degree.  There  remain  only 
one  or  two  trifling  forms  and  another  disputation  almost  exactly 
similar  to  doing  generals,  but  called  answering  under  bachelor 
previous  to  the  awful  examination. 

'Every  candidate  is  obliged  to  be  examined  in  the  whole 
circle  of  the  sciences  by  three  masters  of  arts  of  his  own  choice^. 
The  examination  is  to  be  held  in  one  of  the  public  schools,  and 
to  continue  from  nine  o'clock  till  eleven^  The  masters  take  a 
most  solemn  oath  that  they  will  examine  properly  and  im- 
partially. Dreadful  as  all  this  appears  there  is  ahvays  found  to 
be  more  of  appearance  in  it  than  reality ;  for  the  greatest  dunce 
usually  gets  his  testimonium  signed  with  as  much  ease  and  credit 
as  the  finest  genius.  The  manner  of  proceeding  is  as  follows : 
the  poor  young  man  to  be  examined  in  the  sciences  often  knows 
no  more  of  them  than  his  bedmaker,  and  the  masters  who  ex- 
amine are  sometimes  equally  unacquainted  Avith  such  mysteries. 
But  schemes  as  they  are  called,  or  little  books  containing  forty 
or  fifty  questions  on  each  science  are  handed  down  from  age  to 
age  from  one  to  another^.     The  candidate  to  be  examined  em- 

^  '  It  is  a  notorious  triitli  that  most  noon,  if  the  examiner  thinks  fit,  as 
candidates  get  leave  of  the  proctor  hy  long  as  he  i^leases.'  Ihid. 
paying  his  man  a  cro^vn  (which  is  ^  '  As  I  told  my  reader,  that  for  dis- 
called  his  perquisite)  to  choose  their  imtations  they  have  ready-made  strings 
own  examiners,  who  never  fail  to  be  of  syllogisms  ;  so  for  examination  they 
their  old  cronies  and  toping  com-  have  the  skeletons  of  aU  the  ai-ts  and 
jianions It  is  also  well-known  to  sciences  in  which  they  are  to  be  ex- 
be  a  custom  for  the  candidates  either  amined,  containing  all  the  questions  in 
to  present  their  examiners  with  a  each  of  them  which  are  usually  asked 
jnece  of  gold,  or  to  give  them  an  upon  this  occasion  and  the  common 
handsome  entertainment.'  Terrae-Fili-  «»,'^itT)'s  that  are  given  to  them  ;  which 
us,  No.  xLii.  (8  June,  1721).  in  a  week  or  a  fortnight  they  may  get 

-  '  and  again  fi'om  one  in  the  after-  at  then-  tongue's  end.... Many  a  school- 


THE  DEGREE   OF   MASTER   OF   ARTS.  231 

ploys  three  or  four  days  in  learning  these  by  heart,  and  the 
examiners  having  done  the  same  before  him  when  they  were 
examined,  know  what  questions   to   ask,  and   so   all   goes  on 
smoothly.      When  the  candidate  has  displayed  his   universal 
knowledge  of  the  sciences  he  is  to  display  his  skill  in  philology. 
One  of  the  masters  therefore  desires  him  to  construe  a  passage 
in  some  Greek  or  Latin  classic,  which  he  does  with  no  interrup- 
tion just  as  he  pleases  and  as  well  as  he  can.    The  statutes  next 
require  that  he  should  translate  familiar  English  phrases  into 
Latin.     And  now  is  the  time  Avhen  the  masters  shew  their  wit 
and  jocularity.     Droll  questions  are  put  on  any  subject  and  the 
puzzled   candidate   furnishes   diversion   by   his   awkward   em- 
barrassment.    I  have  known  the  question  on  this  occasion  to 
consist  of  an  enquiry  into  the  pedigree  of  a  race-horse.     And  it 
is  a  common  question  after  asking  what  is  the  summum  honum 
of  various  sects  of  philosophers,  to  ask  what  is  the  summum 
honum  or  chief  good  among  Oxonians,  to  which  the  answer  is 
such  as  Mimnermus  would  give*.      This   familiarity  however 
only  takes  place  when  the  examiners  are  pot-companions  of  the 
candidate,  which  indeed  is  usually  the  case ;  for  it  is  reckoned 
good  management  to  get  acquainted  with  two  or  three  jolly 
young  masters   of  arts,  and  supply  them  well  with   port  pre- 
viously to  the  examination.     If  the  vice-chancellor  and  proctors 
happen  to  enter  the  school,  a  very  uncommon  event,  then  a 
little  solemnity  is  put  on  very  much  to  the  confusion  of  the 
masters  as  well  as  of  the  boy  who  is  sitting  in  the  little  box 
opposite  to  them.     As   neither  the  officer   nor  any  one   else 
usually  enters  the  room  (for  it  is  reckoned  very  ungenteel)  tlie 
examiners  and  the  candidates  often  converse  on  the  last  drink- 
ing-bout or  on  horses,  or  read  the  newspaper  or  a  novel,  or 
divert  themselves  as  well  as  they  can  in  any  manner   till  the 
clock  strikes  eleven,  when  all  parties  descend  and  the  testi- 
monium is  signed  by  the  masters.     With  this  testimonium  in 
his  possession  the  candidate  is  sure  of  success.      The  day  in 

hoy  lias  doue  more  tliau  this  for  big  TeOvalriv  Sre  fxoi  /xriKhi  raCra  ^Aot 

breaking    iip    task/'       'Terrae-Filius,  KpvwTadlr}  tpiXdrrji   koI  fitlXixa  SQpa 

XLii.  Kal  eiftj — 

1  Tt's  5^  /3ios,  ri  5i  rtpirvov  &T(p   XP^'  Mimiurmun,  Fr.  1. 
aTJi  ' k(ppoUTri%  ; 


232  UNIVERSITY    STUJ)IKS. 

^vhich  tliu  honour  is  to  be  conferred  arrives ;  lie  appears  in  the 
Convocation  house,  he  takes  an  abundance  of  oaths,  pays  a  sum 
of  money  in  fees,  and  after  kneehng  down  before  the  vice- 
chancellor  and  whispering  a  lie,  rises  up  a  Bachelor  of  arts. 

'And  now  if  he  aspires  at  higher  honours  (and  what  emulous 
spirit  can  sit  down  without  aspiring  at  them?)  new  labours  and 
new  difficulties  are  to  be  encountered  during  the  space  of  three 
years.  Ho  must  determine^  in  Lent,  he  must  do  quodlihets,  he 
must  do  austins,  he  must  declaim  twice,  he  must  read  six  solemn 
lectures,  and  he  must  be  again  examined  in  the  sciences,  before 
he  can  be  promoted  to  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts. 

'None  but  the  initiated  can  know  what  determining,  doing 
quodlihets,  and  doing  austins  mean.  I  have  not  room  to  enter 
into  a  minute  description  of  such  contemptible  minutiae.  Let 
it  be  sufficient  to  say  that  these  exercises  consist  of  disputa- 
tions, and  the  disputations  of  syllogisms,  procured  and  uttered 
nearly  in  the  same  places,  time  and  manner  as  we  have  already 
seen  them  in  doing  generals.  There  is  however  a  great  deal  of 
trouble  in  little  formalities,  such  as  procuring  six-penny  liceats, 
sticking  up  the  names  on  the  walls,  sitting  in  large  empty 
rooms  by  yourself  or  with  some  poor  wight  as  ill  employed  as 
yourself,  without  having  anything  to  say  or  do,  wearing  hoods 
and  a  little  piece  of  lambskin  with  the  wool  on  it,  and  a  variety 
of  other  particulars  too  tedious  and  too  trifling  to  enumerate. 

'  The  declamations  would  be  an  useful  exercise  if  it  were 
not  always  performed  in  a  careless  and  evasive  manner.  The 
lectures  are  always  called  Wall  Lectures,  because  the  lecturer 
has  no  other  audience  but  the  walls.  Indeed  he  usually  steals 
a  sheet  or  two  of  Latin  out  of  some  old  book,  no  matter  on 
what  subject,  though  it  ought  to  be  on  natural  philosophy. 
These  he  keeps  in  his  pocket  in  order  to  take  them  out  and 

1  Ambiu-st  meutions  (7'('rra<'-F(7/".'5,  thej  j^ostcd  or  dogged  the  poor  men 

XLii)  some  abiases  connected  -with  the  ((.  e.  assigned  to  them  the  opening  or 

quadragesimal  rft'fcrm(?i(i f/o?(s  ;  the  un-  closing  day  of  the  period)  and  never 

t^tatuteable  fees  and  treats  of  the  col-  gave  them  commodious  schools  in  the 

lectors   (the  two  determmers  who   ar-  scheme.     In  the  preface  to  his  edition 

ranged  the   classes  for  the  proctors)  of  1726,  he  says  that  he  hears  that 

and     their     partiality     in     assigning  since  1721  '  the  collectors  have  been 

f/r«cto«*' rfrtJ/s  (half-time  days)  to  those  lately   cnrb'd    in    their    exorbitances.' 

who    paid    them    handsomely,   while  p.  xviii. 


THE   DEGREE   OF   MASTER  OF   ARTS.  233 

read  them  if  a  proctor  should  come  in ;  but  otherwise  he  solaces 
himself  with  a  book,  not  from  the  Bodleian  but  the  circulating 
library. 

'  The  examination  is  performed  exactly  in  the  same  manner 
as  before  described;  and,  though  represented  as  very  formidable, 
is  such  a  one  as  a  boy  from  a  good  school  just  entered  might  go 
through  as  well  as  after  a  seven  years'  residence.  Few  how- 
ever reside ;  for  the  majority  are  what  are  called  term-trotters, 
that  is,  persons  who  only  keep  the  terms  for  form-sake,  or  spend 
six  or  eight  weeks  in  a  year  in  the  university  to  qualify  them 
for  degrees  according  to  the  letter  of  the  statutes. 

'After  all  these  important  exercises  and  trials,  and  after 
again  taking  oaths  by  wholesale,  and  paying  the  fees,  the 
academic  is  honoured  with  a  Master's  degree,  and  issues  out 
into  the  Avorld  with  this  undeniable  passport  to  carry  him 
through  it  with  credit. 

'Exercises  of  a  nature  equally  silly  and  obsolete  are  per- 
formed in  a  similar  manner  for  the  other  degrees'.' 

That  it  was  most  unfair  to  speak  of  '  our  English  universi- 
ties' as  though  Cambiidge  in  1782  were  in  the  same  condition 
as  Oxford  with  respect  to  the  process  for  degrees,  is  manifest, 
and  is  scarcely  excusable  on  the  plea  of  ignorance. 

With  regard  to  Oxford,  in  an  improved  condition,  a  Rugby 
boy  destined  to  be  an  eminent  professor  of  that  university  wrote 
the  following  sagacious  remarks  comparing  it  with  Cambridge 
in  May,  1843. 

'I  have  been  led  from  attentive  observation  lately  to  look 
upon  the  two  rival  systems  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  as  being 
neither  of  them  perfect  in  themselves,  from  their  being  each 
confined  to  one  part  of  education.  Cambridge,  I  should  say, 
from  its  verbal  criticism  and  philological  research,  as  well  as 
its  mathematical  studies,  imparts  a  system  of  education  valuable 
not  so  much  for  itself  as  for  the  excellent  discipline  which  pre- 
pares the  mind  to  pass  from  the  investigation  of  abstract  intel- 
lectual truth  to  the  contemplation  of  moral  subjects.  Oxford, 
on  the  contrary,  seeks  without  any  such  medium  to  arrive  at 

1  V.  Knox,  Essays  Moral  and  Lite-       of  the  Discipline  in  our  Engliab  Uui- 
raryi.  332—6.  (1782)  'On  Some  Parts       vcrsities.' 


23t  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

tlic  liighcr  ground  at  once,  without  passing  througli  the  lower, 
leading  the  mind  before  it  has  been  sufficiently  disciplined  to 
investigate  the  highest  and  most  sacred  subjects  at  once.  Cam- 
bridge men  too  often  view  the  intellectual  exercise  as  sufficient 
in  itself,  instead  of  as  a  preparation  for  higher  things ;  Oxford 
men  without  any  such  preparation,  which  they  affect  to  despise, 
proceed  to  speculate  on  great  moral  questions  before  they  have 
tirst  practised  themselves  with  lower  and  less  dangerous  studies. 
And  this,  I  look  upon  it,  is  the  cause  of  the  theological  novelties 
at  Oxford — men  apply  to  the  most  sacred  things  powers  which 
ought  first  to  have  been  disciplined  by  purely  intellectual  ex- 
ercises. The  one,  if  I  may  so  express  myself,  raise  a  scaffolding 
and  too  often  rest  contented  with  that ;  the  other  endeavour  to 
build  the  house  either  with  no  scaffolding  at  all,  or  at  least  a 
very  slight  one — and  a  most  unsubstantial  structure  it  generally 
proves.  The  fault  of  Cambridge,  you  see,  is  not  the  fault  of 
system,  but  its  abuse ;  in  Oxford  the  plan  seems  to  me  radically 
wrong,  and  consequently,  if  followed  out  to  the  full,  cannot  do 
much  good.  Cambridge  appears  to  have  seen  that  the  province 
of  a  university  is  not  to  give  a  complete  education,  but  to  fur- 
nish the  mind  with  rules,  drawn  from  lower  subjects,  to  be 
applied  in  after  life  to  higher;  Oxford  wishes  to  give  a  complete 
education,  and  by  attempting  too  much,  does  the  whole  very 
imperfectly^ .' 

1  The  Miscellaneous  Writings  of  3.  Couington  M.A.  i.  xvii,  xyiii. 


CHAPTER   XX. 


MUSICK. 


*'  Mvs  canit,  Ar  mimerat,  Gku  ponderat,  As  colit  astra." 

We  will  now  pass  to  the  consideration  of  those  studies  which 
in  mcdiocval  times  were  named  the  Quadrivium\  and  con- 
sidered as  the  most  advanced  treasures  attainable  by  the  seeker 
after  Arts,  though  'smally  regarded'  by  the  universities  in  the 
Elizabethan  era. 

Music,  the  art  intended  by  mediaeval  scholars,  was  some- 
thing very  different  from  the  sweet  tones  which  cheer  many 
modern  mathematicians ;  and  even  from  the  knowledge  of  har- 
monics, nodal  lines,  strings,  and  thorough  bass,  which  has  a 
charm  for  the  intellects  of  some  of  them.  The  musice  wliich  a 
bachelor  in  ancient  times  had  to  study  in  oitler  to  qualify  him- 
self as  Regent  Master  was  little  more  than  an  acquaintance 
with  metre.  It  was  however  necessary  that  all  clerks  should 
be  at  least  'bene  can.',  i.e.  able  to  sinj  well":  accordingly,  in  the 
IGth  century,  the  determiners  were  '  examined  in  Songe  and 
wrightynge*'  on  the  5th  thursday  in  XL'"^  Bishop  Cosin,  in 
his  zeal  for  divine  service,  took  care  in  like  manner  that  the 
scholars  of  his  foundation  should  have  instruction  in  jihonasco. 
The  rule  still  existed  in  some  of  the  old  institutions — as  at 

1  W.  Harrison's  Dc!icrl2)tion,  Holiu-  bert  Tunstall  (Ball.  Oxon.  and  King's 

shed's  Chronicle  (1577)  73  &.    Cooper's  Hall     Camb.),     de    arte    gupputandi 

Annals,  ii.  351.     The  Cambridge  Uni-  (1522,  commended  in  De  Morgan's  list), 

vcrsity    statutes    of    1570    prescribed  or  Jerome   Cardan  of  Pavia;   &c.   if 

{cap.  IV.)  that  the  professor  of  mathe-  i/comctnj,  Euclid ;  if  astronomy,  Pto- 

matics,    if    ho  -were    teaching    cosmo-  lemy. 

grnpluj,  should  expound  Mela,  Pliny,  -  HarringtonA''H(7rt('.fH/(«/»a(',  ii.  158. 

Strabo  or  Plato ;  if  arithmetic,  Cuth-  •''  Bedell  Stokys'  Book. 


23G  UNIVKRSITY   STUDIES. 

Winchester  College  in  the  present  century,  where  the  'children' 
before  admission  being  asked  if  they  could  sing,  answered,  as  a 
matter  of  course,  somewhat  indirectly,  by  saijiri(j  a  stanza  of 
'All  people  that  on  earth  do  dwell.' 

Degrees  in  Music  seem  at  all  times  to  have  been  rather  un- 
common in  England,  and  lectures  from  the  professor  in  that 
faculty  still  more  rare.  Of  the  so-called  '  Musick  Lectures'  at 
Oxford  in  the  17th  century,  an  account  will  be  found  in  my 
Univ.  Life,  p.  808.  It  will  there  be  seen  that  voices  and  violins 
were  employed.  An  act  in  musick  at  Cambridge  in  1620  is 
described,  ibid.,  p.  280;  but  Bedel  Buck  (1G65)  speaks  of  a 
Music  Act  as  not  always  forthcoming  in  Die  Comitiorum^.  So 
in  his  account  of  the  Oxford  Commencement  (1714),  Dr  Aylifife 
says,  'if  there  he  any  Person  taking  a  Musick  Degree,  he  is  to 
perform  a  Song  of  Six  or  Eight  Parts  on  Vocal  and  Instru- 
mental Musick,  and  then  he  shall  have  his  Creation  from  the 
Savilian  Professors,  &c.'  In  Walmisley's  time  (183G — 56), 
these  exercises  at  Cambridge  were  usually  performed  in  Trinity 
ChapeP.  Dr  Po.  Smith,  the  master  of  Trinity,  who  printed  a 
book  on  Harmonics  (1749,  &c.)  had  a  correct  ear.  He  would 
not  use  a  harpsichord  until,  by  a  contrivance  of  his  own,  he  had 
divided  the  semitones  into  their  proper  flats  and  sharps. 
Bishop  Spencer  Madan  (Trin.  8rd  wrangler  1749 — 50)  had  a 
great  passion  for  music,  and  sang  well^.  Dr  Smith  instructed 
and  patronized  Joah  Bates  (fellow  of  King's,  Craven  scholar, 
1760),  who  was  director  of  the  original  Handel  Festival  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  and  the  Pantheon,  and  founder  of  the 
'  Ancient '  concerts  in  Tottenham  Street*. 

1  At  Cambridge    tliere    is   a  gi-ace  been  seen  in  the  schools  '  the  face  of 

'Cum  in  Academia  millus  sit  in  Musica  any  lecturer  in  any  faculty,  except  in 

Doctor,  Placeat  Vobis,  ut  A.B.   Senior  poetry   and  musick,   for   three    years 

Procurator,  istiusmodi  Doctoris  munus  past ;    that  all  lectures   besides  were 

pro  hac  vice  suppleat.'      ("Wall-Gun-  entirely  neglected.' 

uing  Cerem.  1828.  p.  124.    In  a  statute  ^  MS.    note    in    the    Eegistry,    by 

of  1608  it  was  ordered  that  the  co?n(7ia  Eomilly.     'Father'    (Bernard)    Smith 

or    great   Commencement    should  be  was  a  member  of  Bentley's  London 

closed  with  a  musick  act,  cum  lujmno  Club  and  built  the  chapel  organ  which 

ah    huiusce   facultatis    inceptore.     A  was  completed  by  Chr.  Schrider  his 

letter  in  Amhurst's  Terrae-Filius,  no.  son  in-law.     Monk's  Bentley,  i.  205. 

X,  dated   '  Wadham-college,  Jan.    22.  ^  Ciunberland's  Memoirs,  109,  105. 

1720 — 21,'   says   that  there  had    not  ^  Gunning's     Ecminisc.    i.    ch.    ii. 


MusiCK.  237 

Among  the  deans  of  Christ  Church,  II.  Aldricli  was  fond  of 
musio,  and  composed  anthems  and  certain  well-known  catches. 
Cyril  Jackson,  on  the  other  hand,  publicly  manifested  his  igno- 
rance and  his  contempt  for  the  art\ 

Dyer  relates  how  the  music  professor,  J.  Randall  (King's), 
attended  Gray  regularly  for  three  months  in  1768  to  set  music 
to  the  poet's  ode  for  the  Installation  of  the  D.  of  Grafton ;  he 
complied  with  the  author's  taste  in  adapting  the  music  to  the 
Italian  style ;  but  when  he  came  to  the  chorus,  Gray  exclaimed, 
'  I  have  now  done  : — make  as  much  noise  as  you  please  "^' 

For  some  account  of  the  increased  taste  for  music  and 
'fiddling'  at  both  universities  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century, 
and  Tom  Hearne's  contempt  for  '  one  Handel  a  foreigner '  in 
1783,  I  may  again  be  permitted  to  refer  to  my  University  Life, 
pp.  199 — 204*.  J.  Byrom  ordered  Corelli's  Sonatas  when  he 
was  a  scholar  of  Trinity  in  1710. 

For  the  following  list,  I  am  indebted  to  the  Compilers  of  a 
Collection  of  Anthems  for  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Lincoln 
1875^ 

Graduate  Autliem  Writers. 

J.  Alcocli,  organist  of  Lichfield  and  Tamworth  Mus.  B.  {Magd.)  17o5. 

H.  Aldrich,  dean  of  Christ  Church,  died  1710. 

S.  Arnold  (Chapel  Eoyal),  director  of  the  E.  A.  of  music  1789,  IMus.  D.  [Magd.]. 

T.  Attwood,  pupil  of  Mozart  at  Vienna,  organist  of  S.  Paul's  1795. 

J.  Christmas  Beckwith,  organist  of  Norwich,  Mus.  D.     (?  Magd.  Hall.) 

W.  Boyce,  Chapel  Eoyal,  Mus.  D.  Camb.  1749. 

J.  (Whitfield)  Clarke,  Mus.  D.  Dublin,  organist  of  S.  John's  and  Trinity  and  pro- 
fessor of  Music  at  Cambridge. 

W.  Croft,  organist  of  Chapel  Eoyal  and  Westminster  Mus.  D.  {Christ  Church) 
1713. 

W.  Crotch,  Mus.  D.  {S.  Mary  Hall),  professor  of  music  at  Oxford,  1797. 

Mam-ice  Greene,  organist  of  S.  Paial's  and  Chapel  Eoyal,  Mus.  D.  and  professor 
at  Cambridge  1730. 

Manchester  liegister,  i.  58    (Chatham  ^  Tlie    collection   of    570    anthems 

Soc.)    Cooper's  Diet.  Blog.  contains  15  by  Boyce,  14  by  Greene, 

1  H.  Best's  Memorials,  no.  xxii.  10  by  Croft,  9  by  Attwood,  8  each  by 

2  Privil.  Camb.  ii.  pt.  iii.  {  =  Sup-  W.  Hayes  and  Narcs,  7  each  by  Crotch 
plement  to  Hist.  Camb.)  p.  36.  A  and  Kent,  4  each  by  Aldrich,  WTiit- 
friend  of  Southey's  {Ball.  Coll.  1794)  field-Clarke  and  Weldon,  2  each  by 
had  a  harpsichord  in  his  rooms.  Such  Beckwith  and  Iviug,  one  each  by 
instruments  were  still  in  use  at  Ox-  Arnold  and  P.  Hayes;  none,  so  far 
ford  as  late  as  1805.  W.  Battle  had  a  as  I  observe,  by  Alcock,  Norris  or 
spinnet  at  King's  about  17'21:.  Stephen. 


238  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

W.  Hayes',  orKaniKt  of  Christ  Church  and  Magdalen,  Mns.  B.  (Magd.)  1735,  pro- 

fcsKor  at  Oxford. 
Philip  Hayes  (sou),  orgauist  of  Magdalen,  Mus.  B.  (Magd.)  170.3,  professor  at 

Oxford. 
Ja.  Kent,  orgauist  of  Trinity  College  Cambridge  and  of  Winchester. 
C.  King,  choir  of  S.  Paul's,  Mus.  B.  (Mrrton)  1707. 
Ja.  Nares,  organist  of  York  and  Chapel  Royal,  Mas.  D.  Camhridge  1757. 
T.  Norris,  organist  of  Christ  Church  and  >S'.  Joint's,  Mus.  B.  Oxen. 
J.  Stephens,  organist  of  Salisbury,  Mus.  D.  Cambridge  1763. 
J.  Weldon,  pupil  of  Purcell,  orgauist  of  Nciv  College  about  1705. 

King's  College  Anthems  were  published  in  8vo.  Camb.  1706. 

The  following  lines,  of  which  a  ms.  copy  is  preserved  among 
Dr  Webb's  Collections  in  the  University  Library,  may  be  thonglit 
worthy  of  notice  for  the  reference  which  they  have  to  Joah 
Bates,  '  Jemmy  Twitcher/  Beverly,  &c.^ 

'  Mr  Jennar's  Song.     Sung  at  Lord  Sandwich's  ^. 

Ye  Friends  of  sound  Harmony,  Mirth  and  good  Chear ; 

Who  would  sing  out  the  old  and  sing  in  the  New  Year. 
Tou  that  Fiddle  for  pleasure,  for  Fame,  or  for  Bread; 

Come  and  list  at  Lord  Sandioich's  Kettle  Drum  Head. 
derry  down  down  derry  down. 

1  The  music  professors  Hayes,  father  (1818.  ix.  391,  392)  of  the  2ud  ed.  of 
and  son,  had  been  preceded  in  that  iH-o-  Meadley's  Life  of  Paley,  has  some 
fessorship  (1682,  1718.)  at  Oxford  by       interest  in  this  connexion. 

two  Richards  Goodson  likewise  father  '  "When  the  hall  of  Christ's  College, 

and  son,  organists  of  Christ  Church.  which  had  been  promised  through  the 

2  The  Persons  mentioned  are  as  interest  of  Dr  Shepherd,  was  fitting 
follows, —  up  for  a  benefit  concert  for  Ximenes, 

Felice    Giardini,  violinist,   born   at  a  Spanish  musician,  warmly  patronised 

Turin  1716,  died  at  Moscow,  1796.  by  Lord  Sandwich,  Mr  Paley  and  Mr 

Joah  Bates,  fellow  of  King's,  B.A.  Law  peremptorily  insisted    that   the 

1764.    Secretary  to  Ld.  Sandwich.  promise    should     be    recalled    unless 

C.  Jenner,  Pemb.,  B.A.  1757.  satisfactory  assurance  was  given  that 

Ld,  Sandwich,  Trin.  LL.D.  1769.  a  lady  then  living  with  his  lordship, 

?  T.  Champness,  Trin.  B.A.  1762.  aud  who  had  been  openly  distributing 

Wade  Gascoigne,  Trin.  LL.D.  1757.  tickets,   should  not   be  peimitted  to 

?  C.  Non-is,  fellow  of  Trin.  B.A.  1766.  attend.   At  first  the  senior  tutor,  who 

J.Beverly,  Chr.,  1767.  was  in  habits  of  intimacy  with  Lord 

Busy.  Sandwich,"    (a    very   reputable    con- 

Desborough.  nesion  for  a  divine  and  an  instructor 

Ant.    Shepherd,    B.  A.    Joh.    1743.  of  youth)   "  objected  to  the  idea  of 

M.A.  Chr.  1747.  (Plumiau  Prof.  1700.)  excluding  any  lady  from  a  public  con- 

Rokeby.  cert:  but  afterwards  when  they  lu-ged 

?  J.  Ward  (Dudley),  LL.D.  1769.  that  standing  in  a  public  situation  as 

2  The    following    anecdote     (about  instructors  of  youth  it  was  their  duty 

1770),  quoted  in  the  Quarterl>/  Review  to  discountenance  every  sort  of  immo- 


LORD   sandwich's   CONCERT.  231) 

For  uow  from  the  Cares  of  the  Helme  he  descends ; 

And  blowing  his  Whistle,  he  summons  his  Friends  ; 
And  nothing  he  leaves  them  to  wish  or  desire, 

Except  for  Giardini  a  little  less  Fire. 


Now  the  Masters  all  mount  in  a  terrible  Row, 
And  tun'd  is  each  Fiddle,  and  Eosin'd  each  Bow, 

And  Giardini  when  got  in  his  fTantriims  audf  Fits 
Frights  the  j^oor  Dilettanti  quite  out  of  his  wits. 

At  the  Harpsichord  now  Joah  Bates  takes  his  jjlace ; 

Tho  he  casts  a  Sheep's  Eye  on  his  dear  Double  Bass, 
To  the  Heart  Strings  it  grieves  him  to  quit  it  so  soon. 

For  tho  he  mayn't  play  it,  he'll  put  it  in  tune. 

But  when  he  begins  to  sprawl  over  a  Chorus 
And  lays  the  whole  matter  so  clearly  before  us : 

No  Hearer  so  stupid  but  soon  understands, 

He's  full  Son  to  Briareus,  and  Heii*  to  his  Hands. 

Charles  Jenner  sits  trembling  close  to  his  right  side, 
And  soon  as  a  hard  Solo  passage  he  spied, 

He  swore  that  alone  he  could  do  it  all  right, 

Tho'  he  makes  the  same  Blunder  but  every  night. 

Sam  Champness  comes  lagging,  but  well  propt  with  Ale 
He  ^vill  roar  you  as  sweet  as  a  young  Nightingale ; 


While  Gascoignc  who  plays  on  the  Hoarse  Tenor  Fiddle 
And  for  ever  is  coming  in  wrong  in  the  middle ; 

With  more  Wit  than  Musick  is  cracking  his  Jests,  ■ 
"WTiicli  he  thinks  better  Fun  than  dry  counting  of  Rests. 

John  Beverly^  long  had  been  Fidling  tho  Bass, 

But  his  Fingers  so  long  seldom  hit  the  right  place  ; 

So  the  great  double  Bass  to  take  up  he  did  beg. 
Where  he  measures  the  Stops  by  the  length  of  his  Leg. 

Giardini  for  Absentees  now  looks  about. 

If  Desborough's  call'd  to  a  worse  crying  out; 

Or  if  any  loose  Straglers,  the  practise  would  balk, 
If  Eokeby  or  Ward  take  a  Ride  or  a  Walk. 


rality,    and   threatened  to   appeal   to  pions    of  morality  and   decorum,  the 

the  Society  in  case  of  his  refusal,  the  older  [W.   Paloy]  was  then   no   more 

assurance  was  given  and  the  arrange-  than  twenty-eight.' 

ment  suffered  to  proceed."    Be  it  re-  ^  Tho     notorious     Esquire    Bedell 

membered,  that  of   these  two  cham-  (1770),  to  wb.om  Gunning  devotes  part 


240  UNIVERSITY    STUDIKS. 

Lord  Saiulwicli  mean  time  ever  active  and  steady 

Eyes  the  Drums  with  impatience,  and  cries  an't  you  ready? 

Knows  who  are  alert,  and  who  always  ask  pardon ; 
And  who  are  the  Men  must  be  fctch'd  from  the  Garden. 

Wlien  the  Band  is  all  marshall'd  from  front  to  the  rear, 

And  Miss  Rayi,  and  Norris,  and  Busy  appear; 
When  impatience  to  start  shines  in  ev'ry  man's  Face, 

Steals  in  Dr  Shepherd  a  tuning  his  Bass. 

But  now  hush'd  is  each  noise,  and  on  each  raptm-'J  ear 
Break  such  sounds  as  the  angels  stand  list'uing  to  hear ; 

Handel  rouses,  and  hearing  his  own  Thunder  roar, 
Looks  downward  from  Heaven,  and  calls  out  encore. 

Dr  Webb's  collection  in  the  University  Library  contains, 
beside  the  foregoing  song  (vol.  i.),  a  ^ j^'^'^ogramma'  (W.  Ptichard- 
son,  Coll.  Pet.,  V.C.)  forbidding  persons  in  statu  pnpillari  from 
attending  a  public  concert,  30  June,  1770  : — Also  the  programme 
of  a  Concert  held  in  the  hall  of  Trinity  College  on  Friday, 
26  June,  1772,  at  6  p.m.: — Another  (three  pages  4to)  of  a 
concert  in  the  same  place  30  June,  1775. 

of  the  5th  chapter  of  the  first  vol.  of  1790.      She    was    shot    (1779)    when 

his   Reminiscences.      Beverly    got    an  coming   from   Coveut-Garden   theatre 

honorary    degree   from   the    proctors  by    an  unhappy  admirer.      She   was 

in  1767,  and   a  good  deal  of  money  doubtless    the    person     whom    Paley 

from   the  heads   of    colleges,   &c.   in  and  J.  Law  obliged  Dr  Shepherd  to 

various  years.  exclude  from  the  concert  in  their  col- 

1  Missi^neyjOrWray,  mother  of  Basil  lege  hall. 
Montagu,   Q.C.    (Chr.)   6th  wrangler, 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


ASTRONOMY. 


Sir  Roderick  {examining  Immerito,  a  candidate  for  preferment).     Sirrah, 
boy,  write  him  down  a  good  astronomer. 
Page  {aside,  writes)  '  As  colit  astra.' 

The  Return  from  Parnassus  (1602),  i.  3. 

Though  of  old  time  the  subjects  of  Arithmetic  and  Geo- 
metry were  reserved  for  Bachelors  in  Arts  to  study,  we  have 
already  said  all  that  we  have  to  say  thereanent  on  the  topic  of 
the  Mathematical  Tripos. 

Concerning  Astronomy  we  have  still  a  few  remarks  to  make. 

The  Cambridge  professors  seem  as  a  rule  to  have  done  tlieir 
duty  by  this  science.  First  and  foremost  we  have  Newton,  who 
by  exact  scientific  reasoning  proved  the  guess  of  Descartes^  in 
his  general  hypothesis  of  matter  and  motion  to  be  true,  but  in 
a  different  sense  for  the  material  universe. 

Isaac  Newton  of  Trinity  was  Lucasian  Professor  1669 — 1702, 
and  had  his  private  observatory  in  the  college  ^ 

1  In  illustration  of  the  question  in  gcther   depends.*    Some    Observations 

dispute  between  Whewell  and  Playfair  upon  the  Answer  to  an  Enquiry  into 

on  the  hold  which  Cartesianism  had  the  Grounds  arid  Occasion  of  the  Con^ 

at  Cambridge  I  omitted  (p.  125)  Each-  tempt  of  the  Clergy  1G71,  p.  14-4.  Cp. 

ard's  (Master  of  Cath.  Hall)  humorous  above  p.  176. 

description  of  the  'yoimg  pert  Soph'  ^  Humphrey  Wanley  was  staying  in 

criticizing  tlie  country  parson's  Easter  Cambridge  in  Sept.  1699.     Ho  wrote 

Sermon.     'What   a    good    Text    was  thus   to  Dr  Charlett  of    Univ.    Coll. 

here  spoyled  to  divide  it  into  this  and  Oxon.     '  Here  was  a  great  preparation 

that,  and  I  know  not  what,  when  it  for    observing    the    Eclipse,    a  room 

would  have  gone  so  easily  into  corpus  darkened,  telescopes  fixed  and  cvery- 

and  iHaHc;  or  into  the  three  Car<<'.sin/i  thing  put  in  order  on  purpose,  and 

elements.     Besides,  Uke  an  old  dull  happy  that  man  that   could    bo   ad- 

Phllosopher,   he  quite  forgat  to  sup-  mitted ;  but  after  some  hours  waiting 

pose  the  motion  of  the  vortexes  upon  for  black  Wednesday  parturiunt  mon- 

which    the    grand    business    of     the  tes,  the  gentlemen  ha\ing  dined  with 

Hypotlicsis  of  the  Resurrection  alto-  Duke  Humfrcy  came  out  very  gravely 

w.  16 


242  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

His  deputy  and  successor  W.  Whiston,  of  Clare,  took  in- 
terest in  this  pursuit.  He  records '  how  Sara.  Clarke  and  his 
father  Alderman  Clarke,  of  Norwich,  about  1707  or  1708, 
'  happened  to  be  viewing  Saturn's  Ring  at  Norwich,  with  a 
Telescope  of  15  or  16ft.  long;  when  without  any  prior 
Thought  or  Expectation  of  such  a  thing,  as  Mr  Clarice  assured 
me,  they  both  distinctly  saw  a  fixed  star  between  the  Ring  and 
the  Body  of  that  Planet :  which  is  sure  evidence  that  the  Ring 
is  properly  distinct  from  the  Planet,  and  at  some  distance  from 
it:  which,  tho'  believ'd,  could  hardly  be  demonstrated  before.' 

When  Whiston  was  deprived  of  his  professorship  and  cate- 
chetical lectureship  Oct.  30,  1710,  he  retired  to  London,  and 
gave  astronomical  lectures,  which  were  attended  by  Addison 
and  Sir  R.  Steele.  But  just  before  this  he  published  his 
Praelectiones  Physico-Mathematicae,  and  three  years  earlier 
(1707)  he  had  been  especially  energetic,  editing  Newton's  nine 
years'  professional  lectures  on  Algebra  under  the  title  of  AHth- 
metica  Universalis,  as  well  as  Praelectiones  Astronomicae"  of  his 
o^vn.  In  the  month  of  May  of  that  year  he  and  Roger  Cotes 
the  young  Plumian  professor  began  a  course  of  experiments, 
from  which  each  of  them  composed  a  dozen  lectures  in  hydro- 
statics and  pneumatics. 

Roger  Cotes,  of  Trinity  1706 — 16,  just  mentioned,  is  num- 
bered among  our  professors  of  Experimental  Philosophy^     He 

into     the    warm    sim    cursing    their  Newtoni  Mathematica  exjylicatius  tra- 

tables,  &c.,  and  were  as  well  laughed  dltur ;  et  facillus  demonstratur.  Come- 

at  as  the  Sous  of  Ai't  in  London,  who  tographia   etiam   Halleiana    Commfji- 

liired   the    monument    for   the    same  tariolo  illustratur.     In  Ustim  Juventu- 

purpose.'     Letters  from  the  Bodleian,  tis    Academicae.       Typis    Academicis 

I.  97.  8vo.    Pretiitm  4s.  Qd.    An  eughsh  ed. 

1  Whiston's   Memoir   of    S.    Clarke  Lond.  1716. 

(1730),  p.  1-4.  Whiston  lectured  also  on  the  Ancient 

"  Praelectiones  Astronomicae,  Ca.nta-  Eclipses  of    the  Sun   and   Moon   for 

brigiae    in   Scholis   publicis    habitae,  about  a  year  before  he  was  banished 

Quibus    accedunt     Tabulae    pbtrimae  1709 — 10.      Memoirs   of   the   Life   of 

Astronomicae    Flamstedianae    corrcc-  W.  Whiston  (1749),  i.  pp.   135,   173, 

tae,    Hallianae,   Cassianae,   et   Stree-  181.     His  Ne^c  Theory  of  the  Earth 

tianae.      In    Usum    Juventutis    Aca-  (1695)  continued  to  be  read  at  Cam- 

demicae.     Pretiimi  5s.  6d.  1707.  bridge. 

Praelectiones  Physico-Mathematicae,  ^  Cotes  was  elected  unanimously  the 
Cantabrigiae  in  Scholis  publicis  liabi-  year  after  he  had  taken  his  first  de- 
tie.     Quibus  Philosoj^hia  IHu^trissimi  gree  !    Bentlcy  calls  liira  '  Post  mag- 


PROFESSORS   OF   ASTRONOMY.  24.'^ 

is  very  widely  celebrated  for  liis  'property  of  the  circle,'  and  on 
the  continent  Gauss  has  done  honour  to  his  interpolation 
method  for  the  value  of  integrals.  Mr  J.  W.  L.  Glaisher  informs 
me  that  a  method  which  is  even  now  just  beginning  to  find  its. 
way  into  Cambridge  teaching,  the  treatment  of  optics  by  the 
methods  of  modern  geometry,  of  which  Gauss  is  the  modern 
founder,  is  really  due,  so  far  as  its  principles  are  concerned,  to 
Cotes. 

Cotes  by  his  College  observatory  and  experiments  '  involved 
himself  in  a  debt^  which  his  modesty  permitted  to  prey  upon 
his  health ;  and  which  put  an  end  to  that  valuable  life  at  the 
age  of  thirty-four.  A  Person  renowned  for  his  great  skill  in 
classic  literature  [Bentley]  then  presided  in  the  College ;  a 
spectator  of  Cotes' s  distress :  Into  which  he  had  been  plunged 
upon  expectations  or  promises  that  the  expenses  should  be  born 
{sic)  by  that  opulent  College.  But  the  only  regard  paid  him 
was  by  the  Epitaph  composed  in  classic  elegance ;  which  is 
inscribed  on  his  monument  in  Trinity  College  Chapel.  After 
death  every  Virtue  is  sure  to  meet  its  reward  ^'  Monk's  life  of 
Bentley  (i.  202,  401)  hy  no  means  hears  out  this  imputation. 

In  1714<  the  Plumian  and  Lucasian  Professors  were  con- 

num  ilium  Newtonum  Societatis  hujus  Philosophica  was  not  printed  till  sixty 

spcs  altera  ct  decus  gemellum  ;    cui  years  later,      (^\^lewell  Hist.  Induct. 

ad  summam  doctrinae  laudem  Omnes  Sciences,  Vol.  ii.  Bk.  vi.  Cb.  vi.  §  10; 

morum  virtutumciue   dotes  In  cumu-  Bk.  viii.  cli.  ii  ) 

lum   accesserunt ;    Eo   magis   specta-  ^  There  was  a  college  observatory  in 

biles  amabilesque.   Quod  in  formoso  the  2nd  court  of  S.  John's  (17Co),  of 

corporeGratioresvenirent.'  (Epitaph.)  wliich  Isaac  Pennington  (then  a  Soph) 

Vincent  Bourne  also  wrote  epitaphic  had  charge  in  170G  with  a  stipend  of 

lines  in  his  memory.    Three  years  be-  £15  per  annum.    He  was  required  to 

fore  Cotes'  death  Brook  Taylor  (LL.B.  deliver  obser\-ations  to  the  master  and 

St  John's)  had  discovered  (simultane-  seniors.      In   1764   a   pair   of  16  in. 

ously  with  John  Bernoulli  and  James  diam.  globes  were    ordered,  price  not 

Hermann    of    Basle)    the    centre    of  exceeding  10  guineas ;    but  it  was  two 

oscillation  of  bodies  in  motion  rigidly  years    before     they    were    procured, 

connected  by  a  lever.   Taylor  piiblishod  Bahcr-Mayor,  1071— 1U73. 

in  his  Method  of  Increwrjit-^,  1715,  a  -  Ei.  Davies'  General  State  of  Edu- 

problem  in  vibrating  strings.     He  was  cation  in  the  Universities  with  a  par- 

the  discoverer   of  the    theorem  which  ticular  View  to  the  Pliilosophic   and 

bears  his  name.  He  contributed  to  the  Medical    Education  :     to    Dr    Hales. 

Philos,  Transactions,   1712—23.     He  Bath.  1750.  Sold  by  M.  Cooper,  London, 

died   in   1731,    but   his    Contemplatio  [Bodl.  Gontjh  Canih.  W,), -p.  i3. 

IG— 2 


24"4!  UNIVEIISITV   STUDIES. 

stituted  ex  officio  of  the  Commission  for  discovering  the  longi- 
tude at  sea.     (Cooper's  Annals,  iv.  120). 

Antony  Shepherd  (M.A.  Chr.,  B.A.  Joh.)  printed  in  1776 
'  A  description  of  the  experiments  intended  to  illustrate  a  course 
of  lectures  on  the  principles  of  natural  philosophy,  read  in 
the  observatory  at  Trin.  coll.  Cambridge,'  as  Plumian  pro- 
fessor \ 

At  the  close  of  the  century  another  of  the  successors  of  Cotes 
as  Plumian  Professor,  Sam.  Vince  of  Caius  (179G — 1822),  used 
to  lecture  inter  alia  upon  Astronomy ;  giving  experiments  and 
explanations  of  instrumentsl  He  printed  a  '  Plan '  of  his  course, 
Camb.  1797.  It  may  have  been  on  account  of  Vince's  suffi- 
ciency that  the  special  Professor  of  Astronomy  of  the  later 
(Lowndesian)  foundation,  W.  Lax  of  Trinity  (179-5 — 1836),  gave 
'no  lectures^'  at  the  end  of  the  last  century.  It  certainly  was 
on  account  of  Vince's  lectures  that  Wollaston  the  Jacksonian 
professor  lectured  in  chemistry  only  instead  of  alternating  with 
experimental  Philosophy,  and  in  his  turn  Parish  took  to  Me- 
chanics. 

The  first  who  had  held  the  office  of  Lowndes'  professor  of 
Astronomy,  was  Dr  Roger  Long  of  Pembroke  (1750 — 71),  the 
friend  of  Gray.  His  famous  '  Zodiack,'  constructed  with  the 
help  of  Jonathan  Munns,  the  tin-plate  worker,  has  been  noticed 
in  Univ.  Life,  p.  662.  It  has  only  recently  been  discarded  by  the 
society  to  which  he  bequeathed  it.  Until  Vince  was  appointed 
Plumian  Professor,  F.  J.  H.  Wollaston  of  Trin.  Hall,  professor 
of  Natural  and  Experimental  Philosophy  (1792 — 18),  gave 
alternate  courses  on  Astronomy  with  Chemistry,  but  in 
1795  he  abandoned  the  former.  An  account  of  the  work  of 
their  successors  at  the  commencement  of  the  present  century 
maybe  found  in  [Wright's]  Alma  Mater,  ii.  34  (relating  to  1818), 
and  Facetiae  Cantab.  1836,  ja.  159. 

In  1792  Mr  Ingram  complained^  that  our  University  had 
need  of  a  good  Observatory,  and  a  convenient  room  for  the  pro- 

1  The  coveuant  of  Trin.  Coll.  with  '  Camh.  Univ.  Calendar,  1802,  pp. 

the  Plumian  Trustees,  Feb.  9,  1705,  is  23,  24. 

given  in  Cooper's  Annals,  iv.  69  n.    The  ^  Ibid.  p.  30. 

Observatory  over   the  King's  Gate  is  ^  The  Necessity  of  Introducing  Di- 

mentioned.  vinity,  &c.  p.  108  h. 


ASTRONOMY.  245 

fessors  in  Divinity  and  the  professors  of  Civil  Law  and  Common 
Law  to  read  their  lectures  in. 

In  17G8  there  had  been  a  project  for  building  a  Music  Room 
and  Amphitheatre  for  professional  lectures,  started  by  Walter 
Titley's  donation,  but  it  fell  through. 

There  were  small  Observatories  in  our  principal  Colleges — 
over  the  'great '  or  '  King's '  gate  of  Trinity,  and  in  St  John's  *. 
The  former  was  erected  by  subscription  of  Bentley  and  his 
friends  (Jan.  170|)  and  stored  with  the  best  astronomical  instru- 
ments which  science  could  at  that  period  produce, — partly  at 
the  expense  of  the  library  fund.  Beneath  this  Cotes,  and  after 
him  his  cousin  E,o.  Smith,  Bentley's  successor,  resided  as  Plumian 
Professor.  Sir  I.  Newton,  and  after  him  Vice-master  Walker, 
occupied  the  rooms  to  the  north  of  the  gate,  and  W.  Whiston 
those  to  the  south  ^ 

The  following  list  may  interest  Oxonian  Astronomers  and 
Geometricians  : — 
A   Catalogue  of  Instruments  Made  and  Sold  by  John  Prnjean  near  Now- 
College  in  Oxford.     With  Notes  of  the  Use  of  them^. 

Holland's  Universal  Quadrant, 

His  Arithmetick  Quadrant,  serving  to  take  Heights  by  inspection. 

Oughtred's  Quadrant,  His  Double  Horizontal  Dial. 

Gunter's  Quadrant,  His  Aualemraa, 

His  Nocturnal.  CoUins's  Quadrant. 

Mr  Ilalton's  Universal  Quadrant  for  all  Latitudes  with  Mr  Haley's  notes. 

Orontia^s  Sinical  Universal  quadrant.         Napier  s  Rods. 

Mr  CasweVs  Nocturnal.  ]\Ii'  Haley's  Nocturnal. 

Mr  Tomson's  Pantametron.  Mr  Pound's  Cylinder-Dial. 

Mr  Edward's  Astrolobe.   [sic]  Mr  Hooper's  Dialing  Scales. 

Scales  for  Fortification.  Scales  for  Sm-veyiug,  Dialing,  ttc. 

And  most  other  Mathematical  Instruments. 

John  Keill  (1671 — 1721),  born  at  Edinburgh,  studied  under 
David  Gregory  at  the  university  there,  and  following  him  tn 
Oxford,  entered  at  Balliol,  and  exhibited  experiments  illus- 
trative of  the  Newtonian  philosophy  by  means  of  an  a]>paratus 
of  his  own  invention  :  he  also  examined  Burnet  and  Winston's 
Theories  of  the  Earth.     In  1700  he  lectured  on  natural  phi- 

1  Baker-Mayor  10-41,  107.5.  •''  Advt.   at  the  end  of  Globe  Note* 

2  Monk's  Bentley,  i.  202,  Bentley's  by  R.  Holland,  Oxford,  Printed  for 
Corresp.  pp.  448,  449,  786.  Walker  Henry  Clements,  llOl.—Bodl.  Godwin 
preserved  Newton's  rooms  as  far  as  Pamph.  12.33.  Another  list  will  be 
possible  in  statu  ^ho,  adding  Bentley's  found  among  W.  Gooch's  remains  in 
famed  hat  to  his  relics.  the  .\ppendix  to  this  volnmo. 


246  UxVlVERSlTY    STUDIKS, 

losopliy  as  Jcputy  fur  the  Scdloian  Professor,  Sir  T.  Millliigton. 
Ill  the  following  year  he  published  Introductio  ad  verain  P/'y- 
sicam.  Having  been  elected  F.  R.  S.,  he  took  the  part  of 
Newton  against  Leibnitz  in  the  Fluxional  Controversy  (1708). 
After  paying  a  visit  to  America  (1700)  as  treasurer  to  the  ex- 
iled Palatines,  he  returned  to  Oxford,  and  was  made  Savilian 
Professor*  of  Astronomy  the  same  year.  He  again  took  up  the 
cudgels  for  Newton  against  the  Cartesians,  in  a  Paper  before 
the  Royal  Soc,  On  the  Rarity  of  Matter,  &c.  In  1711  he  be- 
came Decyjjherer  to  thfe  Queen ;  and  in  1713  took  the  degree 
of  M.D.  Two  years  later  he  edited  Euclid ;  and  in  1718  he 
read  an  '  Introduction  to  the  true  Astronomy,  or  Astronomical 
Lectures  in  the  Astronomical  School  of  the  Univ.  of  Oxford,' 
which  was  published  in  1721,  the  year  of  his  death.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  the  first  who  introduced  the  love  of  the 
Newtonian  Philosophy  at  Oxford  by  his  lectures  in  1704,  laying 
down  very  simple  propositions  which  he  proved  by  experiments 
and  from  those  he  deduced  others  more  complex,  which  he  still 
confirmed  by  experiments ;  till  he  had  instructed  his  auditors 
in  the  laws  of  motion,  the  principles  of  hydrostatics  and  optics, 
and  some  of  the  chief  propositions  of  Sir  I.  Newton  concerning 
light  and  colours. 

This  account  of  John  Keill's  positive  method  is  given  by 
his  successor  Desagidiers  in  the  Preface  to  his  Course  of  Ex- 
perimental Philosojjhy. 

John  Theophilus  Desaguliers  (1683 — 1749)  was  born  at 
Rochelle,  brought  to  England  after  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict 
of  Nantes,  and  sent  to  Christ  Church.  BA.  Ordained  Deacon 
1710.  The  same  year,  having  removed  to  Hart  Hall,  he  read 
lectures  on  Experimental  Philosophy,  as  successor  in  that 
readership  to  John  Keill,  who  was  visiting  New  England. 
Having  married  and  taken  his  M.A.  degree  in  1712,  he  com- 
menced lectures  in  London  in  1713;  was  made  F.  R.  S.  under 
Newton's  presidency  in  1714.  Published  Fires  improved,  and 
quarrelled  with  Edmund    Curll   for   advertising  it   too  much. 

1  Keill's  master,   David  Gregory  of  CarsweU)  \Yho  succeeded  Gregoiy  left 

Balliol,   liad  held  this  professorship  a    very     favom-able     impression    on 

(1691—1709).     The   chau-  had    been  Uffeubach,  vrho    conversed  with  him 

filled  in  earlier  times  by  Seth  Ward  on   telescopes  in   1710.     lieUen,  iii. 

and    Chr.    Wren.      Jo.  Caswell     (or  180. 


ASTHONOMY.  247 

Lectured  before  K.  Geo.  I.  in  1717.  B.C.L.  and  D.C.L,  1718. 
With  Dr  Stephen  Hales  he  invented  and  exhibited  an  engine 
for  sea-soundings  in.  1728.  His  electrical  experiments  and 
papers  in  the  Philos.  Transactions,  &c.  are  enumerated  in 
Kippis'  Biog.  Brit. 

James  Bradley  of  Balliol,  who  succeeded  Keill  as  Savilian 
Professor  of  Astronomy  in  1741,  made  constant  obervations, 
and  discovered  and  settled  the  aberration  of  the  fixed  stars 
(1727)  from  the  progressive  motion  of  light  combined  with  the 
earth's  annual  motion,  and  the  nutation  of  its  axis  (1737). 
He  succeeded  Halley  as  astronomer  royal.  Two  of  the  Savilian 
professors  of  Geometry  also  held  that  post — Edm.  Halley  of 
Qu.  himself,  and  his  successor  in  the  professorship  (1742),  Nat. 
Bliss  of  Pembroke.  Halley,  while  at  Oxford,  had  published  ob- 
servations on  a  spot  in  the  sun,  by  which  its  motion  on  its 
axis  was  established,  in  167G — two  years  before  he  was  admitted 
M.A.,  and  just  before  his  important  visit  to  St  Helena. 

On  the  evening  of  June  3rd,  1709,  the  tower  of  New  Col- 
lege was  used  by  Mr  Lucas  a  fellow,  and  Mr  Clare  of  St  John's, 
to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus ;  the  Savilian  Professor  Hornsby 
was  in  the  Schools'  Tower ;  and  Mr  Nitikin  (a  Russian)  and 
Mr  Williamson  of  St  Alban  Hall,  in  the  Infirmary\  Cyril 
Jackson,  then  A.B.  and  Student  of  Ch.  Ch.,  and  several  others, 
were  stationed  in  other  places,  not  particularly  fitted  for  the 
j)urposel  This  shows  how  much  a  proper  observatory  was 
then  needed  at  Oxford.  The  foundations  for  such  an  one  (the 
Radcliffe)  were  laid  soon  afterwards,  in  June  1772. 

In  Sept.,  1750,  a  Cambridge  man  wrote  to  the  Student  or 
Oxford  Monthly  Miscellany  (l.  339)  commending  the  stuily  of 
astronomy  to  future  country  gentlemen,  and  to  all  university 
men.  Ho  says,  '  1  fancy  they  will  find  it  no  inelegant  transition 
from  a  chapter  in  Sniigletius  to  a  lecture  in  Keil.''  He  con- 
cludes by  proiDOsing  to  commence  astronomical  communications 
to  the  Student,  and  i-efers  to  an  account  of  the  early  history  of 
the  science  by  G.  Costard  ^  fellow  of  Wadham,  in  bis  Two 
Letter's  to  Martin  Folkes,  Esq.,  1740. 

1  Mackenzie  E.  C.  Walcott,  W.  of  ^  ihid.  p.  29. 

Wykeham  and  Ids  Colleges,  pp.  335,  ^  Vicar  of  Twickcuham  ;  author  o[ 

336,   [Green's]  Oxford  during  the  Last  Observations  illmtrating  the  Bk.  of  Job, 

Century  (Sluttcr  antl  Eopo),  p.  22.  1717.     Ilii't.  of  Astnmomy,  17fi7,  .Ic. 


248  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

A  list  of  Books  in  use  at  Cambridge 

about  the  year  1730 

for  Optics  and  Astronomy. 

Acta  Eruilitornm  Lipsiao.    anno  1G83. 

Bentley,  Ri.  (Trin.)  Boyle  Lectures,  Serm.  viii.  Lond.  1693. 

Boyle,  Ro.  [Oxojt.)  Works,  abridged  by  Shaw.     1725. 

Biillialdus,  Ismael  (Boulliau)  De  Lineis  Spiralibus,  Paris,  1657. 

Burgundiae  Pliilosophia.     (Cf.  p.  79  supra.) 

Burnet,  T.  (Clare  and  Chr.)  Theory  of  the  Earth.    Lond.  1681—9. 

Cartesius,  Renat.  (La  Fleche)  Dioptricks. 

Meteor. 

Princii)ia.     Amst.  1644. 

Chambers,  Ephr.  Diet,  (sub  vocibus  Halo,  Light,  Moon,  Parhelion,  Bainhow.) 

1728. 
Clarke,  S.  (Caius)  Demonstration  of  Sir  I.  Newton's  Philos. 
Clerieus,  J.  (Geneva)  Physica.     Cantab.  1700,  1705. 
De  Chales,  C.  F.  M.  {Soc.  Jesu,  Turin)  Cursus  Mathem.     Lyons,  1690. 
Derham,  "W.  (Trin.)  Astro-Theol.     Lond.  1714,  1726. 
Domekins,  G.  Peter.     Phil.  Newton.    Lond.  1730. 
Tabri,  Honorat.  (Rome)  ii.  de  Homine.     Paris,  1666. 
Flamsteed,  J.  (Jes.)  1672—1713. 
Gassendi,  P.  (Aix  and  Paris)  Astron.     1702. 
's  Gravesande,  W.  J.  (Leyden)  Physico-Math.     Lug.  Bat.  1720. 
Gregory,  Dav.  (Edinb.,  Oxon)  Astron.  foho  Oxon.  1702.    engl.  Lond.  1715. 
Catoptricae  et  Dioptricae  Sphericae  Elementa.    Oxon.  1695.  (Lond.  1705, 

1715,  1735.) 
Harris,  J.  (S.  John's)  Astron.  Dial.  (ed.  3.  1795.) 
Hooke,  R.  (Ch.  Ch.)  Posthumous  Works,     1705. 

Huyghens,  Chi-istian.     Discui-sus  de  Causis  Gravitat.     Lug.  Bat.  1724 — 8. 
■ Opusc.  Posthuma.    Lug.  Bat.  1703. 


■ Planetary  Worlds,  or  Cosmotheoros.     Hagae.  1698.  Lond.  1699. 

Johnson,  T.  (King's,  Magd.)  Quaestiones  (Opticae  pp.  27,  28). 
(Astronomicae  pp.  32,  33)  Camb.  1732 ;   ed. 

3.  1741. 
Keill,  John  (Balliol)  Examination  of  Theorists  on  the  Earth.     Oxon.  1698. 

Introd.  ad  Astron.     Oxon.  1715. 

Lowthoi-p,  J.  (Joh.)  Abridgment  of  Philos.  Transactions,  3  vols.  4to.  Lond.  1716. 
Malebranche,   Nic.  (Sorbonne)   Search  after  Truth.  (1674),  Transl.   T.  Taylor. 

Lond.  1720. 
Miscellanea  Curiosa  (Halley,  Molyneux,  &c.) 
Molyneux,  W.  (F.  R.  S.)  Dioptricks.    4to.  Lond.  1692. 

in  Misc.  Curiosa,  ii.  263. 

Musschenbroeck,  P.  van.  (Leyden)  Elem.  Physico-Math. 
Newton,  Is.  (Trin.)  Lectiones  Opticae.  Opticks,  4to.  Lond.  1704. 

Optica,     lat.  ed.  S.  Clai'ke.     Lond.  1706,  1728. 

Principia  Math.  Lond.  1687.     Camb.  1713. 

Ode,  Ja.     Phil.  Nat.  Principia.     Traject.  ad  Rheu.  1727. 


ASTRONOMY,   &C.  249 

Pemberton,  H.  (Leyden,  Gresham  Coll.,  F.R.S.)  View  of  Ne'wton.    Lond.  1728. 
Philosoiihical  Conversations. 

• Transactions. 

Eiccioli,  Giov.  Bapt.  (Parma)  Almagestum  Novum.    Bologna  1651 — 69. 
Rizzett,  Giov.  de  Luminis  affectionibus,  or  the  present  State  of  the  Republick 

of  Letters. 
(Eizzett,  Giov.)  a  Confutation  of. 
Eobault,  Jac.    Pbysica.     ed.  4.  (by  S.  CTarke)  1718. 
Eowuing,  J.  (Magd.)  Opticks. 
Smith,  R.  (Trin.)  Opticks,  Camb.  1728,  1738. 
Tacquet,  Andr.  {Soc.  Jesu,  Antwerp)  Catoptricks  (1669). 
Wallis,  J.  (Emm.  Qu.  Savil.)  Opera  Matbemat.     Oxon.     1687—99. 
Wbiston,  W.  (Clare)  Praelectiones  Astronom.,  Camb.  1707. 

Pbysico-Mathem.,  Camb.  1710. 

New  Theory  of  the  Earth.     Lond.  1690,  1725. 

Worster,  Beu.     Priucip.  Philos.     Lond.  1730. 


It  may  be  well  to  supplement  this  index,  and  that  on  jip. 
78 — 81,  with  a  chronological  list  of 

Some  Mathematical  Books  printed  since  1730. 

1731.     Euclid  Oxon. 

L.  Trevigar,  Conic  Sections  (in  usum  juvcnt.  Acad.)  Camb. 
1734.     Is.  Barrow's  (Trin.)  Mathematical  Lectures  (Bowyer). 

Inquiry  into  the  Ideas  of  Space.     Treatises  by  J.  Clarke,  E.  Law,  &c. 

1737.  W.  Whistou  (Clare)  New  Theory  of  the  Earth.     Camb. 

1738.  Eo.  Smith  (Trin.)  Complete  System  of  Opticks  (ed.  1.  1728).     Camb. 
Roger  Cotes  (Trin.)  Hydrostatical  and  Pneumatical  Lectures  (Bowyer). 

1739.  R.  Dunthorne   (Dr  Long's  servant,    Pemb.)   Astronomy  of  the   Moon. 

Camb. 
Tables  of  the  Moon's  Motion.  Camb. 

1740.  Nic.  Sanderson  (Chr.)  Elements  of  Algebra. 

1741.  • 2  vols.  4to.  with  Memoir. 

1742.  Roger  Long  (Pemb.)  Astronomy,  4to.  vol.  i.  Camb. 

Colin  Maclaurin  (Glasg.  Abcrd. )  Complete  System  of  Fluxions.  Lond. 
1744.     E.  Smith  (Trin.)  Harmonics.     Camb. 

P.  Parsons  (Sid.)  Astronomic  Doubts.     Camb. 

1747.  J.  Keill  (Ball.)  Euclidis  Elcmcnta.  ed.  4.  Oxoti. 
Ealph  Heathcote  (Jes.)  Historia  Astronomiaj.     Camb. 

1748.  Colin  Maclaurin  (Glasg.  Aberd.)  Account  of  Newton's  Discoveries.   Lond. 
Algebra,  in  3  parts.     Lond. 

Geometra Descriptio  Curvarum   (ed.   2.  with  Life.) 

Lond. 
H.  Owen  {Jesus)  Harmonia  Trigonomctrica. 
T.  Eutherforth  (S.  Job.)  System  of  Nat.  Philosophy.     Camb. 

1749.  R.  Smith  (Trin.)  Harmonics,     Camb. 

Edm.  Hallcy  {Quent's)  Tabulae  Astronomicae.     4to.  Lond. 
1752. Astronomical  Tables,  4to.    Loud. 


250  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

175G.     James  Ferguson,  Astronomy  on  Newton's  [jriuciplcs.    Lond.  (also  1757, 

17(5-1,  177-2,  1778.) 
1758.     Meuelai  Spbaerica.     E.  Halley,  J.  Costard.     Oxon. 
175'J.     11.  Smith  (Trin.)  Harmonics  ed.  2.  Camb. 
Isr.  Lyons  junior.     Treatise  on  Fluxions. 
1760.     \V.  S.  Powell  (S.  Job.)  Observations  on  Wariug's  Ivliscellanea  Analytica. 
James  Ferguson,  Lectui-es  on  Mechanics,  Hydi-ostatics,  Pneumatics  and 
Optics.     Loud. 
1762.     E.  Waring  (Magd.)  Miscellanea  Analytica  de  ^quationibus  algebraicis  et 
ciirvarum  Proprietatibus.    4to.  Camb. 
W.  Jones,  Essay  on  Nat.  Philosophy.     Oxon. 
1765.     Excerpta  quaedam  e  Newt.  Priucipiis,   J.   Jebb  et  K.  Thorpe  (Pet.)  G. 
WoUaston  (Sid.)  4to.  Camb. 

1767,  Syntagma  Dissertationum.  (partly  scientific).    Hyde.  Oxon, 

1768,  James  Ferguson,  Easy  Introduction  to  Astronomy. 

1769,  Astronomical  Observations  at  Camb,    1767,  68.     W.  Ludlam  (S.  Job.) 

Lond. 

1770.  E.  Waring  (Magd.)  Meditationes  Algebraicae.     4to.  Camb, 
James  Ferguson,  Introduction  to  Electricity.     Lond, 

1771.  W.  Ludlam  (S.  Job.)  Hadley's  Quadrant,  with  Supplement,     Lond, 

1772.  E,  Waring  (Magd.)  Proprietates  Algebraicarum  Ciu'varum.    4to.  Camb, 
W.  Ludlam  (S.  Job.)  On  the  Power  of  the  Wedge.     Lond, 

1774.     The  Academick  Dream  (a  poem  against  the  excessive  study  of  Mathe- 
matics) 4to.  Camb. 
1776.     E.  Waring.  Meditationes  Analyticae.     4to.  Camb. 
1778,     T,  Kipling  (S.  Job.)  Elementary  part  of  Smith's  Optics. 

1780.  W,  Ludlam  (S.  Joh.)  on  Newton's  Second  Law  of  Motion,     Lond. 
J.  Bonnycastle,  Scholar's  Guide  to  Arithmetick,     12mo,  Lond. 

1781.  S,  Vince,  Conic  Sections,     Camb, 

1782.  E,  Waring,  Meditationes  Algebraicae  (ed.  3.) 

1783.  J,  Bonnycastle,  Introduction  to  Algebra.     12mo,  Lond, 

1784.  G.  Atwood  (Trm.)  Eectilinear  Motion.     Camb, 
Analysis  of  Lectures  on  Nat.  Philosophy, 

Eoger  Long's  (Pemb.)  Astronomy,  2  vols,     Camb,  (see  1742 — 64.) 
1765.     E.  Waring  (Magd.)  Meditationes  Analyticae,     ed,  2.  4to.  Camb, 

T,  Parkinson  (Chr.)  System  of  Mechanics  and  Hydrostatics,  2  vols,  4to, 

Camb, 
W,  Lirdlam  (S.  Joh. )  Eudiments  of  Mathematics,     Lond. 

1786.  J,  Bonnycastle.  Introduction  to  Astronomy  in  a  Series  of  Letters,  Loud, 

1787.  W,  Ludlam  (S.  Joh.)  Eudiments  of  Mathematics,     Camb, 

1789.  F,  Wollastou  (Sid.)  General  Astronomical  Catalogue,     Lond. 
J.  Bonnycastle,    Elements  of  Geometiy.     Lond, 

1790.  S,  Vince  (Cai.,  Sid.)  on  Practical  Astronomy,     Camb.  and  Loud, 

1792,  Archimedes  cum  Eutocii  Ascalon.  commentariis,     J.  Torelli.  Oxon. 

1793.  S.  Viuce  (Cai.,  Sid.)  Plan  of  Lectures  on  Nat.  Philosophy.     Lond. 
F.  WoUaston  (Sid.)  Universal  Meridian  Dial.  4to, 

1797.     T.  Newton  (Jcs.)  Short  Treatise  on  Conic  Sections,     Camb, 

E,  Waring  (Magd.)  On  the  Principles  of    Human  Knowledge    (Sup- 
pressed). 


MATHExMATICAL   BOOKS    (1731 — 1800).  251 

179-1 — 1852,     S.    John's    Coll.    Algebraical   Equation    and    Problem    Papers. 
W.  Rotherbam  (Camb.  1852.) 

1795.  James  Wood  (S.  Job.)  Algebra,  vol.  i.     Camb. 

S.  Vince  (Cai.,  Sid.)  Fluxions.     Camb.  (  =  vol.  ii.  of  Wood's  series). 

1796.  T.  Manning  (Cai.)  Arithmetic  and  Algebra,  i.  Lend. 
James  Wood  (S.  Job.)  Mechanics.     Camb.  (  =  iii.  i.) 

S.  Vince  (Cai.  and  Sid.)  Hydrostatics  (= Wood's  Series  iii.  ii.) 

1797.  S.  Vince  (Cai.,  Sid.)  Astronomy  vol.  i.  4to.     Camb. 

1798.  T.  Manning  (Cai.)  Algebra,  vol.  ii.  Lond. 

Astronomical  Observations  (Greenwich  1750 — G2)  J.  Bradley  (Ball.)  and 

N.  Bliss,  Oxon. 
James  Wood  (S.  Job.)  Elements  of  Optics.     Camb.  (  =  iv.  i.) 

1799.  S.  Vince  (Cai.,  Sid.)  Princi^jles  of  Astronomy  (complete  =  Wood's  Series, 

IV.  ii.) 

1800.  S.  Vince  (Cai.,  Sid.)  Plane  Spherical  Trigonometry.  Logarithms.   Camb. 

Principles  of  Hydrostatics.     Camb. 

of  Fluxions.     Camb. 

J,  Stephens   (?  S.  Joh.)   Method   of  Ascertaining  the  Latitude  of  the 

northern  hemisi:)here.    4to.  Camb. 
F.  WoUaston  (Sid.)  Fasciculus  Astronomicus.    4to.  Loud. 


CHAPTER  XXI  r, 

CONCLUSION. 

Eeliquum  est  Xirdprav  l\ax«s,  Tavrav  KoayiU. 

M.  T.  C.  ad  Atticum,  iv.  6. 

While  we  thoroughly  accept  the  position  that,  if  Cambridge 
is  our  mother,  Oxford  is  our  aunt^;  and  while  we  admit  the 
vigour  of  the  latter  in  the  seventeenth  and  nineteenth  centuries, 
we  shall  hardly  be  considered  unfairly  prejudiced  if  we  declare 
our  opinion  that  there  were  more  certain  signs  of  vitality  and 
usefulness  in  our  north-easterly  university  in  the  eighteenth 
century,  at  least  in  the  latter  half  of  it. 

Matters  at  Cambridge  are  apt  to  be  at  a  level  (not  always 
of  necessity  a  dead  level),  shewing  something  of  the  natural 
characteristics  of  the  country  and  the  town  in  which  her  lot  is 
cast.  Their  beauty  is  retiring,  and  the  point  from  which  they 
may  be  seen  is  sometimes  far  to  seek.  The  elegancies  and  the 
virtues  of  Oxford  are  more  prominent,  more  obvious,  even 
to  those  who  do  not  look  for  them. 

We  may  draw  a  parallel  similarly  for  the  intellectual  cha- 
racter as  it  is  trained  by  the  traditional  method  of  each  uni- 
versity. Oxford  shews  her  sons  how  they  may  make  the  most 
of  each  point  of  excellence  and  turn  the  smallest  details  to 
advantage.  Cambridge  may  be  colder  and  duller,  but  her  pur- 
pose is  to  aim  immediately  at  nothing  higher  than  preparing 
the  ground  with  care  and  laying  the  foundation  conscientiously. 

The  one  aims  at  producing  all,  and  is  in  danger  of  losing  the 
whole  :  the  other  is  content  with  one  thing  at  a  time; — that  at 
least  is  gained,  though  often  nothing  is  built  upon  it. 

Again,  let  us  carry  the  contrast  of  the  sister  universities 

^  Lakes'   Ballad  in   answer  to  EL       universities  iu  1614,  1615.     Cp.  Ful- 
Corbet  on  K.  James  I's  visits  to  the      ler's  Hist.  o/Camb.,  preface,  1655. 


CON'CLUSIOy.  2o3 

into  comparison  with  the  genius  of  the  two  centuries  preceding 
our  own  ;  Oxford  beauty  and  Cambridge  plainness,  the  Athenian 
and  the  Spartan,  may  be  thought  to  correspond  with  similar 
characteristics, — the  one  of  the  seventeenth,  the  latter  of  the 
eighteenth  century. 

To  take  for  example  one  particular  where  the  comparison 
favours  Oxford;  a  particular  where  Oxford  had  a  right  to  pre- 
eminence, on  the  ancient  and  noble  theory  that  to  aim  at  all 
science  is  to  aim  at  Theology  :  we  may  observe  that  theological 
controversy,  the  study  of  the  sacred  languages  by  raw  students, 
and  even  reverent  care  for  ceremonial  details,  was  a  gi'owth  of 
the  seventeenth  rather  than  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and 
seemed  more  at  home  at  Oxford  than  at  Cambridge.  A  similar 
backwardness  (we  should  hardly  call  it  a  deficiency)  was,  I  believe, 
noticeable  in  our  university  with  regard  to  physical  science. 

In  mathematics  (if  not  in  metaphysics)  Cambridge  could 
turn  the  tables  on  her  sister,  at  least  in  the  latter  half  of 
the  seventeenth  century.  But  these  were  the  foundations  on 
which  all  subsequent  study,  in  Theology  and  the  other  sciences, 
was  to  be  built. 

To  these  subjects  she  clung,  the  like  foundation  she  con- 
tinued to  lay,  under  the  guidance  of  more  skilled  master- 
builders,  and  with  greater  energy,  during  the  eighteenth  century. 

In  that  period  a  new  species  of  Theology,  of  a  character 
exclusively  protestant  and  alarmingly  negative,  the  product  of 
the  Revolution,  was  taking  the  place  of  the  anglican  Divinity 
of  Laud  or  of  Craumer. 

It  was  not  a  great  stop  from  Hoadly  to  Clarke,  and  so  to 
Theophilus  Lindsey  to  Gilbert  Wakefield  and  William  Frend. 
Those  were  men  of  Cambridge  education,  though  no  doubt 
their  university  was  not  well  satisfied  with  the  superstructure 
which  they  raised  upon  her  grounding.  How  far  she  produced 
any  better  theologians  we  may  perhaps  consider  hereafter: 
suffice  it  to  say  that  when  she  next  produced  a  decided  'school' 
of  notability,  it  was  not  a  school  of  able  and  learned  theolo- 
gians, but  a  band  of  earnest  men  whose  strength  lay  not  in 
science  but  in  subjective  religion.  As  fur  Oxford,  if  the  theo- 
logical bent  of  eighteenth  century  character  was  not  agreeable 
to  her  traditions,  she  was  content  to  slumber;  at  least  she  raised 


254  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

no  powerful  opposition  to  the  floods  wliicli  for  a  season  were 
overwhelming  the  field  of  Divinity  with  a  dull  and  level  surface 
of  dead  water. 

But  now  let  us  look  to  the  work  of  prelvnnnary  training 
which  rightly  or  wrongly  Cambridge  did  pretend  to  do  exclu- 
sively. 

We  may  take  for  example  the  year  1793  (when  Kipling,  Is. 
Milner  and  others  called  Frend  to  account  for  his  pamphlet, 
and  refused  the  use  of  the  Cambridge  University  press  to  a 
fasciculus  of  Wakefield's  Silva  Critica),  a  time  which  was  allowed 
to  be  in  the  dark  ages  of  the  Universities. 

At  Cambridge  were  circulated  the  following  notices,  of  which 
I  have  printed  copies  before  me;  and  I  know  not  how  many 
similar  evidences  of  vitality  may  have  perished  in  the  dust-heap. 

Of  the  three  instructors  thus  advertising  their  courses  of 
lectures,  one,  namely  Yince,  was  not  a  professor  in  1793.  He 
was  promoted  three  years  later  and  continued  to  lecture  and 
publish  as  Plumian  professor. 

'  Cambridge,  Oct.  10.  1793. 
On  Monday,  Nov.  18,  at  four  o'Clock  in  the  Afternoon, 

The  Kev.  S.  Vince,  A.M.,  F.RS., 
Proposes  to  begin  his  Philosophical  Course  of  Public  Lec- 
tures in  the  Principles  of  the  Four  Branches  of  Natural 
Philosophy,  With  the  Application  to  a  great  Yariety  of  Pro- 
hlenis,  and  on  the  Principia  of  Sr.  I.  Newton,  with  the  most 
useful  deductions. 

To  be  continued  every  Monday,  Wednesday  and  Friday. 

That  Part  of  the  Course  which  contains  the  Lectures  on  the 
Principia,  will  for  the  Conveniency  of  those  who  shall  then 
have  commenced  Sophs,  be  given  at  the  End  of  the  present  and 
Beginning  of  the  next  Term. 

And  on  Tuesday,  Nov.  19,  at  the  same  Hour,  he  proposes  to 
beo-in  his  Mathematical  Course  of  Public  Lectures  on  the  Prin- 
ciples  oi  Arithmetic,  Algebra,  Fluxions,  Trigonometry,  plain  and 
spherical.  Logarithms,  Patios,  &c.,  &c. 

To  be  continued  every  Tuesday,  Thursday  and  Saturday. 
Each  Course  to  be  attended  a  second  Time  grati.?. 


CAMBRIDGE  TEACHING  IN  179o.  255 

Terms  of  attendance  are  5  Guineas  for  each  Course.  They 
who  purpose  to  attend  are  requested  to  send  in  their  Names*.' 

The  next  notice  tells  that  the  Jacksonian  Professor  (F. 
J.  H.  Wollaston)  will  begin  to  lecture  on  the  same  subjects  to 
candidates  for  the  degree  of  B.A.,  and  in  the  ensuing  January 
"will  instruct  questionists. 

Another  (preserved  accidentally  like  the  others)  signifies 
that  the  Professor  of  Anatomy  (Busick  Harwood)  will  lecture 
on  Human  Anatomy  and  Physiology.  This  shows  that  some 
attempt  at  least  was  made  to  supply  professional  education. 

Such  is  a  specimen  of  the  jMhulum  which  was  provided  in  the 
University.  If  in  the  next  place  we  peep  into  the  private  diary'' 
of  a  scholar  of  Trinity  written  that  same  month  of  November, 
1793,  we  find  him  reading  'Ratios  and  Variable  Quantities,' 
transcribing  a  Sjdlabus  of  Mechanics,  attending  certain  lectures 
and  declamations,  beside  other  literary  reading  and  conver- 
sation. The  diary  breaks  off  in  the  middle  of  the  month  and 
is  resumed  in  the  following  spring,  when  the  writer  appears  to 
be  studying  Euripides  Hippolytus,  Sophocles  Oed.  Coloneus, 
Lowth  de  Sacra  Poesi,  Grecian  History,  Locke,  Astronomy,  and 
attending  Mr  Tavel's  college  lectures  on  Euclid  Bk.  xi,  and 
Spherical  Trigonometry,  and  professor  Wollaston's  public  lec- 
tures aforementioned. 

But,  not  to  confine  our  investigations  to  one  college,  we  find 
that  at  S.  John's  there  were  the  annual  examinations  Avhich 
had  been  established   nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  before  : 

1  A  similar  notice  dated    ^Trinhy  Part:  or  8  Guineas  the  whole  course.' 

Hall,  Nov.  2,  1793,'  informs  students  This  was  I  suppose  a  private  venture 

that  the  Rev.  F.  Wrangham,  with  the  ofWranghamaudMontaj^.  The  former 

Assistance    of   Basil   Montagu,   M.A.  lost  his  election  three  days  after  this 

Chr.  will  deliver  (at  4  p.m.)  a  Course  date.     Shortly  after  this  the  friends 

of  Lectures  upon —  formed   an   elaborate  plan  of  taking 

^Mathemntica  and  Naluml  rhilo.to-  pupils  at Cohham  ((running's  7?<'m/Hi.-T. 
phj.  The  Mathematical  Part  will  in-  ii.  1).  On  seeing  their  latter  pros- 
elude  Algfbra,  Flu.rinns,  &c.  Tlie  pectus  Sir  James  Mackintosh  re- 
Philosophical  Part  the  Four  Braiichr:^,  niiiikcd  'A  boy  thus  educated  will  be 
Newton'fs  Prhicipia,  &c.,  Illustrated  by  a  walking  encyclopncdia.' 
a  Variety  of  Problems.  -  Printed  in  my  I'ruv.  I.ifr,  589 — 

Terms  of  Attendance  ^^  Guineas  each  i">01. 


25G  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

These  were  conducted  viva  voce  except  in  tlie  mathematical 
subjects,  in  which  we  have  evidence  that  printed  papers  were 
set  as  early  as  1793. 

The  following  S.  John's  examination  paper  for  1704  (or  a 
year  or  two  earlier*)  has  been  preserved  by  Mr  W.  Rotherham. 

'S.  John's  College.  Cambridge. 
(cir.  1794.) 

,      „„     7x«     „     352 -12a; 

2.     4.-^^^  =  ^  ] 

„-     2.r  +  5v/( 
15x-Sy  =  35 g-^j 

xY-7xy^-9iB^763) 
^'    xy    -y  =12  J 

4.  A  shepherd  had  two  flocks  of  sheep,  the  smaller  of  which  consisted 
entirely  of  ewes,  each  of  which  hrought  him  2  lambs.  Upon  counting  them 
he  found  that  the  number  of  lambs  was  equal  to  the  difference  between  the 
two  flocks,  and  that  if  all  his  sheep  had  been  ewes  and  had  brought  him  3 
lambs  apiece,  his  stock  would  have  been  432.  Required  the  number  in  each 
flock. 

5.  A  countryman,  being  employed  by  a  poulterer  to  drive  a  flock  of 
geese  and  turkeys  to  London,  in  order  to  distingi;ish  his  own  from  any  he 
might  meet  on  the  road,  pulled  3  feathers  out  of  the  tails  of  the  tvirkeys 
and  1  out  of  those  of  the  geese,  and  upon  counting  them  found  that  the 
number  of  tiukey  feathers  exceeded  twice  those  of  the  geese  by  15.  Having 
bought  10  geese  and  sold  15  turkeys  by  the  way,  he  was  surprised  to  find 
as  he  drove  them  into  the  poulterer's  yard,  that  the  number  of  geese  ex- 
ceeded the  number  of  turkeys  in  the  proportion  of  7  :  3.  Required  the  num- 
ber of  each. 

6.  Two  persons,  A  and  B,  comparing  their  daily  wages,  found  that  the 
square  of  A's  wages  exceeded  the  square  of  ^'s  by  5;  and  that  if  to  the 
square  of  the  sum  of  the  fourth  powers  of  their  wages,  there  was  added  4 
times  the  rectangle  contained  by  the  square  of  the  product  of  their  wages 
and  the  square  of  the  difference  of  the  squares  of  their  wages,  augmented 
by  12  times  the  4"^  power  of  the  product  of  their  wages,  the  aggregate 
amount  would  be  1428£  Is.    Required  the  wages  of  each.' 

If  our  scholars  in  the  eighteenth  century  did  not  pretend  to 
the  studiousness  of  some  in  earlier  days, — such  as  Henry 
Hammond  who  spent  thirteen  hours  in  study  when  he  was  in 

^  ^Algebraical  Equation  and  Problem      year  1794  to  1852.'    pp.  1,  2.    Seethe 
Papers  proposed  in  the  exayninations  of      preface,  p.  ii 
St  John's  College  Cambridge,  from  the 


HARD   READING.  2n  i 

residence  in  Magdalen  College  Oxon',  or  even  of  Robert  San- 
derson (eighteen  years  his  senior),  who  was  content  with  eleven 
hours  while  at  Lincoln  College'^  (M.A.  IGOS) ; — we  find  that  a 
wrangler  of  the  year  179G  read  (at  least  while  a  questionist)  on 
an  average  nearly  ten  hours  pe?'  diem;  once  or  twice,  as  much  as 
twelve  hours  and  a  half.  About  ten  years  earlier,  Gunning 
having  remarked  that  some  people  supposed  Vickers  of  Queens' 
would  run  Brinkley  (of  Caius)  hard  for  the  senior  wranglership 
as  he  read  twelve  or  fourteen  hours  daily,  Parkinson,  the  tutor 
of  Christ's  observed,  "If  he  means  to  beat  him,  he  had  better 
devote  six  hours  to  reading,  and  six  hours  to  reflecting  on  what 
he  has  read\"  Probably  the  books  then  required  in  the  tripos 
were  more  exhausting  than  those  studied  in  the  seventeenth 
century.  However,  we  find  that  in  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century  Waterland  expected  students  to  study  in 
the  vacations  as  hard  as  they  did  in  term-time,  while  Sir  W. 
Hamilton  complains  that  in  the  latter  part  (called  somewhat 
strangely  'the  Augustan  Age  of  Cambridge*,')  the  mathemati- 
cal examination  entailed  too  severe  a  strain  upon  the  brains  of 
the  examined^:  and  this  was  before  the  French  analytical 
studies  had  become  popular®,  and  even  before  Waring's  works 
were  published.  Paley  indeed,  as  quoted  above,  p.  66,  did  in  his 
later  years  make  some  such  statement  as  to  the  severity  of  the 
preparation,  but  he  did  so  not  altogether  as  blaming  the  system 
or  its  requirements,  and  I  should  venture  to  think  that  he  over- 
stated the  havoc  made  among  weak  brains.  He  himself  was 
quoted^  as  an  instance  of  exceptional  immunity  from  the  dele- 
trious  effects  of  being  senior  wrangler,  which  may  remind  us  of 
the  Cambridge  'Don's'  tale  of  the  no  less  disastrous  effects 
attributed  to  a  contest  of  later  times,  when  one  old  university 
man  represented  himself  as  the  only  survivor  of  a  certain  crew 
who  had  rowed  a  hard  race  acrainst  Oxford  not  vcrv  manv  years 


I  FclVii  Ifoiiimnnd.eA.  2.  (W\2),  p.  ».  "  Plnyfair  bad  stipmntized  the  neff- 

=  [Bliss]  Oxoniana,  iv.  84.  lf>ct  of  annlypis  in  England  in  his  ro- 

'  Gunning's  Reminisc.  i.  ch.  i.  view  of  Ln  Place.     Editih.  Ufc.  vol.  xi. 

♦  QnnrterJiiI\i'vif\r,Oc.i.\^\l.    xvrii.  .Tftn.  1808. 

23.-,.  "I  Qiinrterhj  Rivirir,  Jtily  181.S.     ix, 

5  F.diiihnrnh  Ri'Vieir.  300. 


W, 


17 


258  UNIVERSITY   STUDIKS. 

before.  His  hearer  was  inclined  to  think  that  there  must  be 
some  truth  in  this  charge  of  dcstructiveness  against  boating,  for 
he  had  been  told  in  confidence  a  similar  tale  by  five  of  his 
friend's  seven  colleagues.  Of  one  thing  there  could  be  no  doubt, 
that  the  coxswain  was  no  more. 

AVe  may  be  inclined  to  think  in  the  other  case  that  the 
brains  reported  to  have  been  cracked  would  have  given  way 
without  the  tripos  coming  in  contact  with  them. 

In  addition  to  the  evidence  which  we  have  just  now  brought 
forward,  our  Appendices  on  the  Trinity  fellowship  and  scholar- 
ship elections,  and  the  S.John's  'May'  examinations,  will  supply 
some  information  (supplementary  to  what  has  been  already 
printed  at  the  beginning  of  this  compilation)  about  the  measure 
of  study  pursued  at  Cambridge  in  the  last  century,  especially  in 
individual  colleges. 

Even  now  we  have  no  regular  admission  examination  pre- 
vious to  matriculation  except  at  Trinity  and  Trinity-hall ;  we 
learn  ^  that  there  were  such  examinations  at  Cambridge  about 
1787,  but  they  were  not  universal  nor  efficient:  such  a  system 
is  indeed  established  generally  in  Oxford,  but  the  Quarterly 
Reviewer  hailed  it  as  a  comparatively  recent  innovation  at  some 
colleges  {e.  g.  Oriel  and  Balliol)  in  1827  (p.  259.)  The  same 
writer  speaks  also  of  terminal  examinations,  the  Oxford  'collec- 
tions V  in  the  colleges  of  both  universities. 

'  Considerations   on   the    Oaths  re-  and  so  the  whole  work  was  done.    We 

quired  by  the  U7iiv.  of  Cambridge,  &(i.,  go    to    Lecturs    every    other    day  in 

d'C.  by  a  Member  of  the  Senate,  1788.  Logics,  and  what  we  hear  one  day  we 

p.  9.     Abraham  de  la  Pryme  thus  de-  give  an  account  of  the  next.     Besides, 

scribes  his  admission  a  century  earUer  we  go  to  his  [our  tutor's]  chambers 

in  May,  1690.  every  night  and  hears  the  Sophs  and 

'  I  was  admitted  member  of  St  John's  Junior  Sophs  dispute,  and  then  some 

College  tlie  day  following.     First  I  was  one  is  called  out  to  conster  a  chapt  in 

examined  by  my  Tutor,  then  by  the  the  New  Testament  which  after  it  is 

Senior  Dean,  then  by  the  Junior  Dean,  ended  then  we  go  to  prayers,  and  then 

and  then  by  the  Master  [Dr  Gower];  to  our  respective  chambers.'    Surtees 

who  aU  made  me  but  construe  a  verse  Soc.  (1870)  liv.  p.  19. 
or  two  apiece  in  the  Greek  Testament,  *  Collections.     An   examination   at 

except  tlie  Master,  who  asked  me  both  the  end  of  term  on  the   subjects  of 

in  that   and   in  Plautus   and  Horace  college  lectures,  &c.     Gp.  the  Wyke- 

too.     Then  I  went  to  the  Registcrer  hamieal  term  '  gatherings. ' 
to  be  registered  member  of  the  College, 


THE  TUTORIAL   SYSTEM. 


259 


The  system  of  tuition  underwent  some  modifications, 
I  suppose  it  was  witliin  fifty  years  of  the  establishment  of 
our  Elizabethan  academical  constitution  (1570 — 1G20)  that  the 
college  tutors'  supplanted  the  university  teachers  and  professors, 
and  undertook  their  work'^:  so  much  so  that  enrolment  under  a 
tutor  as  sponsor  was  required.  However,  it  was  not  until  1630 
that  each  student  was  obliged  to  be  under  a  tutor  of  his  own 
college  (the  Laudian  system).  As  'pupil-mongers'  the  college- 
tutors  took  classes  more  or  less  formal; — in  fact  something 
between  our  modern  college-lectures  and  private  tuition.  When 
the  age  of  admission  became  later,  and  students  and  tutors  no 
longer  'chummed'  together  in  the  same  rooms,  the  parental 
relationship  in  which  the  tutor  stood  to  his  pupil  was  lost  (it 
had  died  out  probably  before  the  accession  of  George  II.),  and 
only  one  or  two  tutors  (such  as  Paley  and  J,  Law  at  Christ's) 
made  any  attempt  to  revive  it^  In  days  when  non-residence* 
of  fellows  was  unusual,  and  the  senior  tutor's  lectures  became 
obsolete,  and  when  the  importation  of  fresh  mathematical  lore 
made   the   contest   of  the   tripos   dependent   on   less   obvious 


^  The  earliest  tutor's  accounts  which 
I  know  are  those  of  several  pupils  of 
Whitgift  (1570—76)  when  he  was 
Master  of  Trinity.  See  British  Mag. 
xxxii.  361,  508,  650.  from  MSS.  in 
Lambeth  library. 

^  That  is,  the  formal  lectures  which 
are  universal  in  our  larger  colleges. 
In  colleges  where  there  are  but  two  or 
three  men  engaged  upon  one  subject, 
or  a  few  men  so  slow  or  so  backward 
as  not  to  be  able  to  profit  by  the  inter- 
collegiate or  other  lectures,  the  tutors 
find  it  desu-able  to  adopt  something 
very  like  the  older  system  in  addition 
to  the  now  more  ordinary  formal  lec- 
tures for  those  who  can  use  them. 

3  The  tutorship  at  Christ's  was  hold 
about  the  middle  of  the  century  by 
Dr  Ant.  Shepherd  (B.A.  1743,  Plumian 
Prof.  1760-%.  Cp.  p.  238).  After  the 
eminent  IF'.  Paley  (senior  wrangler, 
1763)  and  J.  Law  {2"'^  wrangler  and 
senior  medalist,  1766 ;  Bp.  of  Elphin) 


had  undertaken  respectively  the  mo- 
ral philosophy  and  divinity,  and  the 
mathematical  and  natural  philosophy 
lectures  for  some  time,  they  demanded 
to  be  taken  into  partnership.  Paley 
continued  his  work  till  1776,  but  Law 
went  oiit  of  residence  in  1774,  and  was 
succeeded  by  T.  Parkinson  (senior 
wrangler,  1769  ;  archdeacon  of  Leices- 
ter) the  writer  of  a  treatise  on  me- 
chanics (4to.  Camb.  1785)  who  was 
H.  Gunning's  tutor.  The  lectures  in 
classics,  logic  and  moral  philosophy, 
Grotius,  &c.,  were  taken  by  <7.  11. 
Searle,  the  writer  on  metres,  who  wna 
2'"*  medallist  and  7'''  wrangler  in  1774. 
*  Leave  of  non-residence  wiis  granted 
in  the  17'*'  century  only  under  very 
exceptional  circumstances.  See  par- 
ticulars concerning  Ro.  Mason  of  S. 
John's  (1624-7).  Jlayor's  Baker,  4!tl  /. 
11,  494  /.  30.  It  would  be  interesting 
to  know  when  the  present  relaxation 
of  the  rule  of  residence  began. 

17—2 


260  UNIVERSITY   STUDIKS. 

methods  of  preparation,  the  private  tutor  rose  into  corref^pond- 
ing  importance,  lu  1782  and  1795  \vc  find  newly-admitted 
baclielors  of  arts  taking  one  or  two  pupils  even  before  they 
were  elected  fellows,  from  which  body  alone  the  regular  college- 
tutors  were  taken.  Watson  himself^  took  pupils  when  he  was 
only  a  junior  soph  in  1756. 

Professor  G.  Pryme  says'*  that  in  1800  he  and  many  others 
found  the  regular  college-lectures  in  term-time  sufficient  in- 
struction without  private  'coaching.'  He  was  sixth  wrangler  in 
1803. 

Bp.  Watson,  who  prided  himself  on  his  liberality,  puts  forth 
a  general  charge  of  unfairness  in  examining  against  'the 
Johnians,^  instancing  the  result  of  his  own  tripos  (1759)  as  a 
case  in  point.  W.  Abbot  the  moderator  had,  he  affirms,  placed 
Millington  Massey^  of  his  own  college,  and  one  of  his  private 
pupils,  as  senior  wrangler,  'in  direct  opposition  to  the  general 
sense  of  the  examiners  in  the  Senate-Hovise,'  who  declared  in 
Watson's  favour.  I  doubt  whether  the  professor  was  correct  in 
styling  Abbot  'the  leading  moderator*.'  However,  he  says  that 
the  case  was  notorious,  and  that  old  Dr  Smith,  the  Master  of 
Trinity,  sent  for  him,  and  told  him  'not  to  be  discouraged,  for 
that  when  the  Johnians  had  the  disposal  of  the  honours,  the 
second  wrangler  was  always  looked  upon  as  the  first.'  I  am 
afraid  we  must  admit  that  a  Trinity  moderator  (Lax  in  1791) 
was  similarly  charged  by  a  Gains  man. 

Our  Gambridge  examination  system,  with  its  accurate  and 
absolute  arrangement  of  honour-men  in  the  class-list,  a  system 
devised  or  adopted  by  the   sagacious   masters   of  continental 


^  Anecdotes,  p.  16. — J.  Evelvn  had  J.  Willey,  M.A.  Chr.   i^ 

/  Proctors 

at  Balliol  in  16B7  a  private  tutor  who  T.  Metcalf,  M.A.  Joh.  J 

had  not  then  been  elected  fellow.  Adam  Wall,  Si. A.  Ch. )    ,   , 

(  Mod" 

■^  Eeininisc.  p.  48.  W.  Abbot,  M.A.  Joh.  ) 

3  Millington   Massey  was   of  Man-  D'.  W.  Stevenson,  Joh.        '\  V.C.  and 

Chester   School.     He  was   afterwards  S.  Berdmore,  Jos.  I  proctors' 

chaplain  to  \asct.  Weymouth,  rect.  of  Kic.  Browne,  Chr.  I  Honorary 

Corsley  Wilts  (Cfl?Hft.  Chron.  21  May,  J.Hawes,Je.<.  (medallist)  j 'optimes.' 

1768)  and  died  26  Dec.  1807  (Hoare's  M.  Massey,  Joh.  (senior  wrangler). 

Modern  Wilts,  m.  (1)  18.)  Ei.  Watson,  Trin. 

*  Tlie  tripos  for  the  year  1759.  P.  Forster,  Jes. 

Lyuford  Caryl,  D.D.  Je.<.  V.C.  &c..   &c. 


PRIVATE   TUTORS.  201 

education*,  is  of  nccesssity  liable  to  suspicion  of  unfairness, 
but  it  is  gratifying  to  know  that  such  a  charge  has  been 
very  rarely  brought  against  its  decisions.  Watson  Avas  of 
opinion  that  a  plan  which  he  introduced  in  1763,  whereby 
the  preliminary  'classes'  (pp.  45 — 53)  under  examination 
were  composed  no  longer  of  all  the  men  of  one  college,  but  of 
groups  of  men  whose  proficiency  had  been  ascertained  to  be 
appi'oximately  equal,  tended  to  do  away  with  an  element  of 
inequality". 

Such  instances  of  partiality  as  that  to  which  he  referred 
were  particularly  attacked  by  a  grace  of  21  June,  1777,  which 
prohibited  any  examiner  from  having  as  private  pupil  any  one 
who  was  within  a  year  of  his  tripos.  However  there  seems  to 
have  been  occasion  soon  afterwards  (when  the  Smith's  prizeman 
T.  Catten,  or  Catton,  afterwards  tutor  of  S.  John's,  who  wa.s 
expected  to  be  senior  wrangler,  was  put  below  two  others)  for  a 
more  stringent  law  (25  Jan.  1781),  incapacitating  from  his 
degree  any  student^  who  should  read  with  any  private  tutor  as 
a  senior  soph  or  questionist,  indeed  within  two  years  of  his 
degree-time;  but  no  security  was  demanded*.  By  graces  of 
9  April  1807,  3  July  1815,  and  10  May  1824,  the  prescribe<l 
period  was  reduced  from  two  years  to  a  year  and  a  half,  then  to 
one  year,  and  finally  to  six  months;  and  so  I  suppose  it  still 
stands  in  the  ordinance-book. 


J  The  university  of  Louvain  (found-  to  the  number  twelve  in  each  yenr, 

cd  in  1425)  which  presents  a  singular  (see  above,  p.  49,)  icas  strictly  true  of 

instance  of  our  English  collegiate  sys-  the  Louvain  second  class. 

tein  among  foreign  universities,   and  "  ,|„p(.rfofcs  o/Ri. Watson  (1818),  i.  2'.). 

which  was  said  to  have  been  recently  ^  Dr  Webb's   collection   contains   a 

under  the  influence  of  the  Jesuits,  for  printed   copy   of    a   grace   to   abolisli 

whose   church   Leopold   William   laid  private  tutors  for  any  except  jx-nsion- 

the  first    stone  in  1650,    possessed  a  arii   7naiores   (fellow-commoners)   and 

complete  tripos  system  at  least  as  early  noblemen ;    and,    in    favour    of    the 

as  1027  (Vernulaeus,  ii.  6.  «j>.  Sir  W,  ^  co&chcfi'— Queries  addressed  to  Every 

Hamilton's  Discussions,  Appendix,  iii.  Impartial  Member  of  the   Senate,   21 

B).      Tiwrc    they    strictly    prescribed  Jan.  1781  (4to  pp.  3).     Also  The  Tri- 

even   the   quota   to  be   fmnishcd   by  umjyh  of  Duluess,  a  Poem :  occasioned 

each   college  to  the   first  and   second  by  a  late  grace. ..1781.  (-Ito,  pp.  15.) 

class.     It   is   curious  to  observe  that  *  Whewell,     University    Education 

Jebb's    curious     statement    that    the  (1837),  p.  75.     Of  a  Liberal  Education 

Cambridge  f-cnior  optimes  were  limited  ^li-*!')),  §§  209 — 275. 


202  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

The  office  of  college-tutor*  being  often  monopolized  by  a  senior 
fellow  (for  few  juniors  can  have  had  the  spirit  which  enabled 
Paley  to  insist  on  being  taken  into  partnership),  and  residence 
being  the  rule,  there  was  some  temptation  for  newly-elected 
fellows  to  indulge  in  idleness  after  the  severe  tax  which  the 
tripos  is  said  to  have  laid  upon  them,  and  then  to  take  one  or 
two  private  pupils,  instead  of  pursuing  their  own  studies,  as  the 
constitution  of  the  university  required. 

I  have  said  that  the  establishment  of  tutors  on  the  part  of 
the  colleges  tended  to  make  the  professorshii:>s  on  the  part  of 
the  universitij  superfluous  so  far  as  lecturing  went. 

At  the  end  of  the  last  century,  I  believe  not  more  than  one 
in  three  of  the  Oxford  Professors  gave  lectures;  several  of  them 
are  not  reported  to  have  written  or  studied  in  their  chairs. 
Some  particulars  on  these  points  I  have  given  in  another  place**. 

At  the  same  period  nearly  one  half  of  the  Cambridge  pro- 
fessors gave  lectures;  of  the  rest,  Porson,  Watson,  Hailstone, 
Lax,  and  (perhaps)  Milner',  were  doing  useful  work.  One  inter- 
esting particular  has  been  pointed  out,  i.  e.  that  out  of  the  thirty- 
three  professorships  now  enumerated  in  our  Cambridge  Calen- 
dars no  less  than  twelve^  (or  fourteen)  owe  their  origin  to  the 

1  The  TUTORIAL  FEES  pet  quarter  appear  to  have  varied  thus 

in  the  years         1570-76      1721-67  1767-1802  1802  1877. 

s.     d.       £     s.    d.  £     s.    d.  £     s.    d.       £      s.    d. 

Nobleman 13.4      6.0.0  8.0.0  7.10.0     10.    0.0 

,,       .  \?  major    10. 0      3.0.0         4.0.0  3.15.0      7.10.0 

I'ensioner   ■         ■* 

(?  minor      6.8      1.10.0  2.0.0  1.17.6      4.10,0 

Sizar  ?     ?  15.0        j     .  15  .  0  18.9       1.10.0 

I     aft.  IZ. 

The  statistics  for  the  period  1697-1721,  I  have  not  been  yet  able  to  discover, 

'  University  Social  Life  in  the  x\iii^^  1749.  Norrisian,  Divinity,  1777.  Jack- 
Cent.  83 — 87.  Bonian,    Natural    and    Experimental 

3  Frend  and  Reginald  Bligh  severally  Philosophy,    1783.      Downing,   Laws, 

charged  Milner  in  print  with  iueffici-  (1788)  1800.    Downing,  Medicine,  1800. 

ency;   hut  either  of  them  had  a  per-  To   these    may   he   added    Sadlerian, 

Bonal  grudge  against  him.  Mathematics,   1710,  and  Hulsean  Di- 

*  Chemistry,  1702.    PlumianAstron.  viuity  (Clu-istiau  Advocate^  1789,  both 

and  Exper.  Philos.,  1704.     Anatomy,  re-modelled  in  1860.  Whitehall  Preach- 

1707.     Eoyal,  Modern  History,   1724.  er,    1724.— The    Battle    Scholarships 

Ld.  Almoner's  Arabic,  1724.     Botany,  were     founded     in     1746,    Seatoniau 

1724.     Woodwardian,    Geology,   1727.  Pi-ize,  1749.   Chancellors'  Medals,  1751. 

Lowndean,  Astronomy  and  Geometry,  Members'  Prizes,  1752.     Worts'  Tra- 


PROFESSORSHIPS.  2C3 

eighteenth  century,  while  Oxford  was  endowed  with  only  seven* 
in  that  period,  as  compared  with  eight  founded  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  when  Cambridge  gained  only  four.  Perhaps  the 
donations  to  the  Bodleian  in  the  last  century  made  up  this 
inequality  to  Oxford,  though  we  must  not  forget  the  royal 
present  of  books  to  the  whiggish  university.  However,  Cam- 
bridge did  not  owe  her  professorships  to  her  politics:  at  least 
she  received  no  more  from  the  Crown  than  did  her  tory  sister. 
Indeed  lord  Macclesfield  proposed  by  his  scheme  in  1718  (see 
Univ.  Life,  pp.  5G8,  oG9)  to  bribe  students  from  disaffection  in 
both  universities  by  government  favours.  How  far  this  scheme 
of  the  lord  chancellor's  was  carried  into  effect  I  cannot  say. 
Perhaps  his  representations  may  have  suggested  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Modern  History  and  Languages  professorships  in 
1724^ 

To  what  extent  the  Universities  were  affected  by  the  pri- 
vileges or  the  disabilities  which  characterized  the  age,  it  is  no 
easy  task  to  estimate. 

Of  the  territorial  assignment  of  endowments  in  the  way  of 
county  fellowships,  &c.,  we  shall  have  occasion  to  speak  else- 
where ^  The  paucity  of  lay-fellowships,  so  far  as  it  was  a 
disadvantage  to  the  university  and  the  church,  produced  such 
results  indirectly  rather  than  immediately.  This  matter  will 
fall  more  naturally  under  the  head  of  religious  life.     However, 

veiling   Baclielorsliips,   1766,   Smith's  lor's  Prizes,  1768.    Bampton  Lecturer, 

Prizes,  1768.     Sii- W.Browne's  Medals,  1780. 

and  Scholarship,  and  Hulsean  Prize,  ^  jj  jg  interesting  to  find  that  two 

177'1.    Non-isian  Prize,  1780.    Mr  Potts  of  his  suggestions  (1718)  auticii)atcd 

enumerates  about  seventy  benefactors  theprinciplesof  modern  changes  (1860) 

to  the  colleges,  some  of  whom  founded  in   the    most    ancient    foundation    of 

more  than  one  exhibition,  prize,  &c. ,  Peterhouse  : — the   limited   tenures  of 

in  the  last  century.  fellowships  (10  years  for  laymen,  and 

^  At    Oxford:  —  Birkhead,    Poetry,  20  for  clerical  fellows,  compulsory  ac- 

1708.     Royal,  Modem  History,  172-1.  cording  to  his  scheme,  which,  however, 

Rawlinson,     Anglo-Saxon    and    Ijce's  provided  strict  rules  against  non-resi- 

Anatomy,  cir.  1750.     Vinerian  I^aws,  dence)  and  the  life-long  tenure  for  tlio 

1755.    Litchfield,  Clinical,  1772.    Lord  tutors   after  15  years'   service.     The 

Almoner's   Arabic,   1775.     Wo    might  rotation  of  college  olVices,  wliich  is  now 

add,  the  modifications  in  the  Oxford  practically  a  rule,  was  also  cue  of  his 

Botany  Professorship  in  1728  and  \1\)'.\.  dcvii-es. 
Eadcliffo's  Travelling   Fellows,   1715.  ^  Appendix  V. 

Whitehall   Preacher,    1721.     Chancel- 


2G4  UNIVERSITY    STL^DIES. 

it  must  be  confessed  that  Cambridge  and  Trinity  college  came 
near  to  lose  Person,  ostensibly  at  least  through  scarcity  of  lay- 
endowment'. 

The  condition  of  celibacy,  which  is  even  now  with  a  few 
exceptions  required  in  fellows,  found  some  assailants  in  1765 — G, 
3783,  and  1793 — 8^;  but  it  is  not  unlikely  that  its  abolition  at 
such  a  period  would  have  had  disastrous  effects:  at  least,  to 
judge  from  Gunning's  picture  of  society  in  Cambridge,  many  of 
the  dons  would,  in  all  probability,  have  fallen  an  easy  prey  to 
undesirable  matrimonial  connexions  to  an  extent  hardly  to  be 
anticipated  in  the  present  day.  The  abiding  part  of  the  society 
in  each  college  being  clergymen,  it  was  to  be  expected  that 
the  education  there  should  be  either  theological,  or  at  least  not 
such  as  should  train  students  and  their  teachers  for  any  pro- 
fession rather  than  for  Theology.  To  this  perhaps  we  may 
attribute  the  smallness  of  the  effect  produced  by  the  Universi- 
ties upon  the  professions  of  Law  and  Physic,  and  upon  the 
studies  of  those  professions.     (See  above,  Chapters  xi.  and  xiv.) 

It  was  observed  (p.  173)  there  were  'phy sick-fellows'  in  one 
of  the  colleges.  We  may  add  that  at  S.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, there  were  two  law  and  two  medical  fellowships,  not 
indeed  yet  quite  extinct.  In  1627,  K.  Charles  issued  a  mandate 
to  the  college  to  exempt  from  the  necessity  of  proceeding  to  holy 
orders  John  Thompson,  M.A.,  who  had  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  civil  law^,  and  was  employed  in  the  King's  service,  being 
M.P.  for  Cambridge;  and  in  1635  two  fellowships  were  assigned 
to  law  by  royal  letters ^  K.  Charles  II.  likewise  continued  his 
fellowship  for  an  M.D.,  Henry  Paman,  while  he  travelled  in 
1662^ 


1  H.  F.  Gary  of  Ch.  Ch.,  the  trans-      learued  Fellow  of  College  ;   and 

lator  of   Dante,  tried   nnsnccessfnlly  found  near  the  Senate  House.     March 

for  a  lay-fellowship  at  Oriel  in  1791.  21,  1798.'   pp.  8.     In  it  '  Toleration  of 

Memoir  by  his  son,  i.  53,  61.  Marriage,'  the  pamphlet  by  C.  Farish 

^  University  Life,  353 — 7.     To  the  (Qw-),    brother   of    the    professor,    is 

bibliography  of  this  subject  there  given  ridiculed. 

we  may  add  the  title  of  the  following  ^  The   act   of    Hen.   YIH.    allowed 

pamphlet,  of  which  there  is  a  copy  in  Ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  to  D.C.L.s 

Peterhouse  library  [e.  10.  23  (8)],  '  A  in  spite  of  man-iage. 

Fragment  on  Matrimony:  Suppot^ed  to  *  Major's  Baker,  293  n.\    493,  1.  30. 

have   fallen   out  of    the   pocket   of   a  5  ihid.  542,  1.  10. 


LAW   AND    PIIYSICK    (ADDITIONAL).  265 

We  read  occasionally  in  earlier  time  of  Cambridge  doctors  of 
Civil  Law\  but  our  university  still  keeps  up  a  nominal  recog- 
nition of  Canon  Law  by  dubbing  all  and  every  one  of  her  legal 
graduates  bachelor,  or  doctor,  of  Laius  (LL.B.,  LL.D.).  Oxford, 
however,  has  not  kept  up  even  this  semblance,  for  she  knows 
only  the  degree  in  Civil  Law  (D.  C.  L.) ;  nevertheless  when  one 
of  her  doctors  of  Civil  Law  becomes  an  Ecclesiastical  Judge  he 
adopts  almost  always  (as  Dr  W.  G.  F.  Phillimore  informs  me)  in 
legal  documents  the  Cambridge  style  of  doctors  of  Latus. 

Chichele's  foundation  for  canonists  at  All  Souls  has,  under 
the  University  Commissioners,  been  applied  to  fellowships  for 
proficiency  in  Law  and  Modern  History. 

But  we  are  warned  not  to  wander  in  either  direction  beyond 
the  limits  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Suffice  it  therefore  to  say 
that  we  hope  if  Mr  Mullinger  continues  his  early  history  of  the 
University,  he  will  give  us  some  account  of  the  influence  which 
the  clergy  and  the  universities  have  exercised  upon  the  practice 
and  the  study  of  laws.  Sir  Robert  Phillimore  has  already  given 
a  brief  historical  outline  (which  might  be  perused  with  much 
profit  at  the  present  time  when  the  question  of  the  history  of 
ecclesiastical  and  lay  courts  is  so  important)  in  the  Preface  to 
the  1st  volume  of  his  Commentaries  upon  International  Law 
(1854)  pp.  xix. — xxxvi'. 

1  e.g.  the  primary  representatives  in  Sir  Ja.  Eyre,    Commoner  of  Wintou 

parliament  of  the  university,   at  the  and  Merton  (M.A.  1759). 

beginning  of  the   reign  of    James   I.  Jer.  Bentham,  Queen's  (B.A.  17fi4,  aged 

Cooper's  Annals,  ii.  3.  16),   attended  Sir  W.   Blackstone'a 

^  The  list  of  authorities  there  given  lectures, 

and    the    pages    referred   to    in    the  Sir  Soulden  Lawrence,  Joh., 'legista,' 

text  suggest   several  of  the  following  or  Law  fellow,  B.A.  1771,  son  of  the 

names    of    some     judges,    advocates,  eminent  Oxford  anatomical  reader, 

writers  on  international  or  ecclesiasti-  H.  Addiugton,  Vis'.  Sidmouth,  (Com- 

cal  law,  &c.,  who  though  educated  at  moner  of  Winton  and  li.X.C,  uuiv. 

one  or  other  of  our  universities,  have  prize  essay.  1779). 

not    been    commemorated    either    in  Sir  Joh.  Littledale,  Joh.  (B.A.  1787). 

chapter  xi,   or  on  p.  134   among  the  Sir  Alex.  Croke,  Oriel  (B.C.L.  17H7). 

canonists,  &c.  Sir  N.  C.  Tiudal,  Trin.  (B..\.  1799). 

Sir  G.  Hay.  Joh.  (B.C.L.  1737).  Sir  Lane.  Shadwell,  Joli.  (B.A.  1800). 

D'  J.  Bettesworth,   Ch.    Ch.    (B.C.L.  Some  among  these  (like  others  men- 

1744).  tioned  in  ch.  xi.)  took  high  places  in 

D'  G.  Harris  Oriel  (B.C.L.  174-5)  trans-  the  Cambridge  tripos  and  were  fellow.<? 

lated  Justinian's  Institutes.  of  their  College.^,  as  may  be  st  en  from 


2GG  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

When  professor  Mayor's  'Cambridge  in  the  Ile'^jn  of  Qaeeii 
Anne'  is  in  the  hands  of  the  public  the  name  of  John  Marshall 
of  Christ  College  will,  I  presume,  be  better  known  among  Indian 
scholars.  Although  he  was  in  advance  of  his  age'  we  must  be 
content  for  the  present  to  relegate  him  to  the  seventeenth 
century,  when  he  travelled,  until  he  is  formally  introduced  in 
the  company  of  Uffenbach  with  proper  dignity  by  the  professor 
himself. 

The  discoverer  and  editor  of  the  Missing  Fragment  of  the 
latin  translation  of  the  ivth  book  of  Ezra  has  kindly  sent  me  a 
memorandum  of  the  following  testimony  of  Ewald  in  praise  of 
our  Cambridge  professor,  Ockley's  version "^  of  the  Arabic  trans- 
lation of  that  book  barely  mentioned  above. 

'Es  freut  anerkennen  zu  konnen,  dass  Ockley,  welcher  den 
fachkennern  auch  als  ubersetzer  der  Wagidiiischen  geschichte 
der  eroberung  Syriens  bekannt  ist,  hier  eine  im  ganzen  nicht 
bios  lesbare  sondern  auch  zuverliissige  libersetzung  gegeben  hat. 
Zwar  irrt  er  einige  mahl  ziemlich  stark:  fiir  seine  zeit  aber, 
muss  man  sagen,  war  er  nach  diesem  zeugnisse  ein  ausgezeich- 
neter  kenner  des  arabischen.  Auch  merkt  man  leicht,  dass  er 
hier  iiberall  mit  liebe  arbeitete.' 

It  appears  that  the  recovered  fragment  had  been  seen  in 
a  Complutensian  MS.  by  John  Palmer  (Joh.),  who  held  the 
Adams  professorship  of  Arabic  (1804 — 19),  and  afterwards  aug- 
mented its  endowment  by  his  bequest.  His  journal  has  been 
recently  brought  to  light,  and  its  contents  have  been  described 
in  the  Journal  of  Philology. 

Mr  Bensly,  to  whose  unsparing  kindness  I  am  indebted  for 
the  following  information  also,  has  shewn  me  that  there  is  much 
interesting  matter  to  be  collected  relative  to  Cambridge  and 

tlie   Univ.  Calendar,  -whicli  will   also  tloned  —  W.    Murray   Ld.    Mansfield 

testify  to  the  early  honours  of  many  of  (born  1705)  of  Ch.  Ch.,  J.    Freeman 

our  judges  at  the  commencement  of  Mitford  Ld.  Eedesdale  (born  1748)  of 

the  19""  century.     A  complete  list  of  Neic  Coll.,  and  Ko.  Plumer  Ward  (born 

our    IS"*    century    university    jurists  1765)  of  Ch.  Ch. 

would  probably  contain  many  eminent  ^  See  above  pp.  156,  162,  163  n. 

names  here  omitted.  ^  Printed  in  the  Appendix  to  vol.  rv. 

Among  those  who  did  not  stay  at  of    "Wliistou's   Primitive    Christiauiti/ 

Oxford  long  enough  to  take  a  degree  Reviv'd.     Loud.  1711. 
(see  above,  p.  114  n.)  might  be  men- 


ORIENTALISTS    (ADDITIONAL).  2G7 

Oxford  oriental  studies  in  the  period  preceding  that  with  which 
we  are  specially  concerned.  The  following  remarks,  however, 
relate  more  closely  to  the  18th  century  \ 

Dr  Humphrey  Prideaux  asserted"  that  he  had  the  offer  of 
the  hebrew  professorship  vacated  by  Pococke,  and  ultimately 
filled,  as  we  have  seen  (p.  168),  by  D"'  Hyde,  but  that  he  refused  it 
because  he  'nauseated'  at  once  the  study  of  hebrew  and  residence 
in  Christ  Cliurch,  which  would  have  been  his  abode,  as  it  had 
been  in  the  days  when  he  published  the  Marmora  Oxoniensia. 

Mention  ought  to  have  been  made  above  of  Jean  Gagnier,  a 
Parisian  orientalist  who  renounced  his  orders  on  account  of  the 
obligation  to  celibacy,  and  declared  himself  a  protestant.  'His 
principal  works'  (says  JVP  Thompson  Cooper)  'are  an  edition  of 
Joseph  Ben  Gorion's  History  of  the  Jews,'  with  a  Latin  translation 
[ito  Oxon.  170G];  an  edition  of  Abulfeda's  "Life  of  Mohammed," 
in  Arabic  and  Latin  [fol.  Oxon.  1723];  and  Vindiciae  Kircheri- 
anae,  seu  defensio  Concordantiarum  Graecarum  Conradi  Kir- 
cheri,  adv.  Abr.  Trommii  animadversiones."  [1718.]'  Gagnier 
received  the  degree  of  M.A.  at  Cambridge  per  litteras  regias  in 
1703,  and  afterwards  settled  at  Oxford^.  He  died  2  March,  17-iO. 
The  work  done  by  the  oriental  professors  as  university  officers 
was  not  great:  they  may  have  been  discouraged,  as  Castell  was 
in  the  previous  century,  by  some  decline  in  the  interest  shewn 
by  students  in  their  special  study,  till  (as  we  have  seen)  they 
lost  the  habit  of  lecturing,  and  satisfied  their  consciences,  or  the 
requirements  of  the  age,  by  contributing  their  copy  of  verses  to 
the  collection  oiluctus  et  gratidationes*  and  the  like,  on  those 
public  occasions  which  were  found  for  them  indeed  with  toler- 

^  W.  BocTwell  made  vast  collectiong  p.  150. 
for  an  arabic  lexicon,  which  are  now  ^  Among  the  Grnduati  O.ronienses 
among  the  MSS.  in  the  University  is  '(lagnier  (John)  Wadh.  B.A.  Oct. 
Library.  These  materials  Castell  used  24,  1740.— M.A.  July  '2,  1713;'  who 
for  the  arable  portion  of  his  polyglott  was,  I  suppose,  son  of  the  above-men- 
lexicon.  See  H.  J.  Todd's  Memorial  tioned  orientalist. 
of  Brian  Walton,  i.  106.  Pattison's  *  One  of  these  collections,  that  on 
Is.  Casaubon,  p.  329.  Q.  Anne's  accession  in  1702,  has  been 

For  a  notice  of  the  arabic  taylor,  already  noticed  pp.   104,  165  ;   and  a 

H.  Wild,  who  came  from  Norwich  to  list  of  such  collections  of  verses,  none 

Oxford,   see  Macray's   Annals   of    the  of  them  of  course  exclusively  oriental, 

Bodleian,  pp.  141,  142.  may  bo  found  in  my  Univcniti/  Llu\ 

3  Letters  to  Ellis,  Crt/nff.^oc.  (1873),  pp.   6U'J-^10.     Mr  Beusly  has  kindly 


268  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

able  regularity.  At  least  one  of  them  went  so  far  as  to  give  up 
for  a  time  even  tlie  pretence  of  residence,  and  to  take  pupils  in 
Edinburgh  \ 

taken  the  trouble  to  note  the  names  of      docs  not  speak  very  liigbly  of  the  com- 
oricutal  versifiers  in   several  more  of       iDositiou. 
these    sets  at  different  i^eriods.      He 

anno.  1097.     A  hebrew  poem,  auctore  T.  Bennet  A.M.  coll.  .Toh.  Soc. 
1700.         hebrew  P.  AUix,  coll.  Eegiu.  alumno. 

^^'^^'®^^{ Simon  Ockley,  A.B.  Coll.  Begin. 

arable   ) 

hebrew Greg.  Clarke,  Aul.  Cuth.  alumno. 

1715.        hebrew      '\ 

(greek  andl Phil.  Bouquet,  S.T.  et  ling.  S.  Prof. 

latin)  ) 

hebrew Jo.  Wake,  Coll.  .Jes.  alumno. 

1751.         arable  Leon.  Chappelow. 

hebrew  Th.   Harrison,    A.M.,    Coll.    Trin.    Soc, 

Ling.  S.  P. 

hebrew Fleetwood  Churchill,  Aulae  Clar.  alumno. 

hebrew Bob.  Hankinson,  Coll.  Chr.  Soc. 

arable Bi.  Forester,  A.M.,  Aul.  Pemb. 

hebrew B.  Sutton,  Trin.  Coll. 

hebrew Th.  Evans,  A.B.,  Coll.  Jes. 

1760.  arable L.  Chappelow,  Ling  Arab.  P. 

hebrew  Guil.  Disney,  Ling.  Hebr.  P. 

hebrew  S.  Hallifax,  Aul.  Trin.  Soc. 

hebrew Ja.  Sheeles,  A.B.,  Coll.  SS.  Trin. 

1761.  arable L.  Chappelow. 

hebrew  Guil.  Disney,  Ling.  Hebr.  Prof.  Beg. 

hebrew H.  Flitcroft,  C.  C.  C.  Soc.  Comm. 

arable Jo.  Wilson,  Coll.  Trin.  alumno. 

1762.  arable L.  Chappelow,  Ling.  Arab.  Prof. 

hebrew Guil.  Disney,  Ling.  Hebr.  P.  Beg. 

hebrew J.  Cowper,  A.M.,  C.C.C. 

hebrew  H.  Flitcroft,  A.M.,  C.C.C. 

hebrew  Ja.  Eaton,  Coll.  Div.  Pet.  alumno. 

arabic J.  Wilson,  A.B.,  Coll.  Trin. 

1763.  arabic L.  Chapellow,  Ling.  Ar.  Prof. 

hebrew Guil.  Disney,  Ling.  Hebr.  Prof. 

arabic S.  Hallifax,  Aul.  Trin.  Soc. 

hebrew T.  Bennett,  Coll.  Trin. 

1  His  advertisement  (on  the  fly-leaf  Begins    Hebrew  Professor,    at    Cam- 

of  The  British  Indian  Monitor,  vol.  i.  bridge,  continues  to  receive  into  his 

1806)  is  thus  expressed,  house  a  limited  Number  of    Pupils, 

'Education.  who  may  require  a  complete  Private 

The  Bcv.  Henry  Lloyd,  D.D.  former-  Education,  or  to  be  prepared,  either 

ly  a  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  and  now  fur  an  English  Public  School  or  Uui- 


CONCLUSION.  200 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  statement,  with  which  this  con- 
cluding chapter  must  now  be  brought  to  an  end,  touches  upon 
a  blot  in  Cambridge  histoiy. 

Before  he  began  to  search  the  records  themselves,  the  writer, 
trusting  to  vague  report,  expected  to  find  those  records  disfigured 
with  Very  many  blots  of  this  kind. 

He  rejoices  to  say  that  he  now  believes  that  the  annals  of 
Cambridge  study  in  the  eighteenth  century  (like  some  ancient 
manuscript  more  spoken  of  than  read)  on  closer  inspection  shew 
more  fair  pages  and  reveal  more  honest  work  than  he  at  least 
had  hoped  to  find. 

As  for  the  sister  university:  it  is  difficult  even  at  Sparta  not 
to  praise  the  Athenians.  But  modern  Oxford  needs  no  praise 
from  the  writer;  while  he  has  already  said  how  dim  he  thinks 
lier  glory  had  become  a  century  ago.  It  may  be  that  those  who 
have  a  deeper  knowledge  of  Oxford  history  and  records  will  find 
grounds  for  modifying  his  belief  in  the  unfavourable  accounts 
of  Oxford  which  have  been  quoted  in  this  book.  Some  of  them 
no  doubt  were  penned  by  enemies  of  Athens.  Possibly  the 
writer  himself,  if  he  could  have  accepted  the  invitations  of 
hospitality  which  were  not  wanting,  would  have  found  some 
records  of  late  eighteenth  century  activity  at  Oxford  which 
escaped  him  when  he  last  had  leisure  to  search  her  treasure- 
houses. 

As  to  his  own  work,  he  would  be  well  pleased  if,  of  the 
subjects  so  imperfectly  and  unskilfully  treated  in  the  several 
chapters  of  the  present  book,  each  one  were  properly  handled  in 
a  monograph  by  one  who  had  given  his  attention  to  that  special 

versity,    the    East    India    Collo<?e   nt  No.  1.  South  Side,  Goorpre  Street. 

Hertford,  or  the  Seminaries  in  Edin-  Edinburgh.' 

burgh.     Witii  a  view  to  facilitate  the  D""  Henry  Lloyd  follow  of  Trinity, 

progress  of  Oriental  Literature  in  his  lO'*"  wrangler  in  ITHo,  was  Ling.  Heb. 

native  City,  and  render  himself  essen-  Prof.  Reg.  179.') — 18H1.     He  projioscd 

tially  useful  to   those   of    his  yoimg  to   translate   Eichhorn's   Introduction 

countrymen  who  may  have,  or  expect  to  the  Old  Testament.     See  Classical 

appointments  to  India,  D""  Borthwick  Journal,  iii.  243.    Life  of  Geddes,  pp. 

Gilchrist,    formerly  Professor   iu  the  545,  546  (Geddes  to  Eichhorn).      Sir 

College  of  Fort  William,  &c.(tc.  ,ha3  W.    Hamilton's     Discussions     (ed.    1. 

ofifered  his  occasional    Assistance,    in  1852)  p.   508. 
this  Branch  of  Instnu-tion. 


270  UNIVERSITY    STUDIKS. 

branch  of  science  or  literature.  Each  nionograpli  then  might 
shew  what  advances  have  been  made  since  the  commencement 
of  the  nineteenth  century,  and  we  should  see  how  in  the  places 
where  a  century  ago  were  blots  and  blanks  (as  in  the  instance 
of  Cambridge  oriental  studies  cited  above),  the  vellum  is  clear, 
the  letters  now  painfully  and  severely  traced  are  beginning  to 
follow  one  another,  andby  the  blessing  of  the  Divine  Illuminator 
whose  is  'the  silver  and  the  gold,'  the  glory  will  at  last  crown 
the  work  of  the  faithful  hearts  and  hands  labouring  in  our 
Colleges  and  Universities. 

And  to  Cambridge  men  this  page  would  say 

Spartam  .  NAcrv^s  .  ES 
HANC  .  EXORNA. 


APPENDICES. 

I.  Praevaricatio  M"''  Duport,  Trin.  coll.  Socii.  1G31.  Notes 
of  a  Musick  Speech,  Terrae  FiUus  and  l']dlo8op1ier^8 
speech  Oxon.  1G15. 

II.  Letters,  etc.  from  Cambridge  Undergi-adnates  [J.  Rtrypo,] 
W.  Reneu  (Jes.),  T.  Goodwin  (Trin.),  J.  Hincke.sniaii 
(Qu.),  T.  Hinckesman  (Trin.),  and  W.  Gooch  (Caius). 
— 170i— 91. 

III.  A  Student's  Guide  by  Dan  Waterland  (Magd.)  1706—40, 

IV.  'EyKUKXoTraiSeia.     A  Scheme  of  Study  by  Ro.  Green  (Clare) 

1707. 

V.  Examinations  for  Fellowships  and  Scholarships  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  Zouch's  scheme.  The  Aimnnl 
May  Examination,  ttc. 

VI.  Annual  Examinations  at  S.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
17G5 — 75.  Old  examination  pajjer  from  Caius  Coll. 
Library. 

VII.     Proctor's  Honorary  Senior  Optimes  and  Aegrotat  Degrees. 
1750—97. 
Junior  Proctor's  Memoranda.     1752. 
Old  University  Calendars  170G,  kc. 

VIII.     Specimens  of  the  Schools  Jri7?<Htc«/6\     1772 — 92. 

IX.  Chronological  Memoranda  relating  to  the  Univcndly 
Press. 

List  of  Classical  editions  and  Publications,  1701 — 1800. 


APPENDIX  I. 


Relliquiae  Comitiales 

Duport  1631  ;    Shepheard 
h  Raleigh  1G15. 


RELLIQUIAE    COMITIALES. 

SaEC.    XVII, 

1.  Duport's  praevaricator's  speech.     Camb   1631. 

2 — 4.  Notes  of  Shepluard's  musick-speech,  the  tekrae-filius,  and  Raleigh's 
philosopher's  speech.     O.ron.  161o. 

WiiEX  I  was  hunting  up  the  antiquities  of  the  Cambridge  comitta, 
and  especially  particulars  relating  to  the  B.A.  disputant  'Mr  Tripos^ 
and  the  M.A.  Praevaricator  or  Yarier,  which  are  ])rinted  in  my 
UnhcrsUy  Life,  pp.  207 — 307,  I  mentioned,  on  dean  Peacock's 
authority,  what  he  called  *a  beautiful  specimen'  of  a  praevaricator'.s 
speech  Uy  Dr  James  Duport. 

1  felt  no  doubt  that  it  was  a  well-known  MS.,  but  to  my  surpi-ise 
on  enquiry  no  tidings  of  its  habitat  could  1  find,  until  after  a  lapse 
of  two  years  my  eye  was  attracted  by  a  record  of  it  in  the  Donation- 
book  in  the  library  of  Gouville  and  Caius.  Through  the  kindness  of 
the  past  and  the  present  librarians,  E.  J.  Gro.s:«,  Esq.  and  the  Rev. 
H.  B.  Swete,  I  am  able  to  print  the  production;  but  in  what  sense 
the  former  dean  of  Ely  called  it  a  beautiful  specimen  the  reader  (if 
there  be  one  sufficiently  gentle  and  patient)  will  judge. 

It  is  certainly  curious  as  the  somewhat  juvenile  production  (as 
M.A.  of  the  first  year)  of  one  who  was,  as  I  have  elsewhere  duscrilnd 
him,  'Greek  professor  (16-39 — 54),  vice-master  of  Trinity  (IG.j.")), 
prebendary  of  Lanr^ford  Ecdesia  in  Lincoln  Cathedral,  archdeacon  of 
Stow  and  deau  of  Peterborough.  His  earliest  important  publication 
was  an  ejnt'ijjhiuni  on  the  death  of  Bacon,  and  his  last  act  at  Ti-inity 
was  to  take  ])art  in  the  electi(m  of  Newton  to  a  scholarship  in  lOG-1  ; 
and  almost  his  last  deed  was  in  1G79  tosend  Barrow  a  subscrij)tion  of 
£200  for  the  building  of  Trinity  library.  While  he  was  an  under- 
graduate in  1622 — 6  he  wrote  several  carniina  comi/ialin,  which  wo 
call  usually  "tripos  verses."'  He  was  also  a  royal  chaplain,  a  popular 
tutor  of  Trinity,  and,  in  1668 — 79,  master  of  Magdalene.  His  father, 
Dr  John  Duj)ort,  had  been  master  of  Jesus  college  (1590 — 161>^), 
where  James  Duport  was  born  in  1606. 

The 'J///.sa?  Subsecivae  s^M  Pocfica  Stromata  auctore  J.  D.'  were 
printed  in  1676.      Many  of  them  have  a  comitial  character. 

The  entire  composition  may  be  compared  with  the  speech  of 
Darby  of  Jesus  (thirty  years  later),  Vhich  has  been  jirinted  from  the 
Hunter  ms.  (44.9)  by  the  Surtoes  Society,  Huitrm  Corrrnpoii</t'nre, 
prefice  x — xvi,  and  with  the  more  juvenile />rrt/;/sj"o  ?'??  /<?*//.■*  nrsdris 
(162S)  in  Milton's  Prose  Wnrks. 

w.  18 


274  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Caius  Coll.  Lil>r.iry  M.S.  G27  (  -  250,  rod.) 

PRAEVARICATIO  M'^^  DUPORT  TAn.  Coll.  Socij.     Anno 
Doni.   1G31. 

Quaestio  sic  se  habet. 

Aurum  potest  prodnci  per  artein  Chymicam. 

Salve  Dignissiine  Doctissimcque — Qiiem  si  vel  nominare  andoam 
suspensus  sim :  Salvete  et  vos  Procuratores  ambo.  Tu  impriiuis 
Senior  Procurator  qui  me  ci'easti  anteqiiam  esses  Patei'.  Tu  etiam 
qui  €^  Iripov  sedes,  siniixl  et  Magistri  Regeutes  et  non-Regentes  et  vos 
(jui  propter  gravitatem  videmini  Patres,  et  vos  qui  propter  levita- 
tem  estis :  necnon  et  vos  Viri  Oxonienses,  qui  Bicipitis  Parnassi 
culmen  habitatis  alteruin,  alterumque  hoc  jam  praegnans  s])ecta- 
tum  venistis,  et  Jovis  instar  gravidum  Miuervfi  caput.  Partuiit 
hodie  mous  noster,  parturiet  modo  vester.  Parturiunt  montes  en 
])rodit  ridiculus  mus.  Ergo  quid  mihi  vobiscum  %  Ego  non  sum 
vester  Praevaricatoi-,  quia  non  sum  gigas  (re)  Terrae-rilius\  Heu 
habuistis  virum  Terrae- Filium  Gigantem  scilicet  virum  statura  emi- 
nent! at  secundus  Praevaricator  inter  iios  (si  id  nescitLs)  est  sui 
Anni  ffilins  natu  minimus.  Corpulentus  ille  plura  secum  adduxit 
coi'pora,  ego  unum  tantummodo,  idque  perexiguum".  Jamque  ad 
vos  descendo  Fluctu^ns  et  inconstans  Academicorum  vulgus,  quorum 
tantum  vertices  mihi  apparent.  Quidni  ego  vos  dicam  capita  Aca- 
demiae?  Video  equidem  vestrum  omnia  ora  atque  oculos  in  me  esse 
conversos.  Liceat  mihi  celsitudinem  etiam  vestram  salutare,  qui  nos 
omnes  despicitis  qui  tarn  attenti  hue  mihi  adestis  et  A-eluti  oculis  ac 
auribus  suspensi  inter  fumos  ab  ore  mco  pendentes.  Liceat  milii  vobis 
valedicere  antequam  scala  nostrae  orationis  convertatur.  Ego  humil- 
limus  vester  Praevaricator  vobis  aliquot  gradibus  superior  jubeo  vos 
male  audire.  Foeminas  utcunque  heri  in  ])rimo  loco  positas  ego 
tamen  posthabeo  quippe  cum  nihil  fere  audiunt  nee  intelliguut 
tantum  vident  id  manticae  quod  a  tergo  est.  et  certe  opus  est  vestra 
patientia  quae  tam  diu  sedetis  et  nihil  iutelligitis. 

Aures  vestrae  non  sunt  vobis  usui,  quaeso  eas  mihi  accommodate  : 
ego  aurum  ex  illis  extraham.  Ab  eis  enim  subjectum  nostrae  quaes- 
tionis  viz. :  Aurum  dependet ;  ex  iis  igitur  aurum  potest  produci. 
Quid  plura?  Corona  undique  Spectatissima,  Spectatissimaeque,  valere 
plurimum  jubet  Hodiernus  Praevaricator  qui  quantus  est  totus  totns 
est  vester;  sed  non  vacat  diutius  salutationil)us  immorari.  Causi- 
dicus  sum   non   Aulicus,   nam    pro    Auro    causam    ago.      Hesternus 

1  One  of  the  jests  of  Tom  Bromi,  following  extract   from   Pepvs'  7)/<7r?/ 

the  irregular  Ch.  Ch.  wit  (cir.  1680),  was  (8  Feb.  lfi()2— 8)  uotices  this'  personal 

Hn  argument  in  favour  of  the  greater  peculiarity  to  which  Dnport  himself  so 

antiquity  of  Oxford  as  compared  with  goodhnraonredly    alludes.     '  I  walked 

Cambridge  on  the  ground  that  Adam  to  White  Hall  to  chappell  where  there 

was  terrae  jilius  before  he  became  a  preached  httle  Pr  Diiport  of  Cambridge 

praevaricator.  ...the  most  flat  dead  sermon  both  for 

8  Barrow  frequently  alludes  to  the  matter  and  manner  of  delivery  that 

short  stature  of  Duport  his  preceptor  ever  I  heard,  and  very  long  beyond  his 

and  predecessor  in  the  greek  professor's  hour,  which  made  it  worse  ' 
chair.  O'yr Ax  (Napier),  ix.  37, 141.    The 


DVPORTI   PRAEVARICATIO.      1G31.  27-5 

Pracvaricator  ad  compotationem  vcis  invitavit,  ncc  niiruni  cum  fuit 
Vinitoi'  at  cibiim  vobis  non  apposuit,  quare  non  mirum  si  adhuc  ii)se 
esnriat,  uti  dixit,  cum  in  Corpore  Acadcmico  nondum  sit  completiis 
Venter  (i.)  completiis  Magister  Artis'.  Vinum  vobis  non  dedit, 
fortasse  quia  non  venistis  cum  parata  pecuniii.  Conviviura  vobis 
paiavit,  sed  Academici  vix  solvendo  esse  sclent.  Ut  igitur  fidem 
cum  illo  servetis,  aiirura  apporto  quod  pro  sj'mbolis  detis,  nam 
si  desit  vobis  pecunia  Aurum  potest  produci  per  Artem  Chymicam. 
Bonum  meliercule  omen  in  ipso  limine  Qnaestionis  aurum  rejierio. 
Cum  igitur  aurum  ultro  se  tractandum  offeiat,  quis  nisi  mentis  inops 
oblatum  respuif?  Sic  itaquo  aggredior.  Pulclierrima  Domina,  amor 
et  deliciae  luimani  genei-is,  splendor  tui  vultus  perstringit  oculornm 
meoriim  aciem.  At  quid  est  obsecro  quod  tarn  subitb  palles  1  La- 
boras  eo  morbo  qui  dictur  ^^oli  me  tamjere,  et  recte  mones,  nam 
excellens  sensibile  corrumpit  sensum^  Ego  vero  Auditores  (fatebor 
enim)  jamdiu  Auri  amore  captus  carmen  hoc  encomiasticum  de  eo 
scripsi,  quod,  si  j^lacet,  recitabo. 

Si  quid  est  quod  nos  amamus, 
Illud  Aurum  appellamus  : 
A  urea  aetas  aureum  velliis 
Et  in  vere  Aurea  Tellus. 
Intonsus  fflavus  est  Apollo 
Quoniam  aureum  habet  Polio. 
Nam  ut  Criuis  est  tonsura 
Sic  et  Ami  est  ere  sura. 
Sed  baec  magis  criminalis, 
Licet  utraque  Capitalis "''. 
Est  et  Pcgi  Aureus  stultus 
•Et  nonnullis  aureus  vultus. 
Si  agit  aniens  Unit  sermo 
Ut  Caiisidici  in  Termo. 
En  et  Patri  Aureus  pileus'' 
Et  ad  dexti'am  aureus  filins. 
Aureus  Annulus  est  Doctori ' 
Xpvaovv  (TTOfxa  Professori. 
Habet  Pa-pa  aureas  Bnllas 
Quae  nunc  lialient  vires  nullas. 
Legendani  aurcam  Papistae 
Qui  obtrndunt  sunt  sopliistae. 

1  AlluilinR   to   the   iutrodnction    to  ••  'In    Va^pcrih  Comiliorum...     Tho 

Porsius'  Satires.  V.  C,    not   bcinp;  a   FntluT   is   in    his 

-  Mr  H.  Jackson  refers  ns  to  Aris-  Scarlet  tiown,  his  Cap  bcinp  r/rtr;ns/«rf 

totle, — Tuif  alaO-qTwv  al  vvfp'fio\al   (fteei-  )rit}i  qold  Lnrr;   hut  if  he  he  a  Father, 

povffi  TO.  alffOtjTTjpia.     Do  Aiiiiiia  ii.  12.  then  he  goclh  in  liis  Cope;  and  fo  do 

wai'Tos  fj.h  sal  alad-qrov  vireplioXr]  avaipd  the  other  Fntliers  u-ith  llu-ir  Cupx  (jur- 

t6  aladriT-npioi>.    Ibid.  ni.  Vi.  vishcd.'     Bedel  Buck's  Bnah,  (l(3t>5). 

3  Cp.  'Jt  is  no  English  Treason  to  *  The  JUn(i  among  the  iuKiniiia  doc- 

cut  P'rench  Crownes,   and  to  morrow  tnralin  is  exjilained  hv  Bentley  in  tho 

the  King  himselfe  will  he  a  Clipper.'  speech  printed  hcfore  his  Terence,  as 

The  Life  i>f  llenrij  the  Fifth,  Aft  iii.  tlie  (nihlem  of  libirty. 

IS  -2 


270  IJNIVEUSITY   STUDIESv 

Nam  verlxi  haec  sunt  divideiula 
Aiuoa  est,  sed  nou  Legenda. 
Quidam  Asiiuis  est  Aureus 
(<2»alem  pinxit  Apulcjus. 
Et  si  habeat  nietalhua 
Aureum  dixero  Caballum, 
Demasthcni,  si  causa  fugit, 
Aureus  bos  in  lingua'  niugit. 
Aiireus  i)itor  est  iu  stellis, 
Aurei  baculi  sunt  B^dellis. 
Si  qua  divite  fluit  vena 
Ilia  Aurea  est  Camoena. 
Auiea  njala  ex  Hispania 
^[issa  capimus;   o  Insania. 
Ei^Opwv  a'Swpa  8«3pa  KoXd, 
Aurea  suut,  sed  tamen  inala. 
Et  si  qua  videtur  Bella, 
Ilia  Aui-ea  est  Puella. 
Si  quid  est  quod  nos  anr.amus 
lUud  Aureum  appellamus. 

At  quid  ego  infelix  procus  versibus  liisce  amatorijs  aurum  emollire 
mihi  conciliare  satago  1  Nunquam  nunquani  recte  illi  peibuadere 
})otero  ut  niecum  una  sit  et  permaneat.  Ciim  igitur  Acadeniici 
aurum  tam  durum  sit,  lit  neqiieat  flecti,  ad  vos  accedo.  Aequissimi 
Judices  modo  causae  meae  fiiveatis,  hem  vobis  auinim.  Si  quid  est 
apud  me  atiri  Judices,  quod  sentio  qu:\m  sit  exiguuni,quaeso  obtest orque 
vos,  ut  id  potius  Crumenae  meae  quam  magnitudiiii  vestrorum  bene- 
ficiorum  tribuendum  piitetis.  Aurum  j^otest  prodnci,  &c.  Primus 
terminus  quaestionis  est  satis  conspicuus.  Aurum  tamen  sumitur 
multis  modis.  Et  primo  aiu-um  sumitur  vel  directe  vel  indirecte. 
2"  sumitur  vel  large  vel  stricte;  Aurum  stricte  vel  praecise  sumitur  a 
Fratre  oppidano;  Aurum  large  sumitur  a  larga  conscientia.  Nam  Tit 
forma  exteuditur  ad  extensionem  materiae,  ita  aurum  extenditur 
ad  extensionem  conscientiae ;  Sed  qui  sic  extendit  aurum  ad  ex- 
tensionem Conscieutiae,  diguus  est  qui  extendat  collum  ad  exten- 
sionem Carnificis.  3"  Aurum  sumitur  \e\  inclusive  vel  exclu- 
sive, exempli  gratia  respectu  Crumenae  Senioris  Fratris  a\u-um 
sumitur  inclusive,  respectu  meae,  exclusive.  4°  Aurum  sumitur  vel 
spontanee,  vel  invite,  spontanee  ab  omnibus,  invite,  a  nemine.  5^ 
Aurum  sumitur  vel  pro  voce  ut  ab  Academicis,  vel  pro  re  ut  ab 
©[•indanis.  Cum  sumitur  pro  voce  est  vox  ad  placitum  vel  potius  pro 
placito.  6°  Aurum  sumitur  vel  absolute  et  sine  respectu  vel  respf  c- 
tivfe  et  conditionaliter.  Aurum  conditionaliter  sumitur  vel  a  priori 
vel  a  Posteriori.  7"  Aurum  sumitur  vel  aeqiialiter  vel  inaequalitcr, 
Aurum  aequaliter  sumitur  inter  Procuratores.     Aurum  inacqualiter 

1  Cf.  jSoi/s  iirl  y\uicr(Trj.  Aesch.  Agam.  a  reference  to  the  tale  of  Plutarch  and 

36.     Duport  maj'  have  noticed  on  the  CfelHus  concerning  Demosthenes'  iu- 

sanie   page   {Achifiia   520  h.    1617)    in  disposition  from  dpyvpd-^xv- 
which  Erasmus  treats  of  Bo.^  in  liinjiia 


APPENDIX    I.  fi77 

suniitur  inter  Fratres,  et  (quod  niirum  est)  inter  oti-am  socios.  8' 
Aiinim  sumitur  vel  in  Croeso,  vel  in  Cnisso,  vel  in  (Jrosso.  Aiiruiu 
in  Croeso  est  aurum  Foeneratoris,  in  Cimsso  Aviruni  <Uuitis,  in  Grosso 
auruin  notarii  Causidicalis.  9"  Auruni  suniitur  vel  sinipliciter,  et 
tunc  est  grave,  vel  non  simpliciter,  sive  additameuto  aliquo,  et  tuni 
est  leva.  Aurum  sumitur  multis  praeterea  vijs  et  niodis,  quos  ego 
lubens  ignoro  : — et  tantum  de  varia  Acceptione  Auri. 

Sequitur  ejus  Definitio. 

Aurum  est  intestina  pestis  Liteus  in  venis  et  visceribus  Terrae. 
Vel  quoiiiam  nonnuUi  cum  Aurum  tractent  sibi  videntur  Caelum 
digito  tangere,  Aurum  potest  detiuiri  ut  Caelum,  Quod  est  corpus 
solidum,  rotuudum,  lucidum,  et  per  orbem  mobile.  Sed  quotuplex 
est  Aurum]  Hem  vos  Socij,  Bona  Nova',  hodie  futura  est  Auri 
divisio:  Nam  aurum  sumptnni  in  commuui  est  divideudum,  et 
primum  noa  incommode  me  futurum  existimo,  si  distinguam  de 
Auro  juxta  tritum  illud  Hebraeorum  proverbium"  iti  loculo,  in  poculo, 
ill  oculo.  Aurum  in  loculo  est  corpus  squalidum,  rubiginosum,  senile 
et  siccum,  quod  facile  suis  terrainis  continetur.  Aurum  in  poculo 
est  aurum  potabile,  seu  corpus  liumidum,  quod  difficulte  suis  termi- 
nis  continetur.  Vel  aurum  in  poculo,  seu  poculum  aureum  est  corpu.«i 
solidum,  seu  succi  plenum  ;  Aurum  in  oculo  est  dives  facies  aut 
vultus  pretiosus,  Et  hoc  Aurum  Ai'istoteles  libro  millesimo  Me- 
teoromineralium,  capite  proximo  post  ultimum  sic  describit.  Est 
meteoron  ignitum  ex  multitudiue  va{)orum  c  ventriculo  in  cerebrum 
ascendeutium  ortum,  et  ad  mediam  faciei  regionem  erectum,  ibique 
liaereus  mediocriter  rutilans  et  scintillans.  Idem  in  libro  centesimo 
physiognomonicometallieorum,  capite  immediate  praecedente  prinnim, 
ait,  quod  lioc  Aurum  facile  producitur  per  artem  potandi.  '1"  etiam 
Aurum  non  distril)uitur  cuique  secundum  Intellectum,  ut  patet  ex  ejus 
definitionibus  in  CoUegio  factis.  potest  tamen  ita  dividi,  ut  Intellec- 
tus  in  Aurum  in  actu,  in  Aurum  in  habitu,  in  Aurum  in  potenlia. 
Aurum  in  actu  fit  recipiendo  Imagines  impressas  in  manum  [)er  vim 
appreliensionum.  Aurum  in  habitu  est  aurum  melioris,  vel  cum  quis 
ex  imagiuibus  prius  receptis  comparavit  sibi  habitum  auri.  Aurum 
in  potentia  est  Aurum  Academicum,  vel  cum  quis  habet  naturaleui 
}>roi)ensitatem  ad  recipiendum  Aurum,  illud  tamen  actu  non  recipit 
ob  aliquod  impedimentum,  puta  o[)pidanus  quis[)iam  qui  profecto 
habet  naturalem  incliuationem  ad  aurum  meum  recipiendum,  cul>icu- 
lum  meum  advenit,  fores  clausas  invcnit,  (ft  sic  discedit,  ille  jam 
j>ro]»ter  iudispositionem  medij,  aunuu  a  mc  actu  non  recipit  habet 
tamen  illud  in  Potentia. 

1   'Bona  wtjra' — one  of  the  mystori-  Clidlihiiciiin  Tnliiiiiilirntn  et  n<ihb.  col. 

ons   furniuliio   utterod  by  one  of  tlio  lo;52    s.    v.    DO  —  Aimd    Taliuudicos 

bedells  at  the  ancient  ceremony  of  'the  10133  10*23  ~ID*3  DHX  D'"I2T  nL"^L"3 

order  of  the  questiouists'— i.  q.  '  Guvd  1Dy33  /;/  'rihus  irhiis  homo  coijunscihir, 

Hf  ?f.s- .''     See  Unii\  Socicti/,  r-  2'^0.  /„  lomlo  sun,  in  inu-ulo  sno,  et  in  int 

'■^  Here  there  are  some  hebrew  letters  sua,  Ernbhin  fol.  (i5.  col.  2.     Duport 

which  are  incorrectly  written  in  the  happily  imitates  the  tnjde  assonance 

MS.     Dr  Schiller- Szinessy  has  kindly  of  the"  original  IvUiso,  Ivkoso,  bfka'so 

pointed  out  the   Talmudic   reference,  (purse,  cup,  temper),  though  nculo  is 

which  is  also  quoted  in  I3u.\torf  Lcj'ffon  not  a  perfect  representative  of  the  last. 


278  UNIVEIISITY   STUDIES. 

Hoc  Aiirum  in  potontia,  insignes  lialiot  vii-tutes  et  operationes 
quas  reccnsere  possum  sed  llsstino.  Auruiii  igitiir  3"  est  vel  probatunx 
vul  noil  piolj.ituin.  Auiuiii  JMedici  proljatum  est ;  Aurum  Causidici 
noa  est  probatiiin,  quia  adhuc  sub  judice  lis  est.  Porro  Aurum  non. 
probatum  multas  habet  species,  quaiura  liae  bvint  praeci])uae 

Quod  sumitur  pro  voce  danda 
Aut  pro  Lege  abrogaiida 
Aut  pro  causa  adjuvanda 
Aut  pro  poena  dcclinauda 
Aurum  est  sed  non  probatum. 
Quod  corrumpit  Judicem, 
Et  quod  ditat  pellicem 
Quod  creat  Pontificem 
Et  ducit  ad  C'arnificem, 
Aurum  est  sed  non  pi-obatum. 
Quod  Laicos  facit  Cardinales 
Clericosque  temporales 
Quo  lionores  sunt  venales 
Etsi  sint  sacerdotales 
Aurum  est  sed  non  probatum. 

Sed  ut  Auri  natura  clarius  elucescat,  sciendum  est  quod  Sol  et 
Terra  multos  genuerunt  filios,  inter  quos  nietalla  licet  nomine  sunt 
fxcTo.  aA,Xa  revera  tanien  non  sunt  postponenda.  Inter  metalla  Aurum 
est  Terrae  filius  primogenitus,  male  fit'  omui  conversioni  simplici, 
nam  ex  quo  Aurum  liabuit  primoge'nituram,  iude  primogenitura 
Labuit  Aurum,  quod  me  miserum  docuit  experientia.  At  quod  dixi, 
num  Aurum  est  Terrae  filius  1  statim  erit  praevaricator",  et  num 
aliquando  causam  prodit  1  videant  Causidici,  nos  ignoramus,  ut  ut 
Aurum  est  omnium  metallorum  facile  princeps. 

Ergo  Crates  stulte  fecit 
Aurum  in  mare  qui  projecit 
Recte  Croesus  qui  Solonem 
Admisit  tanquam  morionem 
Ob  insanum  dictum  ejus, 
Auiiim  ferro  esse  pejus. 
Ego  Aurum  longe  mallera 
Quam  tarn  sordidum  metallum. 
Sapiens  Midas  vesci  auro 
Mallet  quam  praepingui  tauro 
Mallet  fame  cruciaii 
(2uam  non  Auro  saturari. 
O  quam  egregius  Alchymista 
Quam  arte  Celebris  in  ista 
Quam  ad  unguem  banc  callebat 
Aurum  tactu  quod  cudebat 
0  si  Aures  teti^isset 

1  ?  sit. 

'  'Terrae  lilius,.. praevaricator."     Cp.  the  jest  cited  on  p.  271  n. 


APPENDIX    I.  279 

Illasque  in  Aurum  convertisset 
Aureus  Asinus  tunc  fuisset 
Et  gloriari  ])otuisset 
8icut  audit  liex  Gallorum 
Midas  Ilex  est  Asinoruia 
8ic  si  mens  me  male  fallis 
Aurum  Rex  est  iu  metallis. 

Sed  Aurum  est  bonum  sui  diffusivum  jiraesertim  inter  nos  Aca- 
deinicos,  et  angustis  his  meudicautium  Fratrum  rythinis  iucludi 
gravatur. 

Qualitates  in  Auro  pi-aedominantes  sunt  splendor  et  gi'avitas,  ciira 
euim  sit  solis  et  Terrae  filius  ab  utriusque  natura  participat,  a  sole 
splendorem  mutuatur  a  Terra,  gravitatem.  Quidni  ego  Lane  coro- 
nam  Auream  dixerol  Splendidissima  siquidem  est  et  gravissinia 
ffoeminarum  conventus  non  est  corona  vere  Aurea,  sed  fucata,  nam 
splendida  est  sed  tamen  levis.  Subjectum  Auri  est  du}ilex;  sub- 
ji'cfcum  capax  et  subjectum  tenax.  Subjectum  capax,  ut  Procurator 
Causidicus.  Subjectum  tenax  ut  avarus.  De  Avaritia  haec  obser- 
ventur.  1"  Avaritia  est  virtus  Cardinalis,  et  Avarus  qui  Aurum 
colit  est  Papista  qui  abhinc  Cilices'  iude  adorat  Imagines.  2"  Avaritia 
est  omnium  malorum  materia  prima,  quia  ejus  appetitus  numqnam 
satiatur.  3"  Avaritia  Graece  non  dicitur  <^(Ao;(pvcrta  sed  (^iXapyvpia. 
quia  CO  tolerabilius  est  Aurum,  quarn  Argentum;  quo  magis  meretur 
veniam  qui  vino  inclinatur  quam  qui  cerevisia.  Motus  Auri,  ut  est 
oranis  corporis  gravis,  duplex  est,  vel  naturalis  a  superiori  ad  inferio- 
rem,  et  teudit  ad  perfectiouem.  Vel  violentus"  et  contra  naturam  ab 
iuferiori  ad  superiorem,  et  tendit  ad  corruptionem,  ut  Academijs  qui- 
busdam  transmarinis  (non  dico  nostris)  motus  Auri  a  Discipulo 
Collegij  ad  Magistrum.  Sed  videtur  Aurum  ut  et  Angeli  moveri 
in  instanti,  qui  nullam  invenit  resistentiam ;  Nam  Auro  omnia 
ceduiit.  Sed  respondeo  revocando  Aurum  ad  Lydium  Lapidem  Pliy- 
losopliicuin,  quia  successio  motus  non  tantum  provenit  a  resistentia 
medij  ;  Nam  quod  Aurum  non  usque  adeo  iu  instanti  movetur  ad 
manum  Causidici,  ratio  est  ob  intercapedinem  terminorum.  Sed  quis 
locus  Auril  O  Aurum  vbi  esl  Do  Auri  loco  sen  vbi,  sunt  hi 
Canoues.  Aurum  nieum  nescio  ubi  est.  Senior  Frater  plerunique 
habet  Aurum  ad  vnguem.  Aulicus  Pliantastes  ])lus  habet  Auri  ad 
calcem  quam  ad  manum.  Aurum  Aulici  non  est  in  suo  loco,  quia 
gravitat,  nam  a  Crumena  decidit  ad  calcaria.  Inter  Nobiles  et 
Generosos  tarn  Aulicos  quam  Academicos,  mos  nuper  obtinuit  nee 
cultrum  in  vagina  gestare,  nee  Aurum  in  Crumena,.  Judex  cum  suo 
Auro  est  in  loco  Definitiv6.  Aurum  signatum  est  in  loco  ciim  titulo 
Regis  circumscriptive.  Aurum  nunquam  est  iu  Crumena  mea  repletivi;. 

Quaeritur  hie  a  Chymicis  an  Aurum  possit  nutrire  hominem  I 
puto,  quia  prinio  admittit  concoctionem.  2"  Quod  possit  in  succuni 
et  sanguinem  converti  illud  potest  nutrire.    Aurum  potest  in  succiim 

1  Cruces.  on  the  reverse  of  the  coin.       Ciulworth  Int.   Sijst,   Pruof.    nd   mit. 
So  the  coin  itself.     See  p.  264  w.  Aristot.  Eth.  Nir.  i.  v.  7. 

=*  For    tdoleiUus  =  nou-uatuial     cf. 


280  UNIVERSITY   STUDIKS. 

et  sanguinem  una  convei'ti  go':  3"  Aiinim  est  mitritivum  quia  est 
soninificuui,  exeuiiili  gratia,  exliibeat  ali(|uis  petitioncm  ad  Senatum 
alicujus  Vrliis  avit  Acadeniiae,  auruniquc  eis  porrigat  pro  su[)positurio, 
et  statiin  aniuicnt  gi'aviora  capita.  Praeterea  Judex  qui  alioqui 
etiam  dormire  solet  super  Tribunal,  sumat  mediocrem  quantitatem 
Auri  et  facilfe  connivebit.  Vnus  adhuc  scrupulus  de  Auro  restat. 
(viz.)  Cur  apud  Homerum  Apollinis  sacerdos  Xf)v(rr]<;  dicitur,  vates 
KdXxa'i'i  Quid  aein  cum  vate,  quid  auro  cum  Sacerdote?  Ego  eerte 
diccre  nolo,  a'os  dicite  Pontilices  in  sacris^quid  facit  Aurfi  ?  Piofecto 
facit  sacerdotem.  Sed  num  Homerus  hoc  vidit  ]  Sed  ego  niniis 
pi'odigus  sum  et  vos  de  Auro  nieo  plus  satis  accepistis  et  faeminaruni 
aures  jam  autea  Auro  sunt  oneratae.  Post  Aurum  sequitur  'Potest' 
sive  Potestas  sequitur  Aurum,  immo  Aurum  quid  non  jjotest  ?  Fotest 
est  duplex,  aut  potest  hoc,  aut  potest  nihil ;  vcrbi  gratia,  si  quis 
quaerat  quid  potest  hominem  ad  sacerdotium  promovere  1  dico  Aurum 
potest  hoc.  At  Virtus  sine  Auro  potest  nihil.  Auium  potest,  ex. 
gr,  quid  si  Aequitas  causae  vincere  nequit  in  Judicio  ?  Aurum 
potest.  Quid  si  Virtus  nequit  hominem  ad  honorem  evehei-e  1  Aurum 
potest.  Quid  si  Doctrina  nequit  Sociura,  aut  Discipulum  Collegij 
efficere  ?  Aurum  potest.  Tautum  potest  Aurum,  et  tantum  de 
'  potest.'  Jam  ad  productionem  pi'oducendus  est  sermo.  Aurum 
potest  jivoduci,  sed  quaedam  limitationes  adhibendae  sunt.     Nam 

Ex  Avcarornm  loculis  lu  caeteris  casibus  quaestio  tenet 

Ex  Praevaricatoris  joculis  Aiurum  produci  jjotest. 

Et  ex  pleDis  poculi.,  j,^  generoso  Tatris  fiHo 

Aurum  produci  uon  potest.  ^^  quadrate  Patris  pileo 

Ex  mendaci  saeculo  Ex  oblongo  Bedelli  Bacillo 

Ex  meo  subligaculo  Aui'um  potest  produci. 
Ex  nostra  cista  communi 

Aurimi  produci  uou  potest. 

Circa  modum  producendi  Aurum  quaeritur  an  Auri  productio  sit 
cum  motu  vel  sine  motu.  Respondeo.  Aurum  non  re-sidentium 
producitur  per  quietem  sine  raotu,  quia  nullus  niotus  est  discon- 
tinuus.  Aurum  Judicis  producitur  per  motum  circularem.  Aurum 
Causidici  vel  producitur  per  motum  directum  a  termino  ad  terminum, 
vel  per  motum  obliquum,  sen  iudirectum  et  sine  termino.  Aurum 
Tabernarij  pi-oducitur,  vel  per  motum  irregularem  quorunxlam  Plane- 
tarum  errantium  ab  uno  signo  ad  Aliud;  vel  per  motum  circularem, 
Capitis  sub  mitra.  Cum  autem  sex  sunt  species  motus,  sc  :  Generatio 
et  Corruptio,  ttc.^  Auri  productio  fit  per  omnes  has  sex  species. 
Aurum  mereti-icium,  seu  Aurum  Laidis,  producitur  per  Geuera- 
tionem;  sed  hoc  Aurum  est  spurium  et  atlulteriinn.  Aurum  Ma- 
gistratuiim  producitur  per  c<u'ru]itionem.  Aiirum  Foeneratoris  pro- 
ducitur per  augmentationem,  sed  hoc  mea  non  interest.  Aurum 
Tonsoris  producitur  per  incrementum  capillorum,  aut  potius  per  excre- 
mentum.  Aurum  jMancipij  producitur  per  diminutionem  ferculi. 
Aurum  etiam  producitui^  per  diminutionem  et  eclipsin.  Praevaricator 
nou    producit    sibi  aurum  per    prae\aricationem.     Denique  Aurum 

'  flo:  =  .  Ergo  ualct  conseqneiitia.  ing  is  sancto.  (al.  sacro,  al.  Sanctis). 

2  Persius  II.  68,  fiO:  Viheie  the  read-  '''  Aristot.  Catrrj.  c.  Had  liiit. 


APPENDIX   I.  2b  1 

Tabellarlj  producitur  per  motinn  latioiiis.  Oritur  liic  Controversia 
inter  CJiymicos,  an  Aurum  potest  proJuci  a  nihilo  ?  puto,  nam  qui 
l)ote.st  nihil  in  Auruin  convertcre,  ille  potest  Auriiui  ex  niliilo  pro- 
dncero,  sed  aliquis  potest  niliil  in  Auruni  convertere.  ^Lijur  i)atet, 
minor  ])robatur.  Qui  Aurnm  suum  jam  in  niliil  convertit,  ille 
pot(^8t  nihil  in  Auruin  convertere,  sed  aliquis  Aurum  suum  jam  iu 
niliil  convertit;  et  hoc  liquido  constat.  Deindo  Malum  est  nihil  et 
Aurum  est  bonum,  sed  aliquis  potest  borium  ex  malo  producere,  ut 
Causidicus  ex  malo  consilio  i)0test  bonum  Aurum  jiroducere,  idque  per 
conversionem.  mutando  scil  :  tiuitos  in  infinitos.  Sed  objiciat  ali- 
quis. Quomodo  ex  malis  causis  bonum  effectum,  vid  :  Aurum,  potest 
produci?  Eespondeo,  hoc  fit  per  Artem  Chymicam,  aut  enim  est 
fallacia  non  causae  pro  causa,  Aut  Cliens  suppouit  quod  non  est 
supponendum. 

Quancjuam  vero  Aurum  potest  fieri  ex  nihilo,  tamcn  non  potest 
produci  in  instanti.  8i  quis  ad  Bacerdotium  cito  jiervenire  nequit  ne 
niiremini :  Aurum  non  potest  produci  in  instanti.  Si  hoc  Anno 
laboremus  penuria  Doctorum ;  ne  mii-emini ;  Aurum  non  ])ntest 
jn'oduci  in  Instanti.  Dicet  Advei-sarius  Aurum  liodie  producitur 
per  Creationem,  et  Creatio  est  productio  momentanea,  et  fit  in 
instanti.  sed  haec  ratio  nnllius  est  momenti.  Nam  etsi  jiater 
Creat,  tamen  fiilius  aliquid  praesnpjionit.  Deinde  Aurum  non  pro- 
ducitur in  Instanti,  quia  gradatim  et  successive  acquiritur.  Nam 
Pater  acquirit  Aurum  per  gradus,  senior  ffrater  per  successionem. 
Hactenus  de  Auri  productions  Productionem  Auri  sequitur  'Per' 
sive  unusqui.squo  pei'sequitur  Auri  i)roductionem.  Aurum  j^otest  pro- 
duci Per  'Per'  est  duplex,  per  fas,  per  nefas.  Aurum  utroque  modo 
producitur.  Per  iteruin  est  trijilex.  Per  se,  per  Aliuin,  per 
Accideiis.  Vt  in  Academijs  quibusdam  exoticis,  ignavum  quoddam 
pecus,  quod  fucus  dicitur,  degunt  in  Collegijs  ;  (pii  f'ructum  et  pro- 
\'entum  societatuin  capiuut  jxsr  se,  concionantur,  ixjliquisqvie  exercitijs 
funguntur  i)er  alium,  student  per  Accidens.  Igiiavi  ])raelectores 
Academiae  legunt  nee  per  se,  nee  per  alium,  si  quaiido  legunt,  legunt 
per  Accidens.     sed  niniium  fortas^e  de  Per,  seu  patris  Per  niniiuin. 

Aurum  ]>otest  produci  per,  sed  per  quid  ?  Non  cuivis  contingit 
adire  Coiinthum,  nee  cuivis  est  Aui'um  facere.  Immb  hoc  Artis 
opus,  non  Virtutis.  Aurwni  potest  produci  jyer  Artem.  Et  ]>rimum 
hoc  supi)Ouimus  pi'o  fundamento  Aurum  necessario  esse  habendum. 
Ergo  aut  per  Artem,  aut  per  Naturam,  s«;d  Aurum  non  est  a 
Natiira,  quia  quod  est  a  Natura,  non  est  in  nostra  potestate  sed 
Aurum  est  in  nostra  potestate.  Quod  sumitur  in  electione  est  in 
nostra  potestate,  sed  Aurum  fre(iuenter  sumitur  in  Electione.  go'. 
Deinde  nulius  ]:lal)itus  est  a  Natura,  sed  Aurum  est  habitus  cpiia 
ac([uiritur  loiigo  studio  et  industria  et  est  diflii-ulter  et  aegre  mobile  a 
sulij(!cto.  Aurum  saltcin  acquiritur.  Aurum  est  haliitus  in  procu- 
ratore,  quia  augetur,  et  intenditur  per  additioiiem  gradus  ail  gradiim. 
Sed  hie  Cautione  opus  est,  nam  si  actus  inteuditur  a  Magistro,  isle 
Habitus  Procuratoris  dirainuitur. 

1  i.e.  Ergo  the  svllofism  is  proved. 


282  UNIVEllSITY    STL-DIKS. 

Quid  si  dicamus  Anrum  noii  esse  ipsnm  liabitum  sed  dis})osi- 
tiouera,  hoc  est  graduiu  ad  liabituin,  vel  dispositiuueni  ad  gradum 
sine  qua  nemo  aut  liabitum  aut  gradum  suinat.  Nam  ut  ageus  j)er 
uaturam,  nou  iuchuub  ad  formaiu  iu  mateiiam,  nisi  dispositam,  ita 
iigens  per  Artem,  Bedellns  .soil.,  non  iniponit  liabitum  alicuj,  nisi  jjcr 
aurum  prius  recte  disposito  et  pi-aeparato. 

2".  Geaeralit^r  sic  arguo,  quod  producitur  per  appreliensionem 
simplicem,  per  compositionem  et  Divi>iionem,  per  [)roj)ositionem,  aut 
per  discui'sum,  producitur  per  operationem  Intellectus,  et  ex  Conse- 
quenti  per  Artem  sed  Aurum  ita  producitur  go'  e.g.  Aurum  Phar- 
uiacopolae  producitur  per  appreliensionem  simplicium.  Aurum  quo- 
rundam  Officiariorum  Acadeiniae  producitur  per  Compositionem. 
Aurum  Socinrum  producitur  per  Divisiouem.  Vt  voluntas  sequitur 
dictamen  intellectus,  ita  Seniores  CoUegij  (ufc  par  est)  sequuntur 
dictamen  Magistri.  Intellectus  propouit  voluntati  hnr.c  vel  ilium 
eligendura,  et  per  banc  propositionem  Aurum  saepe  jjroducitur : 
Denique  Aurum  Dunkerkorum"  producitur  per  discursum,  di.scux-rendo 
ab  uno  cubiculo  ad  aliud. 

3".  Aurum  i)roducitur  vel  per  Artem,  vel  per  Scientinm.  Non 
per  Scientiam,  nam  facile  producitur  sine  Scientia  vt  Medicus,  si 
liabet  Praxin,  potest  producere  Aurum  sine  Scientia.  ^Vgb  relin- 
quitur  quod  Aurum  producitur  per  Ai'tem.  Proptere^  vt  Artes 
tractantur  methodo  Analytica,  sic  Aurum,  et  quandocunque  ego  num- 
mum  produce  ex  Crumena  mea — si  forte  quis  Aureus^  exit,  quando 
haec  rara  avis  est — si  quis  tamen  Aureus  exit,  statim  vtor  methodo 
Analytica,  resolvo  Aurum  in  solidos,  et  solidos  in  denarios.  Sed 
hoc  est  contra  regulam  Chymicorum,  qui  dicunt  Aurum  fieri  ex 
argento  vivo,  non  contra  argentum  ex  Auro.  Kesp.  Argumentum 
meiim  non  est  vivum,  imo  fere  mortuum  est,  nam  diu  fuit  cmisump- 
tione.  Jam  Artes  per  quas  Aurum  producitur  sunt  vel  manuales 
vel  mentales.  Artes  manuales  sunt  mechanicae,  nam  Aurum 
acquiritur  Travrt  Tpoirw  koL  fjie^ax'-r]  (sic)  pi'aecipu^  vero  sunt  duae 
furandi  et  ludendi  in  quibus  Aurum  producitur  dexteritate  quadam 
ex  materia  viscos.l,  et  vnctuosa,  contemperata  cum  Argento  vivo,  seu 
Mercuric,  et  hoc  proprie  est  Aurum  facere,  Artes  mentales  sunt 
multae,  ut  adulandi,  mentiendi,  falleudi,  pejerandi,  simulandi,  dissimu- 
laiidi,  aequivocandi,  &c.  In  his  Artibus  Aurum  producitur  virtute 
lapidis  Phylosophici,  per  reservationem  specierum  in  lutellectu,  seu 
per  verbum  mentis,  seu  (ut  loquitur  Faber  in  libro  Trept  ;ij;pvo-o7roii7rtKov) 
per  mentalem  reservationem,  seu  per  commutationem  quandam  Geo- 
metricae  proportion.] s,  qua  verba  damns  pro  Auro.  Fidicines,  et 
uotarii  Aurum  producunt  per  Artes  instrument  iles ;  Aurum  nou 
producitur  per  Artes  liberales,  quia  clientes  hodie  non  accipiuut 
Aurum,  sed  dant,  et  Patroni  non  daut  Aurum  sed  accipiunt.  Quales 
demum  sunt  ipsi  Patroni,  hi  tamen  sunt  quos  hodie  pascunt  homines. 
Cuiudeo  si  quid  tibi  feci  aut  f\icio  quod  placeat,  et  id  gratum  fuisse 

1  Frgo,  the  syllogism  is  proved. 
-  Dunkirk  privateers.     See  Nares. 
^  A  parody  on  Persius  i.  15,  4.G. 


APPENDIX   I.  283 

fidversum  te  liabeo  gratiam,  vt  Socius  iu  Collegio,  dlcerem  vt  Socia'  in 
Coraoedia  Simoiij.  Auniiu  itaque  per  miiltas  Artcs  jn-oducitur,  scd 
doti.ssiiiuini  per  xirtem  Clijiuicam.  Martialjs-  iu  laudeiu  liujus  Artis 
iiullibi  sic  ceciuit. 

Barbarus  aurifluas  sileat  Pactolus  arenas 

Ostentet  flavuni  Gens  nee  Ibera  Tagnm. 
Nee  Florae  tenii)lo  molles  laudentur  lionores, 

Dissimulet  quaestiim  vrbs  cornibus  ipsa  frequens. 
Aere  nee  vacuo  totidem  pendeutia  signa 

Laudibus  immodiejs  avis^  ad  astra  ferat. 
Nee  nimiiun  jactet  currus  Hobsonus  avitos 

Vnde  tot  extraxit  fulva  talenta  senex'. 
Nempe  omnis  Cliymicae  cedat  labor  Aurificinae ; 

Vuuui  pro  cunctis  fania  locpiatur  opus. 

Lapis  Phylosopliicus  est  luijus  Artis  materia  priiuii,  et  certe 
eas  tantum  in  potentia  ;  liunc  tanien  vt  iuveniaut  Alchyniistae 
indium  non  moveut  lapidem.  Scd  non  ex  quovis  ligno  fit  Mcrcu- 
rius,  nee  ex  quovis  lapide  fit  Pliylosophus,  ut  loquuntur  Cliymici. 
Vbi  igitur  reperitur  1  Kesp  :  clluditur  ex  Aureis  montibus  in 
Eutopia ;  sed  quia  ejus  ligura  nee  longa,  lata,  nee  profunda,  nee 
quadrata  nee  rotunda,  sed  quadrangulo-circulax-is,  aut  quadratura 
circulo  aequalis.  Ex  hoc  lapide  phylosopliico  Aurtim  jiroducitur 
vel  per  Conversionera  vel  per  Extractionein :  per  Conversioneui  sic 
sutor  producit  aurum  per  conversioneui  vestimentorum.  Bedelli  per 
Conversionera  capuciorum.  Per  extractioneni  sic  (ni  fallor)  Al- 
chymista  aliquis  ex  Patiis  pilco  Aurum  exti'axit,  heri  cnim  fuit 
Aureus.  Sic  duo  litigantes  sunt  duo  la{)ides  Pliylosopiiici,  ex 
quorum  mutuo  aliiictvi  et  collisione  Causidicus  Aurum  extrahit  ])ev 
Artem  Ciiyniicam.  Videntur  autem  hi  lapides  non  esse  phvloso- 
phyci  quia  non  quiescuut  in  j)roi)riis  locis,  sed  sursum  fenintur  ad 
Loudinum  contra  naturam.  Sed  respondeo,  asceudunt  ne  dantur 
vacuum  in  aula  AVestmonasteriensi.  Johannes  de  lapide  scripsit, 
sed  nihil  de  Lapide  philosophico.  Et  Cliymici  cum  tot  ubhpio 
videant  lapides  non  possunt  invenire  philosophicum.  Ego  tot 
invenio  Philosophos  ut  vix  possiin  videre  lapides  prae  lapidibus. 
Nam  onines  sumus  lapides  et  cum  Paedagogis  hnjuor  ex  poeta. 
Genus  durum  sumus  et  documenta  damns.  Magistratus  sen  Priores 
viri  sunt  INIagnetes.  Sed  inagnetes  nostri  aurum  attraliuiit  non 
ferium.      Quaedam    ex    ITaMniuis    sunt    adamantes.      Fidus    Amicus 

^  Sosia.      The   quotation    is    from  *  Hobsou  bad  diofl  on  tbo  1st  of 

Terence  Antlria,  i.  1.  14,  15  (=41,42).  Jimuary  bist  past  (KiSO— .31),  anil  lm<l 

2  This  is  however  a  parody  of  tbo  been  buried  by  ruHer  in   S.  Uenet's 

opening  of  his  Spectncula.  cliuueel   notwitlistimdiuK'    tlie    plague. 

^  Professor    Mayor     surt^'Psts    that  The  rhymes    under   one   of   his   por- 

some  proper  name  (as  iu  ]\Iaitiul)  is  traits,  no   less  than  his  beiiefaotioiis 

here    intended  —  such    as    Ducix    or  to  Cambridge,  bear  tcstimury  to  Lis 

Clauius.  thrift. 


281  UNIVEIISITY    STUDIES. 

Achates.  Quid  quot  in  hoc  fluctuant  pelago,  tot  capita  vchiti  saxa 
video,  et  scopulos  promiueutcs  1  Quaedain  acutae  sunt  Charybdcs, 
quaedam  obtusae  Syllae.  Video  et  nuuniora  (ni  fallor)  sudantia,  et 
si  fronte  uUa  tides,  sunt  inter  vos  laj)id(;s  pretiosi,  sniaiaf;fdi  et 
carbunculi.  Sed  quid  video  hipides  in  subliiai  pendentes?  Ni  fallor, 
non  sunt  philosophici,  ni  forte  ascendant  ad  bonum  naturae  com- 
munis, scil :  ut  prospiciant  Vniversitati.  Supponamus  iam  hosce 
lapides  cadere  (cadere  enim  possunt  nisi  aliquid  supjioneretur) 
contendo  ego,  quod  etiam  si  dai-etur  vacuum,  niotus  eoium  tamcu 
asset  in  tempore,  quia  per  aliquot  horarum  spatium  moverentur. 
Praevaricator  vester  videtur  esse  lapis  philosopLicus,  nam  si  vllus 
sit  lapis  riiilosophicus,  profecto  ille  lapi.lus  est,  imo  lapillulus  et  fere 
null  us, 

Vos  etiam  lapides  qui  in  centro  estis  videraini  Pliiloso^ihici  tarn 
quia  estis  in  proprio  loco  naturali,  tarn  quia  id  etiam  sedulo  cavetis 
a  quo  maxirae  abliorret  philo.soi>liia  (viz  :)  ne  quis  locus  sit  vacuus. 
Videmur  inquam  ego  et  vos  lajjides  esse  philosophici,  sed  non  sumus, 
nam  a  vobis  ue  quid  gry'  quideui  Auri  extrahi  potest,  imo  nee  per 
Artem  Chymicam.  Vos  graviora  capita  lajjides  vere  philosophici 
cavete  vubis,  aderit  mox  Alchymista,  qui  si  vos  videat,  probe 
contuses  et  contritos  dabit,  vt  quintessentiam  a  vobis  extrahat. 
Sed  durum  est  haec  dicere.  Nam  quid  hoc  est  nisi  lapides  loqui  ? 
Satis  ergo  de  lapide  Philosophico.  Videamus  jam  quaenam  genera 
hominum  optime  hanc  artem  callent.  Papa  qui  ex  peccatis  venia- 
libus,  seu  potius  veualibus  aurum  extrahit,  optimus  est  Chymicus. 
Promus  Collegialis,  qui  ex  panum  exustulis"  aurum  potest  extrahere, 
et  ex  doliorum  faecibus  suura  aurum  expromere,  novus  homo  est, 
sed  vetus  Chymicus.  Ignis  ille  fatuus  Causidicus  bene  lectus  est 
in  Arte  Chymica,  qui  Aurum  de  crumena  extrahit,  et  tamen  causa 
non  patet.  Qui  Aurum  adulterinum  cudit  est  malus  Chymicus, 
quoniam  est  .suae  fortunae  faber.  Nam  qui  sic  Aureas  lingit  cruces^, 
ligneam  habebit  pro  mercede,  et  qui  oblique  lineara  secat  crumenae 
prope  nodum  altcrutrum  in  via  ecliptica  vt  Aurum  extrahat  virtute 
Chymica,  pendebit  in  linea  recta  cum  node  sub  capite  virtute  carni- 
ficis.  Qui  coram  mendico  nianum  in  crumena  imponit,  et  niliil 
extrahit  est  malus  Chymicus.  Oppidani  per  miram  quaudam  Artem 
Chymicam  Aurum  ex  suis  cornibus  producunt.  Nam  bos  Oppidanus 
non  pacatur,  nisi  Aurum  in  ejus  cornua  fuudatur.  Vespasianus* 
et  Virgilius  *  #  *  fuerunt  optimi  Chymici. 

Liceat  mihi  par  ex  Chyiidcorum  epigrammate  proponere. 

1  oi'5^  ypO.     Aristopb.  Plutus  17.  Ju-^t.    Not  a  peny,  not  a  peuy:  you 

*  exuatulis  (sic)  i)robal)ly   au    error  are  too  impatient  to  bears  crosses. 

tor  frustulls  or  crustaUs.     Cp.  Earle's  The  srcond  Part  of  King  Henry 

character  of  'An  old  CoUedge  Butler.'  the  Fourth.  Act  r.  Sc.  iii. 

Microcosmographie  (1628).  Clo,    For  my  part,  I  bad  rather  beare 

^  '  Grosses' were  coins  marked  some-  ^^•ith  you,  then  beare  you :  yet  I  sbould 

thing  like  the  reverse  of  our  florin  (cp.  beare  no  crosse  if  I  did  beare  you,  for 

krciizer).     So  Shakespere  I   think  you  have  no  money  in  your 

Fal.    Will  your  Lordship  lend  mee  purse.     Js  you  likr  it.     Act  ii.  Sc.  iv. 

a  thousand  pound,  to  furnish  me  forth?  ^  Suetou.  rt'.s^j.  23. 


APPKXDrX    T.  2iS.') 

Xpvtrov  avijp    erpojv    tAiTrf   /?po';^oi',    avrdp    o   xpvcTov 
ov   AiTrev   01.1^     evpojv    ij^^i')    ov    £vp€,    [ip6\ov. 

QuoJ  sic  transfero, 

Heperieus  i\ur>im,t  rolmquit  laqneum  ille  aperto* 
Aurum  qui  amisit  se  peiimit  laqneo. 

Circa  lianc  Ch^-micam  multi  sunt  scrupuli,  1°  quando  ille  laqur-um 
su\ira  in  aurum  mutauit.  Re.^pon :  fuit  convorsio  per  Accidons. 
2°  Quando  alter  Aurum  suum  in  laqiieum  mutavit.  Besp.  fuit 
conversio  simplex,  3°  Quaeritur  an  js  qui  Aunim  amisit,  potuit 
se  suspendere  propter  negligentiam,  hie  est  nodus  difficultatis.  Jie.yh 
Tamen  si  laqueum  striate  sumas,  potuit ;  aliter  non.  Deinde  in- 
ventio  fuit  in  tensione,  sed  applicatio  laqnei  fuit  in  executione. 

Vsus  Aitis  Chymici  probatur  lijs  exj>erimentis. 

Prinio.  Sumat  a]i(iuis  grana  nieritorum,  10  uncias  Ahsolu- 
tionum,  et  sex  pondera  Indulgeutiaruin,  vna  cum  fasciculo  reliquia- 
rum,  vnguento,  sale,  et  saliva  bene  contemperatis,  haec  onini;i 
ponantur  in  pileum  Cardinalis,  et  simul  concoquantur  in  Aqua 
lustrali  super  ignem  purgatorij,  qui  exuffletur  ab  incendiarijs  Jcsuitis 
spiiitu  seditionis,  et  sic  ebulliant  donee  ad  nihilum  redigantur,  et 
extrahetur  Aurum  optimum  per  Artem  Chymicam. 

Secundo.  Sumat  Causidicus  septem  scrupulos  Controversiae 
12  grana  ignorantiae,  et  sex  uncias  fraudis,  et  Mercurij,  cum  pari 
quantitate  plunibei  cerebri,  et  perfrictae  frontis  et  perfractjie  con- 
scientiae,  vna  cum  aliquot  siib})aenis,  Demurris,  et  Returnis ;  hae 
omnia  in  pera  vulgo  dicta  Buckramia,  bene  vncta  simul  conco- 
quantur super  Ignem  contentionis,  ex  S[)inis  Quaestionum  legalium 
compactum,  et  sic  ebulliant  a  mense  Michaelis  ad  Octavas  llylarij 
et  extrahetur  Aurum  optimum  per  Artem  Chymicam. 

Teitio.  Sumat  Calendariographup,  sen  trivialis  Astrologus  10 
pondera  niendaciorum  cum  totidem  scrupulis  dubiorum,  et  duobus 
iragmentis  eclipsium,  et  aliquot  sectionibus  et  minutis  motus  diurni, 
tum  frustum  zodiaci  amputetur  falce  saturnica,  particula  Aurei 
circuli  et  aequatoris,  liaec  omnia  colligat  zona,  virginis,  simul  con- 
coquantur in  sinistro  cornu  Aiietis,  super  fascem  Lunaris  homiuis 
ascensnm  et  sic  ebulliant  a  solstitio  hyemali  ad  aequinoctium  vernum 
et  extrahatur  Aurum  optimum  per  Artem  Chymicam.  Aurum 
iiiqnam  conflabitur  ex  ventis ;  idque  cito,  quia  ex  tempore,  et 
opportune,  quia  tcnipestate. 

Quarto.  Sumat  Foenerator  20  libras  Avaritiae  cum  totidem 
minis  extortionis,  Aequali  pondere  ojipressiouis  quae  Argento  vivo, 
sulpliure,  et  Phitune  (mercurio  dicerem)  jn-oportionaliter  temperate 
coinmolantur  ad  pulverem,  vna  cum  alicpia  ji'.rtionc  novi  haoredis, 
haec  omnia  simul  concoquantur  in  vetere  ^Marsupio  in  lachryinis 
viduae,  sine  igne,  ut  pareatur  sumptui,  et  sic  decoquantur  a  centum 

1  for  oi)x  ••'7^"'  *<"•      I^^t  "^   hope  epigram  is  in  Aiilhol.  Pal.  ix.  44.     Cf. 

that   the  copyist  and  not  the  future  Auson.  Kpigr.  22. 

Greek   professor  was   responsihle    for  *  liu(iint...rcpfrto. 
the  cacography  and  accentuation.    Tlie 


286  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

ad  decern,  donoc  ffoeneratori  aliquid  iiidc  idtra  Prlncij)ale  ebulliiit, 
liaeres  vero  totum  decoxerit.  Vnum  praeterea  est  observandum. 
In^ominet  ffoeneiator  hoc  verbiim  he))raicum  a  Judaeis  olim  hujus 
Aitis  Magistris  usurpatura  3n  2n  (i)  Da,  Da,  et  tunc  extraherettir 
Auium  optimum  ])er  Artem  Cliymicam. 

Quintn,  iSumat  Pliilosoj)lius  lapidem  suum,  et  quadraturain 
circuli,  cum  duobus  uncijs  Ideae  Platonicae,  item  aliquot  >scruj)ulos 
Quidditatum,  cum  nullo  pondere  Argumentorum,  item  duos  asses 
/i,€Tejai/'iix'i)fT€oj?  Pytliagoricae,  et  9  atouios  Dcmocriti  S[ihaerarum 
harmoiiia  bene  temj)eratos,  Evellat  jn'aeterea  12  crines  in  sua  bai'ba, 
eosque  inter  caetera  ingredientia  (velut  coquus  quidam)  artiticiose 
peimisccat,  liaec  omnia  simul  ponantur  in  vacuum  et  contundantur 
in  infinitum,  donee  resolvantur  in  uiateriam  primam,  tunc  Anaxa- 
gorae  inpendat  aquam,  ex  nigra  nive  genitam  et  in  ea  concoquantur 
super  Tgnem  fatuum  qui  exutlletur  folle  Curiositatis  et  sic  ebulliant 
vsque  ad  Annum  Platonicum  et  extrahetiu*  Aurum  optimum  per 
Artem  Chymicam. 

Ergo  Pliilosoplius  facit  aurum ;  sed  num  Aurum  facit  philoso- 
plium ;  dubito,  dico  tamen.  Aurum  in  poteutia.  aliquando  facit 
Philosophiim  in  actu. 

Dico  2" :  Aurum  in  liabitu  non  facit  Philosophum,  quod  sic 
probo.  Aurum  est  Senior  Prater  inter  metalla,  vt  jam  dictum  est, 
et  vlterius  etiam  probari  potest,  quia  aetas  aurea  fuit  prima.  Aurum 
inquam  in  habitu  est  senior  frater,  et  Senior  Prater  nimquam  facit 
philosoplmm,  et  ratio  est  quia  liaeres  potsideat  Terram  tenura 
Libera,  Pliilosoplius  vero  tenet  in  capite. 

Nil  obstat  tamen  quin  Senior  frater  aliquando  sit  Alcliymista, 
nam  (ut  inquit  ille)  in  satp-a  quidam  Prodigus  haeres  est  optiraus 
Chymicus,  Terram  qui  vertit  in  Aurum.  Quod  si  Veritas  Qnae- 
stionis  adliuc  in  dubio  est,  statim  probabitur  experientia.  Si  quidem 
Pliilosoplius  Aurum  solidum  et  grave  producit  per  Artem  siiam 
(meum  quantumvis  leve  ne  respuatis)  et  fruatur  ille  per  me  licet 
auro  suo,  si  modo  aliquid  per  artem  suam  liodie  possit  producei-e, 
non  equidem  invidebo,  miror  niagis '.  Certe  Praevaricator  vester 
est  imperitus  Chymicus,  et  credibile  est  emendari  tempera,  cum  per 
hanc  praevaricandi  artem  Aurum  non  producitur,  sat  (mihi  fuerit) 
si  aurum  in  fronte  vestra  (id  est)  serenitatem  produxero.  Aurum 
meum  Intentionale  est  non  reale.  Et  hoc  aurum  aequaliter  inter 
vos  divido.  Junior  socius,  si  modo  sit  bonus  socius,  et  si  capax  sit, 
ex'it  aequalis  seniori,  aliter  authoritate  mihi  commist^a  suspendo  ilium 
ab  omni  Auro  tam  suscepto  quam  siiscipiendo.  Et  hue  usque 
Chymicus  vester  arti  suae  iusudarit,  et  pro  ea,  qua  est  facultate 
nulla,  aurum  nihil,  imb  nee  solidnm  produxit,  Vestrum  solummodo 
calculum  in  lucro  ponit ;  Vobis  (vix)  placuisse  illi  erit  instar  Auri, 
et  Albus  Favoris  vestri  lapillus  pro  lapide  Philosophico.      Dixi. 

The   other  documents  in   the  volume   (ms.    627,  Gouv.   «t  Cai.) 
which  contains    (i.)  '  Fruevoricatio  ^Iri  Dwport.' n.re 

1  Yergil.  Ed.  i.  11. 


AN   OXFORD   MUSICK-SrEECn.      (IGl.").)  287 

(ii.)     Orntio    ad  Augiistissimum    Potcutissimum    Sercui.ssin-mm 
In\T.ctissimum   Monarcham  Curolum  ab    Oratore   Pub- 
lico Dre  Critton',  edita  (pp.  1 — 3). 
(iii.)     Onitio  habita  5"  Nov.  Anno  1G17  in  Collegio  Triii.     Au- 
tliore  Edm.  Stubbs,  A.B.  (pp.  1 — 7). 


The  following  rough  notes  of  a  '  Musiclc  Speech'  at  Oxford  about 
1G15,  and  of  the  laboured  jests  of  a  '  Terrae-Filius'  are  likewise 
preserved  among  the  mss.  of  GJonville  and  Caius  College. 

Though  the  text  is  a  mere  memoi'andum,  such  documents  are  now 
so  uncommon,  and  these  relate  to  a  circumstance  of  such  literary 
interest,  that  I  have  determined  to  print  them,  leaving  emendation 
to  the  reader. 

Caius  Coll.  ms.  73  (74).     fol.  341. 
MUSICA   PPvAELECTIO.     Shepiieard.    Coll.  Lincoln  :  Oxon. 
Textus  Ex  libro  Boetij  de  Music  : 
V  Commendatio  Authoris  Boetii. 

r  1.   IModulatio 
2"  In  Verbis  Spectatur  Musiccs-^  (  Doricua 

I  2.   IModus  i  T     • 

(  lonicus. 

3"  Modus  Doi"icus  (Jacoho  Begi  gratissimus)  est  sedatum  genus 
musices  at  grave. 

Caiitio. 

4"  Modus  lonicus  (qui  moderiiis  usitatior)  musices  genus  malae, 
foemininum  lasciviolum.  Eius  exemplum  quid  aliud,  quam  Cantus  ille 
famosissi inns  de  adventu  Regis  ad  Oxon.  factus  a  Cantebrigien- 
sibus,  cuius  quidem  modum  potius  Ironicum  quam  lonicum  dixero. 
Nomeu  illius.  Neque  cantus  est  neque  cantio,  neque  cantilena,  neque 
harmonia,  scd  anglice  a  Ballad.  Cantebrigienses  sunt  balatrnnes. 
Auscultemini  vero  paulisper,  et  modulamen  hujus  Ballad  audibitis  ; 
audivistis  tidicinem  agit  (fides  gemit)  modulatio  praemittitur,  inde 
mox  ci'escit  Ballad.  Vnum  vobis  praemoneo.  Hunc  ipsum  Canta- 
brigiae /j'«//f/(Z  (postquam  Oxoniam  venit)  latiiie  loqui  didicisse.  Nam 
Cantabrigienses  nee  IMusices  ])rofessoreni  liabent  qui  possit  ilium  tidi- 
bus  canere"  nee  ilium  ipsi  possunt  latinam  linguam  docere  :  Sed  sic  est. 

Oxoniam  advenit  Eex 

cum  nobilium  choro 
Plenus  huic  occurrit  grex 

in  op])idi  foro 
Eusticani  Oppidaui  qui  vocantur   AMennaiii 
Convenerunt  uti  ferunt  e'i:  Jacobo  oljtulerunt. 
[TTaec  nobilissinia  ilia  cantio  in  qiia  Caiitebrigiens(>s  s(u])idi  lin- 
munciones  Academiam  nostram  florentissimam  derident  ludiiut  iV:...'j 

1  Ri.  Crcyglitou,  Trin.,  Ptililio  Ora-  fore   must  bo   usod  lonsoly  ns  rcjniv- 

tor,  1()27 — S'J,  siiccet'ilin.'^'  Hfrboit.  ali'iit  to  doclorrm,  as  it  is  ediiiinoiily 

-  It    is   tine    that    tlie    C'amlniilRp  in  the  title  'S.T.P.'  in  tlio  tliooh^pical 

music  profc'ssorsliip  was  not  founded  fnculty.     At  Caniln-idfjp  tlicrc  \va>;  tlio 

till  1(584;  but  that  at  O.rftird  even  was  provisional  grace  (pioted  at)ovo  ji.  2;iG 

not  in  existence  in  1*115,  nor  indeed  note  1. 
till  1G2G.     The  term /;/vj/V'.-.>-o)Tni  there-  ■'  eiasfd  2dC<  Junun. 


288  UNTVKUSI'I'V    STl'DIKS. 

S(mI  si  minus  aconratus  forsau  factiis  fuisset  sub  sonlidis  Cautaliri;!^. 
Ejus  verbuni]  tiijellis,  lib  ingeiiiis  paludinosis\   fecerat  uostro  Guiliclnio 

ut  opiuor  qui  in  consilium  vocato. etc.  in  opprobrium  Cantabrifjicn- 

sium  nulla  habita  persouarum  difFpivntia  distiiictioneve,  &  totius  Uni- 
versitatia  Cantebrigiac^  Haec  Viii  egregii  Oxonienses  vohii  silentio 
sei'vasse.  Sed  postquain  Sicelides  musae  paulo  asperiora  canebaut  esse 
moi  duco  et  virorum  omnium  haec  ita  agitare  &c.  Nuper  euim  egregiuni 
quidem  virura  nostrum  Caecilius  nou  private  seimone  sed  publicis 
C'omitiis  inter  suos  Cantebrigienses  vellicaret.  Sed  quid  tu  homo 
Caecili''1  Oh,  Novimus  &  qui  te^  Apud  Oxoniam  studuisti  ali- 
quid  literai'um  parasti,  nunc  instar  prolis  asininae  in  matrem  recalci- 
tras  &c.  nulla  Caecilii  eruditio.  Homo  stnpidus  stolidus  ti-iobularis 
'Wakus'\...disertus  Universalis.  Sed  vos  forsan  studitani  egregii 
virum  ignoratis ;  Describara  ergo  ilium  vobis.  Incipit.  Sed  male 
[Ciceronis]  verbis  ilium  describere. 

Ex  2"^^  &  3^  Cioeronis  actione  in  Yerrem  loca  tria  desumpsit  et 
tria  folia  plus  minus  iinpressionis  Orationum,  libello  protenso  in  Cae- 
eilium,  pr<aelegit. 

In  Vespeuiis  Comitiorum 
Jnlii  9. 

Terrae  Filius.  Publice  professus  Cantebrigienses  fuisse  indoctos 
&c.  :  nee  philosophos,  nee  poetas.  Scribere  tamen  carmiua,  quibus 
invideant  Skeltonus  &  Eldertomxs,  &c. 

Se  velle  Hopton,  Greshamum,  Dad.  &c.  precio  couducere,  iit 
Cantebrig.  nomiua  annuls  Kalendariis  reponeret,  itc. 

Philosophus  Kespondens  Raleigh  In  tertia  quaestioue,  An  quis- 
quam  sibi  stultus  videatvr,  neminem  quidem  nominal-it ;    dixit  vero 

Quos  tandem  homines  video  I   Peregrines.     Oh  navis  Stultifera 

nostras  appulit  eras.  Ubi  omnis  generis  habentur  stulti.  &  dein  post 
descri{)tionem  aliquorum  stultorum.  Dii  boni  (inquit)  quet  navi 
stultifera  hue  delati  sunt !  Unus  &  maximus  omnium  nebulo  (quantum 
novi)  non  adest :  in  Gaecilia  (ut  opinor)  dermitantem  reliqiierunt. 

1  So  (Bp.)  Ei.  Corbet  ridiculed  Cam-  ring  of  40s.  vahie.  'Anthony  Sleep  of 
bridge  imder  the  name  of  Lutetia  in  Trinity,  and  Wake  of  Cains  Collegp, 
his  ballad  at  this  period.  used  to  have  many  encounters  at  the 

2  A  pun  deliberately  written  Jiianu  tavern:  but  Wake  never  had  the  better 
secnnda.  at  the  wit  unless  he  had  it  at  the  wine, 

^  Mr  Cecill  of  S.  John's,  Cambridge,  and  then  he  used  to  cry  out,  "0  Tony, 
moderated  at  the  divinity  disputation  melior  Vigilantia  Somno." '  Thorns' 
before  K.  James,  13  May,  1615,  and  Anecd.  and  Traditions,  t^. '6^,  ap.'H.aWi- 
fainted  in  the  act.  He  wrote  Aemilia,  well's  Camhridc/e  Coffee-house  Jests,  p. 
which  had  been  acted  in  his  coll.  at  59.  The  more  famous  8ii"  Is.  Wake 
the  king's  former  visit  in  1014 — 15.  was  at  Oxford  (Wood-Bliss  ii.  539), 
*  Vergil.  Eel.  in.  8.  fellow  of  Merton  and  public  orator.  Of 
5  Wakus.  Thomas  Wake,  Fellow  him  and  Ant.  Sleep  K.  James  is  re- 
ef Gouville  and  Caiu?,  acted  the  ported  to  have  said  that  in  Cambridge 
character  of  '  Cola  monachus,  frater,'  one  Sleep  made  him  wake,  and  in  Ox- 
and  ^Pyrnjma,  vestiarius'  in  the  origi-  ford  one  Wake  made  him  sleep.  (MS. 
nal  cast  of  Ruggle's  ///norflwi/s  before  Sloane.  384.) 
the  king.     Kuggle  left  him  by  will  a 


APPENDIX    jr. 


LETTERS    FROM    CAMBRIDGE, 
1704-5—1791. 


Thanks  to  Mr  G.  Williams'  Catalocfno  and  Index  to  the  Addi- 
tional ni.ss.  (sometime  known  as  tlie  Ranrngartnei'  Papers)  in  the 
Caml).  Univ.  Library,  we  can  easily  colh^ct  the  threads  whicli  con- 
nected the  life  of  William  Reneu  with  the  famous  John  Strype. 

In  Nov.  1G96,  his  father,  Peter  Reneu,  wrote  from  London 
asking  Strype  to  take  the  boy  Willy,  aged  7  yeai'S,  as  his  pu})il 
at  his  parsonage  of  Low  Leyton  in  Essex  (where  Strype  lived  sixty- 
six  years,  thougli  never  inducted).  Terms,  £20  and  presents  offered, 
£30  accepted,  (MS.  Add'-  Camb.,  tom.  i.  part  ii.  no.  1G5). 

The  boy  was  kindly  treated  by  his  tutor  (i.  ii.  106),  to  whom, 
when  he  was  .sent  back  after  holidays  (11  Oct.  1098 — 8  Sept.  1G99 — 
23  IMay,  1700),  in  his  tenth,  eleventh,  and  tw<;lfth  yeai-s,  being  foinid 
very  troublesome  at  home,  I'equests  wei"e  forwarded  to  the  effect  that 
Willy  should  be  kept  more  strictly,  whij)t  now  and  tlien,  and  tauglit 
dancing  int-tead  of  playing  with  the  foot  boy  ;uid  children  in  the 
village  (ill.  ii.  259,  200  :    I.  ii.  231). 

The  history  of  W.  Reneu's  Cambridge  cai'cer  nnist  be  told  by 
the  letters  here  printed  from  the  originals  of  the  Strype  Correspond- 
once  in  the  'Baumgartner'  collection.  I  will  add  merely  that  he  took 
his  degrees  at  Jesus  College,  B.A.  1708,  M.A.  1712,  and  that  lio 
continued  his  friendship  with  the  Strypes,  writing  to  the  historian 
(28  Oct.  1712)  to  recommend  him  to  take  care  of  his  heaUh  after  an 
attack  of  fever  (iv.  i.  00),  and  to  his  supposed  widow,  oHering  as- 
sistance and  counsel  (2  April,  1720),  wlien  a  fal.«o  report  of  her 
husband's  death  had  been  jiiiblislnMl  in  the  liondon  newspapers  (iv. 
iii.   337). 

w.  19 


2i)0  UNIVKUSITV    STUJ)IKS. 

1.]  MS.  ADD«  CAMB.     I.  ii.  203. 

(Eiulorsed  In-  Strypo  'Will  Eoiieu'.s  Crock'  J.fttci.') 

These 
To  y"  reverend  IM"  John 
Strype 

Living  att  Low  Leighton 
In  Essex. 

rouXtcXjLtos  o  Toi}  PcreutoD  BihaaKaXov 

avTov  ttiSotoraroi'  (unrd^eL. 
Kav,  d/xoXoye'o^ai,  ^^dpira^  a^tas  aol  /xv^Sa/xoj?  avaSiSo'i'at  8i/va/xat, 
opeyojaai  8e  ti  tt^S  evy^apicTTLa'S  '/xou  (7r]jxe.u)v  (rol  ciTroSciKvuvat,  vTrep  T17? 
froC  eu/xci'ctas  jneyaXv^?.  2u  yap,  ytvoKJK"),  eucre/Jctav  cis  TT/f  e/xoij  i}/v)(rju 
eyxelv  icfipovTicra?,  kul  tov  vow  /xou  to?s  ypajj-fxacnv  irXovTc^eLv.  Kai 
XdpLV  t)(tj)  (Tot,  Jjore,  orav  Trapd  crov  So'/xw  jxaKporepov  ovk  efj-eivov,  /xc' 
irapa  StSacr/oxAo)  outws  ivfrefSel  Koi  co^w  a/xvrycrTew  tt^v  ttJs  crou  dya6r}<; 
yui'tttKos  ivixeviLuv,  dXXa  rfj  avrfj  lv)(api(TT€Ui. 

A<nrd^e  irap'  i/xov,  Biofxat,  Ttis  crov  6vyaTrjpa<;.     Uuaa  rj  oiKia  rjfjLwv  ere 
acnrd^ei. 

^atpc.      'Hp.€p.      it;',      tt^s /x'>ji'0?  TrocetSeoji'os.    axp^... 

[IS'"  Jan.  ]70i.] 

'  2.]  L  ii.  206. 

To  the  Reverend  W 
John  Stripp,  at  his 
house  in 
Lowleyton. 

London  24"*  September  1705. 

Sir,  The  Inclosed  I  Receaved  some  days  agoe  from  M'  Gregg  seeiaig 
you  were  soe  kinde  as  to  pi'omise  to  goe  with  mee  to  see  willy  sedle 
In  the  Yniversity  pray  lett  me  know  what  day  will  be  fitt  for  you 
suppose  twas  munday  next,  wee  may  bee  there  a  Tueusday  about 
noone,  and  soe  tarry  all  wensday  or  tell  [i.  e.  till]  Thursday  night 
or  a  fi-yday  att  noone  you  may  be  Sett  at  your  house,  by  this  meanes 
youl  have  noe  occation  to  trouble  any  body  to  preach  for  you. 

I  Intend  to  take  a  coach  wholy  for  our  self,  soe  wee  can  goe 
&  come  as  wee  please  my  service  to  your  lady  and  the  two  young 
ladies  I  Rest, 

YoTir  humb.  Servant 
P.  Reneu. 
[P.  S.]  Sir 

Pray  Returns  mee  the  letter.  If  the  above  tyme  is  fitt  for  you 
assoone  as  I  have  your  answer  I  shall  hyre  the  coach  &:  a  munday 

1  There  are  some  earlier  letters,  in  to  write  ^^.     In  any  case  his  greek, 

latiu,    from  W.   E.    (1702 — 3)  in   ms.  faulty  as  it  was,  woiild  have  couveyed 

Adds.  III.  i.  (Nos.  42,  4.S).  the  boy's  meaning  to  Strype  if  not  to 

"  It  is  possible  that  Billy  intended  '  Mm  Str^-pe  and  \^  Misses.' 


APPENDIX    II.      THE   REXEUS   TO   J.    STRYPE.  201 

(God  willing)  bee  with  you  about  10  or  12  of  the  clock  and  see  goo 
only  to  Bishopps  Stafford  [Htortford],  we  shall  have  4  jiorses  to  the 
Coach. 

3.]  MS.  Add'-     III.  i.  88. 

(Endorsed  by  Stiype  '  W°  Eenew's  first  Letter 

to  me  from  Jesus  Coll.  Cam*. 
1  Nov.  (.sic)  9.  1705.') 
These 
For  y  Rever**  M""  Strype 
Living  att 

Lowleightou 
Li  Essex. 

Cambridge  8""  9  1705. 
Honoured  S"^ 

This  is  to  let  you  know  y*  your  freind  M""  Salter  is  dead,  he  died 
on  Sunday  about  4  of  y'^  Clock  in  y^  Afternoon,  when  he  is  to  be 
buried  I  can't  tell,  but  they  say  he  can't  keep  long,  for  his  legs  were 
mortifyed  2  or  three  days  before  lae  dyed. 

I  like  the  Colledge  very  well  and  I  find  my  Commons  with  y' 
addition  of  an  half  penny  worth  of  Cheese  or  butter  full  enough  fur 
y'^  most  part.  The  Lads  are  veiy  civil  and  kind  to  me,  and  now 
and  then  they  ask  me  to  come  to  their  Chambers  and  I  do  the  same 
to  y"*  again  :  But  among  themselves  they  are  up  to  the  ears  in 
division  abou  high  Church  and  Low  Church  Whig  and  Tory.  But 
for  my  part  I  strive  to  leave  y""  when  I  find  they  are  going  to  y^ 
sport. 

IVP  Trencher  my  Chamber  fellow  is  a  very  good  natured  young 
gentleman  and  very  civil  to  me,  &  I  dont  doubt  but  he  and  I  shall 
agree  very  well  together.  For  y^  present  I  read  nothing  but  a 
Chapter  of  y®  Epistle  to  y*  Romans  every  morning  in  greek  to 
M''  Grig  :  But  I  shall  do  something  else  in  a  little  while.  I  hope 
you  got  home  safe  on  Saturday.  I  understand  I  am  to  make  some 
petty  speeches  and  disputations  in  y*  Hall  next  term,  I  wish  they 
were  well  over,  but  I  believe  I  am  more  afraid  than  I  shall  be  hurt 
when  I  come  to  it.  Pi'ay  my  humble  service  to  Mm  Strype  and  y° 
Misses,  I  hope  M"  Stryp  has  got  rid  of  her  intermitting  Feavour. 
I  am 

Hon"?  S'  Your  most  obliged  fniml 
and  humble  Servant 


W.  Rknku 


If  I  can  do  you  any 
Service  here  at  y®  University 
I  shall  be  very  glad  to  do  it. 
I  did  not  write  you  in  Latin 
because  I  was  afraid  y^  po.st 
would  1)0  gone  before  I  could 
finish  y'  and  some  other 
Letters  I  had  to  write. 


ID— 2 


2.')2  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 


4.] 


MS.  A(l(r     II.  i.  89. 


Endorsed  l)y  Strype         '  EiHy  Renew  in  Latin 
from  Cainbi'idge 
Nov.  18...Kecepi  Nov.  21.' 

G  :  Rencu  viro  Rcvcreudissimo  sapientlssimo 
[do*]  ornatissimo  D"."  Johanni  Stryp  S.  P.  D, 

Vir  Colendissime 

Multuui  me  pudet,  lit  niilii  literas  anglicas  tibi  danti  tu  dares 
Latinas  sed  ex  beniguitate  tiui  sj^ero  te  negligentiam  meam  exiisa- 
turum  esse ;  Et  lianc  et  omnes  dum  tecum  maiiserira,  culpas  com- 
missas  optime  enim  scio  te  et  jam  meum  bonum  optare  et  semper 
optasse  consuluisseq  ;  Sed  ut  tu  maxime  sic  ego  meijpsius  bonum  et 
felicitatem  non  curavi  nee  consului,  deerat,  deerat,  inquani,  ex  mea, 
nunquam  ex  tua  parte,  ad  maximum  meum  dolorem  nunc  temporis 
Luctumq. 

Ago  tibi  gratias  etiam  qiuim  maximas  quam  plurimasque  pro 
bonis  tuis  sapientibusq  consilijs  sperans  me  ea  observaturum  esse  et 
.secundiim  ilia  actiones  meas  Regulare. 

Tutor  meus  (vir  benignus  doctusq)  Lecturas  milii  ex  Burgodiscio 
de  institutione  Logices  et  ex  graeco  Testameuto  indies  ad  Horam 
octavam  praelegit.  Commendat  autem  milii  ut  Legam  Terentium 
et  quosdam  alios  autlaores  Classicos.  Et  die  Lunae,  die  Mercurij,  et 
die  Veneris  ad  tertiam  horam  Lecturas  mihi  et  Contubernali  meo 
Legit  matliematicas. 

Praece2)tori  meo  colcndissimo  doctissimoq  die  Mercurij  pi-oximo 
Literas  dabo  Latinas  (Deo  volente)  si  ante  id  tempus  ilium  \'iderLs, 
saluta  ilium  fratremq  Dauielem  meo  nomine  precor.  D°"^  Cri'igg  ^^ 
Trencliard  se  tibi  commendant  officiosissime.  Vale.  [A*]  E.  CoUegio 
Jesu  Cantab  :   14  Cal  :  Mensis  Dec.  1705'. 


'    Stiype's  owu  letters  to  his  mother  phee  shoukl  deliver  it  into  v'"  hands,  y' 

when  he  was  a  freshman  at  Jesus  are  so  j°  may  better  &  more  fully  heare  of 

so  curious  that  it  may  he  worth  while  me,  and  know  how  it  fareth  w"'  me. 

to  reprint  them  here  from  the  origi-  She  is  my  Laundresse  make  her  wel- 

nals  instead  of  the  common  inaccurate  come,  and  tell  her  how  j°  would  have 

copies.  my  hnnin  washed,  as  y°  were  sajing 

Endorsed  '  1662.     One  of  my  first  in  y'"  letter.     I  am  very  glad  to  hear 

Letters  to  my  Mother  from  Jesus  Coll.  y'  y"  &  my  Brother  Johnso  do  agree  so 

Cambr.'  well,  y'   I  believe  y"  account  an  un- 

Good  Mother,  usuall  coiu-tesie  y'  he  should  have  you 

Yours  of  the  2-4"^  instant  I  gladly  out  to  the  cake-house,     however  pray 

received  expecting  indeed  one  a  Week  Mo,  be  careful!  of  y''selfe  and  do  not 

before,    but    I   understand    both    by  over  walk  yi'selfe  for  y*  is  wont  to  bring 

Waterson  and  yrselfe  of  y""  indisposed-  y"  upo  a  sick  bedd.     I  heare  also  my 

nesse  then   to  write.     The  reason  y"  Bro  Sayer   is  often  y""  visitor :    truly 

receive  this  no  sooner  is,  because   I  I  am  glad  of  it,  I  hope  y  cliilchen  may 

had  a  mind   (hearing  of  this  honest  be  comforts  to  y"  now  y^  are  gi'owuig 

woman's  setting  out  so  suddenly  for  old.     Remember  me  back  again  most 

Loudon  from  hence  and  her  business'  kindly  to  my  Bro  Sayer.     Concerning 

laying  so  ueer  to  Petticoate  lane,)  tliat  y*   taking   up  of  my  things,  tis   true 


APPENDIX    II.      W.    IIENEU    TO    THE    STKYPES. 


293 


[For  ^l"  Strype,  on  the  same  slieet] 
Hon'?  Ml' 

I  am  glad  tliat  you  are  got  pretty  well  agaiu  of  your  fever  which 
you  had  when  I  was  with  you  last.      And  1  am  much  obliged  to  you 


I  gave  one  shilling  to  much  in  y<=  100, 
but  why  I  gave  so  much,  I  thought  in- 
deed I  bad  given  y  an  account  in  y' 
same  letter :  but  it  seems  I  have  not. 
The  only  reason  is,  because  they  were 
a  schollcrs  goods :  it  is  coiuon  to  make 
y""  pay  one  shill  more  than  the  Townes 
people.    Dr  Pearson  liimselfe  payed  so, 
and  severall  other  ladds  in  this  Coll. 
and  my  Tutor  told  me  they  would  ex- 
act so  much  of  one  being  a  schollar 
and  I  found  it  so.     Do  not  wonder  so 
much  at  our  coiiions :  they  are  more 
y"   many  colledges   have.     Trinity   it 
selfe  (where  Herring  and  Davies  are), 
vycii  is  yc  famousest  Coll.  in  y"  Uni- 
versity,   have    but  3   halfpence.     We 
have  roast  meat,  dinner  and   supper 
throughout  y"  whole  weeke  ;  and  such 
meate  as  y°  know  I  do  not  use  to  care 
for ;  and  y'  is  Veal :   but  now  I  have 
learnt  to  eat  it.     Sometimes  nevery"-'- 
lesse,  we  have  boyled  meat,  w'^  pot- 
tage; and  beef  and  mutton,  w"^"*  I  am 
glad  of:  except  Frydays  and  Saturdays, 
and  sometimes  Wednesdays  ;  w*^**  days 
we  have  Fish  at  dinner,  and  tansy  or 
puddings  for  supper.     Our  jiarts  y"  are 
slender  enough.     But  there  is  y"  reme- 
die ;  wee  may  retire  into  y  butteries, 
and  there  take  a  halfpenn_y  loafe  and 
butter  or  cheese ;  or  else  to  the  Kit- 
chin  and  take  there  what  wee  will  y' 
y"  Cook  hath.     But  for  my  part  I  am 
sure   I  never  visited   the   Kitehiu   y', 
since  I  have  been  here,  and  y*"  but- 
teries but  seldom  after  meals  ;  unlesse 
for  a  Cize  [or  8L~e,  or  Sire]  y'  is  for  a 
Farthingworth  of  small-beer:  so  that 
Icsso  than  a  Penny  in  Beer  doth  serve 
mo  a  whole  Day.    Neverthelesse  some- 
times we  have   oxceedings :   then  we 
have  2  or  3  Dishes  (but  y*  is  very  rare) : 
otherwise  never  but  one :  so  y'  a  cake 
and  a  cheese  would  (as  they  have  been) 
be  very  welcome  to  me :  and  a  neat's 
tongue,   or   some    such    thing;     if    it 
would   not  require    too   much   mouy. 
If  y"  do  entend  to  send  me  any  thing, 
do  not  send  it  yet,  until  y"  may  hear 
farther  of  me:  for  I  have  many  things 
to  send  for  w'''  may  all  I  hope  be  put 
into  y"  box  y"  have  at  homo :  but  w' 
they  are,   I  shall  give   y"  an  account 
hereafter,  w"  I  wcniM  have  y'"  sent : 


And  y'  is  w"  I  have  got  mo  a  chamber; 
for  as  yet  I  am  in  a  chamber  y'  doth 
not  at  all  please  mo.     I  have  thoughts 
of  one,  w^^''  is  a  very  handsome  one, 
and  one  pair  of   stairs   high,    and  y' 
lookcth  into  the  Master's  garden.    The 
price  is  but  20  shill.  per  annum,    10 
whereof    a   knight's   son,    and    lately 
admitted  into  y  Coll.  doth  pay  :  though 
he  doth  not  come  till  about  Midsum- 
mer, so  y'  I  shall  have  but  10  shill  to 
pay  a  yeare  besides  my  income  whicli 
may  be   about   -IOj;.   or   there   abouts. 
Mother  I  kindly  thank  y"  for  y'"  Orange 
pills  y"   sent   me.     If  y"  are   not  to 
straiglit  of  mony  send  me  some  such 
thing  by  the  Woma,  and  a  pound  or 
two  of  almonds  and  raisons.     But  first 
ask  her  if  she  will  cany  y'",  or  if  they 
will  not  be  too  much  trouble  to  her. 
I  do  much  approve  of  y""  agreeing  with 
y"   carrier   quarterly ;    he  was  indeed 
telling  me  of  it,  y'  y"  had  agreed  w"' 
him  for  it :  and  I  think  he  means  both 
y"  and  mine.     Make  your  bargaiucs 
sure  w"'  him.     I  understand  by  y  Let- 
ter y'  y"  are  very  inquisitive  to  know 
how  things  stand  w"'  me  hero.     I  be- 
lieve y"  may  be  well  enough  satisfied 
hy  y°  woman.     My  breakings  out  are 
now  all  gone,  indeed  I  was  aflfraid  at 
my  first  coming  it  would  have  proved 
y  Itch :  but  I  am  fairly  rid  of  it.     But 
I  fear  I  shall  get  it,  let  me  do  what 
I   can :    for   there    are   many  here  y' 
have   it   cruelly.      Some   of    y"'    take 
strong  purges  y'  would  kill  a  horse, 
weeks  together  for  it,  to  get  it  away, 
&  yet  are  hardly  ridd  of  it.   At  my  first 
coming  I  laid  alone:    but  since,   my 
Tut<nir  desired  me  to  let  a  very  clear 
lad  lay  w"'    mo    and   an    Alderman's 
sou   of  Colchester,    w"^^''   I   could    not 
deny,    being   newly  come:     ho    hath 
laid   w"'    mo   now  for   almost  a  fort- 
night, and  will  do  till  he  can  provide 
himselfo   a    Chamber.     I    have    boon 
w"'   all    my  acquaintance  who    liavo 
ontroatod  mo  very  courteously :  esjioci- 
ally  Jonathan  Iloughton.     I  went   t<i 
his  Cliainlier  y"   Friday  night    I   first 
came,  and  there  he  made  me  stay  and 
Bupp  w"'  him,  and  would  have  had  mo 
laid  w'''  him   that  night,  and  was  cx- 
traordinarv    kind    to    mee.     Since    we 


294 


UNIVEltSITY    STLDl KS. 


for  your  kind  offer  of  sending  me  a  Cake,  which  you  may  be  sure 
Avhen  ever  it  comes  will  be  very  wellcome  for  though  Ave  have  pretty 
gooil  Commons  yet  we  have  not  such  a  vast  deall  l^ut  we  can  make 
shift  with  a  bit  of  Cake  after  yl^  Pray  my  humble  service  to  ^V  [sic] 
Susanna  and  M"  liester  Stryp. 

I  remain 
Hon-?  M™ 

Yours  at  command 

W.  Reneu. 


[On  the  third  page,  for  J.  Strype.] 

I  have  sent  you  as  you  were  })leased  to  order  me  y®  inscriptions  of 
y*  monument  of  Mr  Kustat  and  Boldero,  w"**  are  accuiately  and 
exactly  written.  Mr  Rustat's  monument  is  written  all  in  great 
Letters  and  is  as  follows. 

Tobias  Rustat  yeoman  of  y''  Robes- 
To  King  Chai'Ies  the  Second 

Whom  he  served  w*^"^  all  duty  and  faithfulness 

In  his  Adversity  as  well  a*  prosperity 

The  greatest  part  of  the  Estate  he  gathered 

By  God's  blessing,  y^  Kings  favour,  and  his  own  industry 

He  disposed  in  his  Life  time  iu  works  of  Charity 


have  been  together  pretty  often.  He 
excused  himselfe  }''  be  did  not  come  to 
see  me  before  be  went,  &  that  be  did 
not  wi'ite  to  me  since  be  bad  been 
come.  Hee  batb  now,  or  is  about  ob- 
taining £10  more  from  the  Coll.  Wee 
go  twise  a  day  to  Cbappell;  in  the 
morning  about  7,  and  in  the  evening 
about  5.  After  we  are  come  from 
Cbappell  in  y  morning  w'^''  is  towards 
8,  we  go  to  y  Butteries  for  oiir  break- 
fast, w'"^  vsually  is  5  farthings  ;  an 
halfpenny  loafe  and  butter,  &  a  cize 
of  beer.  But  sometimes  I  go  to  an 
honest  bouse  neere  y^  Coll,  and  have  a 
yhit  of  milk  boyled  for  my  breakfast. 
Truly  I  was  much  troubled  to  hear  y' 
my  Letter  to  Ireland  is  not  yet  gone. 
I  wish  if  Mrs  Jones  is  not  yet  gone, 
that  it  might  be  sent  some  other  way. 
Indeed  I  wish  I  could  see  my  Coseu 
James  Bonnell  here  \Tithin  3  or  -1 
years,  for  I  believe  our  University  is 
lesse  strict  to  observe  Lads  that  do  not 
iu  every  point  conforme,  y"  tbeir's  at 
Dublin,  though  our's  be  bad  enough. 
Pray  remember  me  to  my  Uncle,  and 


all  my  friends  there,  w"  y"  write. 
Eemember  me  to  my  cozen  James 
Knox,  I  am  glad  y'  he  is  recovered  fro 
his  dangerous  sickness,  w'soever  it  is; 
for  I  cannot  make  any  thing  of  it  as  \° 
have  written  it.  And  then,  for  want 
of  Paper,  I  end,  desiring  heartily  to  be 
remembered  to  all  my  friends,  excuse 
to  my  Bro""  an  sister,  y'  they  have  not 
beard  from  me  yet,  next  week  I  hope 
to  write  to  y°'  both.  Excuse  my  length, 
I  thought  I  would  answer  yom*  Letter 
to  y=  full.     I  remain  y  dutrfull  Sou, 

J.  Strijp. 

These 

For  his  honoured 

Mother  M"  Hester 
Strijp.     Widdow,  dwelling 
in  petticoate  lane,  right 

over  against  y*  5  Ink-Hornes 

Without  Bishopsgate, 
In 

London. 


[Baumgartner  Papers,  7. 
Corrc^j).  IV.  i,  8.] 


Sinjpe 


APPENDIX    II.      RENEU    TO    THE    S.TRYPES.  2!)5 

Ami  found  y"  more  be  Bestowed 

Upon  Churches,  Hospi tails,  universities  and  Colleges 

The  more  he  had  at  the  years  end. 

Neither  was  he  unmindfull  of  his  kindred  aud  Relations 

In  making  y™  pi-ovisions  out  of  what  I'emained. 

He  dyed  a  Bachelour  y*^  15***  of  March 

In  y*  year  of  our  Lord  101)7  aged  87  years. 

M"^  Boldero's  Monuments  inscription  in  little  letters 

Terra  quam  premis,  liector,  sacra  est 
Memoriae  Edmundi  Boldero 

S.  T.  P. 
Viri  (saeviente  Bello  civili)  de  Ecclesia 
Anglicana  optime  meriti,  utriq  Carol o 
Devotissimi,  &  hujus  Collegij   Custodis 
Dignissimi,  qui  obijt  5*°  die  Julij,    A.nno  Christi  1679 

^tat.  suae  72'i°. 
Desine  plura  inquirere,  et  te  talem  ])raestes. 
Quod  superest  deest  sed  resurgam. 


5.]  MS.  Add'-  III.   Part  ii.   letter  266. 

l*]iid()rsed  'Will  Eeneu's  Letter 
to  me  Mai'ch  1705 
before  his'  going  to 
Frankford. 
Piecepi  Mar.  23. 
1705-6.' 

These 

For  ye  Rever'^''   M""  John  Strype 
at  his  house  in  Lowleyton 
In  E-sex 

Vir  ornatissime 

Tempore  fere  bimestri  intermisso  cujiis  spatium,  antea  tibi  re- 
sponderem,  mihi  concessisti,  jam  iterum  ad  te  Literas  do. 

Eadem  adhuc  utitur  Methodo  Tutor  mens  optimus,  qua  olim,  &. 
omnimodis  seipsum  verum  &,  fidelem  amicum  mihi  &  toti  nostrae 
familiae  ostendit  &  quantum  ad  me  attinet,  puto,  nullam  majoi-em 
felicitatem  mihi  evenire  potuisse  quam  Cantabrigiam  venieuti  ilium 
fore  Tutorem;  quandocunq  raecum  ambulet  vel  sedeat  (ut  non  raro) 
non  de  nugis    tk   rebus  inanibus  (ut  soleut  plurinii)   Loquitur,   sed 

^  A  slight  inaccuracy.     At  least  in  Brunswick  (Cooper's  Annah  iv.  75;?.) 

this  letter  Reneu  speaks  of  poinp;  as  wliile  tlie  rest  of  tlie  deputation  fn>ni 

far  as  Harwich.      His  tutor  llr  Grifig  CanibridKO    attended    tlie    .luliilee   of 

went  farther  and  fared  worse,  for  lie  Frankfort-on-Odcr    University.       See 

liiid    a   fall   which    detained    him    at  above  p.  ',)S. 


296  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES. 

tantum  dc  rebus  optiinis  &  utilissiiuis  &.  da  ijs,  quae   suiiima  milii 
commoda  aflerant. 

Scribis  niirari  adinodum  in  E7rtypa(/)7j  RVSTATI  nullaiii  adferri 
Rationem  corpus  ibi  huiuandi.  Uatio  quidein  liaec  ost,  Kustatus 
monumentum  iu  Domo  sua  per  octo  aunos  habuit  et  ipse  scriptionem 
fecit  jussitq  ne  Veibum  quidem  ad  earn  Inscriptionem  addi  vel  mutari 
post  mortem  (!JU3 — Scribis  etiam  Lineam  ultima  luscriptionis  Bolde- 
rianae  intellectu  difficilem  esse,  puto  autem  illam  nill  aliud  velle  nisi 
lioc;  Quod  superest,  i.e.  Reliqua  pars  mei,  nempe  anima,  de  qua 
nihil  hie  fertur  Deest,  i.e.  non  iix  hoc  tumido  jacet  sed  resurgam,  i.e. 
sed  etsi  sepanmtur'  nee  simul  esse  possMnt'  in  hoc  tumulo  anima  et 
corpus  Resurgam  totus  anima  et  corpore  conjunctis. 

Amici;s  tuus  dominus  Salterus  £100  huic  collegio  Legavit. 

Multum  dolet  Uxoris  tuae  Dominae  Stryp  aegritudo,  praesertim 
cum  jam  Longo  tempore  male  se  habuit. 

Tutor  mens  D""'*  Grigg  Contubernalisq  Trenchard  Francofurtum 
versus  juxta  Viadrum  fiuvium  in  Germania  ituri  sunt  Ab  Academia 
ad  Jubile  die  vicesimo  tertio  mensis  Apr:  servandum,  me  Comite 
usque  ad  Harwich.  Saluta  totam  familiam  optimam  tuam  nomine 
meo,  Tutoris  and  Contubernalis.     Vale. 

Mensis  Martij  die  21  1705-G 


6.]  MS.  Add'   III.  ii.  279. 

Endorsed  'From  W"  Reneu 
July  9  1706 
Rec''.  July  11.' 

For  y*"  Reverend  Mr  John  Strype  |  Minister  | 
at  Low  Leighton 
In  Essex. 

Cambridge  Julv  7"'  1706 

Hou-^,  S' 

I  received  yours  of  y*"  2''  of  this  month  and  am  obliged  to 
you  for  accepting  so  small  a  present  in  good  part. 

I  humby  thank  you  for  your  kind  admonition  viz:  to  write 
my  Father  a  Letter  of  thanks  for  being  at  y°  expence  of  my  Journey 
etc  But  I  have  done  it  already. 

I  have  also  kept  a  Journall  of  my  travails  part  of  Avhich  I  copied 
and  sent  my  Father  beleiving  it  would  please  him. 

You  make  an  Apology  for  continuing  my  Monitor  still ;  I  am  not 
such  a  one  as  Horace  gives  a  description  off  Who  is 

Monitoribus  Asper 
but  instead  of  that   I   humbly  thank  you  &  own  myself  infinitely 
obliged  to  yo\i  for  your  care  and  kindness  to   me  and  you  may  be 

1  separcntwr  and  ]}ossint  are  fnimly  in  the  original  .snggests  that  Eeneu 
!tiifjf)estc(l  sccunda  manu.  The  iiregu-  stopped  pretty  frequently  to  consult 
lar  way  in  wliich  this  letter  is  written       his  Littleton. 


APPENDIX    II.       KENEU    TO    STRYPE.  297 

sure  there  is  notliing  that  greives  me  more  than  to  think  I  can  make 
uo  Keturn  for  such  repeated  favours. 

I  am  very  ghid  to  hear  your  Lady  is  in  a  way  of  Recovery  from 
a  very  dangerous  fit  of  sickness  by  drinking  Asses  milk,  pray  God  it 
may  perfect  lier  care. 

I  am  gh\d  to  hear  Daniel  improves  in  Behaviour  and  Leai'ning, 
Pray  my  Love  to  him  &  service  to  M'  and  M"  Moreland  when 
you  see  them. 

I  have  not  heard  whether  I  shall  go  to  London  or  not  as  yet,  for 
my  part  I  shall  be  very  glad  to  see  my  old  frcinds  but  very  content 
also  to  stay  if  my  Father  had  ratlujr  I  should.  Pray  my  huml)le 
service  to  your  Lady  and  two  Daughters  and  please  to  accept  y*^  same 
from 

Your  very  much  obliged  and 
July  O"*  M''Grigg  goes  humble  servant 

to  London  this  week  or  W"'  Reneu 

next  and  I  dont  know 
but  I  may  come  along 
w"'  him. 

7.]  MS.  Add'-  III.  ii.  285. 

From  \V.  Reneu  to  J.  Stryjie 

written      from  Putney  Sept'7  9"'  170G. 

[Received  Stry})e's  last  letter  when  making  a  stay  of  three  weeks 
in  London.  Sends  transcripts  of  the  monumental  inscriptions  iu 
Putney  Church ] 

'I  believe,  M""  Sfcrype,  you  will  be  at  a  Loss  iov  y"  Coats  of  Arms 
belonging  to  these  monum'f,  which  you  know  I  cant  Blazen,  there- 
fore I  believe  this  must  be  your  Remedy;  to  come  hither,  and 
because  the  succussation  of  your  Horse  is  so  great,  only  to  come  to 
london  upon  him,  and  come  hither  by  water  one  day,  and  go  away 
y''  next,  tho  we  should  be  much  ghuUlcr  of  your  longer  stay  with  us. 
Pray  present  my  humble  service  to  M"  Strype  &  your  two  Daughters 
A:  please  to  accept  y"  same  from 

S'')  your  most  obliged  humble  servant 
W";  Rexeu 

My  Tutor  is  at  the  Bath  and  wi-itcs  he  shall  not  return  till  about  a 
fortnight  hence,  at  which  time,  1  shall  accompany  lain  to  Cambridge. 

8.]  Ibid.  III.  iii.  293. 

For  y°  Rever'.'  iNI''  John  Stry[) 
Minister  att  his  house 
In  Lowleyton 
Essex. 

Jes:  Coll:  January  2.  170G  [i.e.   17(M;-7.] 

J  Lou''  s;- 

The  great  and  noble  work  you  are  about,  and  yv  lyltlc  news   1 


298  UNIVKUSITV    hTL'DlKS. 

liiive  liiul  to  send  you  of  Cainbridgc  liatli  been  y°  Cause  of  my  not 
writinj,'  to  you  thus  long.  I'm  sure,  good  H',  you  cant  admitt  y' 
thoughts  of  my  having  forgotten  a  pei-son,  wliom  I  have  y"  greatest 
reason  to,  &  I  dare  say,  always  sball  rememV>er  with  all  y"  Reverence 
it  Respect  imaginable.  But  I  'rn  thorouglily  per.suaded  you  '11 
beleive  me  tlierfore  will  not  detain  yoii  any  longer  on  that  Subject. 

Cambridge  at  present  is  pretty  quiet  but  about  a  quarter  of  a 
y(!ar  ago,  tliere  was  a  little  stir  about  one  Tudway  Mr  of  Musick 
\vlio  having  been  accused  by  one  Plumtrce  Dr  of  Physick  of  some 
scandalous  and  Toriacall  Pteflections  on  y"  Queen,  was  degraded  & 
expelled  y"  University  by  y^  Vice  Chancellor  &  y®  Heads.  Most  of 
y^  Tory  or  rather  lacobite  party  blame  their  proceedings  very  much 
as  too  rigorous  upon  him  but  y"  Whigs  say  just  y"  conti'ary,  but  in 
fine  y"  thing  is  done  &  irrevocable. 

I  believe  since  I  wrote  to  you  last  I  have  taken  other  Books  to 
read,  being  now  at  length  climbed  up  to  y"  degree  of  Junior  Sophista. 
At  which  time  we  begin  to  study  Physicks  &  naturall  Philosophy. 
I  go  to  lectures  to  Mr  Grigg  (whom  I  love  entirely  &  and  who  strives 
in  all  things  to  pmote  my  welfare  &.  Learning  T'me  sure)  every  morn- 
ing In  Clark's  physicks,  to  Mr  Townsend  in  y°  afternoon  in  Rohault's 
Physicks;  and  I  am  not  a  little  taken  with  y®  study  of  naturall  Phi- 
losophy. The  Books  I  read  by  my  self  are  Tull :  Tusculan  Questions 
&  Homer,  besides  english  Books.  "VVe  have  no  Books  coming  out 
at  present  as  I  hear  off.  Be  pleased  to  present  my  veij  humble 
service  to  M™  Stryp  &  j^  young  Ladies.  If  you  have  any  service  to 
command  me  here  at  Cambridge  I  am  and  always  shall  be 

Reverend  S"")  your  most  ready,  faithful  1  and  obedient 

humble  servant  jfc  freinde! 

I  wish  you  all  an  happy  new 
vear. 


9.]  MS.  Add'-  IlL  i.   UO. 

Endorsed  'W"  Renew  Fro  Jesus  Coll.' 

These 
For  y'  Rev''  M'  John  Strype 
Minister  of  Low  ley  ton 
In  Essex 
per  London 

...  .ay  y*  Q-^  1707. 

Hon-:  S^ 

I  received  a  letter  from  you  about  G  weeks  agoe,  and  have 
deferred  y^  answering  of  it  till  now,  least  by  my  too  frequent  letters 
I  should  interrupt  you  in  perfecting  y'  noble  &  Learned  work  you 
are  about  to  present  y"  publick  with.  This  reason  I  am  persuaded 
will  keep  you  from  imputing  my  long  silence  from  disesteem  or  for- 
getfulness  of  you. 


APPENDIX    JI.      RENEU    TO    STRYPE.  209 

I  liumbly  thank  you  fur  telling  me  y^  riglit  \;se  I  slionkl  make  of 
Philosophy  which  was  to  admire  the  great  Creator  of  all  things  whose 
Power  goodness  and  wisdom  so  eminently  shone  in  them;  I  shall 
make  this  use  of  it,  and  shall  also  take  care  not  to  let  it  swallow  iip 
all  my  time;  for  I  am  sensible  I  shall  receive  abundance  more  acl- 
vantage  from  y^  study  of  y°  Languages  than  from  y®  study  of  that;  but 
I  should  not  so  wholly  neglect  it,  as  when  I  come  up  in  y"  Hall  or 
Schools  not  to  be  able  to  say  one  word.  I  have  bought  Patrick's 
Grotius  which  I  think  very  well  answei's  your  Caracter  of  it.  M"' 
Newcome  and  I  hold  very  good  acquaintance,  we  give  one  another  a 
visit  every  now  and  then;  he  is  a  very  studious  aiid  sober  Lad  : 
Another  of  my  School-fellows  is  admitted  of  Emanuell  fellow-Com- 
moner, he  was  3  forms  below  me  at  school  (but  fellow-commoners  are 
seldom  exti-aordiuary  scholars).  There  is  another  y'  was  form-fellow 
w"'  me,  admitted  pensioner  of  Katharine  Hall,  he  is  an  extraoi-dinary 
ingenious  Lad,  and  M""  Moreland  expects  hee'll  be  a  great  Honour  to 
his  School. —My  year  is  so  very  large  y'  though  I  have  been  half  a 
year  Junior  Soph  I  have  not  gotten  a  Scholarship,  nor  can't  expect 
one  these  G  months.  Its  Largeness  has  brought  another  inconvenience 
upon  me,  viz.  that  I  neither  have  nor  shall  keep  much  exercise  in 
Colledge  which  would  have  helpt  to  wear  ofFy'  faulty  Bashfulness  which 
I  have.  I  don't  know  whether  I  may  expect  a  fellowship,  for  there 
are  sevei'al  to  be  served  before  me,  if  they  stay. 

My  Tutor  went  to  London  about  a  month  agoe,  and  from  thence 
to  y^  Bath.  I  received  a  letter  from  him  on  Sunday  night  last,  dated 
yo  28"»  Ap'.  wherein  he  wrote,  he  intended  to  leave  Bath  in  about  3 
Aveeks.  I'me  very  sony  for  my  Uncle's  misfortune,  which  I  may  be 
sure  is  no  small  affliction  to  my  poor  mother  and  all  our  Family,  J 
pray  God  support  them  under  it;  nothing  I  doe  here  shall  be  an 
additionall  greif  to  them  if  I  can  help  it. 

Here  is  a  sad  accident  has  happened  to  2  Lads',  one  of  Sidney 
colledge  and  another  of  ours,  who  going  to  y"  Tavern  got  most  sadly 
drunk,  and  about  11  of  y°  Clock  at  night  meeting  a  man  (the  poor 
man  was  going  to  the  Chandlers  for  a  little  Tobacco,  and  coming  out 
again)  one  of  y'"  stuck  him  into  ye  breast,  and  not  being  able  to  make 
his  Knife  enter  there  far  enough  because  of  a  bore  that  hindered;  h-e 
run  behind  him  and  stuck  him  into  y*  Back  between  one  of  j°  small 
Ribs,  upon  w"**  he  run  away  to  colledge,  but  j°  other  lad,  being  so  drunk 
y'  he  could  not  run,  was  taken  and  carried  to  y"  Tolcbooth  ;  y°  poor 
wounded  man  bled  (its  thought)  one  -^  part  of  y"  Blood  in  his  body 
and  was  given  over  by  y"  surgeon,  but  y"  Blood  stooping  he's  thought 
to  recover,  w*^^""  I  pray  God  he  may;  for  if  he  does  not,  y"  Lads  will 
go  nigh  to  be  hanged;  if  he  does  recover,  it  will  cost  y™  £30  a  piece, 
if  not  more,  to  make  him  amends  to  pay  y"  surgeon.  jMy  humble 
service  to  jNIr.s  Strype  and  the  young  Ladies,  and  accei)t  this  Long 
Letter  from 

S'  Your  much  obliged  humble  servant 

W.  Reneu. 

'  llomiugton  (Siiluey).     Li.ster  (.Jesus). 


300  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Tlio  lad  y'  did  it,  is  said  to  Ik;  of  Sidney  colledi^'e  not  of  ours.  TTe 
of  otii-  Oollodi^t!  is  not  und(!i-  M""  Townscnd.  J  lu'lievo  tliey  will  both 
[l)n]  cither  expelled  oi"  RustieatcMl,  though  one;  did  not  stah  him.  All 
this  ha])p(;ned  on  friday  night  last. 

Since  I  wrote  this  letter  I  hear  tliat  they  were  both  expelled 
})rivately  yesterday  in  y°  Afternoon  by  y"  Caput. 


10.]  MS.  Add'-  III.  iii.  300. 

'Billy  Reneu 

in   Greek  &  I^atin ' 

These 

For  M-"  John  Stryp  Living 

At  Low=Leightou 

near  y"  Stocks 

Essex 


[28  Dec.   1707.] 


w     care 
roi»/\ieA/xo?  o  VevevLOv  tov  SiSaaKaXov  aiootoTarov  acTTra^ct 

Tus  GOV  eTTtfTToAas  TT^s  r//xepa?  iiKocTTrjs  kol  8evTeprj<;  to{)  fJii~jv6<i 
TTocretSeuji'os  iLXrjcpa.  OuSe  fJ-ol  rj  X^P^^  icrrlv  jjiLKpoi  on  at  fjLov  eTicrroAai 
(TOi  ivyvMjMove<;  'rjaav  X"V"^  '''^  ^°^  ^'x*^  virep  T17S  TrapaKXrJLaw;  a-fjs  SryAaS?;, 
ws  TraiSeiav  eAAertKr/i/  cnrovSdt^oLfXL^  koI  cos  /xe  dvTrjv  aTrov8d^eLV  Trapo^v- 
vots,  eiTra?,  on  rrj  avTrj  TraiSeta  ot  apLcrroi  (fnkoa-offjoi  Kat  ot  ap;^aioraTot 
Trj<;  iKKXr](Ttas  llarepes  xc^piOfxivoi  'rjaav,  kol  otl  avrrj  /xe  airo  twv 
Srj/xoSiixiu  crxoXaaTiKwv  ac^opt^of  Kat  VTrep  Tracriys  ti^s  uXXrjs  TrapaKAv^ctajs 
crou  X^P'-^  ^^'-  ^'X'^  payaXrjv. 

^lathematica  onnies  meas  boras  otiumque,  quod  aliter  scribendo 
collocarem.  consumant  nee  aliquod  inter  omnia  mea  studia  illis 
difficilius  est,  sed,  etsi  nunc  multi  sudoris  sunt,  alacriter  illis  Laboreni 
impendo ;  animo  evolvens,  quantas  voluptates  et  commoda  postea 
niihi  praebebunt. 

Pater  Materq  fratrem  Danieleni  a  Dom.  Memmingi  schola 
removerunt ;  nam  non  omniuo  doctior  factus  est,  quantum  ad 
Literas  Ronianas,  etsi  quatuor  annos  apnd  Illu  manserit.  Et  Dom. 
Morlandus,  Patre  cupiente  in  domum  accepit.  Ita  ut  jam  Sodales 
sumus.  Totas  Literas  Graeco  Idiomate  scripserim,  sed  putavi  res 
non  tam  congruas  esse  illi  stilo.  Ideoque  partim  Latine  .scripsi. 
Saluta,  precor,  meo  &  totius  familiae  nomine  Dominam  tuani  Dtnui- 
nulasq.  Omnes  nostrae  Domus  bene  se  habent;  idemq  de  tua  o]ito. 
Vale.     Londini  mensis  Decembris  Die  vice^^imo  octavo. 


APPENDIX   II.      RENEU   TO    THE   STRYPES.  301 


11.]  Ibid.  III.  part  iii.  11°.  3.38. 

Eudorsed  '  W"'  Keneu  1  708 
His  Questions  w*"  he 
kept  his  Act.' 

For  y*  Rever"!  M'  John  8trv[)e 
at  his  house  in 

Low  =  Leighton 
Essex, 
by  London 

Hon-^   Sir 

Since  my  Last  you  have  not  done  me  y"  favour  to 
let  me  hear  from  yon  :  I  hope  I  need  not  impute  it  to  any  thing, 
but  your  having  abundance  of  business  on  your  hands  wliich  has 
engrossed  all  your  time  and  kept  you  from  thinking  of  Cambridge. 
We  ai-e  very  quiet  here  this  vacation  and  have  y^  best  opportunity 
of  studying  tliat  can  be.  I  hope  I  shall  make  good  use  of  it  and 
fit  myself  to  take  my  Degree  honourably  at  Christmas.  In  order 
to  it  I  have  kept  an  act  in  y*  Schools  upon  these  Questions. 

Philosophia  naturalis  non  tendit  in  atheismfi, 
Materia  non  potest  cogitare. 
Materia  est  divisibilis  in  infinitum. 

I  was  baited  2  or  3  hours  by  3  opponents  and  then  came  down 
without  much  disgrace.  Next  term  I  shall  be  ojjponent  once  or 
twice  perhaps  and  then  I  shall  have  kept  all  my  exercise  in  y® 
Schools ;  till  I  come  to  be  middle  Bachelour.  I  remember  you  told 
me  'twould  not  be  ungratefull  to  you  to  hear  how  we  performed 
here,  y'  you  might  see  y''  Difference  between  your  time  and  mine, 
otherwise  I  had  not  troubled  you  w"'  this  impertinence. 

I  have  a  peice  of  very  ill  news  to  send  you  i.e.  viz.  y'  one 
Whlston  our  Mathematicall  Professor,  a  very  learned  (and  sis  we 
thought  pious)  man  has  written  a  Book  concerning  y"  Trinity  and 
designs  to  print  it,  wherein  he  sides  w""  y°  Arrians ;  he  has  showed 
it  to  severall  of  his  freind.s,  who  tell  hira  it  is  a  damnable,  heretical 
Book  and  that,  if  he  prints  it,  he'll  Lose  his  Professorship,  be 
suspended  ab  oilicio  et  beneficio,  but  all  won't  doe,  he  sales,  he 
can't  satisfy  his  Conscience,  unless  he  informs  y"  world  better  as 
he  thinks  than  it  is  at  present,  concerning  y"  Trinity. 

M''  Grigg  gives  his  humble  service  to  you.  Be  pleased  to  give 
mine  to  ISl"  Strype  and  y"  young  Ladies.  And  believe  me  to  be  as 
I  truly  am. 

Sir 

Your  i-es;)cctfull  IVeind  iV*  Stn-v' 


Jes:  Coll:  Aug:  lO'^"  1708. 


W"  Pkxeu, 


302  UNIVERSITV   STUDIES. 


12.]  MS.  Add"-  111.   part  ii.  lutter   1  t<i. 

Endorsed  by  Strype 
'1708  Jan. 

VV"  Renew  Bacli  of  Art. 

My  Book  of  y"  Annals 

Y"  Judgm'  thereof  at  Cand>ridgc.' 

For  y"'  Rev'!   M'  John  Strype 
Minister  of  Low  =  Leyton 
In  Essex 

[25  Jan.  1708-Q.] 
by  London 

Honoured  S"!)  Last  fryday  I  got  over  all  y*  Troublesome  busi- 
ness attending  my  Degree  and  was  capjied  by  y®  Vice  Chancellour ; 
news  I  fancy  that  won't  be  very  ungrateful  to  you;  who  have  alwaies 
shown  such  a  kind  concern  for  my  wellfare  &  happiness.  Pi-epai-ation 
for  my  Degree  has  kept  me  hitherto  from  reading  your  learned  His- 
tory &G  a  book,  all  y*^  most  ingenious  men  confess  y™  selves  mightily 
obliged  to  you  for ;  &  willingly  own  it  to  be  a  work  no  one  could  un- 
dertake &  perfect,  but  y'"  self,  as  you  have  certainly  done  to  all  their 
satisfactions  ;  I  intend  within  a  little  while  to  set  about  it  and 
read  it  over,  I  don't  doubt,  w""  a  great  deal  of  Pleasure.  But  I 
believe  I  shall  first  see  you  at  your  own  house ;  for  I  intend  to  be 
at  London  (if  y"  Weather  alters  and  mends  y"  Roads)  within  ten 
dayes.  In  y"  mean  time  I  fancy,  my  Father  would  be  glad  you'd 
dine  w*  him  one  day,  and  you'd  particularly  oblige  me,  if  you'd 
tell  him  he  mvist  expect  pretty  large  Bills,  this  Degree-time'.  I 
have  this  day  sent  him  up  a  very  large  one,  w^hich  I  don't  know 
how  hee'll  like.  But  intend  he  shall  have  no  more  such  ;  for  now 
I  me^  Bachelour,  I  know  I  can  find  severall  ways  to  retreave  my 
Expences,  and  live  for  threescore  p''^  p""  Ann  :  very  handsomely, 
and  that  he's  willing  to  allow  me. 

Please  to  present  my  humble  service  to  M"  Strype  and  y"'  Young 
Ladies,  &  excuse  y"  freedom  taken  w**"  you  (in  pretending  to  employ 
you)  from 

Your  afF:"'^  humble  Serv* 

W.  Reneu 

Jes:  coll:  Jan:  25: 
1708-9. 

1   Not  only  because  of  fees,  but  for  sometimes  spelt  "I'le,"  but  with  the 

treats  to  the  '  fathers '  disputants  auJ  apostrophe;  ex.  (jr.  in   Nevile's  Pour 

friends  in  college.  ScJioler  (1G62),  ii.  4. 

^  I  me  =  I'm.     Similnrlv  "  I'll  "  was 


APPENDIX    jr.       RENEU   TO    STRYPE.  803 


13.]  Il.id.    III.    ii.    loi). 

Emlorsed  '  M'  W"  Ileneu  Oct  i.    1709 
M'  Wort's  300()£  how 
(lisi)O.sed  in  Charity 
to  y®  University. 
•  Reneu  fair  for  a  Southern 

Fellowsliip  at  Jesus  C<j11.' 

Dear  &  Honoured  Sir, 

Whether  I  writ  to  you,  or  you  to  me,  last,  I  can't 
tell ;  however  I'me  sui-e  if  I  did  your  good  nature  will  easily  excuse 
a  supernumerary  Letter,  &  y®  same,  I  hope,  will  forgive  me,  if  I  was 
in  your  debt. 

As  for  College  matters  (ahout  w"''  (upon  my  account)  yoii  used 
to  be  kindly  inquisitive)  there's  little  or  no  altei'ation  in  them  :  I 
have  not  got  a  better  Scholarship,  nor  is  there  any  Southern  fellow- 
ship di'opt ;  so  y'  I  continue  in  statu  quo  :  But  I  can  tell  you  a 
piece  of  news  w'**  I  dare  say  won't  be  disagreeable ;  y'  now  if  a 
Southern  Fellowship  should  drop,  I  have  no  senior  to  oppose  me ; 
and  I'me  persuaded  no  Junior  can  turn  me  out,  by  reason  of  y" 
Master's  good  opinion  of  me  (how  well  I  deserve  it  I  don't  know) 
&  my  acquaintance  with  near  half  the  fellows,  things  neither  of 
y"  despicable  :  so  y'  in  all  probability  I  shall  be  coelected  y"  next 
vacancy.  To  promote  this  my  kind  Father,  upon  my  Request  sent 
y^  Master  1  a  Chest  of  Florence  and  as  much  to  M'  Grigg ;  which 
you  may  be  sure  won't  be  to  my  Disadvantage  in  y'  particulax',  if 
it  does  me  no  signall  piece  of  service.  I  thank  you  S"'  for  your 
service  sent  by  M'  Wyat,  who  would  not  be  so  kind  as  to  call 
upon  me,  tho  he  was  but  2  duors  off;  otherwise  we  had  drunk 
y'  Health  together.  M'  Grigg  desires  to  be  remembred  to  you  ; 
he  continues  as  true  and  substantiall  a  friend  as  ever,  and  watches 
all  opportunities  of  doing  me  service  as  far  as  he's  able.  I  beleive 
you  have  not  heard  of  a  noble  Charity  left  us  by  M""  W^  Worts 
deceased,  formerly  Master  of  Arts  of  Caius  College  in  this  univer- 
sity; and  in  his  Will  as  well  dispos'd  of,  in  y"  opinion  of  every 
body  as  'twas  possible  it  should  be,  it  "was  thus.     This  gentleman 

a 
left  3000  in  y°  Bank  thus  to  be  disposed  of.     When  y"  interest  of 

I  I  I 

y"  3000  amount  to  1500,  y'  1500  is  to  be  laid   out  to  build  Gal- 
leries for  y"  Bachelours  of  Arts  and  uiidergraduates   in  S'  Maries 

Church.     This  it  will  doe  in   7  or  8   years.     The  3000   still  lying 

I  I 

in  y*  Bank  till  y^  Interest  of  it  amounts  to  1500  more;  this  1500 
is  to  be  spent  in   making  a  Causeway   from   Emanuell   College  to 

Hog  Magog:  and  y"  3000  is  to  continue  in  y^  Bank,  till  y'  Interest 

I  I 

amounts  to  800  more,  w**   800  is  to  bo  out  at  uso  .V   will   bring  in 


304  UNIVERSITY   .STUDIES. 

at  common  interest  40  j)'  Annum  for  y''  llej)air  of  y*^  Causeway  & 

I 
C«allcries.     After   tliis  y'    3000   is  to  remain  in  Bank  till  it  raises 

I  lb 

4000  or  200  ]/  Annnm  for  ever  wjiicli  is  to  bear  y"  Charges  of 
two  persons  to  be  sent  out  by  y"  Vice  Chancellonr  to  travell  into 
foreign  parts,  who  are  obliged  to  send  a  Journall  of  their  observa- 
tions every  month  to  him.  They  are  to  be  out  3  years  and  then 
other  two  are  chosen  by  M'  Vice  Chancellonr  and  they  £ire  to  come 

home.  \Vlien  y"  3000  has  yielded  y"  above-mentioned  Interest  'tis 
to  be  put  into  y''  University  Chest.  The  Vice  Chancelloiir  & 
master  of  Trinity  for  y®  time  being,  and  others  y"'  most  substantial  1 
heads  of  y"  University  are  made  Trustees.  Now  I  think  no  Charity 
of  y'  value  could  have  been  better  disposed  ofi'.  For  as  to  y""  Build- 
ing of  Galleries  in  S'  Maries,  y'  you  know  was  as  much  wanted  as 
any  thing  could  be ;  for  besides  y^  undecency  of  seeing  so  many 
Gentlemens  sons  standmg  in  y"  Isles ;  y"  want  of  seats  brought  in 
y'  ill  Custom  of  talking  <fe  walking  about  y"  Church  all  y"  service, 
so  y'  there's  is  often  such  a  noise,  one  can  hardly  hear  y*  minister, 
let  him  have  never  so  good  a  voice ;  but  by  this  means  this  will 
be  regulated.  Then  you  know  y^  causeway  to  y^  Hills  is  very 
necessary,  for  by  means  of  Coaches  &  Carts  &  y®  Chalkiness  of 
y*  Road  in  winter  time  'tis  hardly  possible  to  get  to  them  ;  and 
they  are  y^  Pleasantest  places  as  well  as  wholesomest  y'  we  have 
about  us.  The  other  Parts  of  his  Charity  yovr  can  see  the  use  of 
as  well  as  T  can  tell  you,  therefore  I'll  conclude ;  and  I  had  need, 
I  fancy,  for  this  long  relation  will  tii"e  you.  My  humble  ser^ice 
to  M''  Strype  k  your  Daughters.  I  am 

Your  Respectfull  freind  ct  sei-v' 

W  Rexeu 
Camb:  oct  4  .  1709 

M""  Barker  Senior  fellow  and  President  of  Magdalen  Collefie 
died  last  night ;  he  was  almost  about  y""  standing,  therefore  I 
acquaint  you  with  it,  and  you  may  possibly  know  him. — Verbum 
non  amplius  addam. 


14.]  MS.  Add'-  III,  part  iii.  n".  353. 

To  y"  rev"^  Mr  John  Strype 
Minister  of 

Low  Ley  ton 
In     Essex. 

Febr:  10'*'  1709—10. 
Dear  tt  honoui'ed  Sir, 

I  should  not  have  deferred  answering  y''  Last 
kind  Letter  and  thanking  you  for  y''  token  you  sent  by  D'  Newcombe 
thus  long,  had  not  I  been  jilagued  almost  ever  since  with  greivous 


APPENDIX   II.      RENEU    TO   STRYPE.  80o 

sore  eyes.  I  have  been  bloodied  in  y'  Temple  veins  <fc  in  y®  Arm, 
been  purged  almost  a  dozen  times  ife  been  blistered  and  used  all  y 
remedies  imaginable  for  tliis  last  Q""  of  a  year  &  have  liaz'dly  diverteil 
y®  Humour  so  much,  but  y'  upon  y"  least  Cold  it  threatens  me  with  a 
return.  I  have  left  off  all  y"  exercises  as  shooting  hunting  coarsing 
football  (fee  which  can  possibly  endanger  my  catching  cold ;  so  y'  I 
hope  I  may  have  an  opportunity  of  fixing  to  hard  Study  now ; 
which  I  have  left  off  so  long,  y'  I  am  perfectly  tired  of  non-studying  ; 
having  drained  my  whole  Storehouse  of  amuzements.  To  draw  y° 
Rheum  &  humours  from  my  Eyes  I  am  advised  to  smoak  very  much 
which  I  dare  not  let  my  Father  know,  he's  so  averse  to  it  y'  I 
beleive  he  had  as  live  see  me  dead  or  at  least  blind  (and  to  be  so,  is 
death  to  a  Student)  as  with  a  pipe  in  my  mouth :  I  have  smoaked, 
so  y'  I  can  receive  no  prejudice  any  other  way,  than  by  his  anger, 
but  I'll  take  care  to  conceal  it  from  him,  if  possible,  whenever  I  take 
a  pipe.  I  would  have  writ  to  you  when  D'  Newcome'  went  home, 
but  my  eyes  were  bad  &  I  had  some  business  on  my  hands  which 
prevented  me  :  He  took  his  degree  very  honourably,  and  I  believe 
will  have  an  optime  ;  you  have  not  forgot  how  those  are  disposed  of'. 
T  see  you  are  again  employed  at  y"  Printers  for  a  good  while  ;  I  shall 
see  you  either  there  or  at  your  own  hoiise  very  shortly  I  hope,  for  I 
intend  to  make  my  freinds  a  visit  y*  latter  end  of  this  or  y®  beginning 
of  next  month.  I  won't  detain  you  any  longer  from  y""  Arch  B''. 
Parker  for  fear  y®  Publick  should  suffer  by  my  means.     I  am 

C  Sir  Your  i*espectfull  freind 

&  Servant  W.  Reneu. 
My  humble  service  to 
M"  Strype  &  y""  Daughters. 


15.]  Ibid.     III.  iii.  372. 

Endorsed  by  Strype  'May  1710 

M'  Reneu  of  Jesus 

His  Exercises  [as  Middle  B.A.]     To  make 

y"  Si)eech  May  29.' 

H-'s: 

I  waited  upon  y'  freind  M'  Baker  as  soon  as  I  could 
conveniently,  and  delivered  him  y"  Papers  you  sent  by  me ;  y* 
half  guinea  he  desired  me  to  return  you  (w''''  I  have  sent  to  my  B' 
John  for  you)  and  to  tell  you,  one  of  y'  Books  will  be  a  much  more 
acceptable  present  to  y*  young  Painter.  I  have  been  so  pestered  with 
exercise  in  College  and  in  y*  Schools  ever  since  I  came  down  y'  I 
have  hardly  had  time  to  write  to  any  one  otherwise  you  might  have 

'  H.  Newcome,  Emman.  B.A.  1709.  that   these    complimentary   marks  of 

M.A.  1713.  distinction  were  conferronl  in  Strype's 

2  An  early  instance  of  a  reference  to  time  (B.A.  1CG5). 
Cambridge    honours.      Ilenen    implies 

w.  20 


800  UNIVERSITY   STUDIi:S. 

assured  yourself  of  a  Letter  before  this.  T  liave  very  little  time  to 
spare  at  present  for  I  am  ])reparing  a  Thesis  for  the  Bachelour 
Schools,  being  to  come  up  y"  Begiuuing  of  May  tk  besides  have  a 
Speech  for  y°  twenty  ninth  of  May  upon  my  hands  for  our  Hall  : 
I  shall  take  w'  pains  I  can  to  make  a  good  one,  it  may  possibly  do 
me  some  service  against  I  set  for  a  fellowship.  Little  Brown  '  is 
come  to  Coll:  I  shall  take  care  to  miss  no  opportunity  of  doing  him 
Sei'vice,  since  you  have  recommended  him  to  me — I  hope  M"  Strype 
has  got  rid  of  y"  Distemper  she  was  afflicted  w'**  w"  I  saw  you  last. 
I  wish  you  both  all  health  and  happiness,  and  am  sincerely 

y  Respectfull  &  aff^'^  humb'!  Serv'. 

W.  Reneu 

Pray  my  Service  to  all  freinds  but  particularly  D'  Newcome. 

Apr.  25"^  1710. 

10.]  III.  iii.  384. 

Endorsed  by  Strype         'June         1710 

Mr  William  Reneu  from  Cavnbr. 
Thanks  for  my  directions  in 
delivering  his  Speech  May  29 
To  I'ecomend  him  to  y®  Bp.  Ely.' 
Hon?  Sir, 

I  should  be  very  much  to  blame  if  I  did  not  take  the 
first  opportunity  of  writing  to  you  to  thanke  you  for  your  last  kind 
Letter,  wherein  you  showed  so  many  proofs  of  y®  Sincerity  of  your 
aflfection  to  me  in  y""  good  wishes  &  advice  :  I  take  it  very  kindly  I'll 
assure  you,  that  you'd  trouble  y""  self  to  write  me  word  what  method 
you.  thought  properest  for  me  to  take  in  my  speech  for  y®  29""  of  last 
month ;  it  was  finished  before  y^  Receipt  of  y"'  kind  instructions,  but 
I  had  y®  satisfaction  to  see  y^  method  I  had  taken  in  making  it  did 
not  difier  very  much  from  y'  you  prescribed.  I  found  a  great  deal 
of  benefit  by  y^  latter  part  of  y'  adAdce  about  pronunciation  and 
moderate  action,  and  laid  aside  in  great  measure  y*  fearfulness  I  am 
so  unfortunately  prone  to,  by  being  forewarned  of  it  by  you.  I  thank 
you  for  y''  kind  representation  of  me  to  my  Father  &  !^Iother  I  hope 
they'll  have  no  reason  to  complain  of  me  for  any  thing  I  do  here. 
My  Father  is  a  little  hard  upon  me  in  making  me  find  my  self 
Cloaths  and  all  sorts  of  conveniences  cfe  necessaries  out  of  the  50"" 
p'  An:  he  allowes  me  and  y"  scholarship  I  have  w*"*"  is  about  lO"* 
more ;  I  wish  he  don't  hinder  me  of  y''  fellowship,  I  expect  by 
forcing  me  to  live  so  close  in  College  for  fellows  expect  to  be  ti-eated 
now  &  then  by  youngsters  that  expect  to  be  members  of  theii-  Society. 
I'll  try  all  wayes  I  can  to  save  money  but  fear  my  Father  must  allow 
me  ten  pounds  pr  An.  more.  Please  to  order  y''  Bookseller  to  deliver 
y*  book  I  subscribed  for,  to  my  Father ;  I  have  no  time  to  look  it 

1  T.  Browne,  Jes.,  B.A.  1713. 


APPENDIX    II.      REXEU   TO   STRYPE.  307 

over  yet,  being  engaged  in  studies  preparatory  to  an  examination,  if 
a  fellowship  should  chance  to  drop  cpiickly.  If  y"  Bp  of  Ely  knows 
my  Name,  it  may  be  of  Service  to  me,  I  should  be  obliged  to  you  if 
you'd  let  him  know,  I  was  under  your  care  heretofore.  I  have  had 
a  little  feaver  for  these  five  or  6  dayes,  but  I  thank  God  its  gone  of, 
and  I  hope  to  set  to  Study  very  hard  to  morrow  morning,  and  to 
continue  it  all  summer.  I  have  y®  best  opportunity  y'  can  be  for 
there's  hardly  any  one  left  in  y*  College  because  of  y"  long  vacation. 
I  shall  notwithstanding  be  ready  &,  willing  to  spare  you  an  hour  as 
often  as  usuall  to  converse  with  you  by  letter.  I  hope  M"  Strype 
<fe  y*  young  Ladies  are  well,  please  to  give  my  service  to  y"?  Mr 
Grigg  gives  his  to  you.  I  sent  to  my  B''  Reneu  to  pay  you  the  |  Guinea 
I  rec**.  of  you  for  y"  Painter,  M''  Baker  expects  you'll  send  y"  Book 
to  him  y'  he  may  give  it  y"  Young  Gentleman.     I  am 

Your  respectfull  freind 
&  humb.  Serv*. 

W.  Rexeu 
Jun:  IT"  1710. 


17.]  Ibid.     III.  iii.  400 

Endorsed  'Oct  1710 

M'  W"  Reneu 
To  speak  on  his 
behalf  to  y"  Bp  of  Ely.' 

Jes:  coll:  oof  31:   1710. 
Honf  Sir, 

Though  your  not  answering  my  last  letter  shows 
you  are  very  busy  and  don't  care  to  be  disturbed,  yet  I  can't  forbear 
troubling  you  with  this,  to  let  you  know  you  may  do  me  a  very 
signall  piece  of  service  without  much  inconvenience  to  yourself. 
The  thing  is  this  ;  y'  when  you  wait  upon  y"  Bp.  of  Ely  (w""  I  think 
you  visit  pretty  frequently  when  he's  at  London)  you'd  be  so  kind 
as  to  mention  me  as  your  freind  and  Scholar  and  one  whom  you 
would  fain  have  fellow  of  Jes:  coll:  I  think  yon  told  me  you 
mentioned  me  heretofore  to  his  Loi-dship  ;  but  I  beg  of  you  to  take 
y^  first  opportunity  to  do  it  again;  for  if  his  Lordship  be  a  little 
prejudiced  in  favour  of  me  I  shall  certainly  be  fellow  very  shortly  ; 
for  jr  Barbi/^  y°  person  y'  was  praeelected,  has  got  preferment 
which  incapacitates  him  for  a  fellow.ship,  so  that  I  am  next  oars 
now  and  may  probably  be  elected  in  G  months  time  :  If  it  shoulil 
happen  so  Vm  sure  'twould  be  a  very  agreeable  surprize  to  all  my 
freiuds,  to  my  Father  especially  who  would  gladly  be  at  less  charge 
for   my  education.      You  see,  Sir,  how  free  1  make  with  you,  but 

1  H.  Darby,  M.A.  Jes.  1707. 

20—2 


nos 


UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 


I  know  you'll  excuse  it  since  I  had  no  freind  y*  was  intimate  with 
y"  Bishop  as  yourself  or  I  boleive  so  heartily  desirous  of  my  success 
in  y'  point  as  your  self. — Be  pleased  to  give  my  humble  service  to 
M"  Strype  &  your  Daughters  :         I  am 

Hon^  Sir, 

Your  respectfull  &  affectionate 
-freind 
and  Servant 


Poor  M'  Whiston 
being  resolved  not 
to  recant  is  to  be 
expelled  in  2  or  3  days. 


W.  Reneu 


18.] 


MS.  Add^  III.  iii.  402. 


Endorsed  'Nov.  1710 

M""  W"  Reneu  from  Cambr. 
About  coming  wp  for  a 
Fellowsf  &  going  w*** 
me  to  j"  Bp  of  Ely.' 

Dear  and  honoured  Sii', 

The  news  of  a  Gentleman's  (Southern'  fellow 
of  our  College)  being  so  ill  y*  his  Life  is  despair'd  of,  has  made 
M'  Allix^  (another  fellow)  resolve  to  hasten  to  London  to  make 
w*  interest  he  can  for  a  Brother  of  his  my  Jun"' :  My  Tutor  advises 
me  to  be  as  quick  in  my  motions  as  allix  ;  I  intend  therefore 
(if  y®  Letters  y'  come  in  tomorrow  night  bring  word  of  his  death) 
to  be  in  London  on  munday  night ;  in  order  to  wait  upon  y*  Bp. 
of  Ely  y®  next  day:  if  I  could  have  y®  happiness  of  your  company 
thither  it  would  be  mightily  for  my  interest  I'm  sure  and  I  should 
be  very  extraordinarily  obliged  to  you.  If  you'll  meet  me  at  ten 
a  clock  on  Tuesday  morning ;  after  we  have  drunk  a  dish  of 
Chocolate,  wee'll  set  out  for  Ely  house,  if  you  please:  for  there's 
nothing  like  striking  while  y®  Iron  is  hot.  My  humblest  Ser\aces 
to  y'  good  Lady  &,  Daughters,  I  am 

Hon^  Sir  Y'  afl^^^  humble 


Jes:  18:  9':  1710 


Servant 
W.  Reneu 


^  i.e.  australis.    See  below,  Appen- 
Allix   (B.A.    Queen's   1702) 


dix  V 

a  Peter 


fellow  of  Jestis,  D.D.  1717.  His  bro- 
ther William  vf&s  B.A.  at  Jesus  1709, 
but  never  got  a  fellowship. 


ArPENDIX    II.      THE   REXEUS   TO   STRYPE.  809 

19.]  Ibid.     III.  iii.  406. 

Endorsed  'Nov.   1710 
M''  Peter  Eeneu 
To  assist  w"'  y"  Bp 
of  Ely  in  pcui'ing 
a  FellowP  for  W"  Reneu '  [his  son] 

Sir)  London  20"' Nouember  1710 

Yesterday  Receaued  tlie  Inclosed  from  my  sonn  from  Cambridge 
for  yoix,  hee  aduises  that  Doctor  Stanhopes  curate  is  very  111  whoe 
is  a  fellow  of  Jesus  colledge  att  the  Receit  of  said  letter  I  went 
to  Docter  bradford'  &.  hee  &  I  went  to  the  bisshopp  of  Ely,  & 
desii'ed  him  if  said  curate  should  dye  to  prefferre  my  sonn  to  the 
said  fellowshipp  hee  would  not  lugage  noe  further  than  only  this 
that  when  a  vacancy  comes  the  colledge  Recommends  two  &  hee 
gives  to  him  that  has  the  best  capacity  &  Recommendation,  wee 
weare  half  ann  houre  with  the  bishopp  only  wee  three  I  told  him 
that  you  had  spoaken  with  him  in  behalf  of  my  Sonn,  'tis  vncertain 
or  ^^lkno^vne  weather  said  curate  bee  dead  or  not  if  dead  then  my 
sonn  will  bee  here  this  night  or  will  aduis  how  it  goes  with  the 
said  curate  by  the  post,  you  shall  know  p  tomorrow  what  aduis 
wee  haue  either  by  my  sonn  or  by  the  post  which  I  think  is 
necessary  before  you  take  any  further  trouble,  seeing  that  Doctor 
bradford  &  I  haue  already  bein  with  the  Bishopp  my  service  to 
m7  strippe  &  y"'  Daughters  accept  the  same  from) 

Your  humb  Servant 

P  Reneu 

Sir 

my  wife  Giues  you  and  mad* 

strippt  &  y""  Daughters  her  seruice. 


20.]  Ibid.     III.  iii.  405. 

Lettei-s  from  (jS)  W.  Reneu 
and  (a)  his  father  Peter  Reneu 
*  concerning  a  fellows^  of  Jesus  Coll 
w"^**  he  obtained.' 

(a)  London  20""  november  1710 

Sir) 

Tis  now  about  six  of  the  clock  in  the  Evening.  I  wrote  to 
you  this  morning  a  Letter  now  this  serves  to  acquaint  you  that  my 
sonn   is   come  from  Cambridge   ct   says  the   Gentleman   that   was   a 

1  S.  Bradford  of  Bene't,  D.D.  1705.       in    succession,    bp,    of    Carlisle    and 
afterwards  Master  of  his  College  and      Rochester. 


310  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

fellow  of  their  colledge  is  dead,  I  luive  acfjiiiiiutod  you  what  doctor 
brudford  it:  I  had  done  yesterday  witli  the  Bishopp  of  Ely,  J 
Keffere  you  to  what  my  said  sonn  writhes  you — in  this  Letter 
&  Rest 

Your  humble  seruant 

P    PtEXEU. 

Sir 

Honf  Sir, 

The  gentleman  I  wrote  to  you  about  died  last 
Saturday  morning  :  In  my  letter  I  desired  you'd  please  to  call  iipon 
me  on  Tuesday  morning,  but  my  Father  having  been  w'**  y*  Bp  of 
Ely  I  believe  you  need  not  i)ut  your  self  to  any  inconvenience 
of  y'  sort:  If  you  are  acquainted  with  our  Master  you  speaking 
a  good  word  for  me  to  him,  may  be  of  use  to  me,  but  I  believe 
nothing  else  you  can  do  Avill  reward  your  pains ;  However  if  you 
come  to  town  I  shall  not  excuse  you  unless  you  let  me  see  you. 
I  am  very  heai'tily  tired  with  my  Journey,  therefore  can't  write 
you  any  pax-ticulars  of  y^  Proceedings  at  Jesus  Coll :  since  y®  death 
of  this  Person  but  shall  be  glad  to  acquamt  you  with  y™  tomoiTow 
or  y®  next  time  you  come  to  London  over  a  dish  of  Thea  or 
Chocolate ;  My  humblest  service  y"^  Lady  &  daughters.     I  am 

H:'  Sir 


y  humb'  Servant 
W"  Reneu 


Lond:  9' y«  20.  1710. 


21.]  MS.  Add^     III.  iii.  409. 

Endorsed  'Dec  1710 

M'  W.  Reneu.    Upon  his 
being  Fellow  of  Jesus. 
The  trouble  y«  Bp  of  Ely 
put  him  to. 

The  Master  his  Friend 
His  Thanks  to  me.' 
Honf  Sir, 

I  have  been  in  such  a  continual  hurry  of  business  upon 
my  coming  into  my  fellowship,  that  I  have  hardly  had  time  to 
think  of  my  freinds,  much  less  to  wi-ite  to  them.  My  Father  told 
me  upon  his  acqiiainting  you  with  my  success  you  expressed  a 
very  great  satisfaction,  w"^  I  am  much  obliged  to  you  for  :  I  shall 
always  very  gratefully  resent  y'  kind  Care  of  me  and  think  my 
self  now  more  particularly  obliged  to  repeat  my  thanks  for  all  your 
kindnesses.     Your   visit  to  y*  Bp  of  Ely'   had  not  y^  good  effect 

»  John  Moore.  1707—14. 


APPENDIX    II.      TUE   REXEUS   TO   STRYPE.  311 

you  &  I  expected  for  he  gave  me  all  y"  trouble  he  possibly  could, 
put  off  my  business  from  day  to  day  and  at  last  sent  me  to  1)''  Clark 
in  order  to  baulk  me  of  y"  fellowship;  I  have  forgiven  him,  but 
I  have  resolved  never  to  have  any  thing  to  do  w"*  him  if  1  can  avoid 
it.  All  y^  fellows  blame  and  are  vexed  at  him  heartily  and  I  be- 
leive  respect  mo  the  more  for  coming  of  so  well,  and  I  don't  doubt 
but  I  shall  live  very  comfortably  &  happily  among  y™,  y'  Master 
likewise  takes  more  than  ordinary  notice  of  me  &  has  promised 
to  direct  me  in  my  Studies  &  is  every  way  as  kind  as  I  can  desire. 
My  humble  services  to  your  good  Lady  &  Daughters,  I  wish  you 
all  a  happy  new  year  &,  am 

Your   rcspectfull   humb 
31  Dec''.  1710  Sei-vant 

Mr  Gtrigg  gives  his  humble  W  Reneu 

service  to  you. 


22.]  Ibid.     III.   part  iii.  n"  4.32. 

Endorsed  *  Aug.    1711 

M'  W™  Reneu  from  Cambr 

Congratulation. 

His  intent  of  taking   Orders 

A  Living  to  be  held  w"'  his 

Fellowship.' 

To  the  rev"  M""  J-^"  Stryi^e 
Minister  of  Low=Leytou 
in  Essex 
present 
2  D  .  C. 
Hon'!  Sir, 

'Twas  with  y"  greatest  reluctaace  I  left  London  without 
taking  my  leave   of  you,  but  my  Jouniey  "was  so   sudden  that   I 
could  not  pay  my  re.spects  to  half  my  freinds;  so  y'  I  hope  you  wont . 
take  it  ill. 

I  most  heartily  congratulate  you  upon  y""  institution  into  y'  new- 
living,  I'll  assure  you  Sir  it  was  one  of  y®  most  agreeable  peices  of 
news  I  met  with  all  y"  while  I  was  in  town ;  long  may  you  live 
to  enjoy  it,  blest  with  health  and  all  y''  comforts  this  world  can 
afford.  M""  Grigg  gives  his  humble  service  to  you  and  joins  in 
y°  same  wish.  I  am  now  retui'ned  to  College  in  much  better 
health  than  I  left  it,  and  am  in  hopes  nothing  will  pi-event  me 
of  half  a  years  hard  study  to  prepare  for  holy  orders,  there's  a 
small  College  Living  will  be  void  about  y'  time,  it  I  beleive  'twill 
fall  to  my  share  if  I'm  capable  of  it,  and  for  y'  reason  I  shall   put 

"'  _ 

on  a  Cassock  y"  sooner  the  value  of  it  is  just  20  per  anni,  it  is  three 


312  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

miles  distant  from  camln-idge  and  a  place  where  there  are  no  Criticks 
so  y'  a  young  man  need  not  be  much  concerned  tho'  his  sermons 
are  not  extraordinary,  and  may  emprove  his  preaching  faculty 
there  better  than  any  where  else  where  there's  a  more  awfull  as- 
sembly. You  see,  I  take  y^  freedom  to  acquaint  you  with  all  my 
designs,  as  thinking  I  shall  hardly  prosper  in  y""  unless  you  approve 
of  y"".     My  humble  service  to  y'  good  lady  and  Daughters — I  am 

HI  )Sr     Your  most  respectfull  humb. 
Servant 
Aug:  3.  1711.  W-"  Eeneu. 


23.]  MS.  Add^     IV.  (i.)  40. 

A  letter  from  W.  Eeneu  to  Strype  dated  March  12  1711—12, 
condoling  with  Strype  on  his  own  severe  illness  and  the  sudden  death 
of  his  eldest  daughter. 


24.]  Ibid.     IV.  (i.)  GO. 

A  letter  from  Reneu  to  Strype  '  Dear  and  ever  honoured  freind 
&  ffather,'  dated  Jes.  Coll  Cambridge  Oct^  28:  1712.  advising  Strype 
to  take  better  care  of  his  health  on  recovering  from  fever. 

'  I  have  got  two  pieces  of  preferment  since  I  saw  you  viz  : 
Steward  of  y^  College  &  Taxor  of  y^  university.     A  College  living 

lb  

likewise  of  20  per  Ann  staies  for  me.' 


The  next  seven  letters  have  been  kindly  communicated  to 
me  by  the  Rev.  H.  Gladwin  Jebb,  rector  of  Chetwynd.  They 
give  a  vivid  picture  of  Cambridge  undergraduate  life  in 
1739—46. 

25.]     Thomas  Goodwin  [B.A.  1740,  afterwards  fellow  of  Trinity.] 

For 

M'  Samuel  Jebb 
at  M""  Jebb's 
in  Chesterfield 

Derbyshire 
by  Caxton 

Bag.  Oct^'  y^  7'"  1739 

Dear  Jebb.  I  have    made  bold   to  trouble   you  w*''   a 

Letter   w"^  considering  the  friendship  subsisting  between  us  ct  the 


APPENDIX   II.      T.   GOODWIN   &  J,  HINCKESMAN   TO   S.  JEBB.     313 

News  I  sliall  impart  I  judg'd  wou'd  not  be  wholly  unacceptable  to 
you. 

Yesterday  came  on  the  Election  for  fellowships  when  thei'e  were 
seven  Vacancies  &  nine  Candidates  :  one  of  y"  persons  y'  were 
thrown  out  was  Leigh',  y"  Other  you  don't  know — We  have  had 
here  since  you  left  College  a  very  malignant  Distemper  of  w'*"  have 
died  two  of  S'  John's  whose  names  I  have  forgot,  &  of  our  own 
College  Sharp  in  whose  place  is  succeeded  Wakefield",  &  a  great 
many  others  have  been  dangerously  ill  but  are  recover'd — my  self 
having  far  from  enjoyed  my  health  all  the  Summer — 

There  is  a  current  Report  at  our  Table  w'^*'  I  am  far  from 
crediting  &  hope  is  groundless  y'  you  intend  no  more  for  College, 
your  Uncle  having  wrote  to  M''  Wilson^  to  cut  out  your  Name — 
M'  Leigh  is  just  recovered  of  a  fit  of  Sickness  but  I  believe  not 
y®  Common  one,  who  sends  his  service  to  you  w''''  is  all  at  present 
worth  communicating 

from  your  affectionate  friend  &,  Serv' 

Trin  Coll.  Camb :  T.  Goodwin. 


2G.]  To  the  same  from  John  Hinckesman^  of  Queens'. 

Cambridge  Queen's  [sic]  College  May  IS"* 

iho 

Dear  Sf 

I  would  not  have  neglected  so  long  to  ^vl■ite  to  you  if  I 
had  not  been  at  a  Loss  for  something  to  fill  up  a  Letter  with,  for  I 
do  assure  you  we  have  had  very  little  news  ever  since  I  came  up. 

This  is  y®  only  reason  why  I  have  deferr'd  writing  so  long,  it 
is  not  because  you  have  not  answer'd  my  Last  Letter,  for  be  assur'd 
I  stand  upon  Punctilio's  as  little  as  any  man  can  do,  which  are 
(as  you  very  Justly  say)  very  pernicious  «fe  tend  to  y*  total  Devasta- 
tion of  all  Friendship  &  Correspondence. 

I  believe  I  have  hitherto  foi-got  to  inform  you  y'  y"  Gownsmen 
&  Townsmen  quarrell'd  &  had  a  pi'etty  good  Battle,  tho'  not  very 
long  which  begun  in  this  manner.  2  of  King's  College  were 
walking  upon  y"  Regent  Walk  one  Sunday  in  y''  Dusk  of  y°  Even- 
ing and  happened  to  meet  with  some  of  y"  sink  of  y*  Town  (for 
as  you  know  very  well^  none  of  y°  Tradesmen  wou'd  be  guilty  of  so 
base  an  Action,  it  being  as  much  as  their  Credit  is  worth)  who 
had  y°  impudence   to  oppose  them,  upon  this  a   Great  number  of 

1  Timothy  Lee,    Triu.   B.A.   173G;  he  would   not  cut  hi^!  nephew  yonng 

D.D.  1752.  Samuel  Jebb's  name  out  of  the  boards 

a  G.  Wakefield,  Trin.  B.A.  1740.  in   spite  of  liis   father  .Joshua  Jebb's 

=*  J.  Wilson  (Trin.  E.A.  1717  ;  D.D.  letter,  but  should  wait  till  he  saw  him. 

1749)  wrote  Aur.  28, 17.39  to  John  Jebb  *  B.A.  17-12. 

[H.A.Joh.  1725,  *Chr.,  afterwards  dean  "  Tho  paper  is  torn  and  the  words 

of  Cashell]  at  Mansfield,  to  say  that  in  italics  are  conjectural. 


314  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Gownsmen,  who  were  in  y"  Theatre  Coftee  House,  rush'd  out  and 
drove  y"  Pitiful  Scrubs  all  round  y°  Town ;  who  when  they  saw 
that  y*  Togatse  had  y^  better  of  y"  Battle,  run  into  Houses  for 
Weapons  and  more  assistance,  and  acted  y°  parts  of  Cowards  so 
much  y'  they  even  fought  with  Spits  &  Fire  Shovels. 

The  Vice  Chancellor  interpos'd  and  put  an  End  to  y^  Battle. 

Lee  although  he  prorais'd  so  fair  that  he  would  pay  me  y*  money 
that  he  owes  you  in  a  short  time ;  has  never  so  much  as  mention'd 
it  since,  he  &  I  have  broke  of  Acquaintance  long  since  &  I  don't 
know  why,  unless  it  be  because  I  woud  not  lend  him  money,  when 
he  wanted  it.     he  also  has  been  y'^  cause  of  Hurst'  doing  so  too. 

I  hope  now  in  a  Month  or  6  Weeks  time  I  shall  be  at  my 
desir'd  Haven,  &  enjoy  your  pleasant  Company ;  which  will  afford 
me  no  small  delight. 

I  am  your  sincere  Friend  it  Humble  Servant 

J.  Hinckesman. 

P.S.  Be  pleas'd  to  give  my  Service  to  all  your  good  Family; 
k  to  all  Enquiring  Friends.  &  should  take  it  as  a  Favour  if  you 
wou'd  give  my  Humble  Service  to  M'  Burrow"  &  all  y"  Family^... 

27.]     J.   Hinckesman   'to  M'  Samiiel  Jebb 
at  Chestei'field  in  Derbyshire. 
Per  Caxton  Bag.' 

Cambridge  Queen's  College 
May  9.   1741. 
Dear  Sf 

I  receiv'd  yours  of  22  of  last  month ;  and  am  fully  con- 
vinc'd  that  your  not  writing  to  me  was  wholly  owing  to  your  long 
hurry  of  Business ;  and  that  you  are  very  excusable  upon  this 
account. — 1  was  very  much  amused  with  y®  Sketch  that  you  gave 
me  of  your  London  Journey,  and  shoud  have  been  very  glad  if  you 
cou'd  have  so  contrived  as  to  have  come  down  by  Cambridge;  assui'- 
ing  your  self  that  no  one  cou'd  have  met  with  a  more  welcome 
reception  than  you,  my  very  worthy  Friend. — but  since  it  was 
not  consistent  with  your  Business  to  return  this  way  home ;  I 
must  still  desii-e  to  enjoy  your  pleasant  company,  hoping  that  my 
longing  desire  in  process  of  time  will  be  in  some  measure  gratified ; 
Gratitied  did  I  say  1  how  can  I  ever  be  satisfied  with  your  en- 
gaging Company,  your  mellifluous  Tongue  good  Nature,  &  all  y*" 
aimiable  Qualifications  y'  adorn  our  Social  Life. — which  you  are 
possessed  of. — but  'tis  time  to  proceed  to  Business, 

I  fancy  you  must  with  great  reason  think  that  I  am  very  much 
to  blame  in  not  sending  you  your  Life  of  Tully*  befoi'e  this  time, 

1  Perhaps  r7io?)?rt.'!jf !(?•«;,  a  fi-eshman  -  Mr  Burrow  was  Vicar  of  Chester- 

at  Trinity,  Tim.  Lee's  aud  (lately)  Sara.       field. 
Jebb's  college.  ^  Two  or  three  words  torn  off. 

*  Middleton's ;  a  new  publication. 


APPENDIX    II.      THE   IIIXCKESMAXS   TO   S.  JEIUJ.  31.3 

and  that  I  do  you  a  great  deal  of  Injury  in  depriving  you  of  both  y^ 
Advantage  &  pleasure  of  this  Admirable  Composure ;  I  confess  I 
am  to  be  blam'd  about  this  afftiir,  when  I  consider  that  I  hinder 
you  from  perusing  a  Book  worthy  of  Tully  himself;  but  Sf,  be 
plcas'd  to  pardon  my  neglect,  assuring  you  that  I  have  never  had 
an  opportunity  of  sending  it  to  you;  altho'  M''  W.  Burrow  has 
been  up  t\vice  since  it  was  publish'd  and  is  now  up,  he  has  never 
been  so  Civil  as  to  let  me  know  when  he  came  up  neither  of  these 
Times,  nor  has  never  sent  to  ask  whether  I  had  any  thing  to  send 
into  y*  Country ;  which  I  am  much  surpriz'd  at. — The  Bonks  I 
have  very  safe,  &  have  had  them  veiy  neatly  Bound  by  M'  Wilson's 
ox'der. — Be  pleas'd  to  give  my  Service  to  your  Father  and  all  y° 
family,  with  a  great  many  Thanks  for  my  Bill. 

We  have  no  news  or  else  shoud  have  been  glad  to  liaA'e  given 
you  a  hint. — I  am,  Sir,  Y?  most  sincerely 

J.    HiNCKESMAN. 


28.]     Thomas'  [brother  of  John]   Hinckesman 

To  M""  Samuel  Jebb 
At   his   Fathers  house 
By  Caxton  j  In  Chesterfield 
Bagg        (      Derbyshire 

These. 

Sir 

I  hope  These  will  find  you,  witli  the  Rest  of  your  family  in 
good  health  and  all  our  Friends  in  Chesterfield. — I  intended  to 
have  wrote  to  you,  before  this  time,  But  imagined  you  was  scarce 
settled  after  youre  Journey ;  and  another  Reason  was,  we  have  been 
sitting  for  Scholarships  lately,  and  I  have  now  the  pleasui'e  to 
acquaint  you,  that  I  am  Elected  Into  that  Number.  There  were 
thirteen  of  us  satt  it  proved  A  general  Election. — as  To  The  Ex- 
amination you  know  the  Nature  of  it  very  well,  and  therefore  shall 
say  no  more  to  that,  But  hope  to  talk  that  over  with  you  in  the 
Vacation,  and  then  shall  have  an  Opportunity  of  Thanking  you  for 
your  kind  assistance  in  Directing  me  to  A  College  which  in  my 
Opinion  Is  preferable  to  all  in  the  University. — My  Bro'  is  very 
well  and  Desires  his  Service  To  all  your  Family,  but  you  in 
particular,  and  says  he  will  answer  for  himself  about  not  writing. 

As  to  what  news  we  have  slii-ring  here  I  think  there  is  not 
much  lately ;  we  have  had  A  famous  Consert  In  oure  Halls  per- 
form'd  by  two  singing  women  from  London, — their  Names  were 
Chiara's  very  much  liked  by  all  that  heard  them,  joined  with  several 
Instruments  of  Musick,  which  made  it  very  agreeable.  My  Bro'  and 
I  was  at  it,  they  performed  three  Nights  in  the  University. — this 
is  most  of  the  News  we  have  except  a  Fellow  of  Queens  College  is 

'  T.  Iliiickesmau,  Tiin.  A.B.  1745. 


SIG  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

Deatl  of  tlio  Small  Pox'. — M'  Wilson  is  very  well,  and  when  T  wan 
at  his  Room  and  told  him  that  you  had  taken  a  journey  to  London 
he  said  he  hoj)ed  you  would  take  Cambridge  in  your  Return  home, 
he  slioud  have  been  glad  to  see  you  here,  and  Desired  his  service  to 
you. 

By  this  time  T  have  tired  your  patience, 
Therefore  in  the  Conclusion  I  am 
Your  very  humble 

in  haste  Serv',  Tho',  Hinckesman 

Cambridge  Trinity  College 
May  the  6""  1742 

PS)  As  to  the  night  in  which  we  ai*e  to  have  our  Treats  it  ia 
next  Monday  night,  I  Believe ;  we  are  to  be  swore  in^  to  morrow. 

I   had   the   Two    Bournes,   Wood,  &   Heathcote^,   at  my   Room 
lately,  and  they  were  all  very  well. 


29.]  John  Hinckesman  to  M'  Samuel  Jebb 

at  Chesterfield 
in  Derbyshire 
p  Caxton  Bag. 

Cambridge  Queen's  Coll :  May  15. 
1742. 
Dear  S' 

I  am  very  sorry  to  think  that  I  have  been  y®  Cause  of  so 
long  &  so  profound  a  silence  betwixt  you  and  me ;  I  cou'd  not  have 
thought  that  such  a  Trifle  as  this  of  writing  first  shou'd  have  pre- 
vail'd  betwixt  you  and  me ;  especially  when  I  had  so  often  in  my 
former  Letters  acquainted  you  that  I  shoud  always  take  y^  oi> 
portunity  of  writing  to  you,  when  I  had  any  thing  that  woud  afibrd 
you  pleasure  in  y*  Peinisal. 

I  own  that  I  have  committed  a  fault  in  not  AVTiting  to  you 
sooner,  &  that  you  have  Just  reason  to  give  me  the  name  of  a  very 
bad  Correspondent,  but  Sf  if  you  will  give  yourself  leave  to  consider 
how  tx'oublesome  it  is  to  a  man  to  sit  down  to  write  a  Letter  when 
he  has  nothing  of  Novelty  to  entertain  his  Friend  with  ;  nothing 
that  can  aftbi'd  y^  least  pleasure;  I  hope  you  will  think  me  in 
some  measure  excusable,  &  put  a  better  construction  upon  this 
Misdemeanour. — you  may  assure  yourself  if  I  cou'd  have  scrap'd 
together  any  tolerable  Stock  of  Cambridge  Occurrences  to  have 
furnish'd  a  Letter  out  withal  I  should  not  have  been  so  long  y"  De- 
linquent.— but  to  proceed  to  Business. — 

1  Carewdied  5  April,  1742.    He  was  174-4,  fellow, 

buried  in  the  college  chapel.  John  Boiirne,  S.  John's.  B.A.  1745. 

-  Sc.   Jure  discijjulorum  in  fundat.  John  "Wood,  S.  John's,  LL.B.  1747. 

Coll.  Trin.  Ralph  Heathcote,  Jesus,  B.A.  1744, 

3  Laurence   Bourne,   Queens",   B.A.  P.D.  1760. 


APPENDIX   11.      J.  HINCKESMAN   TO   S.  JEBB.  817 

My  Brother  is  now  settled  in  College,  «fe  Likes  College  very 
well :  lie  keeps  in  y*  first  Court  up  one  pair  of  Stairs  in  y*  Turret 
wliicli  is  but  one  Stair  Case  from  where  you  kept. — 

I  fancy  my  Brother  told  you  that  he  had  had  success,  &  about 
his  proceedings  in  it.     So  that  I  need  not  dwell  upon  this. 

We  have  had  .3  very  fine  Consorts  here,  one  of  which  was 
perform'd  in  your  Hall ;  which  my  Brother  and  I  had  the  Curiosity 
to  go  and  see,  The  vocal  Musick  perform'd  by  y®  Italians  was  i-eally 
exquisitely  fine,  &  sung  with  a  great  deal  of  Humour  &  Judgement ; 
y®  Instrumental  Likewise  was  prodigiously  entei'taining :  in  short 
it  was  a  continued  Scene  of  Mirth  &  Gaiety. — they  found  such  Great 
Encouragement  that  they  wou'd  very  gladly  have  perform'd  a  fourth 
time  if  they  cou'd  have  got  Leave  from  y®  'Vice=Chancellor. — they 
stay'd  here  so  long  after  their  performance  &  was  so  much  caressed 
by  y®  Gownsmen,  that  y"  Proctor's  intended  to  have  visited  them, 
if  they  had  not  Just  gone  of  in  nick  of  Time. 

I  am  very  sorry  to  hear  that  you  are  likely  to  be  depriv'd  of 
your  Bosom  Favourite  B.  B.  you  know  whom  I  mean,  but  hope 
that  you  are  a  man  of  so  much  resolution,  that  you  can  bear  up 
against  these  strong  byasses,  &  not  suffer  yourself  to  be  ovei'turn'd 
by  y"  wheel  of  Fortune. — I  hear  that  'twill  certainly  be  a  match 
betMdxt  her  &  M""  Watts,  and  likewise  'tis  Just  upon  y"  Point. — 
I  have  wrote  to  my  mother  by  this  Post  to  desire  your  Father  to 

£ 

draw  a  14  Bill,  which  I  shoii'd  be  glad  if  you  woud  hasten  him  in ; 
Be  pleas'd  to  pay  my  Compliments  to  him  &.  all  y^  Family. — 

I  saw  M^  Goodwin  of  your  Coll :  the  other  Day  he  has  been  in 
Coll :  about  a  Fortnight.     I  am  your 

very  Humble  Servant 

in  haste)     J.  Hinckesman. 

M'  Wilson  desires  his  Service  to  you. 


30.]     John  Hinckesman 
To 

M'  Samuel  Jebb 
at  Chesterfield 
By  London  in  Derbyshire. 

Westcammel  Nov'  5'!*  1745. 
Dear  Friend  Jebb 

I  humbly  beg  your  pardon  for  not  writing  to  you 
before  this  time,  but  I  hope,  you  will  think  me  somewhat  excusable 
when  you  know  the  true  reason  of  it. 

I  have  been  pretty  much  taken  up  since  I  came  here  in  making 
preparation  for  Priest  Orders,  which  I  took  at  Michaelmas,  and  the 
more  so,  because  not  only  the  Bishop  but  the  Dean  and  Chapter 
examine  the  Candidates  at  Wells. 

This  made  me  take  some  pains  in  Qualifying  myself  for  siu-h  an 
examination. 


318  I'NIVKIJSITV    STUDIES. 

Perliaps  it  may  not  be  disagi-eeable  to  give  you  a  liint  of  the 
method  thoy  have  here. 

The  Bisliop  upon  one  of  the  days  examines  all  the  young  Gentle- 
men privately  himself;  and  then  y"  next  day  following  the  Dean 
<k  Chapter  come  to  y"  Palace  and  they  examine  all  the  Candidates 
before  the  Bishop  one  by  one, 

A  Little  Digression  may  not  be  improper. 

The  Country  hereabouts  is  very  fertile  and  abounds  with  Wood, 
the  chief  of  it  is  Elm  ;  you  wou'd  be  a  Little  surpris'd  to  see  what 
Quantities  we  have  of  it  here,  every  Close  is  full  of  it. 

We  have  very  fine  Prospects  here,  they  are  so  extensive  that 
in  some  parts  you  may  (upon  y"  hills  especially)  command  30  or  40 
miles  about ;  which  makes  it  very  agreeable  uj)on  a  fine  clear  day, 
to  take  a  view. 

You  may  imagine  that  the  Prospect  in  some  parts  of  the  County 
must  be  a  good  deal  obstructed  by  reason  of  y^  high  &,  Lofty  Elms, 

I  should  be  glad  to  employ  my  Pen  longer  did  not  the  Solemnity 
of  the  day  call  upon  me  to  commemorate  the  invaluable  blessing, 
the  miraculous  Deliverance,  and  the  w^onderfull  DLscoveiy  of  the 
horrid  &  barbarous  Consjiiracy  against  our  Prince,  our  Peace,  and 
our  Eeligion ;  which  was  fully  design'd  by  them  to  be  put  in  actual 
execution. 

Be  pleas'd  to  pay  my  Compliments  to  your  Father  M"  Jebb  & 
all  the  Family. 

Pray  be  so  good  as  to  pay  my  Best  Respects  to  M''  Wall  and 
tell  him  I  received  his  Letter  the  other  day.  remember  me  to 
M'  Smith.  I  desire  you  will  write  soon.  May  every  good  &  Loyal 
Subject  most  devoutly  &  thankfully  acknowledge  the  happy  de- 
liverances of  this  day,  and  may  we  all  imite  in  blessing  &•  praising 
God  for  his  peculiar  mercies  as  upon  this  day  shew'd  to  us,  his 
Unw-orthy  Creatures.  May  we  all  (duly  affected  with  their 
malicious  intentions  as  upon  this  day)  unite  in  defending  Our 
King  &  our  Country  against  the  violent  Attempts,  the  daring 
insults,  the  bloody  plots  &  contrivances  that  now  hover  over  us. 
in  great  haste. 

I  am  dear  Jebb  your  veiy  sincere  Friend 

John  Hixckesman. 


3L]     Thomas  Hinckesman 
To 

M'  Sam'  Jebb 
In  Chesterfield 
By  Caxton   (  Derbyslm-e 
Bagg        I 

Dear  S' 

The  impertinence  of  this  I  am  inclined  to  think  y'  good 
natiu'e  \ii]\  excuse. 


APPENDIX    II.      THE   HIXCKESMANS   TO    S.  JEBB.  319 

I  have  often  thought  of  enquiring  after  your  "Welfare  in  this 
form  but  knowing  your  diligence  in  business  was  loathe  to  Intrude 
unseasonably,  &  shoud  this  Occasion  any  let  or  hindrance  I  shoud  be 
sorry. 

If  a  small  portion  of  time  coud  be  spared  from  a  thing  so  com- 
mendable as  Industry  a  little  intelligence  from  Chestertield  woud  be 
Acknowledged  as  a  great  Favour. 

You  may  reasonably  expect  I  shoud  relate  some  Xews  as  we 
have  the  papers  every  day  from  London.  The  chief  news  we  have 
is  the  daily  Accounts  of  y®  Rebels  dispersing  -very  much  &  that  the 
Pretender  has  but  a  small  number  with  him  at  present. 

In  looking  over  my  Memorandm*  I  found  I  was  entrusted  with 
your  Subscription  to  D''  Parns^  Sermons  w'^''  I  am  sorry  I  have  not 
had  it  in  my  power  to  Execute  as  yet,  the  D'  has  not  published 
his  sermons  nor  can  I  hear  w°  they  will  be  printed  off.  Upon 
Enquiry  I  was  told  the  reason  why  he  did  not  print  them  was 
because  The  D'  coud  not  get  such  paper  as  he  liked.  There  is  a 
good  number  of  Sub.scribers  that  are  thus  disappointed. 

My  Complim"  wait  upon  M'  Jebb  &c.  (k  then  give  me 
leave  to  say  I  am  y'  most  Obed' 

T.    HlXCKESMAX 

Cambridge  Trin:  Coll: 
March  y"  4'^  1745—0. 
P  S. 

Please  to  give  my  "1 
due  respects  to  our  I 
Family  when  you  [ 
have  an  opportunity/ 


Letters  and  other  remains  of  W.  Gooch,  of  Gonville  and  Caius 
College,  extracted^  from  a  MS.  volume  in  the  University 
Library,  1786—91. 

William  Gooch  of  Caius  was  the  second  Avranglor  and  second 
Smith's  })rizeman  in  1791,  W.  Lax,  Trin.  and  T.  Newton,  Joh.  being 
moderators,  Peacock,  Trin.  senior  wrangler,  Cross,  Pemh.  third"^. 

^  Andrew   Pern,    Peterhouse,    B.A.  ^  W.  Grav,  P<'^  -v  acprotats  in 
1728,  D.D.  1739.                                                     IJo.  Haukinson,  Trin.  ■    the  first 

"  The  piiblication  of  the  remainder  T.  WiuKticld,  Joh.  )      class, 

of   the    vohime  would   I   think   be   a  T.  Canstou,  Joh.  \ 

pleasing  task  to  any  one  who  is  inter-  W.  Heath  Marsh,  Proctor's 

ested    in    eighteenth    century   travels  Corpus.  \   honorary 

and  voyages.  T.  Bewickc,  Jes.  optimes. 

Jos.  Gill,  Joh.  ) 


320 


UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 


In  tlie  University  Calendar  Gooch  is  described  as  '  Astronomer 
in  a  Voyage  of  Discovery,  and  murdered  by  tbe  natives  of  Owyhee'.' 

The  Cambridge  University  Library  contains  a  volume^  [Mm.  G. 
48.]  of  his  letters  and  correspondence  of  his  friends  from  which  the 
following  are  selected. 

Alderman  C.  Nichols  of  Yarmouth,  J. P.,  who  had  been  his 
'  chum '  at  school,  observes  that  W.  Gooch  had  an  advantage  for  his 
academical  career  in  having  been  educated  under  Tilney  at  llarleston, 
which  had  sent  up  to  Cambridge  two  senior  wranglers,  S.  Vince 
(1775)  and  T.  Brinldey  (1788),  who  were  both  resident  at  Caius  in 
his  time,  the  one  being  Plumian  Professor  and  the  other  a  tutor. 

The  followins:  account  is  interesting  in  itself. 


Eeceiv'd  £.      s.     d. 

Scholarship  to  Lady  87  4.9.6 
LadyMiddleton'sBouutyS  20  .  0.0 
S'-.  J".  Berney's  Do.     .  5.5.0 

Scholarship  to  Mich.  87         4  .  13  .  2 


Total  Income 
Total  expenses 


34  .     7 
28  .     9 


Ballance  due  to  M""  Gooch    5  .  18  .  7 


[Endorsed 

'  Copy  of  my  Bill 

at  College 

to  Xmas  1787.'] 


M""  Gooch's  Account 
to  Chi-istmas  1787     £.      s. 

Commons    .  .        .        3.4 

Cook        .  .         .              1.1 

Butler          .  .         .         0  .  14 

Bookseller  .        .             0.7 

Draper         .  .        .        2.8 

Grocer    .  .        .             1  .  18  .  10 

Ironmonger  .         .         0.8.3 

Taylor     .  .         .              0  .  19 

Joyner         .  .         .         6.2 

Bedmaker  .        •             0.7 

Cobler         .  .        .        0.4 

Coals       .  .        .             1  .  13 

Cash   .         .  .         .        2.2 


Admission  Fees 
D°  Mich.  86 
D°  Xtmas  86 
D"  Lady.  87 
D"  Mids^  87 
Sundrys 
Fire  Irons 
Kittle 
Mich.  87 
Laundress  . 
Feather  Bed 


21  .  11 


0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 

28 


14 
10 
7 
14 
9 
8 
6 
3 

14 
14 
15 


d. 
7 
3 
6 
6 
6 


1  The  particular   island  was  called 
Woahoo,  near  Hawaii. 

2  Purchased    at    Dawson    Turner's 
sale,  1859. 

3  In  this  Yol.  of  ms.  are  preserved 


Letters  of  thanks  to  lady  Middleton 
10  Dec.  1786  (with  a  copy  in  Greek 
character  for  his  own  edification)  and 
to  E.  Mundy  Esq"^,  M.P.  Derby,  5  Nov. 
1790. 


APPENDIX  II.   LETTERS  OF  W.  GOOCH  (cAIU.s).     321 

32.]     W.  Gooch  to  his  Paronts  at  Brockdish 
Haiicston,  Norfolk. 

Nov.  6.  [17]90 
Cambridge 
H'^  Parents 

I'm  ."^urpris'd  I  didn't  mention  tlie  Hai-e,  I  know  I  intended  it, 
&  to  have  requested  you  to  return  my  thanks  to  ^V  Pitts  for  it,  as 
I  saw  it  came  from  his  by  the  Direction — I  gave  it  to  Brinkley — 
I'm  sorry  Mother  you  shoukl  make  yourself  at  all  uneasy  about  a 
Malady  of  which  I  was  almost  recover'd  when  I  •\\-rote  last,  &  as 
I  didn't  feel  my  Health  affected  I'm  vex'd  with  myself  for  mention- 
ing it.  However  it  is  now  entirely  gone  off,  &  certainly  was  never 
owing  to  any  great  exertion,  as  I  don't  practice  any  such  violent 
exercise  as  you  seem  to  imagine — Peacock  kept  a  very  capital  Act 
indeed  and  had  a  very  sy?lendid  Honor  of  which  I  can't  remember 
a  Quarter,  however  among  a  great  many  other  things,  Lax  told  him 
that  "  Abstruse  and  difficult  as  his  Questions  were,  no  Ai-gumcnt 
(however  well  constriicted)  coidd  be  brought  against  any  Part  uf 
them,  .so  a.s  to  baffle  his  inimitable  Discerning  &  keen  Penetration' 
&c.  ttc.  (fcc. — However  the  Truth  was  that  he  confuted  all  the 
Arguments  but  one  which  was  the  1"'  Opponent's  2°'*  Argimient, — 
Lax  lent  him  his  assistance  too,  yet  still  he  didn't  see  it,  which  I 
was  much  surpris'd  at  as  it  seem'd  easier  than  the  Majority  of  the 
rest  of  the  Arg' — Peacock  with  the  Opponents  returu'd  from  the 
Schools  to  my  Room  to  tea,  when  (agreeable  to  his  usiial  ingenuous 
Manner)  he  mention'd  his  being  in  the  Mud  about  Wingfield's  2"'' 
alignment,  Sz  requested  Wingfield  to  read  it  to  him  again  &  then  upon 
a  little  consideration  he  gave  a  veiy  ample  answer  to  it. — I  was 
third  opponent  only  and  came  off  with  "  ojdime  quidem  disjn'tasti'''' 
i.e.  "you've  disputed  excellently  indeed"  (quite  as  much  as  is  ever 
given  to  a  third  opponency) — I've  a  fir.st  oi:)poiiency  for  Nov''  11"'  under 
Newton  against  Wingfield  &  a  second  opponency  for  Nov''  lO*""  under 
Lax  against  Gray  of  Peter-House.  Peacock  is  Gray's  first  opponent 
&  Wingfield  his  third,  so  master  Gray  is  likely  to  be  pretty  well 
baited.  His  third  Question  (of  all  things  in  the  world)  is  to  defend 
Berkley's  immaterial  System. 

M''"  Hankinson  &  Miss  Paget  of  Lynn  are  noAV  at  Cambridge, 
I  drank  tea  &  supp'd  with  them  on  Tlnirsday  at  M""  Smithson's  (the 
Cook's  of  S.'  Johns  Coll.)  &  yesterday  I  din'd  drank  tea  and  supp'd 
there  again  with  the  same  Party,  and  to  day  I'm  going  to  meet 
them  at  Dinner  at  M''  Hall's  of  Camb.  Hankinson  of  Trin.  (as  you 
may  suppose)  have  been  there  too  always  when  I  have  been  there  ; 
as  also  Smithson  of  Emmanuel  Coll.  (son  of  this  M*"  Sniithson). 
Miss    Smithson*   is    a   very   accomplished  girl,   k   a   great    deal    of 

1  See  above,  p.  38.     Gunning  men-  ^  See  above,  p.  38. 

tions  Reminisc.  i.  iii.  that  Lax  offendf^d  *  'V\''lieu  he  left  England  W.  Gooch 

ex-moderators  ttc.  by  lengtbeniiiR  tbe  not    only   wrote   to    Miss    Smitbson, 

disputations    and    giving    bigb-flown  wliom  be  called  'Goody  Two-Sbocs,' 

CDniplinunts.  but  provided  tbat  bis  parents  in  liis 

w.  21 


322  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

unaffected  Modesty  connected  with  as  mucli  Delicacy  makes  her  very 
engaging. — She  talks  Fi-cnch,  and  plays  well  on  the  Harpsichord. 
M"  IT.  will  continue  in  Camb.  but  for  a  day  or  two  longer  or  I 
should  reckon  this  a  considerable  Breach  upon  my  Time ; — However 
I  never  can  settle  wc^ll  to  any  thing  but  my  Exercises  when  I  have 
any  upon  my  Hands,  and  I'm  sure  I  don't  know  what  purpose 
'twould  answer  to  fagg  much  at  my  Opponencies,  as  I  doubt  whether 
T  should  keep  at  all  the  better  or  the  worse  they  being  upon  subjects 
I've  long  been  pretty  well  acquainted  with. — Yet  I'm  resolv'd  when 
I've  kept  my  first  Opponency  next  thursday  if  possible  to  think 
nothing  of  my  2"''  (for  friday  se'nnight)  till  within  a  day  or  two  of 
the  time — One  good  thing  is  I  can  now  have  no  more,  so  I've  the 
hick  to  be  free  from  the  schools  betimes,  for  the  terra  doesn't  end 
till  the  middle  of  Dec'. — The  only  thing  that  remains  to  be  deter- 
mined about  my  having  Beevor  of  Ben'et  (Nephew  of  S""  Thomas, 
as  I  think  I  told  you)  is  whether  he  comes  to  ray  Eoora  an  Hour  in 
the  day  or  I  go  to  his  :  for  I  understand  by  Chapman  of  Ben'et  that 
he  expects  me  (contrary  to  all  custom)  to  go  to  his,  but  he's  mis- 
taken :  every  Body  would  then  expect  the  same  or  have  reason  to  be 
affronted,  and  so  I  should  be  dancing  about  the  Town  every  day 
after  my  pupils,  (as  a  french  or  Music-Master  does  for  3  guineas  a 
Quarter)  you  would  certainly  blame  me  to  submit  to  this  I  don't 
doubt. — I  mention'd  it  to  Brinkley  who  is  perfectly  of  my  opinion. — 
I  expect  one  pupil  from  S*  Johns  already  (which  is  a  very  likely 
college  to  afford  me  more) — I've  written  a  Letter  of  Thanks  to  M"" 
Mundy  &  inclosed  the  Copy. — I  know  nothing  more  to  say  this  time 
but  that  I  am 

Your  ever  dutiful  Son 

Will"  Gooch. 

O, — I  haven't  look'd  among  my  shirts  yet — well,  will  you  excuse 
that  for  a  few  days. — I  haven't  told  you  neither  that  Smithson  of 
Emmanuel  &  I  entertain'd  the  Ladies  last  night  with  fire-works. 

Adieu. 


33.]  The  following  letter  is  a  journal  scribbled  with  tired  fingers 
between  the  hours  of  examination  early  in  1791, 

'Monday  \  aft.  12. 

"We  have  been  examin'd  this  Morning  in  j^ure  Mathematics  <t  I've 
hitherto  kept  just  about  even  with  Peacock  which  is  much  more  than 
I  expected.  We  are  going  at  1  o'clock  to  be  examin'd  till  3  in 
Philosophy. 

'  From  1  till  7  I  did  more  than  Peacock ;  But  who  did  most  at 
Moderator's  Rooms  this  Evening  from  7  till  9,  I  don't  know  yet ; — 

absence    should    keep    her    and    her       lar  rotation,  one  on  her  20""  Birth-day, 
parents  supplied  with  letters  in  regii-       1"  Oct.  1792. 


APPENDIX    II.      GOOCH    PENDING   THE   TRIPOS.  S23 

but  I  did  above  three  times  as  much  as  the  Sen'  Wrangler  last  year, 
yet  I'm  afraid  not  so  much  as  Peacock. 

Between  One  &  three  o'Clock  I  A\Tote  up  9  sheets  of  Scribbling 
Paper  so  you  may  suppose  I  was  pretty  fully  employ'd. 

*  Tuesday  Xlgld. 

I've  been  shamefully  us'd  by  Lax  to-day ; — Tlio'  his  anxiety  for 
Peacock  must  (of  course)  be  very  great,  I  never  suspected  that  his 
Partially  (sic)  w^  get  the  better  of  his  Justice.  I  had  entertain'd 
too  high  an  ojiiniou  of  him  to  supj^ose  it. — he  gave  Peacock  a  long 
private  Examination  &  then  came  to  me  (I  hop'd)  on  the  same 
subject,  but  'twas  only  to  Bully  me  as  much  as  he  could, — whatever 
I  said  (tho'  right)  he  tried  to  convert  into  Nonsense  by  seeming  to 
misunderstand  me.  However  I  don't  entirely  dispair  of  being  first, 
tho'  you  see  Lax  seems  determin'd  that  I  shall  not. — I  had  no  Idea 
(before  I  went  into  the  Senate-House)  of  being  able  to  contend  at  all 
with  Peacock, 

Wednesday  evening. 

Peacock  &  I  are  still  in  perfect  Equilibrio  &  the  Examiners 
themselves  can  give  no  guess  yet  who  is  likely  to  be  fii'st ; — a  New 
Examiner  (Wood  of  St.  John's,  who  is  reckon'd  the  first  Mathema- 
tician in  the  University,  for  Waring  doesn't  reside)  was  call'd  solely 
to  examine  Peacock  &  me  only'. — but  by  this  new  Plan  nothing  is 
yet  determin'd. — So  Wood  is  to  examine  us  again  to-morrow  morning. 

Thursday  evening. 

Peacock  is  declar'd  first  <fe  I  second, — Smith  of  this  Coll.  is  either 
gth  Qj,  gth  ^  Lucas  is  either  10"*  or  l^^ — Poor  Quiz  Carver  is  one  of 
the  ot  TToXXoi ; — I'm  perfectly  satisfied  that  the  Senior  Wranglership 
is  Peacock's  due,  but  certainly  not  so  very  indisputably  as  Lax 
pleases  to  represent  it — I  understand  that  he  asserts  'twas  5  to  4  in 
Peacock's  favoi\  Now  Peacock  &  I  have  explain'd  to  each  other 
how  we  went  on,  &  can  prove  indisputably  that  it  wasn't  20  to  19 
in  his  favor ; — I  cannot  therefore  be  displeas'd  for  being  plac'd 
second,  tho'  I'm  provov'd  (sic)  with  Lax  for  his  false  report  (so 
much  beneath  the  Character  of  a  Gentleman.) — 

N.B.  it  is  my  very  partiadar  R'quest  that  you  dont  mention 
Lax's  behaviour  to  me  to  any  one. 

Friday  Morning  \  aft.  12. 

Brinkley  has  now  been  to  us  (all  this  Coll.  have  been  supping 
together  k  are  not  yet  dispevs'd — we're  supping  in  Lucas'  Booms. — ) 
to  shew  us  the  Tripus  which  is  as  beneath' — 

1  See  above,  p.  .55.  the   names  Walker,   Trollope,  Oakos. 

'  This  is  printed  exactlj-  as  in  the       Foster,  Young  (bis)  Rogers  and  Wes- 

Camb.    Univ.    Calendars   except    that       terraan   are   spelt   by  Gooch  Walpul, 

21 2 


324  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

[Tlio  fdllowiuR  inscription,  treasured  clouLtlcss  liy  Goocli's  frifnds,  shewB 
how  tbis  colh'fje  then  oncounigtd  her  Bons  to  dibtinguisli  thomiiolves  in  the 
imiversitij  contests.     Cf.  pp.  30,  47,  48.] 

In 
Scliolis  Pliilosophicis 
Optime  mter  suos  Caienses  respondent! 
D.  D. 
Franciscus  Schuldham  M.D. 
CoUegii  Gonv.  &  Caii  Socius. 
Premium  meruit 
Gulielmus  Gooch 
A.D.  1791. 
34.]  [Caius  Coll,  1791.] 

Hon"*.  Parents 

I  arriv'd  at  Ixworth  at  10  o'clock  yesterday  morning,  left 
Ixworth  at  11,  arriv'd  at  Kennett  by  l,left  Keuuett  at  2  and  arriv'd 
at  Camb.  at  a  little  more  than  a  Quarter  past  4. 

I  left  the  Mare  (quite  cool)  at  Prior's  (Jesus  Lane),  and  in  my  way 
to  Caius  call'd  at  M''  Smithson's  to  see  his  son  (of  Emm.)  who  is 
indispos'd  with  a  swelling  in  his  side,  which  they  cannot  yet  bring  to 
a  head. — Professor  Harwood  attends  him. — I  stopt  there  but  a 
Minute,  on  account  of  one  of  my  Breeches  knees  being  wetted  with  a 
misty  Pain  which  lasted  almost  all  the  way  from  Kennett— so  I  came 
home  and  chang'd  them  and  then  went  back  to  Smithson's  to  Tea 
agreeable  to  an  Invitation  they  gave  me  when  I  first  call'd. — After 
Tea  Smithson  Jun''  and  I  play'd  at  Cribbage,  nor  could  I  get  away  by 
fair  means  till  after  supper;  so  you  may  guess  what  havock  a  Man  off 
a  long  journey  made  among  the  Dainties  of  a  Cook's  Table'.  Tliis 
morning  Heming  of  St  John's  breakfasted  with  me  and  I  read  with 
him  an  hour,  after  which  I  wrote  the  inclosed  letter  to  Barmby.— 
A  fter  Commons  I  arranged  my  Linen  which  came  Last  Night,  and  then 
spoke  to  Beevor  of  Ben'et  about  Beading-,  he  propos'd  beginning 
tomorrow,  but  I  insisted  on  reading  an  hour  with  him  this  Evening, 
and  so  I  did  from  7  to  8.  So  tomorrow  we  are  to  begin  to  read 
regularly  from  1 2  to  1 ; — I  drank  Tea  this  afternoon  with  Heming 
when  we  agreed  to  have  the  hour  from  |  aft.  10  till  ^  aft.  11. — I've 
likewise  seen  GingeP,  who  will  begin  tomorrow  to  read  French  with 
me  (from  4  till  5  in  the  afternoon). — I  went  to  Chapel  to-night  and 
sat  in  the  Bachelors'  Seat  for  the  first  time,  immediately  after  Chaj^el 
I  call'd  on  M''  Belward,  delivei-'d  M''  M's  Letter  and  bled  him  for  a 
couple  of  guineas. — Hankinson  went  up  to  London  (to  meet  his 
Father  there)  the  Night  before  I  came.  Peacock  doesn't  return  till 
Oct',  no  moi'e  does  Hankinson. 

Trollop,   Oaks,   Forster,  Younge  (bis)  Calendar). 
Eoger   and  Watermiin.     Pelbam   has  ^  See  above,  p.  321. 
the  '  M"" '  before  bis  name  and  '  Marsh  *  See  above,  p.  322. 
Bene't '  is  inserted   as   10'''   jun.  opt.  ^  Possibly  Ginkell  a  son  of  the  mar- 
above   Chm-ton.     (The   names  of  the  quis  of  Athloue.     The  5'''  sou  took  his 
colleges  of  com-se  are  not  given  exactly  degree  (A.M.)  at  Triu.  in  1804. 
according  to  the  uniform  style  uf  our 


APPENDIX   II.      GOOCH   SETTING   TO   WOIIK. 


825 


I  haven't  call'd  at  Pleasance's  yet  to  speak  to  Miss  E.  but  intend 
doing  it  tomorrow  Morning. — I'm  now  going  to  snp  with  Hepworthi 
where  I  shall  meet  Chapman  of  this  Coll.  &  Tylney.  Chapman'  has 
an  Act  on  his  Hands  for  next  Friday. — He  will  be  a  very  high  INlan 
next  Year. 

You'll  be  good  as  to  forward  the  inclos'd  letter  to  Yarmouth 
immediately. — Present  my  resiiects  to  all  Friends,  and  believe  me 

your  ever  dutiful  son 
W.  GoocH. 

[A  month  or  two  after  he  had  taken  his  B.A.  degree  Gooch  was  contemplating 
and  making  arrangements  for  the  poUtical  and  scientific  expedition  from  which 
he  never  returned.] 

35.]  W.  Gooch  to  liis  father 

M"'  Gooch,  Brockdish,  Harleston,  Norfolk 

Hon''  Parents 

I've  nothing  particular  to  write  about,  but  being  o'  th'  Mind 
to  write  something  I'm  set  down  to  it  (as  you  see)  tho'  I  can't  find  a 
clean  sheet  of  Paper  to  write  upon'.  Perhaps  you'll  like  to  know 
what  Instruments^  I'm  to  take  abroad  so  I'll  give  you  a  coj)y  of  the 
Catalogue  (they  are  most  of  them  the  same  that  went  with  Capt" 
Cooke). 


9. 
10. 


An  Astronomical  Clock.  11. 
A  -Journeyman  Clock. 

An  Alarm  Clock.  12. 

A  Good  Watch  w"»  Second  Hand.  13. 

An  Achromatic  Telescojie  of  4G  in.  1-i. 

Focus    w""    a    divided     Object  15. 

Glass  Micrometer.  16. 
A  Reflecting  Telescope. 

A  Verticle   Circle  with   an   Azi-  17. 

muth-circle,  for  taking  altitudes  18. 

and  Azimuths. 

A  Transit  Instrument  of  4  Feet  19. 

with  a  Level  and  upright  wood-  20. 

en  Posts.  21. 

A  Marine  Dipping  needle.  22. 
A  small  Pocket  compass. 

23. 


besides  Books*. 


A  Set  of  Magnetic  Bars  to  change 

the  Poles  of  the  dipping  needle. 
A  Burton's  Theodolite  with  stand. 
A  HaeUey's  Sextant  by  DoUond. 
Another  by  Troughton. 
Two  large  Thermometers. 
Two  Thermometers  with  wooden 

scales  by  Kamsden. 
A  portable  Barometer  by  Burton. 
A  IBason  to  hold  Quicksilver  with 

Glass  Roof. 
Quicksilver  in  a  Bottle. 
A  Night  Telescope. 
A  Steel  Gunter's  Chain. 
A  Knight  Azimuth  Compass  by 

Adams. 
A  Portable  Tent  Observatory. 


1  Cp.  p.  84.  Benedict  Chapman  was 
6"*  wrangler  in  1792,  and  afterwards 
tutor  of  Caius,  and  master  (1839 — 52). 

-  The  paper  was  covered  witli  astro- 
nomical diagrams  and  a  calculation  of 
readings  of  a  thermometer,  observa- 
tions &c.  taken  1774,  July  22'"i  Obs. 
mer.  zen.  Dist.  i  L.  L.  69".  20'.  8". 

■'  Cp.  another  list  on  p.  245. 

*  The  following  books  left  behind 


him  at  Cambridge  were  sold  by  auction 
at  the  White  Bear  Inn  on  Saturday 
Nov.  23'-J,  1793. 

Homeri   Odyssaea,    2   vol.      Kent's 

Lucian.  IBs. 
Burton    Trag.     Select.       Johnson's 

Sophocles.  9.s\ 
Virgil  Lug.  Bat.  1660.     Florus  Yar. 

7.s\  Gd. 
Allen's  Demosthenes,  2  vols.  Milne's 


32G  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

1  sliall  set  off  for  Camb.  on  Monday  Morning  and  be  admitted  iu 
the  Afternoon.  I  shall  leave  Greenw*".  on  Sunday. — I  have  to  talk  to 
you  in  a  Letter  soon  about  you  coming  to  see  me  at  Camb.  for  I  must 
pass  the  major  part  of  the  Time  I  have  to  be  in  England  there,  on 
account  of  its  being  necessary  for  me  to  read  French  and  Spanish — 
I've  been  thinking  that  if  the  ship  were  she  [to]  h»e  a[)pointed  iiMiiedi- 
ately  as  it  will  take  3'  months  [toj  ]Man  and  Victual  her  you  could 
come  to  Camb.  ab'  a  montli  hence,  &  about  a  month  after  your  return 
I  could  come  to  you  and  stay  a  month  with  you. — What  say  you? 
Don't  hear  a  word  tho'  of  M"'  K's  comiug. — I  should  like  to  hear 
what  you  think  of  this  Plan  as  soon  as  you  can  write.- — (Direct  to 
Camb.  tho.') 

From  y"  dear  Boy 

Billy. 

P.S.  I  want  you  to  promise  (Father)  to  let  me  give  you  a  lecture 
every  day  regularly  on  Popular  Astronomy,  when  I  come  home. — 
Nothing  is  more  easy  to  comprehend,  and  Pm  convinc'd  you'll  think 
it  entertaining  after  the  first  two  or  three  Lectures. — You  will  then 
know  what  I'm  about  when  abroad,  and  will  have  a  clear  Idea  (from 
the  Lat'.  and  Long",  of  the  Places)  how  we  reckon  time,  &c.(for  in  every 
diff.  Longitude  the  time  of  noon  is  different)  and  a  hundred  other 
little  things  which  you  would  like  to  know,  you  w**.  then  be  able  to 
find  out. 


36.]  M'  Gooch  by  favor  of  the  Eev"^  M'  Etheridge. 

Hon''  Parents 

M''  Etheridge  being  in  Cambridge  I  shall  take  an  opportunity 
of  conveying  a  Letter  to  you  by  him  and  inclose  one  of  Vince's  to  his 
Brother. — You  may  probably  have  seen  in  the  Papers  that  old  Mr 
Salter  is  dead,  so  that  there  is  a  Caius  living  and  therefore  another 
fellowship  vacant.  Tis  suppos'd  that  North'  (the  sen"'  fellow)  will 
refuse  it  and  choose  to  remain  a  fellow  all  his  Life,  and  that  Belward 
will  wait  for  the  Mastership;  if  so.  Buck  the  third  in  the  seniority 
will  take  it — Tis  one  of  the  best  (being  about  £600  per  Ann.)     I'm 

Conic  Sections,  Cockman's  Tully's  cbanics,     Hellin's     Mathematical 

Ottices.  7s.  Essays,  lis.  6rf. 

Tooly  Cic.  cle  Officiis.    Eollin's  Qain-  Mayer's    Lunar    Theory,     5    small 

tiliau.  5s.  did.  Astrou.  tracts  by  Maskelyne.  3s. 

Cole's  Dictionary,  Locke  on  Human  Viuce's    Precession    of    Equinoxes, 

Underst.  8s.  Excerpta  a  Newtono.  3s. 

Simpson's    Geometry,      Emerson's  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,    15   half 

Meclianics.  5s.  &d.  vol.  C/i.  5s. 

Cotes' Lectui'es,  Simpson's  Fluctions.  Duty  Qs.'id.     Commission  16s. 

lis.  1  J.  North  took  the  rectory  of  Ash- 

Whiston's  Euclid,  Parkinson's  Me-  don,  Essex.     He  died  in  1818. 


APPENDIX   II.      astronomer's  OUTFIT.  327 

now  reading  Spanish  agreeable  to  D'  Maskelyne's  Wish  with  M'  Isola 
who  is  himself  an  Italian,  but  is  reckon'd  an  excellent  Spanish  Master 
as  well  as  an  Italian  Master; — (There  isn't  a  Spaniard  in  Camb.)-- 
I'm  about  to  begin  Don  Quixote  in  the  Original. — While  on  Ship 
Board  I  shall  want  some  study  for  amusement  and  that  I  may  have' 
a  Variety,  I'll  take  Latin,  Greek,  Fi-ench,  Spanish,  and  Italian  Books, 
that  I  may  be  improving  myself  in  the  Classical  way  or  getting  a 
Knowledge  of  the  most  useful  modern  Languages  according  as  I  find 
myself  o'  th'  mind. — I'm  going  to  Greenwich  again  tomorrow  fourt- 
night  and  expect  to  be  appointed  tomorrow  three  weeks,  Mr  E.  is 
now  about  leaving  Camb.  so  that  I  must  conclude  immediately. 

Y^  dutiful  Son,  W.  Goocii. 

.  .  .  The  names  of  the  Board  of  Longitude 

Kepple  J.  Smith  (Mast'  of  Cains) 

C.  W.  Cornwall  E.  Waring  (Magd.  Coll.) 

T.  Frankland  A.   Shepherd^  (another  who  ex- 

Koduey  amin'd  Peacock  and  me). 

J.  Young  J.  Marriott 

E.  Harlaud  T.  Orde 

Howe  G.  E/Ose 

Jos.  Banks  P.  Stephens 

N.  Maskelyne  C.  Middletou 

T.  Hornsby  J.  Smith. 

I  believe  my  chief  Business  will  be  to  assign  the  Bounds  of  the 
English  territories  in  South  America. 

The  Ships... the  Discovery  sloop  of  war,  Capt.  Vancouver,  and  the 
Chatham,  Lieut.  Broughton. 

Ciooch  himself  followed  in  the  Daedalus,  Capt.  New;  6  guns  and 
6  swivels,  30  hands  in  all.  Gooch's  salary  (he  continues)  is  to  be  400 
a  year,  which  may  be  nearly  doubl  d  by  selling  to  the  Chinese  the 
furs  which  he  will  get  from  the  natives  in  exchange  for  large  sheath- 
knives,  small  axes,  copper  saucepans,  kettles,  etc.,  sp)ike-nails,  beads, 
(fee.  He  has  a  present  of  1  duz.  bottles  of  preserved  gooseberries,  and 
will  take  a  medicine  chest. 

In  a  letter  from  the  Downs  near  Deal,  31  July  1791,  he  gives  an 
Inventory  of  his  outfit. 

T  ^     .     ,      -.  ^,     TT         T^            •  8.  A  small  Inkstand. 

I.  Contents  of  theUpper  Drawer  in  ^  A  Cribba-e  Board. 

I^'^dRoom.  10_  Peppermint  Drops. 

1.  A  Roof  Machine.  11.  Two  spare  centers  and  Punches 

2.  Quicksilver.  for  Dipping  Needle. 

3.  Three  coloured  Wedges.  12.  A  gross  of  Cottons  for  Lamp. 

4.  Two  Thermometers.  13.  Some  small  wax  Caudles. 

5.  A  set  of  Magnetic  Bars.  14.  Epsom  Salts. 

6.  Two  Bottles  of  Powder'd  Bark.  15.  Calcin'd  Magnesia. 

7.  A  Map  of  the  World.  IG.  Two  large  screw  drivers. 

^  fagg  at  (in  an  erasure).  Master  of  Mechanics  to  the  king.    His 

"  Dr  Shepherd  (see  Index)  was  now       portrait  is  in  Uuiv.  Lib.    Cole,  lis.  2G, 
Plumiau   Prof.  ;    he   was  F.R.S.   and       120,  208. 


328 


UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 


17.  A  Paper  of  Ink  Powder. 

18.  A  Tortoise  shell  box  with  a  few 

beads  in  it. 

19.  Hair  Powder  and  Pomatum. 

20.  Two  Ink  Cakes. 

21.  A  15ox  of  Wafers. 

22.  Three  steel  writing  Pens  and  one 

steel  ruling  Pen. 

23.  A  Glass  Pestle  and  Mortar. 

24.  An  Artificial  Horizon  and  Spirit 

Level. 

II.     Contentfs  of  Middle  Drawer  in 
Bed-room. 


10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 

16. 
17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 

25. 
26. 


261  quii'cs  of  Paper. 

Two  Pounds  of  Tea. 

Four  fishing  Leads. 

Ten  sticks  of  sealing  wax. 

Shade  for  Lamp. 

Instructions,  &c. 

A  case  of  Drawing  Instruments, 

A  small  Brush. 

HUioWsMedicalPochet-Bookvfith. 

wi-itten     instructions    per    Mr 

Bideout. 
Ten  Pieces  of  Sponge. 
Doctrine  of  Eclipses. 
Astronomy  of  Comets. 
Sutton's  duodecimal  Mensuration. 
Helliu's  Mathematical  Essays. 
Maskelj-ne's   Paper   on  the   Diff. 

Befranrjihility  of  Light. 
Maskelyne's  Bules  for  Bef.  <fc  Par. 
Maskelyne's  Bemarks  on  y^  Equa, 

of  Time. 
Dollond's  Improvement  of  Bcfract- 

iny  Telescopes. 
Toaldi  de  Mcthodo  Lonyitudinum 

ex  ohservato  Lunae  transitu  per 

meridianum. 
Waring,      Form    of    the    Lunar 

Method. 
Maskelyne's  Folio  Tables. 
Vince  on  the  Succession  of  the 

Equino.ves. 
Essay   on   the  most   Commodious 

method  of  Marine  S^irveying. 
An  Account  of  the  prismatic  Mi- 
crometer. 
Mayer's  Theory  of  the  Moon. 
A  Parcel  of  Glass  Beads. 


ni.     Contents  of  the  lower  Drawer. 
63  Quire  of  Paper. 

Iin.     Contents  of  the  Upper  Shelf  in 
the  Closet. 

1.  Schrivellis  [sic]  Greek  Lc.ricon. 

2.  Homer's  Iliad,  2  vol. 

3.  Sherlock  Sermonf,  4  vol. 


4.  Simpson's  Fhi.rions,  2  vol. 

5.  Ainsworth's  Dictionary. 

6.  Cotes'  Lectures. 

7.  Bequisite  Tables,  3  copies. 

8.  Old  Bequisite  Tables. 

9.  Bobertson's  Navigation. 

10.  Clerke's  [sic]  Attributes. 

11.  Huttou's  Matlunnalical  Tables. 

12.  Buchan's  Domestic  Medicine. 

13.  Delphiuo's     Spanish     Grammar, 

12 II 10. 

14.  History     of     Spanish     America, 

12mo. 

15.  Don  Quixote  in  Spanish,    3  vol. 

4to. 

16.  Don   Quichotte    (French)   6   vol. 

12mo. 

17.  Telemaque,  12mo. 

18.  Baretti's  Spanish  Dict^.  folio. 

19.  Medicine  Chest. 

20.  Dressing  Bos. 

V.     Contents  of  the  Second  shelf 
in  the  Closet. 

1.  Seven  Vol',  of  Longitudes,  4to. 

2.  Don   Chiciotte    (Italian)  2   vols., 

12mo. 

3.  Eton  Latin  Grammar,  12mo. 

4.  Don  Quixote  Enghsh  4  vol.  12mo. 

5.  General    Tables   for    the   3Ioon's 

Distance  from  the  Sun  and  10 
Stars.     Folio. 

6.  Devil  on  Sticks,  12mo. 

7.  Keill's  Astronomy. 

&.     Bottarelli's  Dictionary  Eng.    Fr. 

Ital.  3  vol.  16to. 
9.     Harwood's    Greek    Testament,    2 

vol.  12mo. 

10.  The  Natttical  Almanacks  for  1769, 

'73,  '74,  '91—96,  r2mo. 

11.  Telemachus,  2  vol.  12mo. 

12.  De  Moivre's  Miscel.  Anal.  4to. 

13.  Parkinson's  Mechanics,  4to. 

14.  Latitudes  from  Mer.  Alts.  4to. 

15.  Wyld's  Practical  Surveyor. 

16.  Gardiner's  Logarithms. 

17.  Greek  Grammar,  12mo. 

18.  Graecae  Sententiae,  12mo. 

19.  Gardiner's   Practical   Surveying, 

12mo. 

VI.     Contents  of  the  third  Shelf  in 
the  Closet. 

1.  Tables  of  Refraction  and  Parallax, 

4to. 

2.  Giithrie's  Geography,  4to. 

3.  Taylor's  Tables,  4to. 

4.  Mayer  &  Mason's  Tables,  4to. 

5.  Vince's  Practical  Astronomy,  4to. 

6.  Mackenzie's  Maritime  Surveyinfj, 

4to. 


APPENDIX   II.      W.   GOOCHS   MEMORIALS. 


S20 


7.  Green's     Astronomical     Observa- 

tions, 4to. 

8.  V^' a\q&  Astronomical  Observations, 

4to. 

9.  Two  blank  Journals,  Folio. 

10.  Bode's  Celestial  Charts,  Folio. 

11.  Six  Quire  of  Paper. 

12.  Cbambaud's     French     Grammar, 

12  mo. 

13.  Bayly's  Astron.  Observations,  4to, 
11.     Taylor's  Logarithms,  4to. 

15.  Two  small  Blank  Books. 

16.  Martin's  Mariner's  Guide. 

17.  Seaman's  Daily  Assistant,  4to. 

18.  Nelson's  Practice  of  True  Devo- 

tion, 12mo. 

19.  Requisite  Tables,  8vo. 

20.  Court  Register  for  1789,  12mo. 

21.  Common  Prayer  Book,  12mo. 

22.  Do.  in  Greek,  12mo. 

23.  Diable  Boiteux,  2  vol.  24to. 

24.  Nat.  Sines  Tang'.  &  Sec'.  24to. 

25.  A  Clotbes  Brusb. 

26.  Guuter's  Scale. 

27.  A  Pocket  Compass. 

YII.     Contents  of  the  fourth  sJtelf  of 
the  Closet. 

1.  Tbree  Loaves  of  Sugar. 

2.  141b.  Moist  Sugar. 

3.  A  Powder  Flask. 

4.  Spirits  of  Wine. 

5.  Two  Balls  of  Cord. 

6.  Two  Brace  of  Pistols  with  moulds 

lor  Bullets. 

7.  A  Mould  for  Musquet  Bullets, 

8.  A  Tea  Pot. 

9.  A  Gunter's  Chain. 


10.  A  Bagonet. 

11.  A  Lantborn. 

N.B.  More  things  to  be  put  in, 

Vni.     Contents  of  the  Shelf  over  the 
Drawers  in  the  Bed  Room. 

1.  Part  of  the  Preface  to  Taylor's 
Logarithms  with  Log',  of  Num- 
bers, 4to. 

Guthrie's  Plates,  folio. 

A  Station  Pointer. 

A  Circular  Protractor. 

A  Variation  Chart. 

A  Miniature  Picture. 


2. 
3. 

4. 
5. 
6. 

IX. 

1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 


Contents  of  the  Shelf  over  the 
Table. 
Two  Hangers. 
An  Umbrella. 
A  Shark  Line. 
Two  Cod  Lines. 
A  Walking  stick. 


Other  articles... stow'd  away  at  Ports- 
mouth. 

A  Slate,  Slate  Pencils,  Table  Cloth, 
Trunks,  Books,  Candlesticks,  Red  Ink, 
Razor  Strap,  Hand  Brush,  Fungus, 
Drawing  Books,  Cards,  Stool,  Ex- 
tinguisher. A  Box  for  Wash  Ball  or 
Soap,  Beads,  Screws,  Spermaceti  Oil, 
Snuffers  and  Snuf  Dish,  Wafers,  Wire 
Shirt  Buttons,  Metal  Buttons,  Moulds, 
Cartharge  Paper,  Blankets  (for  Trade 
at  Nootka),  Decanters,  Beakers  and 
\\iue  glasses,  Cloak  Bag,  Iron  and 
Brass  Wire, 


There  remain  in  the  volume,  still  nn-published,  so  far  as  I  am 
aware,  a  few  other  letters  written  before  his  departure,  his  letters  and 
journals  (from  Rio  Janeii'o)  on  board  the  Daedalus,  plan  of  S.  lago 
harbour  (Port  Praya),  a  few  characteristic  sketches  and  engravings 
sent  home,  letters  from  his  father  to  the  Smithsons,  their  dreams ' 
after  his  death,  his  will,  and  a  mass  of  correspondence  from  Greenwich 
about  his  pay,  testimonials,  &c.  A  letter  from  his  father  to  Rev.  Ri, 
Belward  thanking  the  authorities  of  Cains  College. 

W™.  Gooch's  last  letter  is  dated  'Daedalus,  S.S.  off  Karakahooa- 
Bay,  Owhykee^.  May  2"''  1792.'  He  leaves  the  letter  in  charge  of 
'Tamehameha''  (King  of  this  Island)  for  him  to  deliver  to  any  English 
shi[)  which  may  touch  and  expect  to  be  in  England  before  the  expira- 
tion of  1793.'  He  looks  forward  to  seeing  them  'toward  Autunni, 
1794.'  On  the  13""  May  1792,  he,  with  two  of  his  comrades,  was 
murdered  by  the  natives  on  the  neighbouring  island  of  Woahoo*, 
or  Oahoo,  where  they  had  landed. 

1  24  Jan.,  4  Mar.,  o'*-  July,  1794.  ■*  Cp.  Cook's  Voyages  bk.  iii.   cbli. 

2  Hawaii.  '  xi,  xii.  (Jan.  &  Feb.  1778.)  bk,  v,  chh. 

3  Kamchamaha.  v,  vi.  (27  Feb.  1779.) 


APPENDIX    III. 

'ADVICE',   &c.     AVATERLAND'S   STUDENT'S   GUIDE. 

1706—40. 


'Advice  to  a  Youxg  Student.  With  a  Method  of  Study  for 
the  Four  First  Years:     1706—40. 

This  Scheme  was  drawn  up  by  Daniel  Waterland  for  liis  pupils 
at  Magdalene  College  Cambridge,  about  1706,  when  he  was  dean  and 
tutor.  The  latter  office  he  continued  to  hold  even  after  he  was 
advanced  to  the  Mastership  in  1713.  It  was  jyfinted  piratically,  in 
the  Republick  of  Letters  for  December,  1729. 

I  have  a  copy  of  the  Authorized  '  Second  Edition '  (anonymous) 
8vo.  pp.  32.      Printed  for  J.  Crowufield,  1730. 

Another  edition  came  out  in  1740,  which  is  printed  among 
Waterland's  Works  vi.  299—324  (Van  Mildert)  ;  the  lapse  of  time 
having  required  some  change  in  the  text  books,  &c.,  recommended. 

[I  have  indicated  some  of  the  alterations  suggested  by  the  edition 
of  1740  by  square  brackets,  and  others  in  the  foot-notes.] 

The  tract  of  which  I  give  a  summary  was  intended  to  serve  as  a 
Student's  Guide  to  supplement  tutorial  advice  and  to  encourage 
method  in  study. 

I.  Directions  for  a  Religious  and  Sober  Life.  Waterland 
recommends  constant  attendance  on  the  prayers  in  Chapel — early 
hours — (Van  Mildert  mentions,  i.  11,  that  Waterland's  own  example 
in  this  x'espect  was  of  a  remarkable  character.  His  contemporary, 
the  father  of  dean  Cyril  Jackson,  used  often  to  tell  how  a  light  was 
seen  in  Waterland's  window  when  most  of  the  world  were  asleep. 
His  intense  a])plication  to  his  studies  is  thought  to  have  shortened 
his  life) — Reading  the  Bil)le — Books  of  Devotion  e.  gr.  The  Whole 
Duty  of  Man,  [The  New  Whole  Duty  of  Man],  Taylors  Golden 
Grove  [Nelson's  Devotions],  or  Prayers  us'd  hy  King  William,  in 
12mo.,  or  in  Tillotson's  Sermons  vol.  xiv,  to  be  used  at  least  till  'a 
Facility  of  prayiug  extempore '  be  gained. 

To  these  he  adds  Thomas  a  Kempis,  Xelsons  Festivals,  Goodma7i^s 
Winter  Eveniny's  Conference  and  the  Gentleman  Instructed. 


APPENDIX   III.      A   student's   GUIDE.  331 

*  NeA^er  go  to  any  Tavern  or  Aleliouse  unless  sent  for  by  some 
Country  Friend  ;  and  then  stay  not  long  there  nor  drink  more  than 
is  convenient.' 

'  Covet  not  a  large  and  general  Acquaintance  but  be  content 
with  a  very  few  Visitants,  and  let  these  be  good... 

'  Come  in  always  before  the  Gates  are  shut,  Winter  and  Summer  ; 
and  before  Xine  of  the  Clock  constantly,  when  your  Tutor  expects  you 
at  Lectures  in  his  Chamber.' 

'  For  the  sake  of  peace  and  order  bear  with  some  little  Rudeness 
and  some  imperious  Carriage  [from  your  seniors  in  College]  if  any  be 
so  foolish  as  to  use  them  towards  you  :  Not  but  that  you  may  have 
Redress  upon  any  the  least  Grievance  by  complaining  to  youi"  Tutor.' 

'  Avoid  Idleness,  otherwise  called  Loumjiitij.' 

ir.     A  Method  of  Study. 

The  generality  of  students  ai-e  intended  for  Clergymen,  and  as 
such  must  take  the  Arts  in  their  way. 

Philosophy  (including  mathematics,  geography,  astronomy,  chro- 
nology and  other  parts  of  physics ;  besides  logic,  ethics  and  Jiietaphy- 
sics)  Classical  learning  and  Divinity,  are  the  three  heads. 

Watei'land  refers  students  of  Law  and  Physic  to  their  tutors  for 
special  advice. 

III.     JDirectioiis  for  the  Sttcdy  of  Philosophy. 

'  Begin  not  with  Philosophy  till  your  Tutor  reads  lectures  to 
you  on  it.' 

For  the  first  half  year  at  least  attempt  nothing  beyond  the  text- 
book of  the  lectures. 

Devote  mornings  and  evenings  to  Philosophy:  afternoons'  to 
classics,  as  requiring  less  coolness. 

'  After  you  have  come  to  a  competent  Knowledge  in  Philosophy,' 
make  a  commonp>lace  book  of  the  Questions  discussed  in  your  authors 
with  references,  pro  and  con. 

'  Set  a  Mark  in  the  Margin  of  your  Book  when  you  do  not 
understand  any  Thing  and  consult  other  books  which  may  help  to 
explain  it :  Or,  if  you  cannot  thus  master  the  Difficulty,  apply  to 
some  Fi'iend  that  can,  or  to  your  Tutor.' 

lY.     General  Directions  for  the  Study  of  Classicks. 

'Let  your  Afternoons^  as  much  of  them  as  can  be  spared  from 
Afternoon  Lectures,  if  you  have  any,  be  spent  in  reading  Classick 
Authors,  Greek  and  Latin.'  In  the  order  mentioned ;  one  at  a  time 
if  possible  straight  through  not  too  fast.  Consult  Dictionaries, 
Lexicons,  Notes,  Friends  or  Tutor. 

1  So  the  writer  of  ninU  to  Fresh-  e\-idently  a  rigid  supporter  of  Mathe- 

men  at  the    University  of  Cambridge  mutical    studies  says   (p-l-)  '  It  is  a 

('  Curvo  dinoscere  rectum,  &c.)  -ItU  ed.  good  custom  to  set  a-^ido  a  part  of  tho 

London  printed  for  J.  Mawmau  Lud-  ajtcrmon  for  litcrae  humaniorcs,' 
gate-street ;    aud   J.  Deigbton.    1822 ' 


332  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Read  Terence,  Tally  and  Virgil  over  and  over  again  as  models. 
Be  provided  with  some  books  of  Greek  (PuUer'n)  and  Roman  Anti- 
quities (Kenuefs)  which  you  may  once  read  over  and  afterwards 
consult  upon  occasion. 

You  may  add  to  them   EcharcVs  Roman  History. 

'  Have  a  Quarto  Paper  Book  for  a  Common  place  [in  Mr  Locke's 
method]  to  refer  any  Thing  curious  to ;'  rather  to  keep  up  your 
attention  and  for  present  profit  than  for  future  use. 

In  COMPOSITION  i-ather  imitate  and  vary,  than  copy  out. 

'  When  you  are  to  make  an  Oration  (after  you  have  considered 
well  the  Matter)  I'ead  one  of  Tullys  on  a  similar  Subject.  Consider 
the  Argumentative  Pai't  by  itself,  which  Freigius's  Analytical  Notes 
Avill  assist  you  in...  However  the  bare  reading  of  [Cicero's]  Com- 
positions will  make  your  thoughts  more  free  and  more  just  than 
otherwise.' 

'  You  may  he  taught  in  an  Hour  or  two's  time,  by  your  Tutor 
how  to  use  the  Jfaps  or  Tables '  which  you  should  have  before  you 
when  reading  History  or  even  Oratory  and  Poetry. 

V.  General  Directions  for  Divinity. 

The  study  of  Divinity  should  be  commenced  in  the  early  years  of 
residence.  It  is  well  for  a  young  man  to  keep  the  main  object  of  his 
education  in  view;  and  many  are  ordained  soon  after  taking  their 
degree.  The  ordinary  studies  are  so  useful  grounding  for  a  Divine 
that  Waterland  recommends  the  study  of  divinity  for  the  fii-st  part  of 
a  student's  residence  to  be  confined  to  his  '  spare  hours  on  Sundays 
and  Holydays ;''  and  on  each  of  them  he  advises  him  to  read  and 
make  Abridgments  of  a  couple  of  sermons  (which  will  take  about 
3  hours  apiece)  in  a  quarto  paper  book,  marking  general  and  par- 
ticular heads  according  to  an  example  given.  Later  in  their  course 
they  should  devote  their  mornings  only  to  philosophy,  afternoons  to 
classics,  and  evenings  as  well  as  Sundays  and  Holydays  to  Divinity, 
'  or  however  to  the  reading  the  best  English  writers  such  as  Temple, 
V Estrange,  Collier  [Spectator  and  other  writings  of  Addison']  and 
other  masters  of  Thoxight  and  Style.'' 

In  the  4th  year  '  endeavour  to  get  a  general  view  of  the  sevei'al 
controversies  on  foot  from  Bennefs  Books;  and  some  Knowledge  of 
Church  History  from  Mr  Echard  and  Du  Pins  Compendious  History 
of  the  Church  in  4  vols.  8vo. ;  and  then  if  you  have  Time  undertake 
Pearsan  on  the  Creed,  and  Burnet  on  the  Articles' 

VI.  A  course  of  Studies  Philosophical,  Classical  and  Divine,  for 
the  first  four  years. 

The  following  scheme  of  course  is  not  intended  to  be  rigidly 
adhered  to  in  all  cases.  Waterland  begins  '  the  Year  with  January, 
though  few  come  so  eariy  to  College  :  If  you  happen  to  come  later, 
vet  begin  with  the  Books  first  set  down.' 


APPENDIX   III.      A   student's   GUIDE, 


333 


Philosophical. 


Classical. 


Eeligiocs. 


Jan. 
Feb. 


Wells' lAi-ithm, 


Terence. 


Sharp's  Sermons. 
Calamy's  Sermons. 


March 
April 


EucM's  Elem. 


Xenophontis  Cjri 
Institutio. 


Spratt's  Sermons. 
Blackhall's  Sermons. 


May       I  Euclid's  Elem. 

June      I  Biu-gersdicius'^Logick. 


Tully's -Epistles. 
Phaedrus'  Fables. 


Hoadly's  Sermons. 
South's  Sermons. 


Jidy 
Aug. 


Euclid's  Elements, 
Buigersdicius. 


Lucian's   Select  Dia- 
logues. 
Theophrastus. 


South's  Sermons. 


Sept. 
Oct. 


Wells's  Geography  3. 


Justin. 
Cornelius  Nepos. 


Young's  Sermons. 


Nov. 
Dec. 


Wells's*  Trigonometry 
Newton's  Trigon. 


Dionysius's  Geography, 


Scot's  Sermons  &  Dis- 
courses, 3  vols. 


Jan. 
Feb. 


Wells's 5  Astron. 
Locke, 


^^  Causin  deEloquentia, 
Vossius'  Ehetorick. 


Tillotsou's  Sermons, 
Vol.  i.  folio. 


March 
April 


Locke's  Hum.  Und. 
"De  la  Hire  Con.  Sect. 


Tully's  Orat. 


May 
June 


^Whiston's  Astron. 


Isocrates. 
Demosthenes. 


Tillotson's  Sermons, 
Tol.  ii.  fol. 


July 
Aug. 


Keil's  Introduction. 


Caesar's  Comment. 
Sallust. 


Sept. 
Oct. 


Cheyne's  Philosop. 
Principles. 


Hesiod. 
Theocritus. 


Tillotson's  Sermons, 
Vol.  iii.  fol. 


Nov. 
Dec, 


SEohaulti  Physica, 


Ovid's  Fasti. 
Yu-gil's  Eclog. 


Jan. 
Feb. 


Burnet's  Theory  with 
Kcill's  Eemarks. 


Homeri  lUads,  edit. 
Clarke. 


Norris'   Practical  Dis- 
courses, 1"  &  2'"'  Parts. 


March 
AprU 


Whiston's  Theory  with 
KeUl's  Eemarks. 


Virgil's  Georgicks. 
Aeneids. 


Norris'   Practical  Dis- 
courses, 3""'' &  4"' parts. 


May 
June 


Wells'  Chronology. 
Beveridge's  Chron. 


Sophocles. 


Claggett's  Sermons 
2  vols. 


July 
Aug. 


9  Whitby's  Ethicks. 
Puffendorf's  Law  of 

Nat. 


Horace. 


Atterbury's  (Lewis) 
Sermons,  2  vols. 


Sept. 
Oct. 


Puffeudorf. 

Grotius  de  Jure  Belli. 


1'  Eurii)ides,  Piers'  edit. 


Atterbury's  (Francis) 
Sermons. 


Nov. 
Dec. 


Puffcndorf. 
Grotius. 


Juvenal-Persius. 


StUlingfleet's  Sermons. 


lu  a  later  edition  are  substituted 
^  Wingate's  Arith. 
2  Wallis'  Logick, 

*  Salmon's  Geograph.y. 

*  Keill's  Trigonometiice. 

•'■'  Harris'  Astron.  Dialogues. 
Keill's  Astron. 
^  Simpson's  Con. 


7  Milnes'  Soctt.  Conicac. 

8  Bartholin's  (as  well  as  Eohault's) 
Physics. 

"  The  Compendium  of  Ethics,  with 
Hutcheson  and  Fordyce. 

^0  Cambray  on  Elociuence. 

"  King's  Euripides  instead  of  Piers', 
or  the  select  pbiys  in  8vo. 


334. 


UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 


Philosophical. 

Classical. 

Religious. 

Jan. 
Feb. 

Baronius'  Meta- 
pliysicks. 

Thucydidcs. 

Jenkins's  Eeasonable- 
ness  of  Christianity. 

Marcli 
April 

Newton's  Opticks. 

Thucydides. 

Clarke's  Lectures. 
Grotius  de  Vcrit.  R.C. 

May 
June 

Wliiston's  Praelect. 
Phys.  Math. 

Livy. 

Bannet  of  Pop.* 
Abridg.L.C.Conf.ofQu. 

July 
Aug. 

Gregorj''s  Astronomy. 

Livy. 

Pearson  on  the  Creed 
with  King's  Crit.  Hist. 

Sept. 
Oct. 

Diogenes  Laertius. 

West  on  the  Kesurrec- 
tion. 

Nov. 
Dec. 

Cicero's  Philosoph. 
works. 

Burnet's  Articles. 

"Waterland  adds  to  the  Table  for  each  year  remarks  on  the  use, 
merits  and  defects  of  the  books  recommended.  I  have  I'oom  only  for 
a  few  of  them. 

The  hardest  Philosophical  and  Classical  Books  are  reserved  for 
the  4th  year. 

The  Sermons  are  not  arranged  in  any  particular  order.  Water- 
land  gives  this  character  of  them. 

Sharp's,  Calami/ s  and  BlackhaWs  are  the  best  models  for  an  easy, 
natural  and  familiar  way  of  writing.  Sprat  is  fine,  florid  and  elabo- 
rate in  his  style,  artful  in  his  method  aud  not  so  open  as  the  former, 
but  harder  to  be  imitated.  HoacUy  is  very  exact  and  judicious,  and 
Vjoth  his  style  and  sense  jvist,  close  and  clear.  Tlie  other  three  (South, 
Young,  and  Scot)  are  very  sound,  clear  writers,  only  Scot  is  too 
swelling  and  pompous,  and  South  is  something  too  full  of  wit  and 
satire,  and  does  not  always  observe  a  decorum  in  his  style. 

Tillotson  may  be  corrected  by  Luptori's  Oxford  Sermon,  Whitby's 
Appendix  to  ii.  Thess.  and  "  The  Religion  of  a  Church  of  England 
Woman  "  p.  339,  (fcc. 

^'  Norris  is  a  fine  writer  for  style  and  thought,  and  commonly 
just,  except  in  what  relates  to  his  World  of  Ideas,  whei-e  he  some- 
times trifles." 

If  there  is  more  time  the  following  Sermons  may  be  added — 
[those  in  hrachets  are  not  mentioned  in  the  two  first  editions.] 


Lucas', 
Barrow's. 
Brady's. 
Hickman's  2  Vols. 


Beveridge's. 
Tilly's. 

Fiddes'  3  vols, 
[Fothergill's.] 


[Seed's  4  vols.] 
[Butler's.] 
[Waterland's.  ] 
[Blair's  4  vols.] 
[Abemethy's.] 
[Bishop  Sherlock's.] 
[Balguy's  2  vols.] 
[Dodwell's  2  vols.] 


^  i.e.  T.  Bennet's  (Joh.)  Confutation  of  Popery,  Abridgement  of  the  London 
Cases,  and  Confutation  of  Quakerism. 


APPENDIX   III.      A   student's   GUIDE.  335 


Appendix. 

For  the  4tli  year's  Divinity  see  cli.  v.  at  end  '. 

If  you  have  learnt  Hebrew  at  school  keep  it  up  all  the  time  you 
are  at  Cambridge.  Otherwise  devote  some  months  wholly  to  it  after 
your  degree.  After  going  through  the  four  years'  course  if  you  intend 
to  take  Holy  Orders  soon  (after  learning  Hebrew  if  necessary)  read 
through  Grotius,  Patrick,  or  some  good  Commentator.  You  may 
read  Josej^hus^  History  and  Du  Pin's  Canon  of  the  Old  Testament  pari 
passu.  Then  proceed  to  the  New  Testament  with  Whilhy,  looking 
occasionally  into  Grotius  or  llammond.  Then,  if  you  have  time, 
read  the  Church  writers  up  to  the  4th  century  at  least,  first  seeing  a 
character  of  their  works  in  Dupin,  or  Cave,  or  Bull,  referring  to 
Bingham'' s  Ecclesiastical  Antiquities  when  necessary. 

To  qualify  yourself  for  a  Preacher,  in  addition  to  the  above- 
mentioned  Sermons  ',  study  the  following  : 

BulVs  Latin  works,  Grabe's  folio  (1703). 
Nelson's  Life  of  Bull  with  Ms  English  works,  4  vols.  8vo. 
Nelson's  Feasts  mjd  Fasts. 
Stanhope's  Epistles  and  Gospels,  4  vols. 
Kettlewell's  Measures  of  Obedience. 
„  On  the  Sacrament. 

,,  Practical  Believer. 

Scofs  Christian  Life. 
Lucas'  Enquinj  after  Happiness,  2  vols. 
Hammond's  Practical  Catechism. 
Fleetwood's  Relative  Duties. 
Stillingfieet's  Origines  Sacrae. 
Burnet's  History  of  the  Reformation. 
F.  Paul's  Histonj  of  the  Council  of  Trent. 
Clarendon's  History. 
Bennet's  Common-Prayer. 

,,        Rights  of  Clergy. 
Cosin''s  Canon  of  Scripture. 
Stillingfieet's  Cases. 
Norris'  Humility  and  Prudence,  2  vols. 

„       Reason  d:  Faith. 
Ditton's  Moral  Evidence. 
Wilkin's  Natural  Religion. 

1  See  p.  3.32.  Prebendary  W.    GVpin  in  his  Dia- 

'  Tom  Hearne  in    a  list  which  he  logues  published  posthumously  1807, 

began  to  make  for  a  young  divine  in  recommends   for  ordinary   candidates 

1711  agrees  with  Waterland  in  recom-  for  orders  : 

mending, 

ChiUingworth,     Dodwell,  Pearson,   Butler,  Barrow,  Sander.^on, 

Hammond,            Sanderson,  Tillotson,  Burnet  on  the  Articles,  as 

Pearson,               The  Loudon  Cases  well  as  Lardner,  Mcde,  Newton  on 

with    M''   Bennet's  the  Prophecies,  Law's  Serious  Call, 

Abridgment.  G.  Herbert's  '  Parson  to  the  Church,' 

He  adds :  Smiglecius    ('  a    heavy    dry   logical 

Laud  against  Fisher,            Jewell,  work')  and  Saurin's  and  Bourdelon'a 

Hooker's  Eccl.  P.                  Reynolds  Sermons  (which  were  translated  by 

and  the  Cambridge  Concordance.  K.  Eobinson  the  Cambridge  Baptist, 

{Reliquiae Htarn.mi^f^,  cd.  2.  i.p.  232>.  1770—1784). 


33()  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

Dean  Sherloch'x  Works. 
I'otter's  Clmrch  Government. 
History  of  Montarmm. 
Ostervald's  Cases  of  Corruption. 

„  Nature  of  Uncleanness. 

[Sherlock,  Bp.  of  London  on  Prophecy.] 
[         „        Trial  of  the  Witnesses,] 
[Observations  on  the  Conversion  of  St  Paul.] 
[Wollaston's  Religion  of  Nature.] 
[Conyheare's  Defence  of  Revealed  Relicjion.] 
[Butler's  Analogy.] 
[Watts'  Scripture  History.] 

[Archdeacon  St  George's  Examination  for  Holy  Orders.] 
[Stackhouse's  History  of  the  Bible.] 
Nichofs  Dcfensio  Eccl.  Anglicanae. 
Wake's  Catechism. 
ClaggeVs  Operation  of  the  Spirit. 
Chillingicorth. 
Cave's  Primitive  Christianity. 


Wmgate's  Arithmetic  is  an  introduction  to  IMathematics. 

Undid  preferred  to  other  geometrical  books  (see  WhLston's 
Preface  to  Tacquet). 

Fardie  may  he  read  afterwards  and  will  prove  entertaining. 

Wallis'  logic  is  read  in  lectures  and  is  useful  for  definitions. 
Mathematics  more  useful  than  Logic  towards  "  the  conduct  of  the 
understanding."  The  Tutor's  help  is  pre-supposed  on  the  pupil's 
beginning  KeUVs  Tdgonometry. 

Hammond^s,  Maclaurin^s  and  Simjison's  Algebras  recommended. 

Simpson's  Conic  Sections  may  be  read  by  one  who  iinderstands 
Euclid  and  is  necessary  for  those  who  would  understand  Astronomy. 
KeiU  is  more  difficult,  Cheyne  easy  to  one  who  understands  the  two 
former.  Add  Bentleys  Sermons  and  Ilui/gens'  Planetary  Woiids. 
In  RohauUs  Physics  I'ead  the  Opticks — the  foot-notes  are  the 
valuable  part  in  the  rest  of  the  work.  With  this  read  Wells's 
[^  Desagulier's  and  Howning's'  (later  ed.)'\  Mechanics,  Statics,  and 
Optics  adding  Le  Clerc's  [Bartholin'' s]  Physicks,  for  heads.  In 
addition  to  Wells  and  Beveridge  use  Strauchius'  Chronology. 

With  Grotius  and  Puffendorf  (the  abridgment  by  the  latter  him- 
self) may  be  used  as  well  Sanderson's  Prselectiones  (for  Casuistry) 
and  Placette  of  Conscience. 

Malbranche  and  Xorris  Ideal  World  may  be  added  to  the  meta- 
physical works. 

The  B. A.  "if  he  design  not  presently  for  Orders'"  may  add  to 
his  stock  of  Philosophy 

1  Bob.    Masters  in  his   History   of  in  College   so  that  they  should  have 

C.  C.  C.  C.  p.  207,  ed.  1,  1758,  speaks  better   preparation   for   the    Christian 

of    the    need    of     eucom-agement    to  ministry. 
Bachelors  of  Arts  to  stay  and   study 


APPENDIX   III.      A   STUDENTS   GUIDE. 


^^: 


VareniuH^  [Salmon's — (later  cd.)]  Geo- 
graphy. 
Ncictoni  Frincipia. 
Ozanam's  Cursiis  Mathcm. 
Sturiuiiis's  Works. 
Iluf/ens'  Works. 
Newtoni  Ahjehra. 
Milne^s  Conic  Sect. 


[Snimdcrson's  Alf^cbra.  ] 
[Smith's  Oi)ticks.] 
[Musgcheiibroek's  Philosopbia.] 
MoUneux's  Dioj)trick.s. 
[Baker  on  tlio  Microscope.] 
[Clianihcrs''  Dictionary.] 
[Hale's  Statistics.] 


As  to  the  Classical  books  recommended',  a  Greek  and  a  T.atiii 
Book  should  be  read  alternately. 

Ilapin's  2  vols,  may  be  read  with  Camhrcuj,  Vossius,  or  other 
rhetoric. 

Read  Bossu  Of  Epic  Poetry  lieforc  Homer  and   Virgil. 

The  B.  A.  may  continue  his  Classical  Studies,  if  he  has  time,  by 
reading  any  of  the  following  : 


Aristot.  Elietorica. 

Ei^ictetus. 

M.  Antoninus. 

Herodotus. 

Plutarch. 

Homeri  Odyss. 

Aristojihanes. 

Plato  de  Kebus  Div. 

Callimachus. 

Hcrodiau. 

Longinus. 

Veteres  Orator.  Gr. 

PUnii  Epist.  et  Panegyr. 

Seneca. 


Lucretius. 

Plautus. 

Q.  Curtius. 

Suetonius. 

Tacitus. 

Aulus  Gellius. 

Lucauus. 

Floras. 

Martialis. 

Catullus. 

Manilius. 

Ovidii  Epist.  ct  Metani. 

Eutrojiius. 


1  John  Weslci/''s  Scheme  of  Study 
when  13. A.  at  Lincoln  Coll.  in  172G 
was, 

S.       Divinity. 

Classics. 


Tu. 
W. 

Th. 


Logic  and  Ethics. 
Hebrew  aud  Arabic. 


F.       Metaphysics  and  Natural 

Pliilosophy. 
Sat.    Oratory,  Poetry  and  especially 
composition. 
He  seems  moreover  not  to  have  neg- 
lected Mathematics.    Life  by  Southey 
Coleridge  aud  Southey,  i.  p.  37. 


W. 


oo 


APPENDIX   IV. 

ErKTKAOnMAEIA,   OR  A   SCHEME   OF   STUDY. 
EO.   GREEN.     1707. 


Robert  Green  (or  Greene)  fellow  of  Clare — B.A.  1699,  M.A. 
1703,  D.D.  (Com.  Reg.)  1728 — Author  of  Principles  of  the  Philosojihu 
of  Expansive  and  Contractive  Forces,  Camb.  1727  (see  above  69,  127). 

'EyKVKXoTraiSeta,  or  A  Method  of  Instructing  Pupils,  1707  (pp.  8) 
4to.  [in  Gough  Cambr.  67  Bodl.  Lib.  endorsed  ^  Dr  Green  of  Clare 
IlalVs  Course  of  Lectures.^  There  is  a  copy  at  Cambridge  in  the 
Library  of  Queens'  coll.     P.  5.  (10)]. 

*  The  first  half  year's  Exercise  from  the  Commencement  to 
Christm/x8. 


Every  Week  make 


A  Theme  Lni.  A  Copy  of  Verses  Lat.  A 
Translation  out  of  a  Greeh  Orator  into 
Latin,  or  out  of  a  Roman  into  English. 


The  first  half  Year's  Study  to  Christmas. 


a 


Every  Day  read 


The  Lesson  in  the  Greek  Testament  Morning 
and  Evening  with  the  Critici  Sacri  or 
Synopsis, 

2.  A    Sermon   in   Dr   Tillotson  or  some    other 

Piece  of  the  best  and  most  genuine  Encjlish, 
Sprat,  Sir  William  Temple,  Clarendon, 
Burnet's  Theory,  kc. 

3.  Some    Lines  of  Homer,    Virgil   or    Horace, 

Terence,  kc. 
1.   Let  the  rest  of  the  Day  be  divided  betwixt 
the  Roman  and  Greek  Orators  or  Historians. 


APPENDIX   IV.      green's   SCHEME,   1707. 


839 


Continue  tlie  same  metliod  of  Reading  as  much  as  possible  all  tlie 
following  ^fcarH,  to  wliicli  utld 

FIRST  YEAR. 

From  Chiistmas  to  the  Commencement  half  a  Year. 

1"'  Lecture  from  1  to  2  or  3 — Greek  Classick    (Homer,  IMndar, 
Learning     (Hesiod,  Theocntus. 

2"''  Lecture  from  8  to  9  or  10 — Latin  Classicks  s  t  ^^^^  'i   -d  ^  •' 

(Juvenal,  fersius. 

From  the  Commencement  to  Christmas  half  a  Year. 

iCluver  and  Maps,  Varenius, 
(iordov,  Petavius,  Ilelvicus, 
ritrauchius,  Beveregc. 

o,„i   T     i-  TT-  J.  ri      1        17-^-     {Thudidvhs,  Herodotus, 

2'"  Lecture — History,  hreek  and  Latin  {  ,-.       a  u  \    n  .        i 

•'  \_L,^vy,  bcdtust,  ratercuLus. 


Exercise. 

Ti-anslate  out  of  the  Greek  or  Latin  Orators  into  English  every 
Week  which  are  therefore  to  be  explained  every  Monday  Moniing 
from  10  to  11.  The  best  Eaijllsh  writers  as  before,  are  likewise  for 
that  reason  to  be  studied  in  order  to  form  from  thence  a  good  Stile 
upon  the  Model  of  the  Ancients,  as  also  Pleadings  and  Speeches 
made  in  Parliament,  together  with  the  choicest  sermons  and  English 
Tracts  on  other  subjects ;  besides  accidental  Exercises  are  to  be  per- 
form'd  suitable  to  the  studies  peculiar  to  this  year,  in  Classick.s, 
History,  Chronology,  &c. 


Every  Sunday  and  Holiday  thro'  the  Year, 


P'  Lecture — Upon  the  Scriptures 


P',  To  shew  the  Validity  and 
Necessity  of  them. 

2'""^,  Ex].lain  half  of  the  Gospels 
of  S'  Matthew,  S'  Mark, 
S'  Luke,  S'  John,  the  Acts, 
Grot.,  Ilamm.,  Whitby,  Cri- 
tici  Sacri,  Synopsis. 


2'"'  Lecture 


"Upon  the  Herc-1 
sies.     Schisms, 
Plasphemous 
Tenets   of  the 
Ancient     and 

.  Modern  Times. 


Their  History, 

Their  Confutation,  j 

■n,  fScrii)ture,  "^ 

Jb  rom    ■  11     ^ 

(  Keason. 


f  Vincentius     Liin- 
I    nensis,      Caves 

Histor.   Liter ar., 

liogcr's  Articles, 

Epiphanius, 

I'hilastrins. 
0-7 o 


340  UNIVEKSITY   STUDIES. 


SECOND  YEAR. 

From  Christmas  to  the  Cuuimcuccment. 

^Logick — Buryersdiclus,  Lock. 
V\    \  iPuffendorf  de  Officio  Horn. 

(Ethicks  and  Law  of  Nature   <      iJe  Jure  Belli  et  Pacis. 

(Cumberland,  Tidlys  Offices. 

onrt       TT.!  ^      c  n  i.       (Unclid  Sturmius, 

2   .     Elements  of  Geometry -^  „     t       t 

•^    [I  ardies,  Jones. 

From  the  Commencement  to  Christmas. 

i{Le  Clerk,  Lock, 
Metaphysicks  <Baroimis,  MalehrmicJiP, 
{Templer  against  Hohhs. 
r\  1       -ni  -1         1       (Cartes,  Rolumlt,  Varenius, 

Corpuscular  Philosophy  |^^  ^^^;.^^  ^^^^^' 

/Arithmeticklf'^^^'^"'^^'^' 
9nd     )  \Jones. 

"    '   \  I  Pell,  Wallis,  Harriot,  Kersey, 

'Algebra  \Newton,  Cartes,  Harris, 

[OughtrecVs  Clavis,  Ward,  Jones. 

Exercise. 

Declaim  in  English  every  Monday  Morning  betwixt  10  and  11, 
besides  Disputations  in  Latin,  solving  Problems  in  Arithmetick  and 
Geometry,  and  other  Exercises  proper  to  the  Studies  of  this  Year. 

Every  Sunday  and  Holiday  thro'  the  Year. 

1".     Explain  the  other  half  of  the  Gospels  S'  John  and  the  Acts. 

'Ex})lain  the  several"]  The   Reasonable-  [Limborch  Articles, 

Usher's  System, 
Tlammomrs  Catechism, 
The     Excellency     Primitive  Christianity, 
of  those  we  are    Beveridyc    on    the 
to  practice.  L  Catechii-'m,  Jenkins. 


Doctrines    of   our  |     ness  of  those  we 
Religion  and  com- 1     are  to  believe, 
pare 'em  with  those 
of  other  Religions 
and  shew 


APPENDIX   IV.        green's   SCHEME,    1707. 


341 


9  ad 


1  9t 


THIRD  YEAR. 

Fi'om  Christmas  to  the  Coiumenconient. 


P'.     Exj)erimental  Philoso])hy 
and  Chyinistiy  of  Minc- 


Philos.  Transact.  Lnipsick  Acts, 


'   ,     11,     J.  '      1  A    •      1      i\jo\\q,  Leimnery,  Collegium  Curiosum. 
rals.  Plants  and  Auimius.  (      "^  "^  ^ 


1''.  of  Animals 


Auatomyand     3-   Plants  and 
Pliilosopuy.  ,7       ,   ,  , 

^    •'  Vee;etables 


Keil,   Gibson,  Blankard,  Dralce, 
Cov}per,    Harvey,    Borelliis    de 
motu  Animalium. 
Grew,   Philos,    Trans.    Miscell. 
Curios. 

3"^.  Minerals,  their  ^Hook's  Micro(jr(tph, 
minute  parts     ^Lewenhoek. 


From  the  Commencement  to  Christmas. 


Opticks,  Dioptricks, 
Catoptricks,  Colours,  Iris. 


Gregory,  Rohault,  Dechales,  Barrow's 
Lectures,  Newton,  Cartes,  Jlugens, 
Kepler,  Molyneux's  Dioptricks. 


*onick  Sections,  and  the  ^ De  Witt,  De  la  Hire,  Sturmius,  Marquis 
S'aturo  of  Curves.  (  de  Vllopitall,  Newton,  Millnes,  Wallis. 


Exercise. 

Translate  every  Week  a  piece  of  Demosthenes  into  Latin  to  be 
explain'd  every  Monday  Morning  betwixt  10  and  11,  besides  other 
Exercises  a2)propriatcd  to  the  Studies  of  this  Year. 

Every  Sunday  and  Holiday  tla-o'  the  Year. 

1"'.     Explain    half  of  the    Epistles    and    Revelations,    those   to   the 
liomans,  Corinthians,  Galatians,  Ephesians,  Thilippians,  Colossians. 


'l'\  Give  an  Ecclesiastical  History  of 'j 
the  Primitive  Discipline  and 
Government  and  Constitution 
of  the  Church,  and  then  uf  the 
])reseut  CJhurches  and  compare 
'em. 

"'.  Of  the  Practice,  Worship,  Virtues, 
Sufferings,  etc.  of  it  and  of  th(^ 
present. 


Beveridge^s  Apostolical 
►      C(ino7is, 
English  Canons. 

Care's  Prim.  Christ. 
Lives  of  A  post. 
/H(si/ius  Magn.  suinma 
moral  in  in. 


342  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES, 

FOURTH  YEAR 

From  Christmas  to  the  Coininencemcnt. 


1''.  Mechanical  Philosophy,  Staticks,  ITydro- 
staticks,  Flux  and  lieliux,  Percussion, 
Gravitiition,  &c. 


->  Marriot,  Kc'd,  Ilrujens, 
Stunnhis,  Boyl,  New- 
ton, Dillon,  Wallis  de 
motu,  Jjorelhis,  I  [alley  8 

-     Miscell.  Curiosa, 


_„,„,.  T   r'   -1^  •       )    Wallis,    Aeivton,    Raphson,    Hays, 

2""'.    Fluxions,    Infinite   series,  f     -...,,   '7-  ,,'.        ■'  ,.     '.r         • 

,.,,      ',.,      PT/--.       r    Dltton,fc/o?^es,iv^eM^ye/^^t^ts,  Marquis 

Aritlimetick  of  Infinites.  ^    ^^^  vu^^.^ntaU. 

From  the  Commencement  to  Christmas. 

f  Spherical  "j  Gassendus,  Mercator,  Bullialdus, 
Hypothetical  I  Horoccius,  Flamslead,  Newlon, 
Practical  [  Gregory,  Whiston's  Fraelections 
Pliysical         J        and  Kepler. 

iSturmius,  Briggs,  Vlacq,  Gelli- 
brand,  I/arris,  Mercator,  Jones, 
Newton,  Caswell. 

Exercise. 

Declaim  in  Latin  every  Monday  from  10  to  11,  besides  other 
Exercises  adapted  to  the  Studies  of  the  Year,  as  resolving  of  Pro- 
blems by  Fluxions,  &c. 

Eveiy  Sunday  and  Holiday  thro'  the  Year. 

P'.  Explain  the  other  half  of  the  Epistles  and  Revelations,  those  to 
the  Tliessalonians,  Titus,  rkilemon,  Hebrews,  those  of  S'  James, 
S'  Peter,  S'  John,  S'  Jiule,  and  the  Revelations. 

2»'»     Cxive  in  Ecclesiastical  Historvl  ^"  ^"''  ^^"'^«"*«'  <^«^'^'^  ^'^^^^ 
L    .    uive  an  Ji,cciesiasucai -tiistoiy       of  fhp  F<ifh^r<i    Hi^ifnr   Liferar 

of  the    Councils  and  other  >  t>-    •  j     ri    *     '  t     ^r     77, 

„,  ,.        •     .1     rd        1  JJisciola,  Lenturiat.  Mcuidebur- 

Transactions  in  the  Church.  ^ 

J  (jenses. 

Conclude  the  Night  Lecture  with  an  OflBce  out  of  Dr  fficlss 
Reform'd  Devotions,  and  the  Prayer  for  Christ's  Holy  Catholick 
Church.  Instead  of  the  Lessons  in  Dr  Hicks,  let  every  one  in  his  turn 
read  a  Lesson  out  of  the  Greek  Testament  in  the  same  place  where 
they  are  prescrib'd. 

Add  to  this  Method  on  Thursdays 


P'.     Lecture  on  tlie  Greek)  -v    t^     } 
2°^    Lecture  on  the  Latin  j  ^'^     '  !  2. 


Theocritus,  Hesiod,  Homer, 
Pindar,  etc. 

Virgil,  Horace,  Juvenal,  Per- 
sius,  ttc. 

So  that  the  first  half  year  may  be  either  emi)loy'd  in  Classicks,  as  is 
before  prescrib'd,  or  devoted  to  other  Studies.' 


APPENDIX   V. 

EXAMINATIONS  FOR  FELLOWSHIPS  AND  SCHOLAR- 
SHIPS, &c.  AT  TRINITY  COLLEGE,  CAMBRIDGE. 

ZOUCH'S  HINTS.     THE  ANNUAL  'MAY'  EXAMINATION   FOR  FRESH- 
MEN AND  JUNIOR  SOPHS.     OLD  EXASIINATION  TAPERS,  &c.,  &c. 


Until  the  present  century '  Trinity  was  the  only  colh-gc  in  Cam- 
bridge where  the  fellowships  were  open  without  territorial  appropria- 
tion. 

All  the  other  colleges'  (with  the  exception  of  King's)  filled  up 
each  vacancy  by  electing  if  possible  some  one  whose  name  had  been 
matriculated  as  belonging  to  the  same  county'^  as  the  outgoing  fellow. 

The  counties  were  thus  distributed  for  Peterhouse  in  1630  (l)y  a 
statute  sujjerseding  Warkworth  cap.  xii.)  into  north  (Boreales)  and 
south  (Au.strales)  by  a  line  drawn  from  Yarmouth  to  Machynlleth. 

NoRTiiEiiN.  Bedfoi'd,  Clieshire,  Cumberland,  Derby,  Durham, 
York,  Hunts,  Lancaster,  Leicester,  Lincoln,  Norfolk,  Northamjtton, 
Northumberland,  Notts,  Kutland,  Salop,  Stafford,  Warwick,  West- 
moreland, W^orcester, — Anglesea,  Caernarvon,  Denbigh,  Flint,  Merio- 
neth, JMoutgomery. 

SouTiiEux.  Berks,  Bucks,  Camhruh/e,  Kent,  Cornwall,  Devon, 
Dorset,  Essex,  Gloster,  Herts,  Hereford,  Middlesex,  Monmouth, 
Oxon,  Southamj)ton,  Surrey,  Sussex,  Suffolk,  Somerset,  Wilts, — 
Brecon,  Caermartheu,  Cardigan,  Glamorgan,  Penibi-oke,  Radnor. 

^  However  the  system  of  '  close  '  frl-  tion  was  .cjrantecl,  iu  lO^O,  to  S.  Jolin's, 

lowsliips  aud  schufursliips   liail   bei'a  aiul  iu  1770  tliut  society  ri'siilvi'<l  (if 

dcnounceil   us   early   as    17;V.)   iu    the  tlic  master  tbou^'lit  it  wortli  while)  to 

Kpigtle    of    Ri.    Davies    .1/.  /).    to    Dr  iietitiou  the  soveroi!;u  for  the  removal 

Hales  (p.  '2iJ) :  and  iu  1788  the  author  of  the  restrictiim  of  counties.    Mayor's 

of  Remarks  on  the  EnoniiDits  E.rpence  Baker  pp.  523,  107'2. 

in  the  Education. ..at  d\mb\-\\\ga(\y.^Vi)  '  Hooker  appears  (Kelilr  i.  1.").)  to 

sut^gestcd  the  parliament   should   in-  have  been  entered  at  Corpus,  Oxon.  as 

terferc.  of   two   counties,   Devon   and   South- 

^  Iu  one  instance  a  royal  disjunsa-  anipton. 


344  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Tlioro  might  lio  four  fellows  at  one  time  from  Middlesex  or 
Caml)ii(lgt'sliiie,  but  only  one  each  from  any  of  tlie  otliers  (tiie  whole 
of  WalcH  counting  as  one)  except  ]>y  I'oyal  dispensation. 

If  it  hai)])eiie(l  that  there  was  no  candidate  of  the  right  county 
ready,  the  election  would  I  sii])pose  lie  between  the  men  of  any 
northern  (or  southern)  counties  which  had  no  representatives  in  the 
existing  body  of  fellows. 

In  1785»  Henry  Gunning  did  not  enter  at  S.  John's  because 
Cambridgeshire  was  filled  by  the  bishop  of  Ely's  fellow,  and  a  pro- 
fessor's son,  already  admitted,  was  jjrepared  to  step  into  his  shoes. 
He  went  therefore  as  a  sizar  to  Christ's,  where  the  Cambridgeshire 
fellow  was  likely  soon  to  vacate  liis  berth.  This  state  of  things  con- 
tinued at  S.  John's  till  the  end  of  the  century,  when  Dr  Wood  was 
scandalized  at  their  finding  themselves  precluded  from  electing  Inman 
the  senior  wrangler  of  1800. 

In  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century  'a  fellowship  examina- 
tion included  versification,  vivd  voce  questions  and  other  exercises,' 
but  the  election  was  liable  to  be  influenced  by  the  party  spirit  which 
then  ran  very  high,  as  well  as  by  personal  interestj'. 

When  Bentley  was  made  Master  of  Trinity  in  1700,  he  found  the 
custom  of  examining  the  candidates  for  fellow.^hips  (and  scholaiships) 
in  the  chapel  vivd  voce  before  the  master  and  seniors.  In  order  to 
give  an  opportunity  for  the  performance  of  written  exercises  and  time 
to  weigh  and  deliberate  upon  the  merits  of  the  men,  Bentley  soon  after 
his  appointment  ordered  that  they  should  be  examined  by  each  of  the 
electors  at  his  own  apartments^. 

We  have  in  the  memoirs  of  his  grandson  Ei.  Cumberland  a  full 
account  of  the  working  of  the  scheme  under  his  successor  Dr  Smith 
in  1752. 

Although  071  rare  occasions^  even  a  junior  bachelor  had  been  in- 
vited to  stand  for  election  and  had  been  successful,  it  was  until  that 
year  contrary  to  rule  that  middle  bachelors  even  should  be  eligible. 

'It  would  hardly  be  excusable  in  me'  [says  Cumberland]  'to  detail 
a  process  that  takes  place  every  year,  but  that  in  this  instance  the 
novelty  of  our  case  made  it  a  matter  of  very  great  attention.     When 

^  Mayor's  Blatt.  Rohinsoji,  28  n,B6n.  juniority,  S''  Joues  the  northern  was 

At  S.  John's  there  is  some  e\d(.lence  of  elected. 

laxity   in   fellowship    elections    aboiit  When   Dr   Gooch    (bp.    of    Bristol) 

1622,  but  in   1634  and   166|  we  find  claimed   the    right   of   examining   Mr 

reference    to    examination.      Mayor's  Gibbs   or   any   other  candidate  for   a 

Baker  488  1.  15;    504  1.  26;    543  1.  12.  fellowship  as  master  of  Cains  in  1737, 

In  Dr  Worthington's  Diarij  we  find  a  the  fellows  rejected  his  declaration  at 

brief  account  of  a  fellowsliip  examina-  a  Chapel-Meeting,  5  Sept.  Caius  MSS. 

tion  at  Enimanuel  in  puritan  times.  602  (10). 

Noi\    18,   1657,   afternoon,    Sir  Joues  ^  Monk's  Bentley,  i.  159,  160. 

(co.  Lancaster),   Sir  Gibson  (co.   Suf-  ^  isaaG  Newton   1667,    Ki.   Bentley 

folk).  Sir  Pulling  (co.  Hertford),  sat  in  jun.   1723.  Rogerson  Cotter  (M.P.  for 

the   parlour   for  a  fellowship.      They  Charlesville)    1771,    T.   Eobinson    (of 

■were    examined    by   Mr   Shelton    the  Leicester)  1772,  Ri.  Porson  1782.     In 

dean  and  Mr  Jewell  the  lecturer,  and  the  present  century  there  were  only  a 

they  answered  in  an  equality.     Next  few  instances,  until  1830  when  there 

day,  after  iliscussion  among  the  master  were  ten  vacancies  and  the  rule  was 

and  fellows,  who  gave  their  votes  by  aboUshed. 


APPENDIX   V.      TRINITY   FELLOWSHIPS.  S-io 

the  day  of  examination  came  we  went  oui'  rounds  to  the  electing 
seniors;  in  some  instances  by  one  at  a  time,  in  others  by  parties  of 
three  or  four;  it  was  no  trifling  scrutiny  we  had  to  undergo,  and 
here  and  thei-e  pi-etty  severely  exacted,  particularly,  as  I  well  remem- 
ber l)y  I-)octor  Charles  Mason',  a  man  of  curious  knowledge  in  the 

philosophy  of  mechanics  and  a  deep  mathematician He  gave  lis  a 

good  dose  of  dry  mathematics,  and  then  put  an  Aristophanes  before 
us,  which  he  opened  at  a  venture  and  bade  us  give  the  sense  of  it. 
A  very  worthy  candidate  of  my  year  declined  having  anything  to  do 
with  it,  yet  Mason  gave  his  vote  for  that  gentleman,  and  against  one, 
who  took  his  leavings.  Doctor  Samuel  Hooper  gave  us  a  liberal  and 
well-chosen  examination  in  the  nioi'e  familiar  classics.... 

'  The  last,  to  whom  in  order  of  our  visits  we  resorted  to,  was  the 
master*;  he  called  us  to  him  one  by  one  according  to  our  standings, 
and  of  course  it  fell  to  me  as  junior  candidate  to  wait  till  each  had 
been  examined  in  turn.  When  in  obedience  to  his  summons  I 
attended  upon  him,  he  was  sitting,  not  in  the  room  where  my  grand- 
father [Bentley]  had  his  library,  but  in  a  chamber  u])  stairs,  encom- 
passed with  large  folding  screens,  and  over  a  great  fire,  though  the 
weather  was  then  uncommonly  warm  :  he  began  by  requiring  of  me 
an  account  of  the  whole  course  and  progi-ess  of  my  studies  in  the 
several  branches  of  philosophy,  so  called  in  the  general,  and  as  I 
proceeded  in  my  detail  of  what  I  had  read,  he  sifted  me  with 
questions  of  such  a  sort  as  convinced  me  he  was  determined  to  take 
nothing  upon  trust ;  when  he  had  held  me  a  considerable  time  under 
this  examination,  I  expected  he  would  have  dismissed  me,  but  on  the 
contrary  he  })roceeded  in  the  like  general  terms  to  demand  of  me  an 
account  of  what  I  had  been  reading  before  I  had  applied  myself  to 
academical  studies,  and  when  I  had  acquitted  myself  of  this  question 
as  briefly  as  I  could,  and  I  hope  as  modestly  as  became  me  in 
presence  of  a  man  so  learned,  he  bade  me  give  him  a  summary 
account  of  the  several  great  emjnres  of  the  ancient  world,  the  })eriods 
when  they  flourished,  their  extent  when  at  the  summit  of  theix' 
power,  the  causes  of  their  declension  and  dates  of  their  extinction. 
When  summoned  to  give  answer  to  so  wide  a  question,  I  can  only 
say  it  was  well  for  me  I  had  worked  so  hard  upon  my  scheme  of 

General  History This  process  being  over,  he  gave  me  a  sheet  of 

paper  written  thi'ough  in  Greek  with  his  own  hand,  which  he  ordered 
me  to  turn  either  into  Latin  or  English,  and  I  was  shewn  into 
a  I'oom  containing  nothing  but  a  table  fui'uished  with  materials  for 
writing,  and  one  chair,  and  I  was  recpiired  to  use  dispatch.  The 
passage  was  maliciously  enough  select(,'d  in  point  of  construction  and 
also  of  character,  for  he  had  scrawled  it  out  in  a  puzzling  kind  of 
hand  with  abbreviations  of  his  own  devising :  it  related  to  the 
arrangement  of  an   army  for   battle,  and   I   believe  might  be  taken 

1  C.  Mason,  13. A.  1722,  D.D.    1710,  latho,  ami  in  be  ll-iinKin^. 
Woodwaiiliaii  I'rol'cssor  17;^i.    '  A  tnio  -  Kohcrt  Suiilh,    H.A.    1711,  LL.D. 

modern  Diii^'i'iio^! '  who  oxcroisod  liini-  172.'?,   D.D.    IT.V.),    I'hnnian    I'lofcsBor 

self    at    his    Macksmith's    forgo    and  171G,  Maater  of  Trinity  1712. 


34G  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

fiom  Polybius,  an  fiufclior  I  liad  tlicn  never  read.  Wlicn  I  had  given 
ill  my  ti-anslation  in  Latin,  I  was  remanded  to  tlie  empty  chamber 
witli  a  Hubj(!ct  for  Jjatin  prose  and  anotlier  for  Latin  vc^rse,  and  a^'aiii 
re<iuired  to  dispatch  them  in  the  manner  of  an  improm])tn.  The 
chaudjcr  into  which  I  was  shut  for  the  ])erforraance  of  these  hasty 
])roductions  was  the  very  room',  dismantled  of  the  Ijed,  in  which 
I  was  born.  The  train  of  ideas  it  revived  in  my  mind  were  not 
inappositely  woven  into  the  verses  I  gave  in,  and  with  this  task  my 
examination  concluded — 

'The  next  day  the  election  was  announced,  and  I  was  chosen 
together  with  Mr  John  Orde,  now  one  of  the  masters  in  Chancery.... 
When  I  waited  upon  the  electing  seniors  to  return  my  thanks,  of 
course  I  did  not  omit  to  pay  my  compliments  to  Dr  Mason ^' 

When  he  had  become  superannuated  Cumberland  was  invited  by 
his  Trinity  friends  to  offer  himself  a  candidate  for  the  Lay-fellowship 
then  vacant  by  the  death  of  Mr  Titley  the  Danish  envoy.  There 
were  only  two  fellowships  of  this  description.  He  was  successful 
against  a  considerable  number  of  competitors ;  but  he  soon  afterwards 
vacated  it  by  marriage^. 

When  T.  Robinson  was  a  successful  candidate  in  1772,  we  find 
the  examination  for  Trinity  fellowships  still  conducted  by  the  electors 
'separately  and  privately.  Mr  [Stephen]  Whisson  [ex-tutor  and 
bursar]  did  not  examine  by  formal  and  set  questions,  but  rather  in 
the  way  of  conversational  inquiry :  and  his  questions  were  much 
calculated  to  ascertain  the  degree  of  general  knowledge  which  the 
student  had  obtained.  "Can  you  tell  me,  sir,  what  were  the  dis- 
criminating tenets  of  the  ancient  philosophers  '? "  and  the  like*.'  This 
system  of  examining  was  obviously  liable  to  objections,  and  at  last  iu 
178G,  ten  of  the  junior  fellows  had  occasion  to  remonstrate  that  some 
of  the  seniors  had  taken  part  in  the  election  without  examining  the 
candidates.  Their  representation  after  some  heart-burnings®  was 
speedily  effectual,  and  a  new  master,  Dr  Postlethwaite,  about  three 
years  later,  instituted  the  public  fellowship-examinations,  which  have 
ever  since  prevailed  at  Trinity, 

The  scholarship  election  went  through  a  similar  change.  Pro- 
fessor Pryme  contrasts  the  formal  sitting  in  hall,  which  had  already 
become  established  in  his  own  time  (1800),  with  the  irregular  pro- 
ceedings which  his  uncle  Owen  Dinsdale  remembered  (B.A.  1762) 
when  br  Smith  was  master,  and  when  the  seniors  sent  for  one,  and 
sometimes  two  or  three  students  together,  and  examined  them  in 
some  Greek  or  Latin  book  in  then-  own  rooms,  and  afterwards  they 


1  The  Jiuli/cs'   Chamber  in  Tiiuity  Visitor    {coram  lord    Thiirlow).      See 
LoJfre.  Cooper's  Annals,  iv.  42i,  425.     Guu- 

2  Memoirs  of  Ei.  Cumberland,  4to.  niug's    Eemhiisc.,  vol.    ii.    chap.    iv. 
1800,  pp.  lOG— 110.  Monk's    JJentlei/,    ii.    423,    424.     The 

3  Ibid.  148.  memorial  of  the  jimior  fellows  is  re- 
•*  E.  T.  Vanghau's  Life  of  T.  Eobiri-  cordeil  in  the  Gentiemau's  Magazine, 

sou,  jip.  32,  33.  Lvi.  1138. 
^  Involving  an  appeal  to  the  E<\yal 


APPENDIX  V.  'scholars'  ELECTION  1709,  1700.    347 

would  say  to  each  otlier,  "  So  and  so  has  done  well,  I  think  he  will 
do  for  a  scholar,"  or  the  contrary,  as  it  might  be'.' 

We  may  now  turn  to  a  still  earlier  I'ecord  : — 

John  Byrom,  almost  before  he  was  matriculated,  was  one  of  nine- 
teen candidates  who  'sat'  (so  the  ])hrase  was  even  in  Bentley's  time) 
for  ten  vacancies  among  the  scholars  in  1709.  They  carried  their 
latin  epistles  to  the  master  and  seniors  at  the  end  of  April.  On  I\Iay 
7th  he  had  been  'examined  by  Dr  Stubbs  the  vice-master  already, 
and  he  promises  fair.'  The  following  Monday  and  Tuesday  were 
appointed  for  more  regular  examination,  which  was  conducted  by 
Bentley,  Stubbs,  and  Smith  (then  one  of  the  seniors).  On  Wednes- 
day they  'made  theme  for  Dr  Bentley,  and  on  Thursday  the  master 
and  seniors  met  in  the  chapel  for  the  election ;  Dr  Smith  had  the 
gout  and  was  not  there.  They  stayed  consulting  about  an  hour  and 
a  half,  and  then  the  master  wrote  the  names  of  the  elect,  who  (con- 
tinues Byrom)  shewed  me  mine  in  the  list.  Fifteen  were  chosen 
and  four  rejected,  two  of  them  pensioners,  Mr  Baker's  j)upils,  the 
other  two  sizars,  one  Sophister,  the  other  a  Lancashire  lad  of  our 
year. 

'Friday  noon  we  went  to  the  master's  lodge,  where  we  were 
sworn  in  in  great  solemnity,  the  senior  Westminster  reading  the  oath 
in  Latin,  all  of  us  kissing  the  Greek  Testament.  Then  we  kneeled 
down  before  the  master,  who  took  our  hands  in  his  and  admitted  us 
Sciiolars  in  the  name  of  the  Fathei',  Son,  &c.  Then  we  went  and 
wrote  our  names  in  the  book  and  came  away,  and  to-day  gave  in  our 
e})istle  of  thanks  to  the  master.  We  took  our  places  at  the  sciiolars' 
table  last  night.  To-day  the  new  scholars  began  t<:)  read  the  lessons 
in  chapel  and  wait  in  the  hall,  which  offices  will  come  to  me  pre- 
sently.'    [Chetham  Soc.  ISol,  pp.  5,  6.) 


The  following  is  a  Scheme  of  Study  preserved  in  Wrangham's 
Zouch'.  It  relates  apparently  to  Trinity  College  about  the  middle 
of  the  century. 

'Mr  Zoucu's 
Directions  for  Study.^ 

(Drawn  up  for  Thomas  Zouch,  perhaps  by  his  brother  Heniy, 
about  1756,  in  which  year  the  latter  was  admitted  a  Pensioner  of 
Trin.  Coll.  Camb.,  under  the  tuition  of  the  Rev.  Stephen  Whisson  ; 
and  elected  Scholar  of  that  society  in  the  ensuing  year.) 

'  Bead  authors  acconling  to  a  method.  Be  particularly  cautious 
to  read  thera  slowly,  and  if  possible,  never  pass  over  a  ditliculty  ;  but 
stop  till  by  your  own  endeavours,  or  the  instruction  of  othei-s,  you 
have  overcome  it.  Thus  will  you  proceed  in  your  studies  with  eijual 
pleasure  and  imiiroveuieut. 

^  AiUuhiDfjraphic  Recollections  of  G.  iiuiham   and  prrhiiuhinj   of  Durham, 

Prymc,  p.  17.  ""''/*  "    Miiuoir   hij    tin-   Jit  r,  l"'iauc;8 

'-  The   ]Vorks  of  the   JJcr.    Thomas  Wrini;^hiuii,  pp.  xxviii,  xxix. 
Zouch,  D.D.,  I'.L.S.,  rector  of  Sera ij- 


348  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

'  Read  a  cliapter  iji  the  Greek  Testament  every  clay.  Let  this 
rule  be  invariably  observed. 

'Spend  very  few  evenings  in  company. 

'  Head  with  critical  accuracy  the  following  books  in  the  course  of 
the  ensuing  year,  exclusive  of  all  due  attention  to  your  Lectures : 
Demosthenes,  and  Select  Orations  of  Cicero;  Select  Tragedies  of 
Sophocles,  and  Euripides;  Juvenal  and  Persius.  Horace  will  be 
always  in  your  hands. 

'  Be  particularly  accurate  in  all  your  compositions.  Litera  scripta 
manet.  Propose  to  yourself  subjects  for  Themes  and  Declamations. 
Your  stile  can  only  be  formed  by  continual  use. 

*  Occasionally  read  some  of  our  best  English  Poets,  whenever  you 
find  yourself  fatigued  with  more  severe  studies. 

'Always  attend  Lectures,  whether  classical  or  philosophical.  If 
you  omit  them  once  or  twice,  you  \vi\\  be  at  a  loss  to  proceed  with 
your  Lecturer. 

'Endeavour  to  be  clear  in  your  knowledge,  and  answer  the 
questions  proposed  to  you  with  diffidence  and  timidity. 

'  Converse  with  yourself  as  much  as  possible,  and  learn  to  think. 
When  you  return  from  Lectvires,  examine  yourself  strictly,  whether 
you  understand  them  or  not.  Recall  the  subjects  of  them  often  to 
your  mind,  and  familiarise  them  to  yourself  by  frequent  meditation. 

'  When  you  have  heard  a  Sermon,  Declamation,  or  other  Acade- 
mical Exercise,  endeavour  to  recollect  the  heads,  and  copy  them  into 
a  book  appropriated  to  that  use.' 


The  following  are  the  earliest  Trinity  College  examination-papers 
that  I  have  seen. 

Questions 

at  the  Fellowship  Examination 

Trinity   College   Cambridge   1797. 

{Set  by  W.  Collier,  bth  lurangler  17G2, 

regius  jirqfessor  of  hebrew.) 

Questions  Historical. 

1.  What  were  the  different  forms  of  Government  under  which 
the  Jews  lived  by  various  names?  what  were  those  names?  what 
were  the  successions  of  the  forms  of  Government,  and  at  what  periods 
did  they  appear  1 

2.  What  are  the  four  ancient  Monarchies  1  what  is  their  date, 
succession,  and  by  what  means  and  events  did  Cyrus  establish  his 
empire  1 

3.  Whence  proceeded  the  colonies  of  the  East  into  the  West,  or 
Greece  1  what  were  the  names  of  the  Colonists  1  where  did  they 
respectively  settle,  and  when  ? 

4.  Why  was  the  southern  part  of  Italy  called  IMagna  Graccia  ? 
and  whence  in  the  middle,  or  more  northern  parts,  did  the  Etruscans 
proceed  ? 


APPENDIX    V.      TRINITY    COLLEGE.  .^4!) 

5.      Whence  arose  the  war  between  Athens  and  Sparta  ? 

G.  What  was  the  rise  of  the  Punic  wars  ]  what  was  their  final 
event  1  and  wliat  effect  did  tliat  event  produce  on  the  llonian 
Kepublic  ? 

7.  How  many  were  the  families  of  the  Caesars,  and  with  whom 
did  they  begin  and  end  ? 

8.  By  wliat  Nation  was  the  Roman  Empire  finally  destroyed  I 
and  what  were  the  principal  causes  which  brought  it  to  it's  fall  ? 

Questions  Geographical. 

1.  What  is  meant  by  the  Eiver  and  the  Sea  in  the  Sacred 
writings  1 

2.  What  is  the  relative  situation  of  Jerusalem  and  Samaria? 
and  what  the  names  of  the  mounts  in  them,  on  which  the  respective 
temples  were  built  ] 

3.  What  are  the  sources  and  directions  of  the  principal  rivers  ] 
and  the  general  directions  of  the  chains  of  the  mountains  in  Asia, 
Africa,  Europe,  and  the  two  Americas  ? 

4.  Which  are  the  principal  Tstmi  on  the  face  of  the  earth  ? 

5.  What  are  the  Islands  in  the  Aegean  Sea  renowned  for  the 
birth  or  habitation  of  illustrious  writers  ] 

G.  What  is  the  situation  of  the  Fortunate  Islands  ]  what  is  their 
modern  name  1  and  what  is  there  most  distinguished  in  one  of  theni] 

7.  What  places  in  the  earth  appear  to  have  been  contiguous  to 
Continents,  and  are  now  divided  by  some  great  convulsions  of 
nature  1 

8.  What  are  the  principal  volcanoes  on  the  surface  of  the  globe  ? 

Questions  Grammatical. 

1.  Is  language  most  probably  a  gift  of  the  Creator,  or  an  effect 
of  human  institution  ? 

2.  Whence  arises  tlie  diversity  of  languages,  and  in  what  man- 
ner was  it  most  likely  effected  1 

3.  What  was  the  most  ancient  form  of  characters  to  express 
ideas  ;  and  what  improvements  ensued  1 

4.  What  was  the  most  ancient  alphabet,  the  number  of  the 
first  letters  1  and  the  additions  afterwards  made  ? 

5.  What  is  ftovdTpocjirjSov,  and  what  instances  [of  it  have  been 
discovered  ?] 

6.  What  is  the  digamma?  why  so  called  [?  and  what  examples 
do  you  know  of  its]  application  in  Latin  from  the  Greek  1 

[The  paper  contained  Jive  other  questions  which  are  torn  in  the 

copy'.] 

1  There  is  no  n"  7.  owing  to  a  typo-  by  the]  Grammarians? 

graphical  error,  tlio  rest  so  far  as  I  can  "  0.     What  is  MaildauJ's  doctrine  of 

coujectme  ran  as  follows  :  the   [ 

'  8.    What  is  the  smallest  number  of       ]  from  the  Latin  ? 

the  [ acknowledged  10.     What  is  the  use  of  particles  in 


350  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 


The   May  Examination. 

The  'May'  examination  in  Icctiiro-suhjocts  was  introdiicofl  at 
Trinity  nnder  Dv  Postlethwaite  in  1790,  lliat  for  the  junior-soplis 
was  in  the  main  mathematical  ;  until  1818  senior-soi)li.s  wei-o  not 
examined.  Prof.  Pryme  gives  the  following  instances  of  the  minute 
questions  set  in  1800. 

*  Give  the  names  of  the  four  Roman  Legions  that  were  stationed 
in  Britain  when  Agricola  was  governor.' 

And  two  or  three  years  later, — 

'  What  was  the  year,  month  and  day  of  the  birth  of  Cicero  V 

Until  1809  only  about  one-half  of  the  names  were  classed,  those 
in  the  first  class  receiving  prize  books  which  were  presented  between 
the  courses  of  the  Commemoration  dinner,  while  the  band  in  the 
gallery  played  See  the  Conquering  Hero  comes  and  Ikde  Britannia 
(the  only  tunes  beside  God  save  the  Kimj  whicli  they  knew)  alter- 
nately. 

In  1809  professor  Pryme  with  good  effect  increased  the  number 
of  classes  from  four  to  eight,  with  a  ninth  helow  the  line ;  and  ever 
since  1813  that  system  has  become  established'. 

The  following  was  an  early  college  examination-palmer. 

FPvESHMEN". 

Trinity  College  Cambridge,  1799. 
{Set  hy  T.  Young,  M.A.  1797,  \'2th  xoramjJer  1791,  afterwards  tutor.) 

Demosthenes  De  Corona. 

1.  What  was  the  origin  and  ground  of  the  accusation  1  Date 
the  accusation  and  trial  by  Olympiads,  and  by  years  before  Christ. 
Give  the  outlines  of  the  cause ;  state  its  merits  j  and  mention  the 
event  of  the  trial. 

2.  Cicero  says,  "  Hanc  mulctam  Aescliines  a  Ctesiphonte  petiit 
quadriennio  ante  Philippi  Macedonis  mortem."     Can  this  be  right  ? 

3.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  lives  of  Aescliines  and  Demosthenes ; 
and  compare  their  merits  as  statesmen  and  Orators. 

4.  Give  some  account  of  the  causes  and  progress  of  Philip's  suc- 
cess, from  his  coming  to  the  throne  of  JNlacedon  to  his  death. 

5.  What  was  the  extent  of  Alexander's  power  and  influence  in 
Greece  and  Asia  at  the  time  of  this  oration  ] 

6.  What  was  the  state  of  Thebes  at  the  same  time  %  And  how, 
and  by  whom,  was  it  brought  into  that  state? 

nil  lan[guages  ?  and  what  are  your  own  cellence  [of  the  wi-itings  of  Yirgil,  and. 

opinions]  on  the  subject  ?  which  of  the]  imperfections  of  Lu- 
ll.    What  is  the   best   manner  of  cretius  did  he  avoid  ? 

rendering  [ and  what  -  Cp.    Monk's     Bcntley,     ii.     424. 

is  the  rule]  for  applying  Hie  et  Ille?  Pryme's  Autohiog.  Recoil,  pp.  52,  53, 

12.     What  is  the  distinguishing  ex-  90,  91. 


APPENDIX   V.      TRIX.    COLLEGE   EXAMINATIONS.  *J.')l 

7.  Give  the  Geograi)])}-  and  history  of  Cinha,  and  the  Cirrhacan 
phiin. 

8.  What  was  the  reLitive  situation  of  the  following,  phices — 
Thermopylae,  Delphi,  xVmphissa,  Elatea,  Thebes,  Athens,  Eleusis, 
Cheronea?  And  what  the  distances  of  Eleusis  and  Elatea  from 
Thebes  1 

9.  Demosthenes  says,  Kat  fiera  ravra  €v6v^  ?)vvafXLv  (rv\Xi^a<;,  Kai 
tuupeXdwv  cjs  €7n  TTjv  Kippatav,  eppwaGaL  (^pacra?  ■oToAXa  Kat  Ktppatois  k(u 
AoKpots,  TYjv  EAareiav  KaraXap-fiavei.  Dues  this  imply  that  Philip 
entirely  neglected  the  punish'aent  of  the  Amphisseans? 

10.  Explain  the  following  terms,  from  the  Athenian  antiquities  : 
Ap)^ovT€'s.  Ap>(ovros.  ^IvrjaicfuXov.  ^vyKXrjTov  eKKXrjcxia?.  ilpvTavcL'i. 
^v/J-ixopLaL.      Ot  TpiaKoaiOL. 

11.  Describe  the  constitution  of  the  Athenian  democracy,  as 
settled  by  Solon ;  and  state  the  proportion  which  those  who  enjoyed 
the  benefits  of  it  bore  to  the  whole  population  of  Attica. 

12.  Give  an  account  of  the  origin,  constitution,  and  political  use 
of  the  Amphictyonic  council. 

13.  Demosthenes  says — Oure  yap  y]v  rupeajSeia  ■u:po<;  ouScva  aTre- 
crraXfjievr]  tot€  twv  'EXXijvwv.  Aeschines,  speaking  of  the  same  time, 
says— ITpecr/Sctas,  as  rjre  eKTreTroyac^ores  Kar  €K€lvov  rov  Kaipov  ets  r-qv 
'EAAaSa.      How  is  this  to  be  accounted  for? 

14.  What  is  the  strongest  reason  for  thinking  that  in  the  decree 
of  the  Byzantines,  we  ought  to  read  Ev  ra  dXia,  instead  of  Ei/rcaXtu  ; 
and  KTacTiv  yas  Kat  otKtar,  crpoeSptav  ej/  tois  aywcrj,  -zuodooov  zcotl  rav 
(3(i}Xav  Kai  Tov  Sa/xoF,  ■uTparots  /xera  ra  t€pa,  instead  of  ktoctiv  yds,  Kai 
otKctav  crpoeSptav  cv  rots  aywcri  -oTOTt  rav  8oXor,  croTt  rav  /JwXcov  Kut  tov 
Bafxov,  ■arapa  rots  ^cpi  ra  icpa  1 

15.  Of  what  materials  was  the  crown  composed? 


APPENDIX  VL 

ANNUAL   COLLEGE   EXAMINATIONS   AT   S.  JOHN'S, 
CAMBRIDGE,   1765-75. 


D'  William  Samuel  Powell,  B.A.  1738,  was  elected  master  of 
S.  Jolm's  College  Cambridge  in  17C5.  '  In  the  very  first  year  of  bis 
mastership  he  applied  himself  to  the  establishment  of  those  college 
examinations  which  before  his  time  were  unknown  in  our  university, 
and  which  form  so  excellent  a  test  of  proficiency  in  the  various 
subjects  of  lectures.  The  examination  lists  still  preserved  in  S. 
John's,  which  were  all  drawn  wp  with  gi-eat  care  and  consideration 
by  D'  Powell  himself,  as  long  as  he  presided  over  the  college  [till 
1775],  bear  strong  testimony  to  the  acute  discrimination,  the  strict 
impartiality  and  the  resolute  industry  with  which  he  condvicted  and 
perfected  this  his  favourite  scheme.'  By  prizes  and  punishments  he 
overcame  the  opposition  which  the  young  men  at  first  presented. 

'  He  allowed  the  students  of  no  year  to  pass  without  examination 
in  one  of  the  Gospels,  or  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles;  no  talents  or 
acquirements  being  permitted  to  compensate  for  the  neglect  of  this.' 

The  entry  in  the  S.  John's  coll.  conclusion-book  is  as  follows. 

d"*  July,  1765.  'Agreed  that  the  examiners  annually  chosen 
shall  by  themselves  or  their  sufficient  deputies  examine  the  under- 
gi'aduates,  both  fellow-commoners  and  others  publickly  in  the  hall 
twice  a  year,  the  time  and  subjects  to  be  determined  by  the  master.' 

In  1772,  John  Jebb  of  Peterhouse,  being  concerned  to  think  that 
so  many  young  men  spent  the  early  part  of  their  course  (and  fellow- 
commoners  the  whole  of  it)  idly  or  viciously  in  default  of  any  intel- 
lectual interest,  drew  up  a  scheme  to  the  following  effect : — 

That  there  should  be  an  annual  examination  to  engage  every 
student  every  year  (no  exemption  being  made  in  favour  of  Kingsmen, 
noblemen  or  fellow-commoners')   to  be  conducted   by  six  or  seven 

^  At   Cambridge  iu   1675    exercises  For    the    iiuiversity,     Ei.    Watson 

were  required  of  fellow-commoners  in  (Trin.)  when  he  was  moderator  had 

some  of  the  colleges,  but  not  iu  others.  advocated  the  exaruiuatiou  of  uoblc- 

(Dyer  Privil.  Camb.  i.  368. )  men  and  f ellow-commouers,  and  the 


APPENDIX   Vr.         POWELL   AND   JEBR.  3.")3 

examiners  (chosen  according  to  the  proctorial  cycle)  before  the  di- 
vision of  the  May  term.  It  should  comprise  the  law  of  nature  and 
of  nations,  chronology,  set  periods  of  history,  select  classics,  meta- 
physics, limited  portions  of  mathematics  and  natiu'al  philosophy, 
moral  philosophy,  and  metaphysics.  In  their  last  examination 
before  the  tripos  all  should  shew  a  knowledge  of  the  four  Gospels 
in  Greek,  and  of  Grotius  de  Veriiafe.  Candidates  for  holy  Orders  to 
have  special  lectures  after  their  first  degi-ee  in  ai-ts.  About  one 
third  of  the  men  might  have  honours,  and  prize-books  should  be 
given  stamped  with  the  university  ai*ms.  The  examination  to  occupy 
three  days;  from  9  a.m.  to  12,  and  from  3  to  6  p.m.  Any  candidate 
when  not  actually  under  scrutiny  of  the  examiners  might  be  sum- 
moned to  the  library  or  to  some  part  of  the  senate-house  by  any 
regent  or  non-regent  for  private  examination. 

Jebb's  scheme  met  with  much  opposition  from  Farmer  and  other 
Emmanuel  men,  Whisson  the  librarian  and  prof.  Hallifex,  but  espe- 
cially from  D'  Powell  and  other  Johnians,  who  were  jealous  for  their 
own  college  examination',  which  did  much  to  recommend  their  society 
to  the  public.  Accordingly  in  1774,  Jebb  modified  it  in  certain 
technicalities,  changing  also  the  time  from  May  to  November,  re- 
ducing the  subjects  to  latin  and  gi-eek  classics,  elements  of  geometry 
and  algebra,  and  (if  I  rightly  comprehend  it)  proposing  not  to  ex- 
amine the  students  of  all  years,  but  only  to  give  one  previous  exami- 
nation before  the  degree,  except  for  noblemen  and  fellow-commoners 
who  should  have  a  second  one  in  Locke,  natural  philosophy,  and 
modern  history". 

D'  Powell  died  in  1775,  but  Jebb  by  renoimciug  his  Orders  in 
that  year  had  not  improved  the  prospects  of  his  scheme.  In  1773 
he  had  seen  a  syndicate  appointed  without  opposition,  but  in  1774 
his  propositions    having  passed  the  caput  were  thrown   out  by  one 

institution  of  a  general  annual  examl-  clcsidoratnm     at     CainLridge.      Tliis, 

nation,    in   17(56    and    earlier    years.  wliich  was  Dr  W.  S.  Powell's  paiuiccn, 

Autohiog.  Anccd.  i.  47.  was  made  the  argmuent. against  Jebb's 

Thomas  Jones  (see  p.  12.3),  who  had  project  for  a  yearly  compulsory  luii- 
been  an  undergraduate  of  S.  John's  but  versity  examination.  See  Mayor's 
took  his  degree  (1779,  senior  wi-angler,  Ilixt.  of  St  John's,  pp.  lOGG — 10G8. 
being  private  tutor  to  the  2ud)  from  '  One  Master  in  Cambridge '  (con- 
Trinity,  where  he  became  senior  tutor,  tinues  the  MS.,  referring  to  Dr  Powell, 
having  a  larger  '  side'  than  any  of  his  Master  of  S.John's  170;5 — 1775,)'iutro- 
predecessors,  was  moderator  in  1786,  7,  ducod  such  Examinations  in  his  own 
and  introduced  a  grace  by  whicli  fel-  College  some  years  ago,  soon  after  his 
low-commoners  were  subjected  to  the  Election  to  the  Mastership  there :  the 
same  academical  exercises  as  other  Master  assigns  the  books  and  subject 
undergraduates.  Memoir  Inj  Herbert  for  the  Examination  a  suflicient  time 
Marsh,  Aikin's  Athenaeum,  1808,  xiii.  beforehand,  ajipoints  proper  Exanii- 
261,  of.  ibid.  539.  ners    in   the   several   branches.... Tlio 

1  A  writer  in  the  P.  S.  to  a  Letter  Master  has   allways   [sic]   made   it  a 

in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  April  11,  llule  to  bo  Present  himself  at  these 

1774  (copied  in  Bodl.   Gough  Cambr.  College  Examinations.' 

67)  speaks  of  'Open  Examinations  in  -  J.   Jebb's    Works,   i.     {^Memoir) 

private    Colleges    at    which    all    the  45—51,  59—82,  88—91,  110—118.    ii. 

Scholars   must    and   all   the   Fellows  255 — 390.      in.    268—282.      Cooper's 

may   be    present'   as    supplying    the  /l«na/s,  iv.  367,  369,  371,  382. 

w.  23 


S54  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

vote  in  the  non-rcgcnt  house.  But  all  liis  ofTorts,  and  hi.s  clever 
wife's,  were  of  no  avail ;  his  own  vote  was  declared  forfeited  by- 
statute  in  Fel).  177G,  and  be  retired  from  Cambridge. 

In  1821  D'  Wordsworth's  scheme  for  an  examination  in  Classics 
and  Theology  was  rejected  in  the  non-regent  house,  but  in  May 
1822  he  and  others  procured'  the  establishment  of  the  Classical  trijws, 
and  Homer  and  Virgil  for  the  'Poll,'  and  two  months  earlier  the 
Grace  for  the  Previous  Examination  was  passed ^ 

Account  of  Annual  Examinations 

in  fc>.  John's  at  the  time  of  Jebb's  movement 

1773—5. 

From  a  vis.  'paper  in  the,  Bodleian^. 

'Dec.   1773. 

'The  subjects  for  the  Examination  in  June  1774  will  bo 

For        /Plain  and  Physical  Astronomy 
the        •] Butler's  Analogy 
Sophs.      (3'^  10^''  and  13"^  Satyres  of  Juvenal. 

T     .  /Meclianics 

Junior     3|st^ol.  of  Locke 
bophs      (Qipg^.o>g  2^"  Philippic. 

{Algebra 
Logic 
Demosthenes  Trepi  (TT€<^avov. 

'  For  all  years  the  last  14  Chapters  of  St  Matthew.' 

[Then  commences  on  the  same  page  an  official  report  of  the 
result  of  the  examination,  written  in  a  fair  clerkly  hand ;  but  dated 
'  Jiine  1774  '  by  the  writer  of  the  list  of  subjects.] 

'  Of  the  third  year*  Sheepshanks,  Hall,  Mr  Burrell  and  Wright 
2<iow8  j-g^g^^  fQj,  secundus]  have  the  prizes.  Phillips,  Hai-t  and  Caulet 
are  the  next.  These  seven  distinguished  themselves  as  having 
studied  Physical  Astronomy  and  even  also  are  superior  to  the  rest 
in  all  the  subjects.  But  Wilkinson  was  very  near  them  in  plain 
Astronomy  and  Butler:  Tighe,  Willis,  and  Bateman  did  well  and 
Thornhill  also  in  the  Classic.' 

[We  have  omitted  ^o  transcribe  the  report  'of  the  2°''  year'  and 

1  Whewell,  Of  a  Liberal  Education, 
§  218  ;  Sermons' (I8i7)  p,  381. 

2  Baker's  Hist,  of  S.  John's,  Mayor, 
1055,  1071. 

3  Gout/h  Camh.  C7.  the  contents  of 
wliicU  volume  relate  mainly  to  Jebb's 
Examination  Schemes. 

*  Tlio  Johuians  who  went  out  in  the  *  fellows. 


tripos  of  1775  were 

as  follows ; — 

Wramjlers. 

Sen.  optt. 

*  Coulthiu-st      2"* 

Wilkinson 

4th 

*  Sheepshanks  ■i"' 

Phillips 

8'" 

Hart                 S"* 

*  Heberden        O"* 

Jun.  opt. 

Hall               lO"' 

*  Tighe 

gth 

APPENDIX   VI.      S.   JOHN'S   COLL.   EXAMINATIONS.  355 

'  of  those  who  were  now  examined  for  the  first  time,'  but  tlie 
following  extracts  may  be  profitable]  'Collins  would  have  been 
thought  before  some  of  the  others.  But  though  it  was  verily  ill 
health  which  prevented  him  from  being  examined  at  Christmas  he 
could  not  be  considered  in  the  distribution  of  the  prizes.... Burton... 
should  not  have  neglected  the  Creek  Testament.  Mr  Townshend 
was  thought  to  be  the  best  in  Cicero  but  he  had  not  studied  the 
other  parts.  Of  those  examined  for  the  first  time  "  No  one  a])peared 
to  deserve  a  prize  for  the  ms."  [1  =  Mathematicks']. 

'  Pyke  obtained  a  prize  and  one  of  the  best  exhibitions  by  his  con- 
stant attendance  at  Chapel.  Cooke,  Collins,  Boston  and  Smith  sen'., 
who  were  next  to  him  in  regularity,  have  also  exhibitions  on  this 
account. 

*  The  behaviour  of  the  Fellow  Commoners  ^  in  this  point  has  been 
obseiwed,  as  notice  was  given  last  year  that  it  would  be. 

'Among  them  Lord  Midleton  and  Lord  Powis  whilst  they  stayed 
here  were  exemplary.  Mr  Broderick  also  has  deserved  much  praise, 
and  some  who  have  been  but  a  short  time  have  given  reason  to 
expect  from  them  like  behaviour. 

'There  is  no  other  part  of  their  conduct  by  which  they  can  merit 
gi'eater  honour  or  shame.' 

[Then  in  the  original  hand  follow  : — ] 

'Subjects  of  the  next  examination  Dec.  1774. 

'  Hydrostatics  and  optics 
2'"^  Vol.  of  Locke 
Antigone  of  Sophocles 
6  first  books  of  f^uclid 
Ilutchinsons  Moral  Philoso[)hy 
21  Book  of  Livy 

Stanyans  Grecian  history  except  ye  1"*^  Bk.  of  ye  1"'  vol. 
Horace's  Art  of  Poetiy 

For  all  the  years  S'  Marks  Gospel,' 

[There  is  subsequently  a  short  repoi-t  of  the  examination  in  the 
above  subjects.] 

'0/  the  Sophs  ... 

'Mr  Kinnorsley  would  have  received  more  prai.^se,  had  it  not  been 
remembered  how  miich  better  he  appeared  last  year. 

'  Mr  Townshend  by  his  translation  of  Sophocles  showed  his  abilities 

1  Au  algebraical  problem  attriLntcd  mouers  also  sometimes  receive  instruc- 
to  Dr  Powell  commcnciug  'A  silver-  tion  in  the  chamber  of  the  pnWie  tutor, 
smith  received  in  payment  for  a  certain  but  are  never  called  upim  by  the  h«i- 
weij^'ht  of  wron^ht  plate'  is  inserted  in  renitij  to  give  any  public  proof  of  their 
Bland.  Sec  preface  to  W.  Eotberham's  proficiency  in  learning.'  For  the  re- 
S.  John's  Coll.  Papers,  1791—1852  form  introduced  in  this  matter  ten 
and  p.  250  supra.  years  later  sec  above  p.  88,  and  com- 

2  At  this  jieriod  (says  Jebb,  TT'orA-.'?,  pare  pp.  M.  lo. 
III.  I.e.)  'the  noblemen  and  fellow-com- 

23 2 


356  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

to  be  of  the  fir.stratc,  and  then  lci"t  everyone  to  lament  that  he  had 
not  ai)})lied  them  to  any  other  subject. 

'  Lord  powis  appeared  very  well  in  Sophocles. 

Of  the  Second  year. 
'  Seven  excelled  in  every  pai-t,  they  were  Portal,  Mr  Broderick, 
Hughes  jr,  Mr  Villiers,  Mr  Otley,  Pigott,  Smith  sen^ 

The  third  year 
is  only  distinguished  into  classes  ... 

'The  subjects  of  the  examination  in  June  1775  will  be 

-p,       ,  (     Plain  and  Phy.sical  Astronomy. 

5,     ,  <      Butler's  Analogy. 

fcopns.  ^     rpi^g  ^^^  £^.g^.  ^^^-^^  q£  Lucretius. 

•rp      .  I  (     Mechanics. 

T     r^a  S         \     The  fii'st  volume  of  Locke. 
Jun  teoplis.       (^     The  Phoenissae  of  Euripides. 


For  the 
Fi'eshmen. 


Algebra, 

Logic. 

Mounteney's  Demo-sthenes. 

For  all  the  year's  St  Lukes  Gospel ' '. 


I  have  selected  the  following  specimen  from  half  a  dozen  ms. 
EXAMINATION  PAPERS  in  Caius  Coll.  Library  [731  recZ],  probably  of 
the  end  of  last  century, 

I  cannot  say  with  any  certainty  whether  the  said  papers  were 
]iroduced  or  used  originally  in  the  College  of  Vince  and  Gooch, 
There  is  in  the  Gonville  and  Caius  College  Library  a  collection  of 
latin  exercises,  epitaphic  verses  &c.  by  Emmanuel  men  and  others ; 
also  notes  of  Chemistry  lectures  by  a  student  of  Trinity,  as  well  as 
the  miscellaneous  reliques  of  the  Schools,  of  which  specimens  are  given 
below  in  our  eighth  Appendix. 

1  On  the  .same  page  and  in  the  same  usual  time  &  his  grace  will  not  then  be 
hand,  but  dated  1769  Dec''^  '  It  was  allowd  unless  he  comes  to  the  3  next 
hoped  y'  y^  Instruction  given  last  year  examinations  with  the  year  below  him 
to  such  of  the  present  Sophs  as  then  &  behaves  himself  better  y°  he  has 
appeared  very  much  unprepared  wd.  yet  done.  W.  C.  A.  and  M.  must  be 
have  been  sufficient  to  have  mad  em  examin'd  in  private  about  Ladyday, 
more  diligent.  But  as  it  seems  to  that  it  may  then  be  determind  whether 
have  had  no  Influence  some  further  they  can  or  cannot  be  aUowd  to  pro- 
trial  must  be  made  to  do  em  good.  ceed  to  their  degree.    I.  must  be  ex- 

J for  a  total  neglect  of  his  studies  amin'd  hereafter  with  his  own  year 

&  for  an  obstinate  refusal  to  be  ex-      &  y'=  same  is  thought  proper  for  P 

amined  is   Suspended  from  taking   a  tho  he  is  not  so  deficient  as  the  others 

degree  till  y  end  of  May  term  after  the  here  named. ' 


APPENDIX   VI.      EXAMLNATION   PAPER,   C.  1790.  357 

(1)  To  fiml  the  area  of  a  Parabola  generated  by  a  line  revolving 
about  the  focus. 

(2)  Suppose  that  within  the  Earth's  Surface  the  force  of  Gravity 
varied  inversely  as  the  Cube  of  the  distance,  to  find  the  absolute  time 
in  which  a  Body  would  descend  thi'o'  the  Space  S. 

(3)  To  find  the  time  of  oscillation  in  an  Epicycloid. 

(4)  To  find  the  force  by  which  the  oscillations  of  a  Pendulum 
would  become  isochronal  in  any  Curve. 

(5)  To  find  the  attraction  to  a  Sphere,  the  attraction  of  each 
particle  varying  inv^'  as  Dist. 

(6)  Prove  that  Within  a  Spheroid  the  attraction  varies  in  the 
same  right  line  as  the  distance  from  the  Center. 

(7)  To  find  the  Latitudinal  Aberration  of  a  ray  incident 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  a  S[)herical  Reflector. 

(8)  Find  the  etfect  of  the  Precession  of  the  Equinoxis  upon  the 
right  Ascension  and  Declination  of  a  given  star. 

(9)  Prove  that  the  altitude  is  the  Log.  of  the  Eai-ity,  the 
Modulus  being  the  Height  of  an  homogeneous  Atmosphere. 


APPENDIX  VII. 

ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  TRIPOS-LISTS  AND 
CALENDARS. 

PEOCTORS'  SENIOR  OPTIMES.  HONORARY  AND  AEGROTAT  DE- 
GREES, 1750-97.  JUNIOR  PROCTOR'S  MEMORANDUM,  1752. 
SOME  NOTES  ON  THE   OLD  UNIVERSITY  CALENDARS,  1796,  &c. 


HONORARY   AND   AEGROTAT   DEGREES. 


As  the  proctors'  optlnies  (or  degi-ees  granted  ^\'itllOut  examination, 
by  the  })rerogative  of  the  vice-chancellor,  proctors  and  moderators) 
and  aegrotat  degrees  are  (with  very  few  exceptions)  omitted  from  the 
lists  as  they  are  printed  in  the  Cambridge  University  Calendar,  it 
may  be  as  well  to  publish  the  following  list  of  them  extracted  from 
the  records  in  the  Registrary's  office.  The  dagger  represents  a  mys- 
terious mark  in  the  subscription-book.  I  have  added  the  asterisk  for 
those  who  obtained  fellowships,  and  the  /x  for  medallists. 


1750-51.  *Adam  Wall,  Chr. 
*C.  Hedges,  Pet. 
*E.  Delaval,  Pembr. 
■|-*H.  Pelham,  Corpus. 

1753.  Is.  M.  Rebow,  Trin. 
W.  Amos,  Jes. 

*G.  Robinson,  Trin. 

W.  Cbafin,  Emm.^ 

1754.  C.  Hope,  Joh. 
ti^*S.  Hallifax,  Jes.'-^ 

♦Fleetwood  Cburchill,  Clare. 

it^'R.  Emsall*,  Joh. 

1  These  foiar  names  are  printed  in 
the  Calendarhetvceen  the  senior-Avraug- 
Icr's  name  and  Cardale's  (Pembr.).  In 
the  Grace  Book  K. ,  they  sign  their 
names  even  before  the  senior-wrangler 
Hewthwaite. 

Adam  Wall  wTote  University  Cere- 
monies, 1798. 


This  column  shews  in  what  colleges 
the  j)atronage  for  the  year  was 
vested. 

V.C. ,  Pet. ;  Proctors  & 
1      Moderators,  Pemb.  &  Chr. 


\f^        Jes.;  Jes.,  and  Trin.; 
King's  and  Magd. 


Jes. ;  Clare  and  Joh. 


fll.  Pelham  was  fellow  of  Petcrhouse. 

E.  Delaval,  see  p.  15. 

•  Chafin  (see  pp.  29,  363)  is  put  at 
the  head  of  the  senior  optimes ;  the 
(»ther  three  stand  above  the  2"^'  wrang- 
ler. Chalin's  was  practically  an  ae- 
grotat degree. 

^  Hallifax,  fellow  also  of  Trin.  IL, 


APPENDIX   VII.      HONORARY   OPTIMES. 


3.19 


1755.  ^*East  Apthorpe\  Jcs 

1756.  Obail.  Lane-,  Eiiiin 

1757.  Walter  Rawlinsou,  Trin. 
J.  Rouse,  Kinri's 
Humfrey  Priinatt^,  Clare 


1758.  J.  Hepworth,  Corpus 
*G.  Leycester,  Trin. 

Ri.  Harvey,  Coi-piitt. 

1759.  W.  Stevenson,  Joh, 
*S.  Berdmore,  Jcs. 
*Nic.  Brown,  Chr. 

in* J.  Hawes,  Jes. 

1760.  *S.Reeve-i,  Cains 

F.  Dodsworth,  Chr. 

1701.  E.  Bourchier,  Chr. 
t*J.  Wycherlys,  Qu. 

J.  Castell,    )  ^  . 
R.  Heaton,  {  ^«^«''- 

1702.  Jos.  Locke,  Q«. 
T.  Wagstaff,  Chr. 

*J.  Twells,  Emm. 
*W.  Strong,  Trin. 

1703.  G.  Scurfield,  Joh. 
Booth  Hewitt,  Jes. 

*Hopkins  Fox,  lYin. 
Ro.  Lewis,  Jes. 

1764.  C.  Pigott  Pritchett,    ) 
W.  Colchester,  \ 

*Ri.  Bell         }  ^. 
*J.  Freeman   i^^'''^'^ 

1765.  Matthias  D'oyly,  Corpus 
*J.  V.  Brntton,  Sid. 

J.  Wright,  C7a-. 

Julius  Hiitchinson,  Sid.  (Bar' 

1706.  T.  Craster,  Joh. 

C.  Foot,  Joh.  ?  Emm. 
Ro.  Tilyard,  Cains 
t*Ri.  Halke",  Corpus 

1707.  W.  Johnson,  C'rtj«s 
J.  Beverly 7,  Chr. 

1708.  *Edm.  Smith »,  il/a/j^?. 

J.  Luagard,  Cath. 
J.  Burrows,  !/'/•(?(. 
170y.  n.  Bvne,  Jo/;. 

*Bert."^Russel,  Trin. 
Ro.  Outlaw,  Qu. 

G.  Motcalf,  Trin. 


Joh. 


Chr.;  Qu.  and  Sid. 
Pet.;  Cuius  and  Emm. 

King's;  Cath.  and  King's. 
(the  '  conduct'  nominated  by 
Kini/'s  as  moderator,  was 
rejected. 

Corpus;  Pet.  and  Trin. 


Jes.;  Chr.  and  Joh. 
Cuius;  Corpus,  and  Pemb. 
Magd.;  Queens'  and  Ciarc. 


Queens' ;  King's  and  Magd. 
Pet.  and  Magd. 


Clare;  Jcs.  and  Trin.: 
Pet.  and  ^rin. 


professor  of  arabic  &  of  law,  Bp.  of 
iHoster  and  S.  Asaph ; — his  name  is 
]irint('d  in  the  Calendar,  perhaps  be- 
cause he  was  a  medallist.  Yet  cp.  1755, 
175'J. 

*  j-Elmsall  stands  at  the  head  of 
the  senior  optimes :  he  was  fellow 
of  Emmanuel. 

1  E.  Apthorp  advocated  S.  P.  G.  in 
print  1705  ;  wrote  Discourses  on  Pro- 
phecy, 2  vols.  1780,  and  Sermons. 

'^  Liiiie  conies  afto-  the  .S'''' wrangler. 


Sid.;  Pet.  and  Joh. 


Corpus;  Chr.  and  Sid.; 
Trin.  and  Sid. 


Joh. ;  Cuius  and  Emm. ; 
Cuius  and  Sid. 

Cuius;  Pet.  and  Trin. 

Trin.  Hall;  Cath.  and  Trin. 
Pet.  and  Trin. 


Trin. ;  Qucen.'i'  and  Joh. ; 
Pet.  and  Joh. 


3  //.  Primatt  ^\Toto  Mercy  to  Ani- 
vials,  1700. 

*  Sam.  7i<'<'r<' (suicide  at  Commence- 
ment, 1789,  when  senior  proctor.) — 
His  name  follows  the  senior's,  iiiul 
Dodworth's  comes  after  the  2ud  wrang- 
ler's. 

^  fj.  JVycherley,  fellow  of  Sid. 

8  *  Pd.  ilalhe,  follow  of  Clare. 

'  J.  Ptcrerlvi/,  the  notorious  es(iuirc 
lu-dcll  1770— 1S2(). 

**  Edm.  Smith.  D.C.L.  Orn,,. 


360 

1770. 
1771. 
1772. 
1773. 

1774. 
1775. 

1776. 

1777. 

1778. 
1779. 


1780. 
1781. 


UNIVEIISITY    STUDIES. 


Trill. 


*G.  WatHoui,  Trin. 
C.  E.  do  Coetlogon,  Ponbr, 
J.  reiinock-,  Triii, 

*J.  Stanbawo  Watts,  Cuius, 
Hi.  Winb,  Trin. 
G.  Cuthbert,  Chr. 

H.  Williams,  Trin. 
G.  Bryant,  Corpus. 
Nic.  Lecbmere  Grimwoocl,  Joh. 

G.  ^Vbitcbcr,  Pembr. 
J.  Pettiward, 
H.  [Boulton]  Crabb, 
W.  Avarne,  Emm. 

*J.  Mirehouse,  Clare. 
*T.  J.  Matbias^,  Trin. 

W.  Hickin,  Magd. 

W.  Dickinson,  Trin. 

Egerton  Leigb,  Sid. 
*E.  Balme,  Magd. 

G.  Isted,  Trin. 
*H.  W.  Maiendie-*,  Chr. 

Hi.  Eelban^,  Trin. 

t*Nic.  Simons^,  Chr. 

*W.  Grigson,  Cuius 

S.  Edmundson  Hopldnson,  Clare 

J.  ForstiT,  ^Vin. 
*ffoliott-Herbert  CornewalL'',  Juh. 

Ja.  CuUum,  Clir. 

Jos.  Lodington,  <S'ii. 
*J.  Pretfyman*  Pembr, 
*T.  Crick,  Cuius. 

J.  Eaper,  )   ,  , 

W.  Eugland9,i  ^''''• 

J.  Newell  Puddicombe '",  Pemb. 
*T.  Horucastle  Marsball,  Clare 

Hor.  Hammond,  Corpus. 

J.  Beevor,  C7ir, 

Ei.  Eaton, 

C.  Curtt'is, 


Emm, ;  Chr.  and  Pet. ; 
Trin.  and  t'/tr. 

ICuufs;  Clare  and  King's; 
Clare  and  c/oft. 

Pemb. ;  Corpus  and  Jo/j. ; 
I/Vi/j.  and  Corpus. 


King^s ;  Magd.  and  Joh. ; 
Corpus  and  Jo/«. 

Jesus;  Pembr.  and  Jes.;  Joh. 
and  Chr. 

Magd.;  Queens'  and  ,S'id.; 
Sid.  and  Jo/j. 


Emm.;  Emm.  and  King's; 
Emm,  and  Magd. 


!-         Jo/i.;  2';/h.  and  Cuius. 


Joh, 


*Walt..  Wbiter,  C/rt?Y.  aegr. 
Betbel/  Eobinsou,  C/jr. 
J.  Greame,  Trin. 
?E.  Jacob,  Pembr, 
J.  Lomax,  Caf/t. 


Queens';  Pet,  and 
Jo7j.;  Jes.  and  Jo  ft. 


Corpus;   Chr.  and 
Clare;  Chr.  and  Jt'*-. 


Cath.;  King's  and  Corpus 
Chr.;  Pemb.  and  2';jm, 


1  G.  IVutson,  D.D.,  master  of  Don- 
caster. 

^  J.  Penneck  migrated  to  Peter- 
house. 

^  T.  J.  Mathius,  autbor  of  Pursuits 
of  Literature,  1794 — 7,  &c.  (fee,  edited 
Gray's  works, 

*  II.  ir.  iL^a/c?jde'e,  Bp.  of  Chesterand 
Bangor. 

s  Pi.  Pelhan,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S.,  wrote 
Flora  Cantabrigicnsis,  1785. 


^  tiVic.  Simo4is  was  also  fellow  of 

7  /^-if.  CornewaU,  Bp.    of    Bristol, 

Hereford,  and  Worcester. 

**  J.  Pretyman,  arcbd.  of  Lincoln, 
brotber  of  Bp.  G.  Pretymau-Tomline. 

»  W.  Enghaid,  D.D.' autbor. 

10  J.  N.  Puddicombe,  fellow  of  Dul- 
wich  Coll.  autbor  of  Albion  Triumph- 
ant, 17^1,  and  a  Poem  to  tbe  opponents 
of  tbe  Slave  Trade,  1788. 


APPENDIX   VII.      HONOKAKY   AND   AEGROTAT   DEGREES.       301 


1782. 


1783. 


1784. 
1785. 


1786. 


1787. 


1788. 


1789. 


1790. 


J.  Chestney,  Pet.  aegrot.  'j 

F.  W.  Blombergi,  Joft. 

Owen  Jones,  Jes.  >        Jes. ;  Joh,  and  Jes, 

T.  Robinson-,  Joh.  I 

t*A.  Owen 3,  Chr.  ) 

*Matt.  WUson,  Trin.  'aegi-ot.  in  1-  classe      |J  ^"L'flTif  ^VT  S" 
ITT  lii    n  /.     ii        rn  ■  .    ■    n.i»    1        li       seuantiir  a  Alouera- 

Walthall  Gretton,  Trin.  aegi'ot.  in  '2"'»  classe  \ )       toribus  ' 

Hugh  Owen,  )  j^j^^  \ 

Ja   Salt,         )        *  ,  (.        Jes. ;  Queens'  and  Magd. 

Johnson  Towers,  Qmens  \ 

*J.  Haggitt,  Clare  ) 

T.  Ewbank,  Ca^/j,  )  Clare;  Cath.  ami  Pet.;  Sid. 

*Jos.  Twigger,  Cath.  \         and  Trin. 

T.  Han-ison,  Trin.  aegrot.  in  1"*  classe. 

S.  HejTick  [Hill]  I'rin.  aegrot.  in  3'"  classe. 

Baptist  J.  Proby,  I'rin. 

Barry  Robertson,  Joh. 

G.  Wollaston,  Clare 
Roger  [Freston]  Hownian,  Pembr.) 
Ja.  Losh,  Trin.  aegrot.  in  2''''  classe. 
Ro.  Bradstreet-*,  Joh, 
Chr.  Wilson,  Sid. 
T.  Whitaker.  Emm. 
Ja.  Reeve,  Joh. 
J.  Longe,  Trin. 
T.  Wallace,  Corpus 
J.  Vachell,  Pembr. 

*Wilfrid  Clark',  Pet. 

J.  As/ipinshaw^,  Emm. 

Lane.  Pepys  Stephens,  Pembr. 

J.  Hughes,  Qu. 

J.  Milnes,  Jes. 
*.].  Blunt,  Joh. 

T.  Carter,  Trin. 

P.  [W.]  JoUiffe,  Joh. 

C.  Hayward,  Cuius. 

J.  Craifford,  Joh. 

J.  Bennetf,  Clare 
*W.  Pugh,  Trin.  aegrot.  in  1""^  classe". 

J.  Rideout,  Jes. 

Nath.  Stackhouse, 

Alex.  J.  Scott  7, 

Ro.  Bransby  Francis,  Corjnis 
*T.  Butler,  Trin.,  aegrot.  in  1""  classe, 


Magd.  ;  King's  and  Sid,  ; 
Queem'  and  Sid, 


Pembr. ;  Trin.  and  Emm. ; 
Trin,  and  Magd. 


Sid. ; 
Trin. 


Chr.  and  Joh.; 
and  Joh. 


Emm.;  Pembr.  and  Clare; 
Joh,  and  Trin.  Hall. 


aegrot.  in  2''"  classe. 


Joh. 


Pet.;  Caiu.'i  and  Corpus ;  Trin, 
and  Trin.  Hall. 


Jes.  ;  King's  and  Qu. 
Trin.  and  Qn. 


1  F.  W.  Blomherg  was  D.D. 

^  T.  Robinson,  author  of  Sketches 
in  Verse  1796,  rehgious  treatises,  &c. 

3  \A.  Owen  was  fellow  of  Em- 
manuel, 

■*  I\0.  Bradstreet,  author  of  The 
Sabine  Farm,  a  Poem,  1810. 

5  J.  Ashpinshaiv  was  LL.D. 

6  'I  heard  him  keep  his  Act,  in 
which  he  displayed  extraordinary 
learning,  but  no  gi-eat  knowledge  of 
the  subjects  under  discussion ;  honco 
he  considered  that  Hailstone  had  con- 
ferred on  him  a  very  approiiriiito 
honcHyr    when,    after    conii'limentiiig 


him  on  the  composition  of  liis  The- 
sis he  added,  "  Erudite  disputasti." 
Pugh's  name  did  not  appear  on  the 
Tripos,  probably  on  account  of  ill 
health;  but  he  was  elected  Fellow..., 
and  it  was  understood  he  had  pass- 
ed a  remarkably  good  examination. 
^\^len  he  took  his  B.D.  degree  [?  1799] 
he  read  a  very  learned  and  eccentric 
Thesis,  which  was  entirely  wn-ittcn  on 
the  covers  of  letters.'  Pevti)ti.tc.  ii. 
ch.  ii.  by  H.  Gunning,  who  gives  other 
anecdotes  of  Pugli. 

"■  .4.  J.  Scott  was  P.D.  per  reg.  lilt. 
IHdfi. 


362  UNIVERSITY   STUDIKS. 

1791.  *W.  Gray,  Pet.  ) 

llo.  Ilimkiiison,  Triii.    >  acgrot.  in  1"'*  classc. 

T.  WiuRficld,  Joh.  ) 

T.  Ciiuston,  Jo]i.  \ 

W.  Heath  Marsh  1,  Cornu&  I  r  ?       t  ■.    ^.,  i   r- 

rn   T>      •  1       r        '  ^    •*  y        Jolt.:  Trui.  ana  Jcs. 

i.  liewicko,  Jes.  i 

*Jos.  Gill,  Joh.  ) 

1792.  W.  Townley,  Trin.  \ 

H.  J.  Wollaston^,  Sid.  (         Trin.;  Pet.  and  Joh.; 

Ja.  Drake,  Joh.  t        Sid.  and  Joli. 

Warre  Squire  Bradley,  Joh.  i 

J.  Taylor,  Trin.  aegrotat. 

1793.  *J.  Hepworth,  Caius,  aegrot.  in  1""*  classe. 

"''■        £iSml<f.:' -;,„.  I  aegrot.  in  1™-  cl.s,e, 
1797.         Dewhui'st  Bilsborrow*,  j[Vi«.  {Caius;  Clare  aai.  Emm.; 

Pet.  and  Joh.) 
*W.  Webb,  Clare,  aegrot.  in  1"*^  quaestionistarum  classe. 

At  thif5  point  the  record  of  honorary  anil  aegrotat  degrees  breaks 
off.  Of  the  former  the  Uaiversitij  Calendar  of  1804  (p.  141)  testifies 
that  the  custom  of  conferring  them  had  of  late  years  been  abandoned. 
Of  aegrotat  degrees  no  record  was  kept  subsequently  until  Mr 
Luard  became  registrary,  and  they  are  not  printed  in  the  Calendar 
with  the  exception  of  the  name  of  R.  Kalley  Miller  of  Peterhouse 
(1867)  who  was  first  Smith's  prizeman.  They  now  appear  however 
on  the  back  of  the  tripos-verses  as  of  old,  though  that  custom  was 
discontinued  after  1797  for  many  years. 

It  will  be  observed  that  among  the  early  medallists  three 
members  of  Jesus  College  had  been  somewhat  questionably  qualified 
for  competition  by  an  honorary  degree.  The  name  of  S.  Hallifax 
(1754)  is  even  printed  in  the  Calendar  as  if  he  had  been  third 
wrangler,  while  East  Apthorpe  (17o.5)  and  J.  Hawes  (1759)  are  not 
so  immortalized. 

In  the  years  1757,  '58,  '61,  '62,  '64,  1766—8,  1770—72,  '76  the 
names  of  the  '  gratuitous  honoi'ati '  stand  immediately  after  the 
senior  wrangler's.  In  a  few  years  (1754,  '59,  '63,  '65,  '69)  they  are 
even  put  before  him  !  In  1773 — 5  and  1777 — 82  they  stand  at  the 
head  of  the  senior  op  times.  In  1783  they  are  degraded  to  tlie  head 
of  the  junior  optimes,  and  after  1797  they  disappear.  It  will  be 
seen  that  a  smaller  proportion  of  the  gratuitous  honorati  had  gained 
fellowships  latterly. 

The  first  aegrotat  degree  was  registered  in  1778.  Others,  as  will 
be  seen,  were  granted  in  1781,  1782,  1783  (the  class,  see  p.  45,  being 
recorded  for  the  first  time  and  the  names  placed  above  the  senior 
optimes,  while  those  of  the  '  proctors'  optimes '  were  put  down  to 
head  the  junior  optimes),  1785,  1786,  1788 — 94,  1797.  From  that 
date  the  record  is  not  kept  until  we  come  to  the  tripos  papers 
of  the  present  centiuy. 

^  W.     H.     Marsh    translated    thfl  Ahxtinencc  of  Anne  Moore,  1813,  Ser- 

Satires  of  Juvenal  into  English  Verse,  monx,  &c, 

ISOi.  *  D.   Bihhorrow  mentioned  in  Dr 

-  H.  J.  WoUiutou.  King's  Chaplain.  Wordsworth's  Diary,  ap.    Univ.  Life, 

■*  J^ffih    Piehmond   wrote    Supposed  5%^.  oi^O. 


APPENDIX   VII.      JUNIOR   PROCTOR's   MEMORANDUM.       3G3 

Many  original  lists  of  the  old  *  classes '  have  been  preserved  by 
the  late  Dr  Weljb  of  Clare  Hall  in  the  first  of  his  large  albums  or, 
more  strictly  speaking,  blue-books,  which  are  now  in  the  University 
library. 

The  following  document  is  perhaps  a  unique  Junior  Proctor's 
paper  (1752). 


R 


D'  Postlcthwaite 
D'  Disney 
D'  Preston 
D»  Smith 

Craven 

Pilgrim 

Compton 

Senhouse 

Hadley 

Bell 

Pembertou 

Green 


Trin.  CoU, 


St  John's  Coll. 

Caius  Coll. 
Xt.  Coll. 
Queens'  Coll. 
Mag:  Coll. 

Peter  House 


Eebow 

) 

Robinson 

}  Trin.  Coll. 

Bro'wn 

j 

Faber 

) 

JMarishall 

•  S'.  John's  ^oll. 

Nairn 

j 

Newman 

Caius  Coll, 

Denne 
Fisher 

j  C.  C.  C. 

Walker 

Queens'  Coll. 

Chevallier 

Magd.  Coll. 

Amos 

Jesus  Coll. 

Hooke 

Cat  Hall 

Chaffin 

Emau.  Coll. 

Moxon 
Mawer 

Trin  Coll. 

Burkley 
Knapp 

Coll.  Regal. 

Ewin 

Thestlethwaite 
4Le  Hunt 

Edwards 

Harper 
j  Bullock 
i  Symouds 

Barker 

Mason 

Boys 

Hough 

Goldwire 
\  Locko 

Jolland 

Fletcher 
|Camm 
i  Downes 

Barnwell 

Shuckford 

Ransomc 

Home 
■!■  Parslow 

Green 

Newman 
I  Butler 

Weeler 

Sanderson 

Sanderson  J^ 

Haynes 

Bulkley 
j  Walter 

Langton 
I  Halford 

Waugh 

Cockshutt 

Komi)ton 
j  I\Iarsh 
i  Atchcrley 
I  Gwj-une 
j  Bennett 

Malyn 

Richardson 
I  Gee 

Bowles 

]\Iilbourue 

ManscU 
|l{ider 


!•  S'.  Jno.  Coll. 


>  Caius  Coll, 


\-  C.  C.  C. 


Clare  Hall. 


X'.  Coll. 

Queens'. 
Magd.  Coll. 
Jesus  Coll. 

Peter  Honse. 

Pcm:  Hall. 
Eman :  Coll. 


M :  MercdiUi  Proc"".  Jun'' 


The  above    was   preserved    in    tlie    I^niversity   Registry    l>y    Mi 
Romillv,  who  savs  in  a  note  '  I  have  no  iiha  i>f  the  meaning  of  this." 


SG4  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

I  thiuk  his  attention  must  liiive  been  tlistnictccl  by  some  of  tlie 
freqiu'ut  interrn2)tions  to  wliicli  his  oflice  is  subject,  or  he  would 
speedily  have  conjectured  that  '  R '  stands  for  respondents,  '  O '  for 
opponents.  I  suppose  it  was  a  memorandum  taken  from  the  reports 
sujujlied  by  college-tutors  (see  above  p.  34)  for  the  guidance  of  the 
moderators  in  pitting  opponents  against  respondents  for  the  acts. 

All  the  names  above  the  lower  line  in  the  left-hand  column, 
twenty-six  in  number  {cf.  p.  48),  after  some  shuffling  in  order,  were 
dignified  with  a  place  on  the  fii'st  trijjos,  in  com.  prior. ;  all  these 
respondents  and  four  of  the  opponents  being  distinguished  as  the 
wranglers  of  the  year. 

'  Chaffin...Eman.  Coll.' is  W.  Chafin  whose  act  has  been  described 
(pp.  29,  30),  and  whose  name  appeared  among  the  (/7'atuitous  honorali 
of  his  year  (1753)  though  not  with  the  first  trio  of  them,  Rebow, 
Robinson  and  Amos. 

The  names  beginning  with  Moxon  (inclusive  of  those  in  the 
I'ight-hand  column)  afterwards  appeared  in  the  poll. 

t4.t  Those  to  which  an  inverted  obelisk  is  prefixed  are  erased 
in  the  origimd  ms.  Their  owners  mounted  up  to  be  jimior  optimes 
(in  Gomitiis  posterioribus),  which  IMr  Romilly  did  not  observe. 

The  following,  withovit  appearing  on  this  Junior  Proctor's  Paper, 
were  added  to  the  list  of  the  'poll.'     Were  they  bye-tenn  men? 

J,  Longe  Magd.  J.  CasLorne  Emnan. 

J.  Cradock      )  ^  ,,  J.  Hallam  }  ,,      ,  , 

E.Tyrwhitt    \^''''''  .I.Foster    (  ^^''''' 

R.  Sherman  Clare. 


THE  CAMBRIDGE  UNIVERSITY   CALENDAR. 

Although  a  complete  series  of  these  Calendars  is  not  very  com- 
monly to  be  found,  there  are  such  collections  in  the  University 
library  and  at  Peterhouse  and  Pembroke.  Dr  Edleston  of  Gainford 
also  possesses  a  set. 

The  first  issue  (like  a  few  of  the  subsequent  ones)  was  the  venture 
of  a  private  member  of  the  Univei'sity.     This  was  in 

1796.  Edited  by  G.  Mackenzie,  B.  A.,  Trin.,  pp.  190.  It 
commences  with  two  pages  on  the  Origin  of  the  University. 

1797.  By  J.  Beverley  (esquii-e  bedell),  pp.  248.  Mr  Romilly 
asciibes  this  also  to  Mackenzie. 

1798.  No  j)ublication. 

1799.  By  B.  C.  Raworth,  Trin.  Hall,  assisted  by  Ri.  Sill  and 
W.  Webb  of  Clare,  pp.  161  (purposelv  abridged). 

1800.  By  a  member  of  Trinity  Hall  [B.  C.  Raworth],  pp.  120. 

1801.  B.  C.  Raworth,  pp,  168.  Dedicated  to  Archd.  Gretton, 
Master  of  IMau'dalenc,  V.  C. 


APPENDIX   VII.      THE   CAMBRIDGE   CALENDARS.  3Go 

1802  (Feb.  15).  B,  C.  Raworth,  price  55.,  dedication  to  D.  of 
Gloster,  pp.  i — Iviii,  1 — 205,  index,  list  of  college  servants 
(Butlers,  Cooks,  Porters,  Chapel  Clerks,  Barbers,  Jips,  or  Bed- 
Makers,  favouring  the  dei'ivatiou  from  yvij/^  Master  of  the  Union 
Coffee  House),  List  of  London  Coaches.  This  Calendar  is  by  far 
the  most  entertaining,  by  reason  of  the  circumstantial  Introduction 
founded  upon  Jebb's  account  1773^.  Such  authorities  have  furnished 
much  information  for  this  present  compilation. 

In  the  'Advertisement'  prefixed  to  the  Calendar  for  1801  Raworth 
had  made  this  queer  refei'ence  to  Is.  Milner.  Complaining  that  he 
*  should  be  obliged  in  some  instances,  to  withhold  ani/  expression  of 
gratitude ' — he  continues, 

'  A  remark  of  this  sort  seemed  necessary  to  account  for  the 
laconicism  which  chai'acterises  the  statement  at  *  Queen's  college  in 
I>articular.  To  obviate  any  charge  of  inattention  the  Editor  feels 
himself  bound  thus  publicly  to  declare,  that  application  (he  believes) 
was  made  not  as  hitherto,  to  the  co/mmmicative  Vice-President 
[F.  Knipe,  B.D.],  but  to  the  highest  authority,  the  President;  from 
whom  (considering  his  usual  activity  in  University  A  fairs),  informa- 
tion was  confidently  expected.  A  reservedness  on  this  occasion, 
might  possibly  proceed  from  Indisposition.' 

'*  A  Librarian's  place  of  10£  per  annum  and  several  Scholarships... are  con- 
sidered as  amongst  the  number  of  Omissions.  For  the  truth  of  these  assertions 
the  Editor  has  however  no  authority  to  state,  and  less  inclination  to  make  any 
comments.     Such  is  the  report ! ' 

The  Calendar  for  1802  in  its  Advertisement  says:  '...Through 
the  polite  permission  of  the  Rev.  and  Right  Worshipful  the  Vice- 
Chancellor,  the  several  names  in  the  Triposes  have  been  again  com- 
pared with  the  Subscription  Book  in  his  possession ;  yet,  notwith- 
standing this  precaution,  the  capricious  manner  in  which  some  living 
Characters  have  therein  subscribed,  with  regard  to  the  spelling  of 
their  names,  renders  in  some  few  instances,  accui'acy  an  impossi- 
bility... 

' Fotir  well-known  Publications  have  been  freely  consulted... 

'  Our  Sister  University  having  done  us  the  honor  to  adopt  our 
Examinations  as  her  model,  and  to  publish  a  List  (though  incom- 
plete, the  Bachelors  being  omitted)  of  her  Graduates  ;  it  is  hoped  she 
will  soon  exhibit  as  fair,  candid  and  impartial  a  statement  of  her 
Colleges,  E7noluments  and  Honors  as  is  this  year  presented  of  the 
Univex'sity  of  Cambridge. 

'  Triaitij  Hall,  February 
15^  1802.' 

The  book  was  published  in  stiff  paper  boards,  bluish  grey,  bordered 
by  a  ninning  pattern  of  arrow-heads,  with  a  salmon-coloured  back,  in 
the  form  shewn  on  our  next  page,  only  with  a  height  (G^'  inches) 
which  our  procrustean  sheet  has   warped. 

1  Some   of   the    earliest   Calendars  ^  Works  ii.  285—299.     It  appeared 

contain  a  note  on  the  words  tripos  and       also  in  Cnmt.  Mmi.     i>\}Q  above,  pj).  33, 
harrisoph.  45. 


a 

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o 

tn 

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a 

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Is 

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IH 

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m 

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tsi     O     -s^     O 

3  u      a 


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fe^    E? 


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*5     ^   ^     S 
J3  O  -a    c» 


O 


55    .i 


w  ^ 


f-H 

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a 

03 

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t/2 

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CO 

O 

o 

tc 

o 

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■r; 

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Ph 

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■i-, 

m 

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r-t 

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.3  !^ 
^    o 


CiH     .« 


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cc 

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a: 

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'^ 

APPENDIX   VII.      THE   CAMBRIDGE  CALENDARS.  SO? 

1803.  'The  Cambridge  Univei'sity  Register... by  John  Beverk»v, 
M.A. — Cambridge :  printed  for  and  sold  by  tlie  Editor  and  by 
J.  Deighton,  Cambridge : '  also  Rivingtons,  Limn,  and  Hatchard. 
Printed  by  R.  Watts ;  pp.  i — viii,  1 — 206  ;  no  dedication ;  date, 
May  24.  Apology  for  late  api)earance.  Problem  papers  by  consent 
of  the  Moderatoi-s.  Wall's  Ceremonies  makes  it  unnecessary  to 
print  so  long  an  account  of  University  customs  as  in  1802,  except 
about  the  Schools  and  Senate  House. 

From  1802  onwards  there  is  a  pretty  full  account  of  the  pro- 
fessors. With  the  year  1804  the  name  of  the  publishers  (Deightons) 
takes  the  responsibility  of  the  production,  which  is  dedicated  to 
Pitt  and  the  E.  of  Euston ;  printed  at  the  Univ.  Press,  pp.  232. 
In  1801 — 25  the  cut  of  Alma  Mater  Cantabrigiae  and  the  motto 
'  Hinc  Lucem  et  Pocula  Sacra '  appears  on  the  title  and  boards. 
From  182G  to  1841  various  views  of  the  Senate-House  take  its 
place.  In  the  earliest  editions  the  Univ.  arms  are  engraved  on  the 
last  numbered  page  of  the  volume.  Until  the  middle  of  this  century 
there  is  nothing  which  can  be  fairly  called  a  kalendar  except  a 
list  of  the  chief  terminal  engagements,  fail's,  &c. 

With  the  year  1811  advertisements  of  Deigh ton's  mathematical 
publications  are  appended ;  in  181G  their  other  books  are  enumerated 
and  Life  Insurance  is  advertised.  In  1830  a  catalogue  of  Oxford 
University  Press  books  is  given. 

180G  contains  summaries  of  the  poll  for  representations  of  the 
University  in  parliament  in  1780,  1784,  1790,  1806.  Also  of 
members  of  the  University  and  of  the  Senate,    (pp.  295.) 

1807  refers  to  Pitt's  gait,  and  to  his  statue.  This  Calendar  con- 
tains a  meteorological  journal  for  the  year  1806,  registered  in  the 
University  library  at  2  p.m. 

1812  records  Pitt's  installation. 

The  lists  of  stage  coaches  appear  in  1802  and  regularly  precede 
the  index  from  1805 — 41.  But  in  1842  'the  list  of  coaches  is 
altogether  omitted,  as  owing  to  the  frequent  changes  in  the  time  of 
their  starting,  consequent  on  the  pi'ogress  of  the  different  railroads, 
&c.,  its  insertion  would  not  have  given  information  that  could  have 
been  depended  upon.'  There  is  an  advertisement  of  the  Post  Office 
in  Sidney  Street. 

1862.     Political  Economy  lectures  fully  noticed. 


APPENDIX  VIII. 

SPECIMENS  OF  ARGUMENTS,  &c.  OF  THE  QUESTIONISTS 

in  the  Schools  at  Cambridge, 

1772—1792. 

From  tlie  MSS.  in 
Gonville  and  Caius  College  Libraiy. 


THE   CAMBRIDGE  SCHOOLS. 

ARGUMENTS  AND  QUESTIONS,  AND  MODEEATORS'  NOTICES. 
1772—1792. 

When  a  part  of  the  foregoing  Compilation  was  already  in  the  press 
I  learnt  that  there  was  a  collection  of  '  Schools'  Arguments,'  &c. 
preserved  in  the  library  of  Gonville  and  Caius  College. 

If  this  had  been  discovered  a  few  weeks  earlier,  the  Reader 
should  have  been  spared  the  sight  of  the  imitation  which  has  been 
offered  above  (p.  3'J). 

As  through  the  kindness  of  the  College  officei's  it  is  now  in  my 
power  to  give  the  genuine  article,  an  account  of  the  aforesaid  collec- 
tion is  appended  in  this  place  with  specimens  of  its  contents. 

Blbl.  Coll.  Gonv.  <t-  Cai.  MS.     (a  thin  4to.) 
Contains, 

I.  About  two  dozen  papers  of  '  arguments '  or  sets  of  syllogisms 
(some  sets  filling  two  leaves)  1772-92. 

II.  Fourteen  notices  on  small  slips  of  paper  bearing  thi'ee  ques- 
tions (cp.  p.  35),  the  *  respondent's '  name  and  the  date  for  which  tlie 
'  act '  is  to  come  on.  These  do  not  bear  the  moderator's  signature, 
being  only  copies  to  be  served  on  one  of  three  opponents  by  whose 
names  thev  are  usuallv  '  backed.' 


APPENDIX   VIII.      schools'  ARGUMENTS.    17S2.  SfiO 

I.     SPECIMENS   OF  ARGUMENTS',   <tc. 
The  words  here  printed  in  italics  are  "wi-itten  compendiously  by 
symbols,  abbi'eviatioHS,  or  initials  only  in  the  original  niss. 

*  Quaestiones  Sunt 

Recte  statuit  Newtonus  in  octiivji  Sectione  Libri  primi. 
Methodus  Fluxiouum  recte  se  habet. 

Male  statuit  Berkleius,  Figuram  istam  quae  Tactu  et  istam  quae 
Oculo  percij)itur  nullam  inter  se  habere  similitudinem. 


[Probo]  Contra  pri/nam  [Quaestionem]. 

Si  vi  vai'iante  ut  A"'~\  F'cc  P^-A'\  cadit  qiuMstlo. 

Si  posito  indice  n  pari  numero  idem  evadat  valor  F^,  sive  P  sit  +, 
sive  — ,  hoc  est,  sive  corpus  a  finita  distantia  sive  a  distantia  plusquam 
infinita,  ut  vocatur,  descendat,  valent  consequentia  et  argtimentum. 

Probo  aliter : — 
Si   corpus   projectum   ad   angulum   rectum   velocitate   acquisita 
cadendo  ab  infinita  altitudine,  vi  oc  -3 ,    circuluni    describat,   cadit 

qtiaestio. 

Si  in  hoc  casu  nullum  sit  decrementum  distantiac,  valet  conse- 
quentia. 

Si  iffitur  area  ciu'vilinea  eique  aequalis  sector  circularis  descriptus 
evanescat,  hoc  est  corpus  nunquam  x*ecedat  a  puncto  projectionis, 
valent  consequentia  et  arr/umentum. 

Probo  aliter: — • 
Si  in  Spirali  reciproca  arcus  «  oc  - ,  ideoque  «  oc  -j ,  cadit  quaestio. 

Si  fluxio  temporis  t  semper  oc  z  x^,  in  hoc  casu  igitur  t'-x  x,  valet 
consequentia. 

Si  secundum  Newtonum  t  -x  x  x  —r==^z==  ,  valet  consequentia. 
jAJiFD-^ 

Si  vero  JABFD  -  z^  non  sit  constansQuantitas,t?afeni  consequentia 
et  wrguirwntum. 

1  Compare  the  specimen,  &c.  on  p.       succinct  explanation. 

39.     In  the  note  2  at  the  foot  of  that  ,    .     j    .w              .» 

t  ,         ,1              1  I      •        .1         1  (antecedent)  (consennent) 

page  I  fear  the  word    minor  has  been  jf  ^  if,  /j^       q  \^  D... Major  rremi<!. 

used  incorrectlj'.      Also   it  would  be  /I  is  i? Minor  Promis. 

more   correct  to  say  that  the  proper  ._  ^^^  jg  jy        '  ''     Conclusion. 

meaning  of  consequentia  being  for- 
gotten it  was  sometimes  used  loosely  The  connexion  between  the  Conchi- 
for  consenuem^.  In  the  latter  days  of  sion  and  Premises  is  called  the  com,-- 
the  'schools'  there  was  considerable  (7»«'H/i(T,or  in  a  Hypothetical  Syllogism 
carelessness  or  ignorance  of  the  termi-  the  term  is  also  used  of  the  connexion 
nulogy  displayed.  Professor  Fowler  between  the  Antecedent  and  Con.>e- 
has    kindly   furnished    the    following  qucnt  of  the  Major  Preuiis. 

W.  ^-^ 


370  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

I'roho  ((liter : — 
Si  positu  quod  corpus  Jescribit  seuiicix'culuin  ad  centrum  viriu)ii 

■xi/  -■  ■  .  /       ,  cadit  quaestio. 

2     ' 

Si  igitur  fluxio  temporis  t  =  — — ^ ,  vakt  conseqiientia. 

2fJ(i  —  X 

Si  distincta  hac  fluxione  in  duas  partes  fiat 
X  J  a'  —  x^  a*  X 

valet  co7isequentia. 

Si  diviscl  etiam  area  VCI  tempus  repraesentantc  in  duas  partes, 
quorum  altera  est  sector  circularis,  altera  trianguluni,  fluxio  sectoris 
sit  aequalis  parti  ultimae  hujus  expositae  fluxion  is,  fluxio  autem 
triajiguli  non  sit  aequalis  parti  primae,  valent  consequentia  et  argu- 
ment um. 

Proho  aliter : — 

Si  aequatio  ad  Apsides  sit  hiijusce  formulae  o;"''^  -  ax'  +  6  =  0,  cadit 
quaestio. 

Si  posito  ?i  +  3  numero  imparl  negativo,  et  P  maxinui  distantia 
plusquam  infinita,  fiat  liaec  aequatio  liujusce  formulae 

x"  -  ca;™"^  +  d  =  0, 
valet  consequentia. 

Si  liaec  aequatio  duas  liabeat  possibiles  radices  affirmativas,  valent 
consequentia  et  argumentam\ 

[Probo]  Contra  Secundam  [Quaestionem]. 

Si  crescente  x  uniformiter  crescat  x^  accelerato  motu,  cadit  qnaestio. 
Si  totum  incrementum  x^  aequetxir  iucremento  genito  velucitiite 

1  The  Caius  collection  contains  an-  tcrtio  Propositionis  quadragesimae  pri- 

uther  paper  of  four  argiiments  against  inae  in  spirali  ElHpticn,  angiihun  de- 

Newkm  i.  8.,  viz,  the  1st  and  2iid  of  scriptum  a  Corpore  in  Trajectoria  pro- 

the  above  repeated  and  two  others  as  ijortionalem  esse  sen  in  data  Ratione 

follows: —  ad  Sectorem  FAUpticiim  sen  ad  aixju- 

'  Si  Equatio  Apsidmn  cum  corpus  lum   corresjioudentem   CirciUi,    posito 

projiciatur   cum  Vclocitate    per   plus-  qu5d  Secans  hujusce  posterioris  aHr/i/Zj 

quam   Injinitam   Distantiam   cadendo  distautiae  semper   sit  aequalis,  cadit 

acquisitum  (!)  sit  hujusce  formulae  quaestio. 

a;n+3  +  ax^-b  =  0,  cadit  quaestio  Si  posita  hac  Eatione  2  :  1  distantia 

ra.«-H3  ■  ,,n+ia.a  _  „n+i  ,  ^n+i    o2-01  corporis  a  centro  fiat  mfinita  quando 

IX      +p     X     p      +a       ,3  -uj.  j^  Trajectoria  perfecerit  duos  rectos, 

Si  posito  n=  -  3  haec  Equatio  fiat  ralet  cousequentia. 

m2  .Si  ad  huuc  aiKiulum  distantia  fiat 

a:^  -  1  ^-  ;^  •  2  =0.  vcdct  consequentia.  Cm-vae  aspuptotos,  igiturque  Velocitas 

„.       ,       T-i       x-  -i   A  finita  ad  infiuitam  Distantiam  sit  ad 

Si  ex  hac  Equations  semper  Bit  A].-  j^,,,^,^.;,„,,,„  g^jtam  ad  finitam  Distan- 

sis,  valent  consequentia  et  anjumentum .  ^.,^^^^  .^^  j^^^j^^^^  -^g^^i^,  ^^„^.^  ^,^,^^^^ 

Proho  Aliter:  eonsequoitia  et  arinmicntum.' 

Si    sumat   Ncwtonus    in    Corolla riu 


APPENDIX   VIII.      schools'   ARGUMENTS,    1782.  871 

prima  unifbrmi  +  mcremeutum '  genitum  acceleratione  sola,  valet  coa- 
sequenlia. 

Si  liaec  incrementa  sint  fluxiones,  prima  et  secunda,  ideoque  per 
methodum  fluxipuum  totum  incremeutum  x-  =  2.xx  +  ^jf  vaUnt  con- 
sequentia  et  argumentum. 

Proho  aliter : — 
Si  fluxio  areae  hyperbolicae  inter  1  et  1  +  a;  contentae,  vol  fiuxio 
logarithmi  1  +  x,  sit  aequalis  ■  '"     ,  cculit  quaestio. 

Si  Mc  in  serie  infinita   extenso   et  siimptu  fluenti,   fiat   fluens 
x^     x^ 
.'K  —  ^  +  —  —  et  cetera,  valet  consequentia. 

Si  eodem  modo  iuventa  fluens  :; fiat  -x  +  't  -  —  +  ....  valH 

l-x  2      3         ' 

co)isequentia. 

Si  igitur  siimpto  x  ex  utraqne  parte  1,  areae  hyperbolicae  inter 

ordinatas   ad  tria   ista  piincta  ductas  contentae,  sint  aequales  :  vel 

quod  idem  est  Ratio  1  -  x  :  1  sit  aequalis  Rationi  1:1+  a',  vaknt 

consequentia  et  argumentum. 

[Probo]  Contra  Tertlam  [Quaestionem]. 

Si  in  pictura  lineae  inter  se  parallelae  repraesententur  lineis  ad 
punctuiu  quodvis  convergentibus,  cadit  quaestio. 

Si  uota  sit  talium  linearum  proprieta,  quods  iitpote  ex  diversa 
parte  eas  spectes,  nunc  pror.sum  nunc  retrorsiini  videntur  convergere, 
valet  consequentia. 

Si  igitur  hae  lineae,  mutato  loco  dissimiles  figuras  ad  ociilos, 
similem  vero  semper  figuram  ad  tactum  repraesentent,  valent  con- 
sequentia et  argumentum. 

WoUaston,  Sid.  Coll.  Opponat  primus.    Wilson,  Trin.  Coll.  Respondeat. 

Oct^  30,  1782.  Gambier,  Sid.  Coll.  0pp.  2. 

7.  3£ilner,  Mod'.  JIasseg,  Coll.  D.  Job.  0pp.  3.' 


The  above  are  the  arguments  which  F.  J.  H.  WoUaston,  who 
came  out  senior  wrangler  in  1783  (and  was  Jacksonian  professor 
1792-1813)  brought  against  Matthew  Wilson  of  Trinity  (aegrotat  in 
the  first  class)  when  he  kept  his  act  under  Milner  of  Queens'  the 
senior  moderator.  It  will  be  observed  that  as  first  o|)ponent  he 
brought  only  five  '  arguments  '  against  the  ^first  '  question ' ;  but  two 
against  the  second,  and  one  against  the  third  to  make  up  the  usual 
eight.     (See  above  pp.  37,  38). 

Our  next  selection  introduces  Joseph  Watson  (al.so  of  Sidnov) 
who  was  destined  to  be  third  wrangler  in  1785  and  fellow  of  hi.s 
college,  posing  Sewcll  of  Christ's  who  seems  to  have  taken  no  degree. 
He  was  to  be  followed  on  the  same  side  Ijy  Lax  of  Trinity  (the  senior 
wrangler,  subsequently  moderator)  who  when  keeping  one  of  his  own 

1  The    symbol  +  scorns   already    to       the  genders  and   terminations  in  the 
have  become  prepositional.     However       MS.  are  hardly  cla-sicul. 

21—2 


372  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

acts  on  another  occasion,  at  an  interval  of  a  few  weeks  perliaps,  met 
in  Watson  Iiis  own  0]i})onent. 

'  Quaestiones  Sunt. 

(1)     Solis    Pavallaxis    ope  Veneris  intra   Solcm  conspiciendae  a 
Metliotlo  Halleii  recte  determinari  potest, 

(!')     Rccte  statnit  Newtonus  in  tertia  sua  Sectlone  libri  priiui. 

{?))     Diversis  sensibus  non  ingrediuntur  Ideae  communes. 


[Probo]  Contra  primam  [Quaestionem]. 

Si  asserat  Halleius  Venerem  cum  Soli  sit  proxima  Londini  visam, 
a  centro  Solis  quatuor  niinutis  primis  distare,  caiUt  fpinesfio. 

Si  in  Scliemate  posuit  semitam  Veneris  ad  os  Gangeticum  quatuor 
etiam  minutis  primis  distare,  valet  co^isequentia. 

Si  spectatoribus  positis  in  diversis  paralldis  Latitudinis  non 
eadcm  appareat  distantia  atque  non  licet  eandem  visil)ilem  sumei'e 
di.stantiam  in  liisce  duobus  locis,  valent  consequentia  et  argumeatuiu. 

Aliter : 

Si  in  Figiira  Halleiana  centrum  Solis  correspondeat  cum  loco 
Spectatoris  in  Tellure,  cadit  quaestio. 

Si  locus  centri  Solis  a  vero  centro  amoti  ob  motum  Spectatoris  fit 
curva  linea,  valet  conseqiientia. 

Si  composito  motu  Veneris  uniformi  in  recta  linea  cum  motu 
Solari  in  curva  linea  fit  Semita  Veneris  in  disco  Solis  curva  linen, 
valet  conseq^ientia. 

Si  Longitudo  hujusce  lineae  non  rect^  determinari  potest,  valent 
consequentia  et  arguvientum. 

Aliter : 

Si  Spectatori  ad  os  Gangeticum  posito  ob  terrae  motum  motui 
Veneris  contrarium  coutrahatur  transitus  tenipus  integrum,  cadit 
quaestio. 

Si  assumat  Halleius  cont)"actionem  banc  duodecira  minutis 
primis  temporis  oequalem,  et  deiude  liuic  Hypotliesi  insistendo 
eidem  tempori  aequalem  probat,  valent  consequentia  et  arguvientum. 

Aliter  : 

Si  posuit  Halleius  eandem  visibilem  semitam  Veneris  per  Discum 
Solarem  ad  os  Gangeticum  et  portum  Nelsoni,  et  banc  semitam 
dividat  in  aequalia  boraria  S])atia,  cadit  quaestio. 

Si  motus  horai'ius  Veneris  acceleratur  vel  retardatur  per  motum 
totum  Spectatoris  in  medio  transitu,  qui)  magis  autem  distat,  minus 
acceleratur  vel  retardatur,  valet  consequentia. 

Si  igitur  ob  motum  Veneris  acceleratum  ad  os  Gangeticum  et 
i"etardatum  ad  portum  Nelsoni  hi  motus  non  debent  representari 
per  idem  spatium,  valent  conseqiientia  et  arguvientum. 

Aliter : 

Si  seciindum  constructionem  Halleianam  spectatori  ad  portum 
Nelsoni,  posito  tem))ore  extensionis  ninjore,  major  etiam  tit  ti'ansitus 
duratio,  cadit  qaaestiv. 


APPENDIX   VIII.      schools'   ARGUMENTS,    1784   &C.         373 

Si  secundum  eaudem  constructionem  posito  quod  Spectatori  iid  oa 
Giiugeticura  tenij)us  contnictiuuis  niajus  .sit  duodecim  luiuutis  priiuis, 
evadat  tein])us  duratioiiis  iiiajus  etiam,  valet  consequent  in. 

!Si  hae  duae  conclusionea  inter  se  puguent,  valeat  couseqiieutia  ct 
aryunientum. 

[Pi'obo]  Contra  Secundam  [Quaestionem]. 

Si  vis  in  Parabola  ad  Infiaitam  Distantiam  sit  infinitesimal  is 
secundi  ordinis,  cadit  qiKtestio. 

Si  Vis  sit  F'"  [or  K";  ?  variabilis,  or  vertical's]  igitnnpic  nd 
infiuitam  distantiam  sit  intiuitesinialis  (juarti  Ordinis,  valent  con- 
seq/tentia  et  aryuiaentam. 

Aliter : 

Si  Velocitates  ad  Exti'emitates  axium  minorum  diversarum  Elli'  - 
siura  quarum  Latei'a  recta  aequantur  sint  inter  se  inverse  ut  Axes 
minores,  cadit  quaestio. 

Si  Locus  Extremitatum  omnium  Axium  minorum  sit  Paral)ula, 
valet  consequentia. 

Si  Velocitas  corporis  rovolventis  in  ista  Parabola  sit  ad  Velocitateni 
ad  mediam  distantiam  correspondentis  Ellipseos  ut  ^2  :  1,  valet 
consequentia. 

Si  Velocitas  in  Parabola  sit  inverse  ut  Ordinata,  valent  cojisequudia 
et  arc/ten lentum. 

[Probo]  Contra  Tertiam  [Quaestionem] : 

Aut  Cadit  tua  Quaestio  aut  non  possibile  est  hominem  ab 
ineunte  aetate  caecum  et  jam  adidtum  visum  recipientem  A'isu 
dignoscere  posse  id  quod  tangendo  priiis  solummodo  dignosccbat.  Sed 
poss.  &c. 

Si  eadem  Ratio  quae  prius  eum  docebat  dignoscere  tangendo  inter 
Cubum  et  Globum  eum  etiam  docebit  intuendo  recte  dignoscere, 
valent  minor  et  argimientum. 

Feb.  20.  1784  Sewell  A''»  Eespond. 

Watson  V  Opp^         Lax  Trin.  2^  Opj). 

Kiley  S*:  John's  3'.'  0pp.' 


"We  will  add  in  conclusion  a  specimen  from  the  days  when  the 
'  moi-al  '  (piestion  (cp.  p]).  37,  40)  was  the  most  insisted  on. 

After  o?ie  argument  against  Maclaui'in  cap.  ill.  sectt.  1 — 8,  11  — 
22  ;  on  ])ulleys,  there  follow  those  against  the  second  question  '  Kecte 
statuit  Paleius  de  Criminibus  et  Poenis ' — there  is  no  third  question 
on  the  paper  unless  the  sections  from  Maclaurin  counted  as  two. 

^ Probo  aliter^  contra  secundam. 

Si,  qui  Facinus  in  ne  admittit,  Poenas  isti  Facinori  adjudicatas 
pendere  debet',  cadit  qiiaestio. 

^  aUter:  I  suppose  that  the  owner  of  ^  dhrt.  as  a  matter  of  abstract  justice 

this  paper  was  not  \Aic  first  oppoueut.        visitin;,'  inherent  guilt.     Valetfn  view 


374  UNIVEllSITY   STUDIES. 

Si,  Criminis  parti cps  aequl'  culptibiliss  est  ac  qui  Ci-inien  pcr- 
petrat,  valcA  co7iseqa('7itta. 

Si,  vero  secundum  Palcium,  qui  primus  Aedes  alifuas  Furti 
Causa  intrat  majores  hoc  ipso  Facto  meruit  Poenas,  valent  conae- 
quentia  et  argumentum. 

Proho  ((liter: 

Si,  cominuni  Bono  potius  quam  Commodis  privatis  consulcndum 
sit,  cadlt  quaestio. 

Si,  vita  alteiius'  est  omnibus  (al.  Civitati)  commune  Bonum, 
valet  consequentia. 

Si,  exiiide  sequitur  quod  non  debent  malefacientes  mortem 
unquam  subire,  valent  coaseqiieidia  et  aryiuiientuni. 

Proho  aliter  : 

Si  qui  in  Insidiis  incidiint  non  debent  aeque  multari  ac  si  quid 
Mali  ulti'O  fecissent,  cadit  quaestio. 

Si,  quo  m:tjore  facilitate  malefaciunt,  eo  gravioribus  Suppliciis 
plectuntur  Homines,  ^xdet  consequentia. 

Si,  secundum  Paleium,  qui  ea  quae  Furti  sunt  obnoxia  surripiunt, 
Moi-ti  Jure  daranantur,  qui  vero  saepe  ptjorag  faciuut  levius  puni- 
untur,  valent  consequentia  et  argumerduni. 

gPerjurum  nimirum  numella.^  includunt  quod  Ignominium  so- 
lum afFert.  Mortis  vero  supplicium  non  solum  infert  Igno- 
minium (sic)  sed  efciam  Vitae  Privatiouem.' 

II.     NAMES  OF  THE  DISPUTANTS. 

*  The  asterisks  denote  fellows  of  colleges. 

Respondent  Opponents 

,   l'^^!-  ,    0.  Bucklaud,  Ski.         !  (''^'""\ 
(Nov.  27)  \  noinina) 

i-rnrt  T^   TT  •        /->  ( *Mout.  F.  Ainsley,  Trin.,  3'''' wran  :ler. 

17S0.  E.  Moises,  On.  Um   /-,  xj.        t  i     A,h  i       +  * 

,„       o,i\         14.  1  '    T.  Cattou,  Joh.,  4"'  wrauffk-r,  tutor. 

(Nov.  2'J)         last  wrangler.  I*k    -itr     t  \,      l    nth  I 

^  '  ^  (*A.  VYOod,  Magd.,  6'"  sen.  opt. 

!*F.  J.  H.  WoUa-ton,  Sid.,  senior  wrangler, 
Jacksouiau  Prof. 
J.  E.  Gauibier,  Sid. 
Roger  Masaey,  Joh. ,  last  wrangler. 
-  „    ,  ( *Jo.  Watson,  Sid.,  3""'*  wrangler. 

/T-  1    ..m     W.  Sewell,  Chr.  \*\N.  Lax,  Trin.,  senior •,  LowuJ.  Trof. 

(^^■^-  -^)  I  *m.  Kiley,  Joh.,  b^^ 

was  that  punislimcnts  are  merely  con-  Greek    quotations    spelt    in    western 

ventioual  securities  for  social  or  poli-  characters,  for  the  convenience  of  any 

tical  convenience,  who  should  asjnre  to  the  B.D.  degree 

1  There   are,    or    there   were    until  with  '  small  latiu  and  less  gi-eek.' 

lately,  preserved  in  a  college  at  Oxford  ^  Xnmella,  the  pillory,  was  the  sta- 

certain  traditional  theses  for  common  tuteable    punishment   for    perjury,    a 

use  in  the  Divinity  Schools,  through-  more  serious  offence  (it  is  urged)  than 

out  which  compositions  the  qitantilics  some  which  were  in  those  days  visited 

of   all    ivords   were  viarkcd   and   the  with  capital  punishment. 


APPENDIX   VIII.      NAMES   OF   DISPUTANTS. 


375 


*W.  Lax,  Tr!n. 
(     ?  ?      )        Bcuior  wrangler,  &c, 

1791.     *T.  AUsopp,  Emm. 
(Nov.  15)         ll'"*  wraugler. 

,,  Ja.  Stanley,  Pet. 

(Nov.  18)        '  woodeu-spoou*. 

„  F.  C.  Wilson,  Trin. 

(Nov.  28)        3'"''  wrangler. 


|*.Jo.  Watson,  Sid.,  3"^  wrangler. 

j*Eilm.  Stanger,  Joh.,  6"' . 

( *  J.  Bourdieu,  Clare,  T^ . 

(?Jos.  Hargi-ave,  Magd. 

\  W.  Meyrick,  Joh. 

i  E.  Cutbbert,  Jes.,  10"'  senior  opt. 

R.  G.  BUck,  Pet. 

J.  Pepper,  Jcx. 

.Jonath.  Alderson,  Pemb. 

*E.  Maltbv,  Pe/nbr., 8"' wrangler,  Bp.  Durham. 

'T.  Jack,Vo/(.,  4"^ 


*G.  F.  Tavel,  Trin. 
(Dec.  1)         2'"'  wraugler,  tutor. 

„  Ja.  Legrew,  Joh. 

(Dec.  13)         last  wraugler. 

W.  Turner,  Chr. 
(Dec.  1-1)         12"'  senior  opt. 

(Dec'.'  15)     ■  ^-  ^^^"'  J""-'  ^^*'•• 

1792.     *Godf.  Sykes,  Sid. 
(Feb.  6.)  lO""  wrangler. 

,,         *W.  Manning,  Cains, 
(Mar.  8)  9."'  wrangler. 

This  was  ajipareutly  a 
provisional  memorandum, 
from  which  the  moderator 
selected  Deacon,  Heming, 
and  Belcher  as  opponents. 

,,  T.  Fancourt,  Qn. 

(Mar.  19)        S"*  senior  optim, 

„         'J.  JMaul,  Chr. 
(Mar.  20)        16"'  wraugler,  tutor. 

T.  Fox,  Cath. 
(Mar.  21)        last  wrangler. 


( 


*C.  Heberden,  Joh. 
.         13"'  wrangler, 
'        Beuior  medallist. 


*T.  AUsopp,  Emm.,  11"> . 

T.  Chcvallier,  Pemb.,  14'''  senior  opt. 

*Jo.  Allen,  Trin.,  T^  wrangler,  Bp.  Ely. 

*E.  Maltby,  Pembr.,  8"' ,  Bp.  Durham. 

(*J.  Cubitt,  Caius,  8""  senior  opt. 

^   T.  Woodcock,  Sid.  (&  Cath.),  15""  wrangler. 

(*T.  Comings,  Trin.,  5"*  wrangler, 

(   J.  H.  S.  Cary,  Chr. ,  14"*  wrangler. 

<.  Adams, 

(  Is.  Nicholson,  Qu.,  6"'  senior  opt. 

!J.  Dickson  (  =  Dixon),  Qu, 
C.  Mules,  Cath. 
Ja.  Allison,  Joh. 

iPaul  Belcher,  Joh.,  12"*  senior  opt. 
J.  Peers,  Magd.,  5"'  wrangler. 
J,  Hepworth,  Caius,  aegi'utat  in  class  1. 

?.  Deacon, ?. 

*T.  Dickes,  Jes.,  11"»  wrangler. 
*S.  B.  Hemming,  Joh.  &  Cai. 
*C.  Isherwood,  Magd.,  5"'  wrangler 

H.  Scott,  Pemb.,  y^  senior  opt. 

Paul  Belcher,  Joh. ,  12"'  sen.  ojjt.  B'"''! 

'*H.  Atkinson,  Caius,  6""  senior  opt. 
*J.  G.  Perigall,  Pet.,  4"'  junior  opt. 

Mountain,  Corpus.  (?  =  S.  J.  M.  Caius.) 
(*T.  Dickes,  Jes.,  11"*  wrangler. 

*H.  Hasted,  Chr.,  G"' . 

!   W.  W.  Cmrcy,  Qu. 
[   Paul  Belcher,  Joh.,  12"'  senior  opt. 
*C.  Isherwood,  Magd.,  15"' wrangler. 
*G.  Grigby,  Ca/iw,  2"'^  senior  opt. 
T.  T.  Fenwicke,  .Joh.,  4"'  wrangler. 

'  J.  Maule,  Chr.,  16"' ,  tutor. 

C.  H.  Wollastou,  Sid.,  14"' . 


The  following  is  a  list  of  the  theses  m*  questions  mooted,  in  the 
Caius  collection,  so  far  as  they  can  be  easily  ascertaineil.  It  will  give 
a  fair  specimen  of  the  siihjects  argued  in  the  Camhridge  art.s  or 
philosophy  'schools'  in  the  last  quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

From  Xeioton^s  Principia,  Book  i,  Section.?  i ;  ii  and  iii  (1791) ; 
iii  alone  (1784,  1792);  vii  1791  etc.;  viii  1782,  1791  itc.  ;  xii  Prop-. 
1_5  1  780  ; Prop'.  .39,  40  ;  6G  and  six  foil,  coroll";  OG  and  seven- 
teen coroll."  1780.     Bonk  ii.  Prop.  34  (n.  d). 


370  UXIVEIISITY   STUDIES. 

From  Cotes  Prop.  1  &c. ;  Centripetal  force;  five  trajectories  1701. 

Parabola  of  projection  1791. 

Jlalkyn  determination  of  the  Solar  Pai-allax  1784. 

Correction  of  tlie  aV)erration  of  ray.s  by  Conic  Sections. 

Tlio  method  of  Fluxions. 

Smith  de  focalibus  distantibus. 

Maclanrin  Q?i\).  lii.  Sectt.  1 — 8,  11 — 22. 

Morgan  on  Mechanical  forces ;  on  the  Inclined  Plane. 

Hamilton  on  Vaponr. 

Berkeley  on  Sight  and  Touch  1782, 

Montesquieu  Laws  i.  1.  1791. 

From  Locke  Faith  and  Reason  1771  ;  Can  matter  think  ]  1780; 
Signification  of  Words  vol.  ii.  chh.  1,  2. 

WoUaston  sec.  2.     On  Happiness. 

From  Foley  On  Penalties;  On  Happiness  1791;  On  Promises 
1792. 

Fi-ee  Press  1771. 

Imprisonment  for  Debt. 

Duelling. 

Slave  Trade. 

Common  Ideas  do  not  enter  by  different  Senses,  1784. 

Composite  Ideas  have  no  absolute  existence. 

Immortality  of  the  Soul  may  be  inferred  by  the  light  of  nature 
(two  years).     But  no  more  than  that  of  other  animals  (once). 

The  Soul  is  Immatei'ial. 

Omnia  nostra  de  causa  facimus. 


APPENDIX    IX. 


BRIEF   ANNALS 

OF   THE 

CAMBEIDGE   UNIVEESITY   PRESS. 


A  CHEONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF   CLASSICAL  AND   OTHER    WORKS 

PKODUCED     CHIEFLY    AT    THE     UNR^ESITIES 

OE  BY   MEN   OF   UNI\T2RSITY  EDUCATION 

IN   THE    18th   CENTURY. 

THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS. 

Before  coming  to  our  chronological  list  (such  as  it  is)  of  classical 
and  other  books  printed  at  the  Universities  and  elsewhere,  I  will  j)ut 
together  a  few  notes  relating  to  the  Uxiversity  Press  which  have 
occurred  in  the  course  of  my  investigations,  as  any  adequate  account 
of  this  institution  is  still  a  desideratum,  and  materials  for  such  a 
sketch  are  scattered,  if  not  scanty. 

Edmund  Carter  in  his  Hist,  of  Camb.  p.  467  (1753),  having 
thrown  out  a  hint  that  Caxton  (whom  he  calls  a  native  of  Cani])ridg<;- 
shire)  might  have  erected  a  i)ress  here,  states  that  '  tlie  tirst  Book  we 
find  an  Account  of,  that  was  Prijitetl  here,  is  a  Piece  of  L'/ieton'c, 
by  one  G'nU.  de  ISaona,  a  Minorite;  Printed  at  Cambridge  147)^  ; 
given  by  Archbp.  Parker  to  Bemiet  College  Library.  It  is  in  Folio, 
the  Pages  not  Numbered,  and  without  Ketch  \Yord,  or  Signatures.' 

This  statement  has  been  shewn  to  be  fiUacious.  Not  only  was 
Caxton  on  his  own  testimony  a  man  of  Kent,  but  this  Klietoiica 
Nova  though  *  Com]ulatum  ...  in  alma  Universitate  Cantabrigie, 
Anno  Domini  1478",'  was  '  Impressum  ...  apud  Villam  Sancti 
Albani,  Anno  Domini  14H0 '.' 

While  therefore  we  acknowledge  that  a  printed  book  was  pro- 
duced at  Mentz  in  1457,  at  Westminster  in  1477,  at  Paris  in  1470, 

1  In  1480  (G.  Nov.)  it  was  forbidlon  In  1510  Wynkj-n  deWordo  printed  in 

by  statute  for  the  kcfper  of  i\w.  Cnnili.  London  liohnti  Allijiiiilon  0.\«nicnsi.>, 

I^niv.  Chest  to  accejit  books  printrd  i>r  Soi)liixmiitii  rum  conxniuritliis:  in  Ubuni 

vritten  on  paper  as  a  cautiti)i  or  pledj.;"'.  sdiolae  Cautabriyieuhis, 
(('ooper's  AiuKth,  i.  221.) 


378  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

and  at  Oxford  in  1478',  Caiubridgo  must  fall  back  upon  Carter's 
next  ])aragra|)h. 

'  There  was  one  John  Sihert,  a  Printer  at  Lyons,  in  the  year  1498  ; 
who  Probably  was  the  John  Sibcrcli  that  Settled  here,  and  stiled 
himself  the  First  iu  England'^  that  printed  both  (Jreek  and  Lntin.'' 

It  does  not  ap])ear  that  he  printed  any  Vjook  here  entirely  in 
Greek  character,  lie  was  a  friend  of  Erasmus,  who  mentions  him 
and  his  brother  Nicholas  in  a  letter  written  to  Aldrich  (afterwards 
Bp.  of  Carlisle)  from  Bale  25  Dec.  1525.  Croke  who  lectured  in 
greek  is  said  to  have  brought  him  over.  Siberch  printed  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1521  (with  the  royal  arms) 

Oilen  dc  TcmperamrntiK,  translated  by  Linaere, 

A'op.  Baldicin  de  Sacramento  altaris.    (Triu.  Coll.  Lib.  G.  8. 15.) 

Oratin  ad  Card.    Wolscium  per  H.  Bullock^,  cum  annotntionihns  mnrfjinnlibus. 

Cautabrigiae,  per  Joanuem  Siberch.    (4to.  S.  .John's  Coll.  Lib.  S.  3.  (1).) 
Erasmus  de  conscribendis  epistolis.     Cantabr.  Meuse  Octobri. 

Watt  recoi'ds  three  other  books  under  Sibert's  name  in  this  same 
year,  and  one  (Papyrii  Gemini  Eleatis  Hermathena)  in  the  next. 
Mr  Cooper  {Annals  i.  304)  says  that  he  pi'inted  two  books  in  1522. 

No  books  of  Siberch  appear  after  1522.  Seven  or  eight  year.s 
later  the  proctors'  accounts  mention  proceedings  against  one  Sygar 
Nicholson  of  Gonville  hall,  stationer  of  Cambridge,  for  harbouring 
lutheran  books ;  and  faggots  for  burning  them  cost  the  university  a 
groat *.  About  the  same  time,  in  the  year  1529,  the  univei'sity  j^etitioned 
Wolsey  in  the  interest  of  sound  doctrine,  to  procure  the  royal  licence 
for  thi'ee  booksellers,  men  of  reputation,  gravity,  and  foreigners 
(under  the  pi-ovision  29  Ric.  III.  c.  9),  who  might  value  books 
properly  and  import  foreign  publications.  In  1530  (4  May)  the  king 
summoned  to  London  twelve  commissioners  from  each  university 
to  consider  the  propriety  of  licensing  certain  theological  works  ^ 

In  1534  (20  July)  the  King  by  letters  patent  licensed  the  uni- 
vei'sity  to  elect  from  time  to  time  three  stationers  and  printers  who 
were  to  reside  and  to  print  and  sell  books  licensed  by  the  Chancellor 
and  his  vicegerent  or  three  doctors.  Accordingly  Nicholas  Speryng, 
Garrot  Godfrey  and  Segar  Nycholson  were  appointed*'. 

Nevertheless  we  find  no  record  of  any  book  priirted  after  the 
days  of  Siberch  1522  till  the  year  1584^.  At  Oxford  there  was  a 
still  longer  cessation  (1519  to  1585).  And  at  Cambridge  it  is  said 
that  the  Stationers'  Company  on  some  complaint  of  privilege  seized 
the  university  printing-press. 

^  Bowyer  aud  Dyer  pleaded  for  the  ^  AnnaU,  i.  342 — 3. 

correctness  of  the  date  mcccclxviii.  ou  '">  Ibid.    i.    368 — 9.      Fuller    {Hist. 

Jerome's  Exposicio  in  Simbohim,  but  Cavib.  %  4)  on  the  authority  of  Coke 

S.  W.  Singer's  tract  has  confirmed  the  asserts  that  '  This  University  of  Cam- 

opiuiou  of  Couyers  Middletou.  bridge  hath  power  to  print  within  the 

-  '  Jo.  Siberch  primus  utriusque  lin-  same  "  omues"  and  "  omuimodos  h- 

guae  in  Anglia  impressor.'  hros" ;  which  the  University  of  Oxford 

3  The  Bovillus  of  Erasmus,  fellow  of  hath  not.' 

Queens'  about  1506.  7  pycr,  Suppl.  Hist.  Camb.=Privil. 

•*  Cooper's  Annals,  i.  329.     Alhenae  ii.  fascic.  iii.  j;.  17. 
I.  51. 


APPENDIX   IX.      THE   CAMBRIDGE  PRESS,   1521—88.       370 

When  Ro.  Wakefield  migi'atecl  from  Cambridge  to  Oxford  and 
delivered  liebrew  lectures,  his  oration  de  utUitate  linynae  arahlote 
et  hebraicae  was  printed,  in  1524,  not  at  either  university  but  in 
London  by  Wynkyn  de  Vforde,  and  even  there  a  third  was  omitted 
for  lack  of  hebrew  type  :  what  he  had  was  cut  on  wood. 

In  1577  (18  July)  lord  Burleigh  wrote'  to  discourage  our 
authorities  who  were  ])roposing  to  employ  Kingston  (a  Loudon 
printer)  under  academical  privileges  to  print  psalters,  prayerbooks, 
and  other  english  books  in  spite  of  the  royal  patents  of  W.  Seres, 
E,i.  Jugge,  J.  Day,  &c.  He  thought,  however,  that  they  might 
employ  a  man  on  schools'  notices,  &c.  3  May  1582  Thomas  Thomas 
(Thomasius,  called  '  that  Puritan  Cambridge  printer '  by  Penry, 
Martin  Marprelate  Ep.  i.)  was  licensed  sole  printer  at  Cambridge. 
He  was  fellow  of  King's.  While  he  was  engaged  on  a  book  of 
Whitaker's  and  had  other  works  announced,  the  press,  «fec.  was  seized 
by  the  Stationers'  Company  of  London  ^  After  some  overtures  for 
conference  aud  arbitration  in  the  summer  of  1583,  lord  Burleigh 
inspected  the  charter  and  gave  his  protection  to  the  univensity 
printer  in  March  (i  1583-4:).  About  the  same  period  the  nnivei-sity 
authoi-ities  made  regulations  respecting  booksellers,  bookbinders  and 
stationers  at  Cambridge. 

The  following  books  printed  at  Cambridge  by  Thomas  are  in 
Trinity  College  library. 

Yves  Eouspeau  and  John  De  I'Espine.  Two  Treatises  of  the  Lord  his  holio 
Supper.     Translated  from  the  French,  small  8vo.     1584.    [H.  2.  26.] 

An  Exposition  upon  certain  chapters  of  Nehemiah.  ByBp.  Ja.  Pilkingtou.  4to. 
1585.     [5.  16  a.  7.] 

Harmony  of  the  Confessions  of  Faith  of  Christian  and  Reformed  Churches.  Svo. 
1580.     [D.  1  a.  14.] 

There  is  a  full  notice  of  Thomas  in  Cooper's  Athenae  Cantab,  ii. 
29,  543. 

As  Wolsey  had  anticipated  that  the  introduction  of  printing 
would  strike  a  blow  at  the  |)eace  of  the  church,  so  the  foai"s  which 
{ynutatis  mutawJls)  A\>\).  Whitgift  entertained  were  veritied  in  the 
printing  of  a  book  in  the  ])resbyterian  interest  by  Walter  Travers. 
It  was  seized  while  in  progress  at  Legatt's  jiress  in  1584^  11  Feb. 
1585 — 6,  the  senate  followed  the  example  of  Oxford  in  prohibiting 
the  purchase  of  such  books  iis  were  printed  in  London,  kc,  when  an 
edition  had  already  been  brought  out,  or  should  be  in  contemplation 
at  the  univer.sity  presses*.  In  158G  Abp.  Whitgift  wrote  to  j)ro- 
hibit  the  publication  at  Cambridge  of  the  llarnioay  of  Confessions 
which  had  been  stopped  in  London.  Mr  Cooper  suggests*  that  he 
afterwards  revised  and  passed  it.  At  all  events  there  is  the  copy 
ali-t>ady  mentioned  in  Trinity  Library.  On  May-day  1588  the  V.  C. 
and  heads  wrote  to  lord  Burleigh  to  comjilain  that  the  London 
Stationers  had  pirated  the  latin   dictionaiy  of   which  Thoinius  the 

1  Cooper's  J ;M;n?s,  II.  357.  (p.  424)  the  Star-chamber  had   most 

-  Vnd.  II.  ;]03,  iv/.       ■*  /'./(/.  II.  400.  narrowly    r<'strictfd    the    nuiiilicr    of 

•*  Und.  II.  -115.  presses  and  ap]ironticcs  at  cacli  I 'iiivor- 

•'•  Ihxd.   11.  -425.     Six  weeks   earlier  sity  to  '  one  at  one  tyme  at  tlie  mot.' 


380  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

r'iimbridgc  prinfei'  liiinself  was  compiler,  and  other  books,  whereby 
he  was  'almost  utterly  disabled'.' 

Thomas  died  soon  afterwards,  having  injured  his  health  l)y  the 
assiduity  with  which  he  compiled  his  dictionary^.  He  was  buried  in 
Great  S.  Mary's  Church,  9th  Aug.  1588.  He  was  succeeded  at  the 
university  press  by  John  Legatt  or  Legate,  a  London  Stationer,  who 
married  Agatha,  daughter  of  Chr.  Barker,  the  royal  printei". 

Copies  of  Legatt's  small  Terence  were  seized  in  London  by  the 
Stationers'  Company,  who  threatened  again  to  reprint  Thomas' 
dictionary  in  1589 — 90.  The  university  invoked  the  aid  of  lord 
Burleigh  and  of  J.  Aylmer,  Bp.  of  London^  In  1591  Legate  in  his 
turn  was  accused  by  the  Stationers  of  having  violated  Barker's  pri- 
vilege to  print  the  Bible  and  N.  T.,  and  Day's  by  publishing  the 
Psalms  in  metre  ^.  Sir  Eo.  Cecil  vindicated  the  university  and  her 
printer.  At  the  close  of  the  year  (6  Dec.  1591),  the  Stationers 
passed  a  self-denying  ordinance,  granting  to  Cambridge  the  privilege 
of  choosing  foreign  books  from  the  Frankfort  mart  for  reprinting'. 
In  1596  (22  Nov  )  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  charged  the 
university  printer  with  having  infringed  the  right  of  the  Queen's 
patentees  by  printing  the  Grammar  and  Accidence,  but  after  diligent 
search  no  copies  could  be  reported  ''. 

Among  books  printed  at  Cambridge  before  the  close  of  the  six- 
teenth century  by  the  elder  John  Legatt  (who  was  the  first  to  u.^e 
the  device  of  the  Alma  Mater  Cantabrigia  and  Hinc  Lucem  et 
Pocula  Sacra  round  it)  were  the  following.  (Watt  supplies  a  list  four 
times  as  long;  Bibl.  Brit.  ii.  595  3/ — 590^.) 

Terentii  Comoecliae  (nonpareil  roman).     24to.  1589. 

Ciceronis  de  Oratore  (copies  described  as  18mo.  Trin.  Coll.  24to,  Queens'  Coll. , 

32°  Cracherode  ap.  Dibdin.)  1589. 
W.  Perkins'  Golden  Chaiue,  transl.  R.  Hill.     12mo.  1592. 
G.  Sohn's  A  Briefe  and  Learned  Treatise  of  the  Antichrist.     Transl.  from  the 

Lat.  by  N.  G.     12nio.  1592. 
Dr  Cowell's  Antisanderus.  II.  dialo^os  contmens  Venetiis  habitos.    4to.  1593. 
The  Death  of  Usury;  or  the  Disgrace  of  Usiu'ers.     4to.  1594. 
W.  Whitaker's  Pro  Auctoritate  S.  Scripturae  adv.  T.  Stapleton.     1594. 
W.  Perkins'  Exposition  of  the  Creed.     1595. 
I.  R.  De  Hypocritis  vitandis.     4to.  1595. 
R.  Abraham!  praecepta  in  monte  Sinai  data  Judaeis  negativa  et  affirmativa ; 

Lat.  Phil.  Ferdinand.    4to.  1597. 
W.  Perkins'  Exposition  of  the  Creed.     New  edition.     8vo.  1597. 

A  Reformed  Catholike,  Bvo.  1598. 

De  Praedestinationis  Modo  et  Ordiue,  ttc.     18mo.  1598, 

Job  and  Ecclesiastes  paraplirased,  &c.     Theod.  Beza.     12mo.  1600. 

Althoiigh  John  Legate  did  not  die  until  162G  Cantrell  Legge 
(called   Legate  by   Dyer)  succeeded  him    in    1607  or   1608.     John 

'  Ihid.  II.  456,  7.  English  Latin  dictionary. 

-  Thomas'  dictionary  went  through  ^  Cooper's  Annah,  n.  477,  478. 

livo  impressions  in  eight  years  (1580 —  *  Ihid.  11.  491,  492. 

SS).     To  the   10"'  was   added,  beside  »  Ihid.  11.  510.  511. 

Jjegato's  iniprovomont,  a  supplomciit  •>  Ihid.  11.  559. 

by    I'hilemon    Holland    with    a    nrw 


APPENDIX  IX.  THE  CAMBRIDGE  PRESS,  1588— 1G37.  381 

Legatt  the  younger  liaving  obtained  a  licence  to  print  Thomas' 
dictionary  went  and  settled  in  Lond(jn. 

Iq  1620 — 21  (29  Jan.)  the  university  by  G.  Herbert  confided 
their  apprehensions  from  the  Stationers,  who  were  grasj)ing  at  a 
monopoly  for  foreign  books,  to  Abji.  Abbott  and  Ld.  Ch"'.  Verulam '. 
In  1G21  and  the  following  year  the  university  obtained  redress  by 
the  king's  grant  for  selling  tlieir  cheap  and  correct  edition  of  Lilly's 
grammar,  but  J.  Bill,  Bonliam  Norton,  W.  Barrett,  Clement  Knight 
and  other  London  printers  combined  to  refuse  the  book  '^ ;  whereupon 
the  university  ordered  all  graduates  to  use  no  other  edition  than  their 
own,  and  university  aixthors  to  offer  their  copy  in  the  first  instance 
to  the  university  press  :  cojiy-riglit,  &c.,  to  be  enjoyed  by  the  printer 
only  while  he  remained  in  office  and  not  to  descend  to  his  family. 

A  royal  proclamation,  1  Ai)ril  1625,  in  answer  to  the  represen- 
tation of  the  universities,  forbad  the  importation  of  cheap  and  inferior 
reprints  of  latin  books.     This  was  repeated  1  May,  1636"'. 

About  1627  Thomas  Buck  of  Catharine-hall  and  Roger  Daniel 
entered  into  partnei-ship  as  university  printers.  In  1628 — 9  they 
(with  John  Buck)  were  accused  by  the  Stationers  of  having  broken 
a  decree  of  the  Star  Chamber,  but  the  lord  Chief  Justices,  after 
consultation  with  six  other  judges,  advised  the  Privy  Council  (18 
March)  that  no  patent  for  sole  printing  restrained  the  privileges  of 
the  university  press  under  the  licence  of  the  Chancellor  or  V.  C.  and 
doctors\  However  in  1629  (16  April)  the  Privy  Council  limited  the 
privilege  of  the  university  to  a  yearly  impression  of  3,000  Lilli/s 
Grammars ;  and  Common  Prayers  with  sinc/ing-psalms  in  4to.  and 
medium  folio,  without  restraint  of  number,  only  on  condition  that 
tlie  IJibie  was  bound  with  them  *. 

In  1632  Buck  used  beautiful  hebrew  type  for  the  quotations  in 
Mede's  Clavis  Apocalyptica.  In  the  same  year  he  printijd  an  8vo. 
Greek  Testament*^.  In  1635  Dr  Beale,  V.  C,  Avas  blamed  for 
licensing  Five  Discourses  by  Ro.  Shelford  of  Peterhouse,  ou  account 
of  their  anti-puritanical  tendency^. 

In  1637  the  Star  Chamber  defined  the  jurisdiction  of  university 
licences",    and    exempted    from    their    cognizance    '  Bookes    of   the 

1  Ibid.  in.  138,  139,  that  were  not  required  in  Cainbriilge 

"  Ibid.  HI.  142—4.  i'.self.     (Gutch,    Collectanea,    i.     2^1, 

3  /bid.  in.  175,  176;  275.  quoted  in  Cooper's  Aniialx,  in.  2t!().^ 

4  See  the  cliarter  of  6  Feb.  1627— 8,  About   103(3-7  the  Stationers  bired 
ibid.  in.  199.  these  monopolies  for  a  term  of  three 

•'■'  Ibid.  III.  213.  years. — Cooper's  Annals,  in.  285. 

"  In  1()34  when  '  tlie  practice  field  in  ^  Cooper's  Annah,  iii.  208. 
Cambridge  for  printinfj  almanacks,  &c.'  ^  Ayliffe  in  his  Antient  and  Present 
was  drawn  up  for  the  information  of  State  of  Oxford,  Part  3,  Vol.  it.  p.  242, 
Oxford,  the  following  particulars  were  informs  us  that  the  I'niversity  of  Cam- 
added — All  olh«!r  .school  hooks  so  many  briilgo  was  more  prudent  and  (ibservant 
as  they  can  print  with  one  press:  and  tlian  his  own  in  having  Ibe  di'fect  in 
almanacks  (such  copies  as  are  brought  the  charter  of  14  Hen.  YIII.  rectilied  so 
tliem)  without  restraint  of  number.  as  to  secure  gi'eat  privileges  for  tlio 
There  was  then  liowever  a  three  years'  Press.  King  Charles  I.  in  1035,  at 
covenant  to  print  only  500  reams  the  suggestion  of  Abp.  Laud,  enlarged 
vearlv.  the  Londoners  to  purchase  nil  the  privileges  of  the  Oxford  printers. 


382  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Common  Law,  or  matters  of  8t:ite  '.'  Iloger  Daniel  was  summoned 
before  tlie  Commons  and  reprimanded  in  1G42  (Aug.  and  Hejjt.)  fin- 
printing  'the  Book  set  forth  in  the  Defence  of  the  Commission  of 
Array ".'  A  few  months  Liter  he  was  arrested  for  printing  Resolves 
in  Cases  of  Conscience  by  Dr  H.  Fern,  afterwards  Bp.  of  Chester. 
The  blame  was  shifted  to  the  V.  C.  Dr  Holds  worth,  and  Captain 
Cromwell  was  instructed  to  send  the  doctor  up  in  safe  custody  at  his 
own  charges.  In  1649  a  parliamentary  ordinance  (29  ?  2(J  Sept.) 
recognized  the  universities  (with  London,  York  and  Finsbury)  as 
privileged  printing  places '\  and  this  was  more  clearly  asserted  7  Jan. 
1652— 3  ^ 

It  was  in  1642  that  Buck  and  Daniel  printed  a  fine  edition  of 
Beza's  Greek  and  latin  Testament*.  Ten  years  later  Buck  sent  forth 
exquisite  and  correct  editions  of  Gataker's  Antoninus  and  the  Poetae 
Gh-aeci  Minor es :  also  Stephens'  Statins  a  little  earlier.  In  1650 
Buck  had  become  sole  printer,  but  he  resigned  in  1653  (though  he 
survived  till  1688)  and  was  succeeded  by  John  Field. 

Field  took  a  lease  of  the  ground  near  Queens'  College  and  built 
the  house  and  prijiting-ofiice,  which  was  in  use  until  the  present 
centuiy. 

In  1662 — 3  there  were  unsatisfactory  overtures  between  our 
printers  and  the  London  Stationers  relative  to  the  Order  in  Council 
of  April  1629,  in  which  lord  chancellor  Clarendon  and  Dr  Bancroft 
(Emm.)  &c.  corresponded®. 

Field  printed  a  good  variorum  edition  of  Andronicus  Rhodius  in 
1679,  but  his  attention  was  mainly  devoted  to  small  Bibles  and 
Prayer  Books  (of  which  he  executed  a  gi-eek  edition).  Twelve  errata 
in  the  Cambridge  -Ito  Bible  (1663)  are  noted  on  a  page  in  vol.  xviii. 
Letters  and  MSS.  of  the  D.  of  Northumberland  at  Alnwick  Castle. 
RL  Atkyns'  work  on  the  Origin  of  Printing  came  out  in  1664. 

About  1669  'it  appears  that  there  was  a  treaty  pending  between 
the  London  Printers  and  the  University,  which  was  broken  ofi"  on 
the  7th  of  July,  when  the  Heads  agreed  that  John  Hayes  should 
have  the  printing  for  £100  a  year'.  Carter  mentions  Edward  Hall 
as  a  printer  about  1688  :  he  says  also  that  while  Hayes  was  still 
printing  in  the  house  which  Field  had  built,  Cornelius  Crownfield,  a 
dutch  soldier,  was  at  work  in  1696  in  another  building  (which  was 
known  afterwards  as  'the  Anatomy  School  and  Elahoratory'')  until 
Hayes'  death  in  1707,  when  he  removed  to  what  then  became  the 
only  university  printing-house.  Jonathan  Pindar  seems  to  have  had. 
some  status  as  a  Cambridge  printer;  he  lived  a  few  months  after  the 
death  of  Crownfield,  who  was  an  excellent  typographer. 

Crownfield  had  printed  Joshua  Barnes'  Euripides  (1694)  which 
was  considered  a  very  fine  edition.    Two  years  later  Bentley  worthily 

1  Cooper's    Annals,   in.    287,    288.  •*  Ihid.  in.  429,  453. 

This  was  more  clearly  exijressecl  after  ^  As  to  the  Saxou  tyi^e  about  this 

the  Eestoration  by  a  temporary  act  in  period  see  above  p.  159. 
lf)G2.  ihid.  501.  «  Cooper's  Annals,  lu.  506,  507. 

-  Ihiil.  III.  332.  7  iiici^  III.  5a7. 

^  Ibid.  III.  33(5,  337. 


APPENDIX   IX.     THE   CAMBRIDGE  PRESS,   1G42 — 1700.      883 

directed  his  energy  to  renovating  the  uuivei"sity  press'.  Improve- 
ments were  made  in  the  buildings,  presses  and  type  ohtixined  by  a 
public  subscription,  aided  by  a  loan  of  £1,000,  secured  by  the  Senate  ; 
and  Syndics  of  the  Press  were  appointed  by  a  Grace  of  21  Jan, 
1G97 — 8",  which  is  given  below. 

Crownfield  appears  to  have  been  'Inspector  of  the  Press'  both 
before  and  after  the  death  of  Hayes  ;  his  sti[)end  in  that  capacity  wjis 
fixed  9  Nov.  1G98  at  lOs.  a  week  to  be  paid  monthly  or  quarterly. 

Bentley,  to  whom  a  complimentary  grace  had  given  absolute 
discretion  in  this  particular,  procured  from  Holland  '  those  beautiful 
types  ^  which  appear  in  Talbot's  Horace,  Kuster's  Suidas,  Taylor's 
Demosthenes,  &c.'     (Monk  i.  74.) 

It  appeal's*  that  Matthew  Prior  of  S.  John's  (the  poet)  was 
engaged  A.  D.  1700  in  a  negotiation  for  procuring  gi-eek  type  for  us 
from  the  Paris  Press. 

' "  With  the  History  of  the  Cambridge  press,"  adds  [T.  rhilii)ps] 
the  Histoi'ian  of  Shrewsbury,  "  I  am  not  acquainted.  In  the  year 
1700,  that  learned  Body  ai)plied  to  the  French  Ministry  for  the  use 
of  the  Gi'eek  Matrices,  cut  by  order  of  Francis  I.  This  application, 
owing  to  national  vanity,  proved  unsuccessful.  See  extracts  of 
French  King's  MSS.  Vol.  i.  p.  101.  But  the  Univei-sity  appear  to 
have  procured  others  of  greater  beauty,  from  that  country.  The  type 
of  Dr  Taylor's  Demosthenes  is  precisely  the  same  which  John 
Jullieron,  printer  of  Lyons,  employed  in  1623  in  Nicholas  Ase- 
manni's  Edition  of  the  Anecdota  of  Procopius  for  Andrew  Brugiotti, 
Bookseller  at  Rome.'"     Nichols'  Lit.  Anecd.  iv.  GG3,  4. 

The  following  extract,  which  is  taken  from  the  preface  to  the 
Medea  and  Phoenissae  of  Eurii)ides  edited  by  W.  Piers^,  Cantabr. 
Ti/pis  Academicis,  1703,  and  dated  'e  Coll.  Emman.  Cantabr. 
3  Xoveiiibr.  1702,'  testifies  to  the  advance  which  was  made  at  this 
time. 

'Si  Typorum  elegantiam  mireris,  gi-atias  merits  ingcntcs  habeto 
Illustrissimo  Principi  Carolo  Dvci  Somersetensium  nmnificentiss'uno 
nostras  Acadeviiae  Cancellario,  cui  Cordi  est  nostrum  imo  suum  d(M\uo 
revixisse  Ti/jJograjjhCum ".' 

1  Monk's  Bentley,  i.  73,  74,  153 — 6.      Anucslcy,  Representative  for  the  Uiii- 
Cooper's  yl;(na/s,  IV.  34.  versity;    and    Vir<iil  by  J.  Lauj^htou 

2  Theta,  p.  428.  of  Trinity.'     Monk's  Jieiitleij,  i.  154. 
There  is  another  grace  2  Deo.  1749  Watt  7>'i?>/. /)'ri7.  attrilmtes  the  17/-;/'' 

{Kappa,  p.  123).       See  also  the  year  '  Henr.  Lonthono'.    Tliese  dassies  (in- 

1737.  chilling  an  edition  of  Tallwt's  Horace) 

^  'Already   (1701)   some    handsome  came  out  in  4  vols.  4'"  1701. 

editions  of  Latin  Classics   had   been  *  MdiiuKcrit.i  de   la  Ilibliotheqne  du 

printed  with  those  types  and  dedicated  Roi,  Paris,  1787,  i.  xciii.  seij. 

to  the  use  of  the  young  Duke  of  Glou-  ^  The  editor  wrote  his  name  Peirs 

cester.     Terence  1701  had  been  edited  (A.B.)  KWl,  and  Peirse  (A.M.,  S.T.I?.) 

by  Leng  of  Catharine  ILill,  afterwards  1088,  KlDo.    He  was  fillow  of  Emmun. 

Bishop  of  Norwich  ;  Horace  [KJOD  4'"  ;  and  rector  of  N.  Cadbuiy. 

and  1701  4'»  and  12""']  by  Tall)ot,  the  «  There  was  printed  twice  at  least  at 

Hebrew  Professor;    Catullus  Tihullus  Oxford   a    'Specimen  of  the   Sevcnil 

and   rroperlius   by  the   IIuu.  Arthur  Sorts  of  Letter  given  to  the  Univcrhity  ' 


384  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Here  tlie  earliest  extant  minute-books  of  tlie  Curators  of  tlie 
Canil)i'i(lge  Press  supply  some  interesting  information  about  this 
revival  of  typography  which  was  promoted,  as  we  have  just  seen, 
under  the  noble  ])atronage  of  the  Chancellor  Ijy  the  agency  of 
Dr  Bentley,  who  as  yet  had  his  residence  in  his  'librarian's  lodgings' 
at  St  James',  when  he  was  employed  to  order  types  on  behalf  of  the 
Senate. 

Bentley  was  preaching  the  Commencement  Sermon  the  Sunday 
after  the  Duke  of  Somerset  wrote  the  following  letter; — which,  with 
the  other  extracts,  Mr  Clay  has  with  the  permission  of  the  Syndics 
of  the  Press  kindly  copied  from  their  Order  Book '. 

Pettwoeth  June  the  29""  1696. 
Gentlemen, 

As  I  have  y®  honour  to  be  a  servant  to  you  all,  soe  am  I 
ever  thinking  of  w'  may  be  most  for  y""  interest,  and  for  y''  support 
of  that  reputation,  and  great  character  w'**  ye  University  have  soe 
worthily  deserved  in  y^  opinion  of  all  good,  and  of  all  learned  men:  «fc 
in  my  poore  thoughtes,  noe  way  more  efFectuall,  than  the  recovering  y^ 
fame  of  y""  own  printing  those  great,  and  excellent  writinges,  y'  ai'e  soe 
frequently  published  from  y*"  Members  of  y'  own  body ;  w'^''  tho'  very 
learned,  sometimes  have  been  much  prejudiced  by  y^  unskillfull 
handes  of  uncorrect  printers.  Therefore  it  is,  y'  I  doe  at  this  time 
pi-esume  to  lay  before  you  all,  a  short,  and  imperfect  Scheame  (here 
enclosed)  of  some  thoughtes  of  mine,  by  way  of  a  foundation,  for  you 
to  finishe,  and  to  make  more  perfect ;  w'^''  tho'  never  soe  defective  at 
present,  yett  they  have  mett  with  aprobation  among  some  publick 
spirited  men  (much  deserving  the  name  of  friends  to  us)  who  have 
freely  contributed  eight  hundred  pounds  towards  y"  Carying  on  this 
good,  and  most  beneticiall  worke. 

Now,  Gentlemen,  their  is  nothing  wanting  of  my  part,  to  en- 
deavour the  procuring  the  like  suine  againe  from  others,  but  y'  apro- 
bation, and  consent,  to  have  a  Presse  once  more  erected  at  Cambridge: 
and  when  that  shall  bee  resolved  on,  then  to  give  a  finishing  hand 
(like  great  Masters  as  you  are)  to  my  unfinished  thoughtes,  that  I  may 
bee  proude  in  having  done  some  thing,  y'  you  think  will  bee  for 
your  service;  w'^''  I  doe  hope  will  bee  a  meanes  to  procure  mee  a 
general  pardonn  from  you  all,  for  laying  this  Matter  before  you, 
having  noe  other  ambition,  than  to  bee  thought  your  most  obedient 
and  most  faithfull  humble  servant, 

Somerset. 


of  Oxford,  by  Bp.  Fell,  4'°  1695,  S'^"  Saxon   tjiie   of    this  time   see   above 

1706.  p.  160  ?!. 

The  Clarendon  Printing-House  was  '  For  the  knowledge  of  the   exist- 

commeuced  22  Feb.    171^.     (Ayhffe's  ciice  of  these  interesting  records  I  am 

Antient  and  Present  Sta'e  of  Oxford,  indebted    to   tho    observation    of   Mr 

Part  n.  Vol.  i.  pp.    176,  7.)     On  the  C.  J.  Chiy,  M.A.  University  Priuttr. 


APPENDIX   IX.      THE   CVMBRIDGE   PEESS,    1C9G— 8.        385 

Grace  for  appointment  of  Syndics 

Placeat  vobis,  ut  D°"*  Procancellarius,  Singiili  Collegiorum 
Praefecti,  D"'  Professores,  M'  Laugliton  Coll.  Trin.  Academic  Archi- 
ty[)ogi-aphus,  D"'  Perkins  Regin.  M''  Talbot  and  M'  Lightfoot  Trin. 
M'  Nurse  Job.  M'  Beaumont  Petr.  M'  Moss  CCC.  M'  Banks  Aul. 
Pemb.  M'  Leng  Aul.  Cath.  M'  Pierce  Eman.  M'  Wollaston  Sidu. 
M'  Gael  Regal,  aut  eoinrni  quinque  ad  minus,  quorum  semper  unus 
sit  D°"'  Procancellarius,  sint  Curatores  Pra^li  vestri  TypograpLici. 
lect.  &  concess.  21  Jan.  169|- 
[The  names  of  T.  Bennett,  T.  Sberwill,  and  Laugliton  of  Clare 
were  added  by  a  Grace  of  Oct.  10]. 


Aug.  23"'  1G98 

1  Agreed  then  at  a  meeting  of  y®  Curators  of  y"  University- 
Press,  y'  M'  Jacob  Tonson  have  leave  to  print  an  edition  of  Virgil, 
Horace,  Terence,  Catullus,  TibuUus  and  Propertius  in  A*°  with  y" 
double  Pica  Letter:  he  paying  to  such  pei'sons  as  shall  be  appointed 
by  y®  said  Curators  12*  p.  Sheet  for  y*^  impression  of  500  copies:  14* 
for  750;  and  so  in  proportion  for  a  gi-eater  Number':  and  y*  D' 
Mountague,  D""  Covell,  INP  Leng,  M""  Laughton  and  M'  Talbot  shall 
sign  y®  Articles  of  y^  agreement  above  mentioned,  on  y"  part  of  y' 
University. 

2  Agreed  at  y"  same  time,  y*  M'  Edmund  Jeffries  have  leave  to 
print  an  Edition  of  Tully's  works  in  12™°  with  the  Brevier  Letter: 
he  paying  1'.  10*.  y^  sheet  for  1000  Copies. 

3  That  Cornelius  Crownfield  have  leave  to  send  to  Roterdani 
for  300'  weight  of  y®  double  Pica  letter  in  order  to  y"  Printing  of 
Virgil,  Horace,  &c  in  y®  manner  above  mentioned. 


Placeat  vobis,  ut  Auditores  Cista?  communis  audiant  etiara  quot- 
annis  computum  officinfe  typographicfe 
lect.  &  concess.  10  Octob.  161)8. 


Octob.  17.  98, 

Present  D'  James  Viccchancellour,  D""  Covell,  D""  Blithe,  IV 
Roderick,  D'  Smoult,  D""  P.rkiiis,  M'  Barnet,  M'  Laughton,  M' Leng, 
M'  Beaumont,  M'  Pearse,  M'  Wollaston,  M""  Talbot,  M'  Bennett. 

1  Agreed  y'  all  resolves  made  at  any  meeting  of  y"  Curatours 
for  the  press  be  enteied  in  y'  Register  for  y"  Picss. 

2  That  y''  Major  part  of  y''  Curatours  present  at  any  ^Meeting  shall 
determine  who  shall  write  y"  resolves  then  made  into  ye  said  Register. 

^  A  few  weeks  later  (9  Nov.)  it  was  at  y"  press'  !.«.  Cul.  a  week, 

onlerecl  that  the   compositor   should  An  earUer  and  fnlli'V  statement  on 

receive  4s.  Gd.  and  the  corrector  Od.  the  cost  of  printing,  drawn  U])  liv  the 

per  sheet.     The  press  man  2s.  Hd.  per  Canihrid^e  University  printer  in  1C>'2'2, 

Tilieam'    for   printing   both  sides   of  forms  pait  of  Mr  Tlionipson  Cooper's 

each  sheet.  connnnnif-atiou  to   tlie  hookseller,  24 

The  next  week  they  found  they  must  Feb.  1860. 
allow  '  a  boy  for  attending  y"  workmen 

w.  26 


88G  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

3  That  all  graces  granted  by  y"  Senate  relating  to  y'  Press  he 
entered  into  y"  said  Register. 

4  That  there  shall  be  a  general  meeting  of  y"  Curatours  upon 
y"  first  Wednesday  in  every  Month. 

5  That  y®  general  monthly  meeting  shall  determine,  w*  persons 
shall  be  delegates  for  y®  said  Month. 

6  That  the  s''  delegates  appointed  by  them  shall  meet  weekly 
on  Wednesdays  at  2  of  y^  clock  in  y^  afternoon. 

7  That  every  Editour  shall  appoint  his  own  inferiour  Correctour 
to  attend  y"  press. 

8  That  no  Editour  shall  have  power  to  appoint  any  inferiour 
Correctour  to  attend  y"  Press,  but  such  as  shall  be  approved  by  the 
delegates,  <fc  y'  y"  allowance  for  y^  Correctours  labour  be  set  by  y* 
delegates. 

The  delegates  for  this  month  are  M'  Vice-Chancellour,  M'  Peirse, 
M'  Leng,  M''  Talbot,  M''  Bennett.  [Piers,  Lauglitou,  Banks  and 
Bennett  wei'e  ordered  to  attend  the  next  month.] 


Wednesday  Octob.  26.  1698. 

1  Ordered,  y*  M'  Cornelius  Crownfield  do  go  to  London  to 
pi'ocure  an  Alphabet  of  Box  flourish't  Letters,  and  to  retain  Work- 
men for  the  Press,  and  to  take  care  for  y'^  Carriage  of  M'  Tonson's 
Paper :  and  to  Hasten  y"  return  of  y^  double  Pica  Lettey  from  Holland. 

2  Upon  y«  proposall  of  M"-  Talbot  of  D'  Penny'  to  be  his 
correctour  for  y^  edition  of  Horace  with  y*  approbation  of  y®  dele- 
gates; agreed,  y'  the  said  D'  Penny  be  spoken  to  to  undertake  y®  said 
office  of  Correctour. 


Wedn.     December  y^  7"^  1698 

Mem'^""*  That  D^  James  [the  ex-V.C]  delivered  in  a  number  of 
papei-s  &  letters  (which  had  been  in  his  custodj*)  relating  to  y**  press, 
which  were  put  in  a  paper  box  to  be  kept  in  y*^  drawei*. 


January  y«  4'^  1698 

At  a  meeting  of  Eight  of  y*  Curators — 

Ordered  that  Mv  Talbot  have  full  power  to  treat  al)0ut  it  procure 
a  "Rolling  press  fit  for  y^  service  of  y*^  Printing  house  the  charges 
thereof  to  be  defrayed  out  of  such  money  as  he  shall  receive  upon 
subscriptions  to  y*  px-ess  at  London. 

^  At  the  next  meetiug,  this  yoiTug  general  meetings. 

Ftmleut   of   Queens'    (afterwards    pre-  Will  tlus  circiimstauee  in  any  way 

beudary  of  Norwich)  was  assigned  [9d. ,  account   for   the    parados   started   by 

or]   I   of  the   compositor's   allowance  Prof.    A.    De    Morgan   in   Notes    and 

for  each  sheet  carefully  corrected.  Queries   (S'-'i  S.  vol.  iv.  p.  170,)  that 

At  the  same  time  (2  Nov.  1698)  Eo.  '  Maps'  (John  Nicholson,  son-iu-lawof 

Nicolson  was  appointed  '  Messenger  of  Ro.  Watts)  was  porter  of  the  university 

the   Press'   to  summon  the  Curators  library  all  his  life? 
(not  being  Heads  or  Professors)  to  the 


APPENDIX   IX.      THE   CAJMBRIDGE   PRESS,   1G98 — 1708.      887 

Agreed  also  that  4  pence  ji  week  for  copy  money  l>e  allowed  to 
y^  workmen  at  y**  Press  S:  half  a  crown  p  Quarter  for  cleaning  y" 
Press. 


March  4  1698 

1  Orderd,  that  a  particular  account  of  each  Body  of  Letter,  & 
of  all  Tooles  A  Moveables  belonging  to  y®  New  Printing  House  be 
taken  in  writing  in  y*'  presence  of  the  Delegates  for  y*  weekly 
meetings  of  this  JNIonth,  and  y'  it  be  entered  into  y®  Journal  liook 
by  y^  person  appointed  to  keep  that  Book  :  and  y'  y*  said  account  be 
sign'd  by  y'^  Delegates,  &  Mr  Crownfield  y"  Printer 

3  Order'd,  That  all  Combinations,  Verses,  and  other  exercises 
upon  Public  Occasions  be  printed  only  at  y®  University's  New 
Printing  House. 


May  3'-''  1G99 
Ordered — that  400  lbs.  weight  of  Paragon  Greek  Letter  'be  sent 
for  to  the  Widow  Voskins  in  Holland. 

At  a  general  meeting  of  the  Curators  June  7''*  1G99 
Order'd  that  D"^  Green  &  D''  Oxenden  or  either  of  them  do  ex- 
amine D'^  Bentley's  account  in  relation  to  our  Press,  and  upon  his 
delivery  of  the  Vouchers  relating  to  it,  and  all  other  things  in  his 
hands  belonging  to  the  University  Press;  give  him  a  full  discharg; 
and  likewise  take  a  discharg  of  him  for  the  Summ  of  four  hundred 
and  thirty  three  pounds  received  by  him  of  the  University. 


1  *  At  a  General  Meeting  of  the  Curat"  SepteV  f  G'^  1 699  'twas 
then  agreed  y'  Mr  Crownfield  be  order'd  to  buy  twelve  Gallons  of 
Linseed  Oyle  and  a  rowl  of  Parchment. 

2  Order'd  y*  y"  Sashes  be  renew'd 

3  Order'd  y'  twenty  shillings  per  annu  be  allow'd  to  Printers 
for  their  weigh-goes'.' 


'Feby  12*''  170;;-  Agreed  then  also  y'  foreign  booksellers  bo 
treated  with  for  an  exchange  of  an  hundred  Suidas's,  for  a  number  of 
bookes  w'=''  shall  be  esteem'd  of  eipial  value,  it  y'  Catalogues  of 
proper  bookes  w*^''  their  respective  prises,  be  procur'd  froni  them  to  be 
approv'd  of  by  y"  University.' 

(At  p.  31  of  the  Syndics'  Minute  Book  is  given  a  list  of  books  to 
be  sent  over  by  Mr  Wetstein  in  exchange  for  100  copies  of  Suidas.) 
'June   IS*''    1708      Agreement  with   Profr.    Barnes    to    print   the 
Odyssee  «k  Iliad  of  Homer. 

^  Thf)  printers'  n-ay-gooxc,  or  jonr-  raemorated  in  Hone's  F.vcriidnn  Book 

neyineu'sentertaiumeiit,  allowed  oriKi-  i.    113:5.      Halliwell    has   '  n<i)/-r""'-'<'- 

nally  for  making  new  paper  windows  An  entortaiumcut  given  by  an  appreu- 

at  Bartlcmy-tide,  has  been  duly  com-  tice  to  his  fellow-workmen.      Went.' 

25—2 


388  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

'Mai'cli  2°^  I'J^I^  Agreed  y'  Mr  Crownfield  have  leave  to  puUish  his 
proposals  for  y''  Keprinting  Hob'.  Ste])heii8'.s  Thesaui-us  of  y® 
Lat:  Tongue,  Dr  Kuster  of  Kotterdam  Editor. 

'March  31,  1725  Entered  then  Terence  in  4'°  with  Dr  Bentley's 
notes  for  M''  Crownfield.' 

Many  of  the  publications  of  the  press  after  this  period  will  be 
found  recorded  in  the  following  pages'.  There  are  however  no 
entries  in  the  minute-book  from  Ajn-il  24,  1725,  to  Jan.  15,  173^. 
In  1735  Conyers  Middleton  wrote  on  the  origin  of  jninting. 
In  1737  a  syndicate  was  appointed  with  plenary  powers  for  three 
years*.  Within  that  period  (viz,  12  Geo.  II.)  an  Act  of  Parliament 
repealed  the  clause  of  the  Copyright  Act  of  1710  (8  Ann.  c.  21) 
whereby  vice-chancellors  had  been  empowered  to  set  and  reform  the 
prices  of  books  ^. 

A  grace  of  27  May,  1752  {Kap'pa  p.  184)  provides  that  the  major 
part  of  a  quorum  of  the  Press  Synclics  (five,  including  the  V.  C.)  have 
power  to  transact  business.     (Gunning,  Cerem.  p.  406.) 

When  Crownfield  died  in  1742*  his  successor  had  already  been 
found,  viz.  Joseph  Bentham.  He  was  appointed  '  Inspector  of  the 
Press  in  the  room  of  M''  Cornelius  Crownfield'  by  an  order  of  the 
Curators  (28  March  1740'^),  on  condition  that,  if  the  profits  of  the 
place  should  not  arise  to  £60  /(er  annum,  the  Univ.  should  make 
good  the  deficiency. 

The  following  entries  are  taken  from  the  Curators'  minute-book. 
<  Memorandum — Jan,  26,  1741 — 2 

Mony  due  to  the  University  Deer  24,  1741   from  the  Jour- 
neymen  in    the    Printing    House    being   chiefly    what    was 
advanced  to  them  in  the  time  of  the  Frost  last  winter,  and 
when  thei'e  was  a  deficiency  of  work.' 
'Deer.  15,  1742     Entered  the  ninth  edition  of  D'  Bentley's  Pliile- 

leutherus  Lipsiensis,  for  Mr  Thurlbourn.' 
Feb.  19,  1749     Amongst  other  books  is  entered  *  Mr  Masters's  List 
of  y«  Members  of  CCC 

Joseph  Bentham®  was  ft'ee  of  the  Stationers'  Company.  Carter 
says  {Hist.  Camb.  175.3,  p.  470)  of  him  :  'He  is  allowed  by  all 
Judges  to  be  as  great  a  Proficient  in  the  Mystery  as  any  in  England; 
which  the  Cambrulye  Common  Prayer  Books  and  Bibles,  lately 
Printed  by  him,  will  sufiiciently  evince.'  Thus  in  his  time  the 
Curators  agreed  (11  Dec,  1740)  to  print  small  Bibles  9000  price  '2s. 

1  Bentley's JTorrtced' Terence, Davies'  ^  Nichols,  Lit.  Anrcd.  vin.  451. 
<fc  Pearce's  editions  of  works  by  Cicero,  Dyer,  Priv.  Camb.  Vol.  ii.  fascic.  ii. 
Taylor's  Di'motit]u'7ies  and  Lysias  may  p.  85  :  fascic.  iii.  pp.  24,  25.  He 
be  here  mentioned.  printed  his  brother  James'  history  of 

2  Monk's  Bentley,  i.  156  n.  Ely  then-  native  place  in  1765.     Their 

*  Cooper's  Annals,  iv.  241.  ibid.  96.        other  brother  was  Dr  E.  Bentham,  of 

*  He  was  buried  in  the  chancel  of  Ch.  Ch.,  C.  C.  C,  and  Oriel,  editor  of 
S.  Botolph's.  Orationes  Fuuebrea,  and  some  instrnc- 

5  Carter  says  Hist.  Camh.  that  Ben-       tive  works. 
tham  was  '  chose  in  1739.' 


APPENDIX   IX.      THE  CAMBRIDGE   PRESS,   IT^g — 82.       389 

and  1000  on  large  paper  at  2s.  Gd.  Half  a  year  later,  nonpareil 
Bibles  11000  small  paper,  1000  large  paper. 

Dyer  mentions  S.  Squii-e's  Plutarcluis  de  Iside  et  Osiride,  which 
was  printed  in  1744  by  Bentham.  In  1743  a  bill  was  filed  against 
him  by  T.  and  Ro.  Baskett  the  royal  printers,  for  having  Ijroiight  out 
in  1741  an  abridgment  of  ceitain  Acts  of  Parliament.  After  pro- 
ti-acted  hearings  it  was  decided  in  the  Court  of  King's  Bench  (24 
Nov.  1758)  that  the  University  is  'intrusted  with  a  concurrent 
Authority  to  print  Acts  of  Parliament  and  Abridgments '  within  the 
university,  by  letters  patent  of  K.  Hen.  VIII.  and  K.  Charles  I. '. 

In  1775,  in  consequence  of  a  decision  in  the  Common  Pleas*,  by 
which  it  was  ruled  that  the  Crown  has  no  control  over  the  printing 
of  almanacks,  the  Company  of  Stationers  ceased  to  pay  the  annual 
sum  (above  £500)  for  which  they  had  hired  the  University's  share  of 
the  monopoly  (which  Ld.  North  attempted  to  re-establish  in  177'J^). 
In  the  same  year  an  Act  of  Parliament*  secured  for  the  universities 
the  copyright  of  school-books,  <kc.,  bequeathed  to  them. 

Bentham  died  1  June  1778,  after  which  John  Archdeacon  (a 
native  of  Ireland)  conducted  the  typographical  department  for 
Cambridge. 

In  1781  Gutch's  Collectanea  Curiosa,  containing  inter  alia  (r.  282 
seqq.)  several  papers  and  documents  on  the  subject,  was  published  at 
Oxford.  In  that  year  (though  Mr  T.  Carnan  the  litigious  bookseller 
of  S.  Paul's  Churchyard  had  twice  overthrown  the  universities'  pi-i- 
vilege)  a  new  almanack  duty  act*  granted  £bOO  jyer  annum  to  each 
university,  which  sum  was  at  Cambridge  by  the  grace  of  1 1  June, 
1782,  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  .Syndics  of  the  Pi-ess  for  the  publi- 
cation of  new  works  or  editions  of  old  works.  The  grace  is  i)rinted 
in  Gunning's  Ceremonies,  p.  407,  and  in  Ordiaationes  Academiae 
Cantabrigiensis,  Caj).  ix.  Sect.  2.  v.  5  (1874,  p.  153)  as  follows : 

June  11,  1782. 

*  Government  Annuity. 

Cum  ad  graves  librorum  imprimendorura  sumptus  sublevandos 
onuiigenaeque  adeo  eruditionis  studium  promovendum,  annuo  quin- 
geutarum  librarum  reditu  Academiam  nui)er  auxerit  muniiicentia 
publica ;  ne  aut  nostra  negligentia  deflorescat  tantus  publice  habitus 
Uteris  honos,  aut  in   alios  usus    transferatur  quod  doctrinae  ampli- 

1  Cooper's  . I n»a?.s-,  IV.  301.  (Stat.  21  Geo.   III.  c.  24)   nllowoa  a 

2  Ihid.  IV.  371;  cp.  390,  391.  clm\vl)ac-k  to  the  Uiiivcrsitios  in  rospot-t 

3  Basil  Montagu  (KiKjitiriex,  &c.  ro-  of  paper  used  iu  itrintiii^  books  in  tlio 
spocting  the  Univ.  Libr.  1805,  p.  4  ;i.)  latin,  greek,  oriental  or  northern  Ian- 
attributes  to  Bp.  Law  a  pamphlet  guagea.  Cooper'.s  Aiuinltt,  iv.  402.  In 
Obsen-afiomt  concern iiifj  Litcninj  Pro-  1794  another  act  added  'Bibles,  Testn- 
ncrtij.     Cambridge,  1770.  nients,    Psalm-books,    and    Books   of 

*  Stat  15  Geo.  HI.  c.  53,  Common  Prayer'  to  tlie  list.    ibid.  iv. 

5  Cooper's  AnnaU,   iv.  390  h.,  401.  451.     Since  the  abolition  of  tlie  paper 

Stat.  21  Geo.  III.  c.  5(5.  duty  this  advantage  has  been  lost  to 

The  paper  duty  act  of  the  same  year  the  Uuiversity. 


390  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

ficandae  sacrum  esse  oportoat;  jilaceat  vobis  ut  Typographic!  Preli 
Cunitores  in  hac  etiaiii  parte  Syndici  vesfcri  coiistituautur,  atque  ut 
(piiiigeiitae  quotanuis  librae,  si  ipsis  necessarium  videatur,  vel  in 
novas  vetcruni  scriptorum  editiones  apparandas,  vel  in  recentiorura 
opera  divulganda  iusumendae  iis  lioc  nomine  e  C(jmmuni  Cista  ero- 
gentur  ;  ita  tamen  ut  singulis  aunis  ante  fiiiem  mensis  Junii  qnicquid 
ab  iis  in  liiijusce  negotii  procuratione  factum  fuerit  ad  vos  in  scripto 
refen-e  teneantur.' 

Dr  Ro.  Plumptre,  Pre*  of  Queens',  in  his  Hints  concerning  Uni- 
versity Officers,  1782,  p.  10,  suggested  that  the  Vice-chancellor 
should  be  exempted  from  his  official  presidency  of  the  Press  .Syndi- 
cate. It  appears  from  Porson's  history  that  in  1783  a  syndic  of  the 
Press  did  not  understand  the  distinction  between  collating  and  col- 
lecting mss.     Watson's  Forson,  \>.  39. 

In  1783  the  University  Statutes  were  printed  in  4to. 

Dr  Webb's  Collection  (Univ.  Lib.)  contains  a  copy  of  the  gi'ace  of 
1782  concerning  the  £500.  Also  a  V.  C.'s  notice  to  the  Syndics  of 
the  Press  iu  the  autumn  of  that  year.  A  gi-ace-paper  proposing  to 
appoint  more  competent  syndics  23  Dec.  1784,  on  the  ground  that 
the  house  purchased  (in  1762)  in  Silver  St.  was  damp,  and  injury 
had  been  done  to  the  contents.  In  the  same  collection  among  docu- 
ments belonging  to  the  year  1785  there  are  a  few  which  relate  to  the 
management  of  the  press,  viz. ; 

(a)  A  grace  to  regulate  the  Press  Syndicate,  appointing  for 
three  years  only. 

(&)     Remarks  by  the  proposers  (4to.  pp.  3). 

Of  the  existing  Syndicate  3  were  appointed  in  1761. 

3     „  „  „  1765. 

3     „  „  „    1776. 

7     „  „  _        „   1782. 

(A  duplicate  is  filed  s.  a.  1790  probably  by  mistake). 

(c)  Dr  R.  Plumptre  who  had  been  V.C.  in  1762,  made  answer 
(7  Feb.  1785)  in  four  4to  pages,  that  only  £20  damage  had  been 
reported  in  1778,  and  no  further  mischief  had  occurred.  He  would 
gladly  be  dismissed,  but  not  with  disgrace. 

{d)  In  rejoinder  the  complainants  assert  that  substantial  repairs 
tad  never  been  made  in  the  Silver  Street  buildings.     (4to.  pp.  3.) 

The  last  page  (56)  of  Considerations  on  the  Oaths  (1787)  displays 
the  following  '■  Extract  from  the  Account  of  the  Syndics,  laid  on  one 
of  the  tables  in  the  Senate  House,  June  27,  1787. 

£       s.     d. 
To  Mr  Relhan  towards  the  expences  of  printing 

his  Flora  Cant 50     0     0 

To  Sig.  Isola  towards  pinnting  a  new  edit,  of 

Tasso's  Gierusalemme  Liberata  . 
To  Profess.  Waring  new  edit.  Med.  . 
Prof.  Cook's  ed.  Arist.  Poet. 


50     0 

0 

52  10 

0 

25     8 

11 

APPENDIX   IX.      THE   CAMBRIDGE   PRESS,  1782 — 1800.     3D1 

£       s.     d. 
Mr  Ludlam's  Introd.  to  Algeb.  and  an  Introd. 

to  the  first  six  books  of  Euclid  .     24     5   11 

Mr  Ormerod's  Rem.  14  Sect,  of  Dr  Priestley's 

Disquisition       .         .         .         .         .       4  19     0 

This  is  an  account  of  the  expenditure  of  the  Government  annuity 
commuted  as  we  have  seen  from  the  almanack-duty  and  augmented 
in  1782. 

To  a  grant  made  by  the  Syndics  from  this  fund  the  publication 
of  the  present  Comi)ilation  is  due. 

Some  objections  were  made  against  the  title  of  the  University 
to  enjoy  this  grant  by  the  writer  of  Considerations  on  the  Oaths, 
Lond.,  1787,  p.  39.  He  objected  also  to  the  way  in  which  it  had 
been  spent ;  viz.  upon  the  ^facsimile  of  the  Beza  manuscript,'  and 
'  Italian  sonnets.'  Dr  T.  Kipling's  performance  as  editor  of  the  former 
of  these  productions  was  at  the  time  severely  criticised  from  various 
quarters,  and  Mr  Scrivener  on  a  closer  examination  {in  emendandis) 
has  seen  cause  to  confirm  that  censure  which  in  the  first  instance 
was  probably  provoked  as  much  by  the  man  and  his  preface  as  by 
the  exercise  of  any  powers  of  discernment  in  Kipling's  contempo- 
raries such  as  Porson  then,  and  our  modern  critic  more  recently  has 
brought  to  bear  iipon  his  work.  But  this  is  a  topic  for  the  study  of 
Divinity,  the  Freud  controversy,  &c. 

However,  so  far  as  the  press  is  concerned,  the  *  facsimile '  in 
2  vols,  folio  in  1793,  is  a  very  fine  piece  of  work  in  uncials. 

Sig.  Agostino  Isola's  Tasso  (for  which  £.50  was  gi-anted)  was 
grudged  also  by  the  writer  of  Strictures  on  the  Discipline  of  the 
Uiiiv.  of  Cambridge,  1792,  p.  47.  Dyer  also  complained  in  1824, 
Frivil.  Canih.  Vol.  ii.fascic.  iii.  2>-  36,  that  the  fund  (which  he  saj'S 
was  called  the  Poor's  fund)  was  devoted  to  })rinting  .5  vols,  of  Simeon's 
Skeletons  of  Sermons,  1796,  and  Joseph  Milner's ///.s-tor?/  and  Sermons, 
while  it  had  been  refused  to  Gilbert  Wakefield  for  the  4th  and 
5th  numbers  of  his  Silva  Critica.  But  Dyer  would  have  been 
shocked  to  hear  from  the  later  editor  of  Lucretius  that  Wakefield 
was  a  poor  Scholar  in  more  senses  than  one. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century  W.  Ludlam  (.Joli.) 
complained  that  the  press  was  extremely  defective  in  mathematical 
types',  so  that  he  was  actually  obligoil  to  make  many  a  brass  rule 
himself.  This  (says  Dyer)  had  been  fully  remedied  before  1824  when 
he  wrote. 

For  some  time  (e.g.  in  1794)  J.  Burges'  name  was  coupled  with 
J.  Archdeacon's,  and  when  the  former  retiied  Burges  succeeded  to 
his  post^ 

1  Nichols' 7.(7. /I  HCCff. VIII.  411.  Dyer,  Tiiidimrtit.'^  of  Muthcmaticn  for  thf  twe 

Priril.  Camh.  Vol.  ii.  fuse.  iii.   p.  25.  of  Stidleiits  in  thr  I'liircmiticx.  17H5. 
Luilhuii  published  at  Cambridge,  il/fjf/it'-  "  Mr  Archdcacdii  retired  to  Heiiiiug- 

7Ha?((.'((/ i'>'.s-.sf((/s  (I Uliuiate  Ratios,  Power  ford,  Hiuits.,  where  he  was  buried  au 

of   the  Wedge,  Ac.   &c.)    1770,    1787.  Joshua  Barues  hud  been. 


392  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

In  1800  the  university  nndcrtook  tlie  publication  of  Hooge- 
veen's  JJict'touarium  Aiudofjicum  in  4to'. 

The  celebrated  emjfish  Person  (jreek,  or  *  Great  Person  Greek ' 
type  was  designed  by  its  eponymous  hero,  (who  like  the  lute  Mr 
Shilleto  was  as  fine  a  calligrapher  as  he  was  a  scholar,)  and  cut  under 
his  direction  by  Austin  of  London,  with  the  assistance  of  Mr  Watts, 
then  University  Printer^,  However  it  was  not  used  until  after 
Person's  death.  Monk's  Ilippoli/tus  (1811),  and  the  second  edition 
of  C.  J.  Blonifield's  Prometheus  (1812),  were  the  earliest  works 
on  which  it  was  employed. 

In  1804  the  secret  of  the  method  of  manufacturing  stereotype 
plates  was  bought  from  Mr  Wilson,  of  Duke  St.,  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields,  and  he  was  employed  to  teach  the  process,  and  two  presses, 
Earl  Stanhope's  invention,  were  purchased.  '  At  the  same  time 
too '  (says  Dyer)  '  it  was  agreed  upon  by  the  Syndics,  that  cei'tain 
premises  which  hitherto  had  served  the  purpose  of  a  warehouse 
should  be  converted  into  a  printing-office,  the  old  printing-office 
being  then  in  a  ruinous  condition ;  which  appointment  therefore 
gives  at  the  same  time  the  date  of  the  first  designing  of  a  new 
printing-house  by  the  University,  and  of  their  commencing  the 
stereotype  printing  ; — for  they  agreed  upon  both  at  the  same  time^ ' — 

In  the  same  year  (4  Mar.  1804)  the  privilege  of  the  Universities 
solely  to  publish  Bibles,  New  Testaments,  and  Common  Prayer 
Books  was  upheld  in  the  House  of  Lords  against  the  Richardsons 
and  Tegg,  who  had  sold  in  London  such  books  printed  by  the  King's 
printer  in  Scotland*. 

In  1805  Basil  Montagu  (Chr.)  published  a  pamphlet  (pp.  1 — 21, 
1 — 20)  of  Enquiries  and  Observations  respecting  the  univ.  library,  and 
its  right  to  a  copy  of  every  book  published ". 

It  was  resolved  at  a  meeting  at  the  Thatched-House  Tavern  at 
which  the  Marquess  Camden  presided  (18  June,  1824),  to  apply 
part  of  the  surplus  fund  contributed  for  the  Statue  of  Pitt  erected  in 
London,  to  the  building  a  new  University  Press  in  Cambridge.  On 
1st  July  the  Senate  appointed  a  Syndicate  to  purchase  the  houses 
in  Trumpington  Street,  between  Silver  Street  and  Mill  Lane.  The 
first  stone  of  the  Pitt  Press  (designed  by  E.  Blore)  was  laid  IS  Oct. 
1831,  and  it  was  opened  (also  by  the  Marq.  Camden)  28  April,  1833, 
and  the  key  was  formally  delivered  to  Dr  ^^'ebb  the  vice-chan- 
cellor". 

^  Oxford  had  done  as  much  for  Wyt-  *  Cooper's  Annals,  rr.  480. 

tenbach's    Plutarch,    1795,    &c.     and  ^  Acopy  in  PeterhoiiseUbrary  E.  10. 

afterwards  published  Caravella's  Index  23  (12).    B.  Montagu  shews  that  legis- 

ArisUyphanis,  Creutzer's  Plotinus,  and  lation  (1662 — 1775,    and  the   case  of 

Beverai  editions  by  Bekker  and  Din-  Beckford  v.  Hood  1798,)  had  not  di- 

dorf.  miuished  the  pri\Tleges  of  the  three 

"  Dyer  {Privil.  ii.  iii.  33)  speaks  of  libraries,  but  that  not  six  per  cent,  of 

a  'brevier  Porson  greek'  used  iu  Lou-  the  books  published  in  Loudon  about 

don  for  Yalpy's  Stephaui  Thesaurus,  1803    (he   gives   a   list)    were   iu   the 

aud  a  fount  of  '  great   Porson  gi'eek '  Cambridge  University  Library, 

cast  for  the  Clarendon  Press  at  O.r/ord.  ^  Cooper's  Annals,  iv.  572,  573. 

3  Dyer,  Privil.  Camb.  u.  in.  30,  31. 


APPENDIX   IX.      CAMBRIDGE   UNIVERSITY   PRINTERS,         393 

The  following  list  of — 

CAMBRIDGE   UNIVERSITY   PRINTERS 

may  perhaps  provoke  those  who  are  able  to  conect  and  complete  it. 

[John  Siberch  1521  and  1522] 

Nic.  Speryiig  J 

Garratt  Godfrey  [  1534 

Scgar  Nicholson,  Gonv.  ) 

Nic.  Pilgrim     ]    -.,„ 

Kicliard  Nuke  S  ^^'^^ 

Peter  Shors  1546 

Johu  Kiijgstou  1577 

Thomas  Thomas,  Klnr/s  1582—8  ('1583'  B.;  '1584'  Carter) 

Jolm  Legate  loSS — l(jU7 

[Julm  Purter  1593] 

Cantrel  Legge  1607— 27  ('1606' i5. ;  '1608' Z>/A'r) 

Thomas  Brooke,  Clare,  esquire  bedelP,  cir.  1614 

Leonard  Green  1622 

Jolm  Buck,  Catli.  esquire  bedell,  1625 

Thomas  Buck,  Calk,  esquire  bedell,  1627— 53  ('1625' i?.) 

linger  Daniel  1G27 — 50  ('1632' i?.;  cf.  Cooper's  ^l««rt^s  III.  213). 

Francis  Buck  1630 

John  Legate  1650  (/?.)  Carter  calls  T.  Buck  '  sole  printer'  at  this  time. 

Jolm  Field  1653  ('1655'  B.;  '1654'  Carter  and  JJucr) 

John  Hayes  1669—1707 

Matthew  VVhinn,  Juh.  registrary,  1669 

Julm  Peck,  Joh.  esquire  bedell,  1680 

Hugh  Martin,  Peinb.  esquire  bedell,  1682 

Dr  James  Jackson  1683 

Juuatlian  Pindar  1686,  died  in  1743 

[Edward  Hall,  cir.  1688] 

Henry  Jenkcs  16!)3 

CorneUus  Crownfield  1696—1742,  'Inspector  of  the  Press'  1698— 

1740  ('1706'  B. ;  'sole  printer  1707  '  Carter) 
Joseph  Beutham,  Inspector  of  the  Press  1740 — 78  ('1739'  Carter) 
John  Baskerville  1758 
Juhn  Archdeacon  1766 — 1793 

John  Burgess  1793 — 1802  ('Burges'  Unic.  Calend.) 
Bichard   Watts  1802—1809 
Joliu  Smith  1809—1836 
Jnhn  WilHam  Parker  1836— 1854 
Charles  Johu  Clay-,  Trin.  1854. 

Eor  several  of  the  earlier  names  in  the  above  list  I  am  indebted 
to  a  paper  on  the  Cambridge  Univei'sity  Press  in  the  JiooLfuller  of 
24th  Feb.  1860,  contiibuted  as  I  understand  by  Mr  Thompson 
Coo})er.  Where  a  date  differed  from  what  I  had  put  down  indepen- 
dently, I  have  added  it  with  the  letter  li.  I  have  omitted  'Johu 
Deighton  1802'  as  belonging  more  propei'ly  to  the  list  of  Agents. 

'  For  the  convenience  of  university  nersliip  with    Mr    Clay  nnil    Mr    O. 

business,  when  the  working  manager  Seelej',  under  a  Grace  passed  3  July 

was    not    a    matriculated    person,    it  1854,  Mr  Seeley  acting  as  tlie  London 

seems  to  have  been  a  common  practice  Agent.    On  Mr  Seeley's  retiring  in  1856 

in   the  17th   century,  before  a   Press  a  new  partnersliii)  lietweeii  tbe  T'ui- 

Syndicate  was  in  existence,  to  nonii-  versity  and  ^Ir  Clay  was  i  ffected  liy  a 

nate  a  university  olhcer  as  Inspector  Grace  of  12  Mar.  I85(i,  wliich  has  lueu 

of  the  Press.  continued  by  subsequent  deeds  of  jmrt- 

'^  The  University  entered  into  part-  uor&hip.     Cf.  Gimuiug's  Cerem.  248. 


A   CHRONOLOGICAL   LIST    OF  ENGLISH   XVIII™   CEN- 
TURY   EDITIONS   OF   ANCIENT   CLASSICS,    &c.  &c. 

The  following  list  lias  been  compiled  in  the  main  from  the  annals 
of  Bowyer's  press,  Nichols'  Lit.  Anecd.  vols,  i — iii.,  Saxii  Onomasticon 
JAlerarinm,  Dibdin's  Introduction  to  a  Knowledge  of  Rare  Classics, 
ifec,  edd.  1802,  1827.  The  Classical  Collector's  Vade-Mecum,  1822, 
Watt's  Bihliotheca  Britannica  1824,  Dr  P.  Bliss'  Sale  Catalogue  1858, 
and  some  MS.  collections  kindly  lent  by  Professor  J.  E.  B.  Mayor. 

A  few  patristic,  literary  and  scientific  books  are  included,  as  well 
as  the  titles  of  other  educational  books  mentioned  already  in  the  body 
of  this  volume. 

Names  belonging  to  Oxonian  (or  cordlnental)  editions  are  printed 
in  italics,  since  it  is  supi)osed  that  the  list  will  give  a  tolerably  fair 
impression  of  the  pro[)ortion  of  classical  works  produced  each  year  or 
series  of  years  in  the  several  English  universities,  or  by  men  of 
nniA^ersity  training  or  connexions. 

It  will  be  observed  that  if  Oxford  was  behind-hand  in  developing 
her  educational  system  as  a  university,  she  was  none  the  less  most 
productive  of  individual  literary  enter|)rise. 

When  no  size  is  registered  the  book  is  inferred  to  be  in  octavo ; 
the  compiler  however  does  not  feel  perfect  confidence  in  his  authori- 
ties on  this  score,  as  accuracy  is  not  very  common  in  this  particulai', 
8vos  being  often  described  as  4tos,  and  4tos  as  folios.  One  is  tempted 
to  think  that  the  collectors  sometimes  classed  their  books  according 
to  the  sizes  of  the  shelves  which  their  extra  large  paper  copies 
occupied  unread  and  undisturbed. 

1701  Catullus  Tibullus  et  Propertius.     4to,     Camb. 
Horace.     Ja.  Talbot  (Triu.).     2  edds.,  18mo.     Camb. 
Orationes  ex  Poetis  Latinis.     Oxon. 

Phaedriis.     T.  Johusou  (King's  and  Magd.).     Etou. 

Puffeudorf  de  Off.  Homiuis  et  Ciuis.     Ed.  6.     Camb. 

Eomau  History.     W.  Wotton  (Job.). 

Sallust.     W.  Ayerst  {Univ.).     Oxon. 

De  Suida  Diatribe.     L.  Kuster  (Camb.).     4to.     Camb. 

Terence.     J.  Leng  (Catb.).     4to  and  8vo.     Camb. 

Vii-gil.     J.  Laughton  (Triu).    4to.     Camb. 

Virgil  (Tonson).     Camb. 

Cosmologia  Sacra,  Nebem.  Grew  (Pemb.).     Lend. 

De  Veteribus  Cyclis.     H.  Dodwell  (T.  C.  D.  and  0.xon.).     4to.     Oxon. 

Geograpby.     E.  Wells  (C/i.  C7(.).     O.von. 

lutrodiictio  ad  vcram  Pbysicam.     J.  Keill  (Ball.). 

Vocabularium  Giil.  Sumuer,  ciu-a  T.  Benson  (Qii.). 

1702  Catullus  Tibullus  et  Propertius.     A.  Auuesley,  earl  of  Anglesea  (Magd.). 

4to.     Camb. 


APPENDIX    IX.      PUBLICATIONS.  395 

Epictetns,  Cebes,  &c.     Gr.  Lat.     ISmo.     Oxon. 

Euclid,  Tacciuet.     W.  Wbistou  (Clare).     Cuinb. 

Irenaeus.     J.  E.  Grabe  (Uxoii.).     Fol.     O.ron. 

Lycophion,  ed.  2.     J.  Potter  (Line).     Fol.     Oxon. 

Amiules  Tbucyd.  et  Xeuopliou.     H.  Dodwell  (T.  C.  D.  and  Oxon.).    Oxon. 

Virgil.     4to  aud  8vo.     Camb. 

Cartesius  De  Methodo.     Camb. 

Clarendon's  History  (1702 — i).     O.roH. 

Couic  Sections.     Ja.  Milnes  (Oxon.).     Oxon. 

Astrouomia,  D.  Gregory  (Edinb.  and  Oxon.).     Fol.     Oxon. 

1703  Novum  Test.  Graeciun.  J.  Gregory  (Miujd.  II.).  Fol.  Oxon. 
Cyril  Hierosol.  T.  MiUes  (,S  indices  T.  Hearne).  Fol.  Oxun. 
A^jpiau.     Translated  by  J.  Dryden  (Trin.). 

Ascbami  et  Stui-mii  Epistolae.     Oxon. 

Euclidis  Opera.     D.  Gregory  (Edinb.  and  Ball.).     Fol.     Oxon. 

■ Tacquet.     W.  WListim  (Clare).     Camb. 

Euripidis  Medea  et  Plioenissae.     W.  Piers  (Emm.).     Camb. 
Eutropius  aud  Messala  Corvinus.     T.  Hearne  (Edm.  H.).     Oxon. 
Geograpbi  Minores.     J.  Hudson  (Qu.  Univ.  and  ,S'.  Mary  H.).     Ed.  2. 
lustitutiones    Jui'is    ex  Grotii  De  J.   Belli  ac   Pacis   oxcerptae.     12mo. 

Camb. 
Justiuus.     T.  Hearne  (Edm.  11.).     Oxon. 
Justin  Martyr  Apol.     H.  Hutchinson.     Oxon. 
Maximus  Tyrius.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Camb. 

Plini  Caec.  Secundi  Epist.  et  Panegyr.     T.  Hearne  (Edm.  H).     Oxon. 
Xenopbontis  et  Ciceronis  Oecon.     E.  Wells  (Cli.  Ch.).     Oxon. 
Xenophontis  Opera.     5  vols.     E.  Wells  (Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 
Auti  Scepticism  (on  Locke's  Essay).     H.  Lee  (Emm.). 
Genders  of  Latin  Nouns.     Ei.  .Johnson  (Job.). 
A  Journey  to  Jerusalem.     H.  Mauudrell  (Exon.).     Oxon. 
Liuguarum  Septentrional.  Thesaurus.     G.  Hickes  (Joh.,  Marjd.  C,  Magd. 

H.,  and  Line).     Oxon. 

1704  M.  A.  Antoninus.     Oxon.     (After  the  Camb.  Gataker  of  1652.) 
lutroductio  Chronologica.    W.  Holder  (Pemb.  and  Oxon.).     Ed.  2.     Oxon. 
Ductor  Historicus.     Vol.  2.     T.  Hearne  (Edm.  IL).     Oxon. 

Dionys.  Halicarn.     J.  Hudson  {Qu.,  Univ.  and  S.  Manj  II.).     2  vols. 

Dionysius  Periogetes.     E.  Wells  (Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon, 

Geoponica.     P.  Needbam  (Job.).     Camb. 

Herodian.     Ed.  3.     Oxon. 

Homeri  Ilias.     Oxon. 

Luciau.     E.  Leedes  (Pet.).     Camb. 

Peculiar  Use,  &c.,  of  certain  Latin  Words  (for  Exercises).     W.  Willymot 

(King's).     Camb. 
Foedera.     T.  Kymer  (Sid.)  [1704,  &c.,  vols.  10,  17,  after  his  death  in  1714, 

by  Eo.  Sanderson  (Line.)]. 
Euclid,  CI.  Fr.  M.  De  Challes  (Turing.     O.von.     Ed.  2. 
Optice.     Is.  Newton  (Trin.).     Loud. 
Praelectiones  Chymicae.     J.  Freind  (Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 

1705  De  Bibliorum  Textibus.     ii.'H.oAy  (Wadh.).     FoL     O.roH. 
Ductor  Historicus.     Vol.  1.  ed.  2.     T.  Hearne  (Edm.  U.).     Loud. 
Auacreou.     Joshua  Barnes  (Emm.).     Camb. 

Anacrcou  Christianus  (psalms,  &c.).      Joshua  Barnes    (Emm.).      12mo. 

Camb. 
Homeri  Odyssea.     Oxon. 
Justiuus.     T.  Hearne  (Edm.  II.).     Oxon. 

Liuguarum  Septentrion.  Thesaurus.     G.  Hickes  (Line.  itc).     Oxon. 
Litania  et  Ordo  Caeuae  Dom.     Oxon. 
H.  Lukin  de  lleligione.     S.  Priest  (Queens').     O.Ton. 
Ovid  Tristia  (Deliihini).     Camb. 
Eellexions  on  Aut.  and  Mod.  Learning.     W.  Wutton  ^Joh).     Ed.  3,  with  a 

Defence. 


396  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Sophoclis  (4  playB).     T.  Jolinson  (King's  and  Magd.).    2  vols.     Oxon. 

Suidas.     L.  Ku.ster  (Camb.).     'A  v(j1h.  f(jl.     Carab. 

Catui)tricks,  &c.    D.  Gregory  (Edin.  and  Oxon.)  engl.     W.  Browne  (Pet.). 

Lond. 
Pliysica.     J.  Le  Clerc  (Geneva),     Camb.     Ed.  2. 
Posthumous  Works  of  Ro.  Hooke  (C7^.  Ch.).     Lond. 

1706  Lexicon  in  N.  Test.     Gr.  lat.     Dawson.     Camb. 
Acadcmiae  Francofort.  ad  Viadr.  Encaenia.     Oxon. 
Antiquities  of  Greece.     J.  Potter  (Line).     2  vols. 

Apollonius  Pergaeus  de  Sectione  Ratiouis.     E.  Halley  {Q>i.).     Oxon. 

Athcnagoras  de  Resurrect.,  &c.     E.  Decliair  (Line).     Oxon. 

Caesar.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Camb. 

Cicerouis  Orationes  (DelpLini).     Camb. 

Cioerouis  De  Oratore.     T.  Cockman  ( Univ.).     Oxon. 

Graecae  Linguae  Dialecti.     Mich.  Maittaire  (Ch.  Ch.).     Lond. 

Terence,  Andria,  Adelphi  and  Hecyra.     W.  Willymott  (King's). 

Grotius  Baptizat.  Puer.  Instit.  et  Eucharistia.     Oxon. 

On  the  Being  and  Attributes  of  God.     S.  Clarke  (Caius).     London. 

lutroductio  ad  Linguas  Orieutales.     S.  Ockley.  (Qu.).     Camb. 

Pro  Testimonio  Fl.  Joseph!  de  .Jesu  Christo.     C.  Daubuz  (Qu.).     Lond. 

Newton's  Optics.     Lat.     S.  Clarke  (Caius). 

King's  College  Anthems.     Camb. 

1707  Biblia  Graeca.     J.  E.  Grabe  (Oxon.)    4  vols.,  1707—20.     Oxon. 
Novum  Test.  Graecum.     J.  Mill  (Qu.  and  Edm.  H.).     Fol.     Oxon. 
Epictetus  et  Theophrastus.     H.  AliMch  {Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 
Encyclopaedia,  a  Scheme  of  Study.     Ro.  Green  (Clare).     4to. 
Horatius  cum  lectionibus  variis.     12mo.     Camb. 

Miuucius  Felix.     J.  Davies  (Qu.),     Camb. 

SaUust.     Jos.  Wasse  (Qu.). 

Theodosii  Sphaerica.     Gr.  Lat.     J.  Hunt  (?i)flZL).     Oxon. 

Yirgilius  ex  edit.  Emmesiana.     Camb. 

Litterae  a  pastoribus  et  professoribus  Genev.  una  cum  respons.    uuiv, 

Oxon.     Fol.     Oxon. 
Praelectiones  Astronomicae.    W.  Whiston  (Clare). 
Newtoni  (Trin.)  Arithmetica  Universalis.     W.  WTiiston  (Clare). 

1708  Cicero  Disp.  Tusc.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Camb. 
Compendium  of  Hickes  (Joh.,  Magd.  C,  Magd.  H.  and  Li/ic). 
Corpus  Statutorum  Oxonieusium.     12mo.     Oxon. 

Iguatii  Epistolae.     A.  M.  Salvini.     Oxon. 

Livius.     T.  Hearue  (Edm.  H.).     6  vols.     Oxon. 

Nepos.     Ed.  2.     Oxon. 

Some  Thoughts  on  the  Study  of  the  Laws  of  England.    T.  Wood  {New  C). 

Oxon. 
Sophoclis  Antigone  et  Trachiniae.  T.  Johnson  (King's  and  Magd.),    Camb. 
Lexicon  Techuicum.     J.  Harris  (Job.). 

1709  No\aim  Test.  gi-.  engl.     E.  Wells  (Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 

Antouini  Iter  Britannicum.    T,  Gale  (Trin.)  [edidit  Eog,  Gale  (Trin.)  fil.]. 

4to.    Lond. 
Cicero  Quaest.  Tusc.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Camb. 
Dionysius  Periegetes,  gr.  lat.     E.  Wells  (Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 
Ephrem  Syrus.     E.  Thwaites  (Qu.).     Oxon. 
Hierocles  Philos,     P.  Needham  (Job.),     Camb. 

Ignatii  Epistolae.     J.  Pearson  (King's),  and  T,  Smith  (Qu.).     4to,     Oxon. 
Lelaud  Script.  Britt.     A.  Hall  (Qu.).     Oxon. 

Menandtr  et  Philemon,  Le  Clerc.     Ri.  Bentley  (Joh.  and  Trin. ;  Wadh.). 
Oxford  and  Camb.  Miscellany  Poems.   Lintot  (Nichols'  Lit.  Anecd.  ix.  164). 
Spelman's  Aelfred.     T.  Hearne  (Edm.  H.).     Oxon. 
Chemistry  Lectures.     J.  Freind  (Ch.  Ch.). 

1710  Apollonius  Pergaeus.     Edm.  Halley  (Qu.).     Fol.     Oxon. 

Anuut.  in  2  priores  Ai-istophauis  Comoedias.     Ri.  Bentley  (.Joh.,  Trin.  and 
Wadh.).     Fol.    Amst. 


APPENDIX   IX.      PUBLICATIONS.  397 

Synopsis  Canonum  Eccl.  Latinae.    Laur.  Howell  (Jes.), 

Diouysii  Orbis  Descript.  comment.  Eustatliii.     Oxori. 

Historical  Account  of  the  Heathen  Gods  and  Heroes.    W.  King  (Ch.  Ch.). 

Longiuus.     J.  Hudson  (Qu.,  Univ.  and  S.  Mary  H.).     Oxon. 

Lucian.     E.  Leedes  (Pet.). 

Emeudatioues  in  Menand.  et  Philemon.     Philel.  Lips.  [Ri.  Bentley]  Traj. 

ad  liheu. 
Sallust,  &c.     Jos.  Wasse  (Qn.).     Camb. 
Triglaudii  Paedia  Juris.     Oxoti. 

Cosmologia  Sacra.     Nch.  Grew  (Pemb.).     Ed.  2.     Lond. 
Euclid,  Tacquet.     W.  Winston  (Clare).     Camb. 
Praelectiones  Physico-Mathematicae.     W.  Whiston  (Clare).     Camb. 

1711  Antiquitates  Eiitupiuae.     J.  Battely  (Trin.  C.  Camb.).     Oxon. 
Herodotus,  Vita  Homeri.     4to.     Camb. 

Homer.     Joshua  Barnes  (Emm.).     2  vols.  4to.     Camb. 

Horace.     Ei.  Bentley  (Joh.,  Trin.  and  U'adti.).     2  vols.  -Ito.     Camb. 

Juvenal  Trausl.     J.  Drydeu  (Trin.). 

Orationes  ex  Poetis  Latinis.     Oxon. 

Oratio  in  publicis  Acad.  Oxon.  Scholis  in  laudcm  T.  Bodleii.    Edm.  Smith 

(Ch.  Ch.).     Lond.     (Bowyer.) 
Ovid's  Metamorphoses,  englished  by  Sir  S.  Garth  (Pet.),  kc.     Fol.    Loud. 
Plautus.     2  vols.     Lond.     (Tonson.) 
Pomponius  Mela.     J.  Eeynolds  (King's).     4to.     Exeter. 
Praelectiones  Pocticae.     Jos.  Trapp.  (li'ad/i.).     Oxon, 
Velleius  Paterculus.     Oxon. 
Symposium    Luciani,    Platonis,    Xenophoutis,    Plutarchi.      C.    Aldrich 

{Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 
Grammatica  Anglo-Saxonica.     C.  Tliwaites  (Qu.).  ■ 

1712  Essay  on  2  Ai-abic  MSS.,  Bodl.     J.  E.  Grabe  [Oxon.). 
Chi-ysostom  de  Sacerdotio.     J.  Hughes  (Jes).     Camb. 
Caesar.     S.  Clarke  (Caius).     Fol.     Loud. 
Dionysius  Periegetes.     J.  Hudson  (Qu.,  &G.).     Oxon. 
Miuucius  Felix.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Camb. 

Moeris  Atticista.     J.  Hudson  (Qu.,  Univ.  and  S.  Mary  II.).     Oxon. 

De  Graecai'um  Litt.  Pronuuc.     G.  Martin.     0.wn. 

De  Ordine  Yocabulorum,  &c.     J.  Ward.     Loud. 

Oratio  Inauguralis.     Simon  Ockley  (Qu.).     4to.     Camb. 

Theophrasti  Cliaractercs,  variorum.     P.  Needham  (Joh.).     Camb. 

Varenii  Gcographia.     Ja.  Jurin  (Trin.).     Camb. 

Maps  of  Auc.  and  Mod.  Geography.     E.  Wells  (Ch.  Ch.). 

A  New  Institute  of  Imperial  or  Civil  Law.     T.  Wood  (New  C).     Bowj-er, 

Lond. 
Conic  Sections.     Ja.  Milnes  (Oxon.).     Oxon. 
Principles  of  Natural  Philosophy.     Eo.  Green  (Clare).     Camb. 

1713  Newtoui  Principia.     Ed.  2.     Euger  Cotes  (Trin.).     Camb. 

Horace.  Ed.  2.  E.  Bentley  (Joh., Trin.  and  l/V/cWi.).  8vo.  Camb.;  alsoAmst. 

Horace.     T.  Bentley  (Trin).     12mo. 

Emendation  of  Mtnander  and  Ep.  ad  Millium  (reprint).     R.  Bentley. 

Dissert,  on  Ep.  of  Phalaris.     E.  Bentley  (Joh.,  Trin.  and  U'adh.). 

Menander  et  Philemon,  gr.  lat.     J.  Clerc.     Ed.  E.  Bentley.     Camb. 

Codex  Juris  Eccles.  Augl.     Edm.  Gibson  (Qu.).     Lond. 

De  Parma  E(iuestri  Woodward.     H.  Dodwall  (T.  C.  D.  and  Oxon.)  and  T. 

Hearne  (Ktlm.  II.).     Oxon. 
Plato  de  Eepublica.  varior.     Edm.  Massey.     Camb. 
Poetac  Vett.  Lat.     Mich.  Maittaire  (Ch.  Ch.).     LomL 
Justinus.     Lucretius.  ,,      *  ,,  ,, 

Paterculus.     Phaedrus.       ,,  ,,  ,, 

Sallustius.  „  ,,  II 

Compendium  Ethices.     D.  Whitby  (Trin.).     Oxon. 
Physico-Theologia.     W.  Dcrham  (Trin.).     Lond. 
Principia  Mathem.     Is.  Newton  (Triu.).     Ed.  2.     Camb. 


398  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

17M  N.  Test.  Graecnm.     Superintended  Ly  Maittairo,     Lond. 

IxeasonablencBs   and   Certainty   of    the   Cliristiau   lleligion.      R.    Jenkin 
(Job.).     Ed.  4. 

Spicilegium  SS.  ratrum,  &c.     .T.  E.  Grabe  (Oxon.),     Oxon. 

Astro-Tbeologia.     W.  Derham  (Trin.).     Loud. 

Cicero  de  Oratore.     Ja.  Proust.     Oxon. 

Homer  Iliad.     Morel.     Oxon. 

Theopbrastus  transl.     Eustace  Budgell  (Ch.  Ch.).     Lond. 

(ieograpbia  Vareuii.     Ja.  Juriu  (Triu. ).     Camb. 

Short  Introduction  to  Grammar.     Oxon. 

(irammatica  Latiua.     Oxon. 

Dufitor  Historicus.     T.  Hearnc  {Edin.  H.).     Complete.     Lond. 

Trigonometry.     E.  Wells  [Ch.  Ch.).     Lond. 
1715  Greek  Testament.     12mo.     Bowyer.     Lond. 

Acta  Apost.  Gr.  Lat.  iitt.  maiusc.  cod.  LauJian.  Bodl.     T.  Hearue  (Edm, 
H.).     Oxon. 

Commentaries  on  S.  Paul's  Epp.     E.  Wells  {Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 

A  Help  for  Underst.  H.  Scriptures.    E.  Wells  (Ch.  Ch.)    7  vols.  4to.  Oxon. 

Aristeas.  Hist.  lxx.  Interpp.     Grabe,  transl.  Lewis.     12mo.     Oxoii. 
?Irenaeus.     Jo.  Pottauus.     2  vols.     Fol.     Oxon.     [Watt.  i.  535 u.] 

Clem.  Alexandr.     J.  Potter  (Line).     Oxon. 

Vindication  of  Sibylline  Oracles.     W.  Whiston  (Clare). 

Liberty  and  Necessity.     Ant.  Collins  (King's). 

Epist.  de  Legibus  Attractionis.     J.  Keill  (Ball.).     Oxon. 

Introd.  ad  Pbys.  Lect.     J.  Keill  (Ball.).     Oxon. 

Demosthenes  et  Aeschines  de  Corona.     P.  Foulkes  and  J.  Friend  (Ch.  Ch.). 
Ed.  2.     U.con. 

Cicero  de  Fiuibus.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Camb. 

de  Oratore.     Ja.  Proust.     Oxon. 

Doctrina  Philosophorum  ex  Cicerone.     Oxon. 
Epictetus.     E.  Ivie  (Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 

Euripidis  Medea  and  Phoeniss.     Joshua  Barnes  (Emm).     Lond. 
Herodoti  Clio.     Camb. 

Musaeus  Hero  and  Leander.     Engl.  Verse.     A.  S.  Calcott.     Oxon. 
Catullus,  Tibull.  Propert.     Mich.  Maittaire  (Ch.  Ch.).     12mo.     Loud. 
Virgil.     Id. 
Floras.     Id. 
Ovid.     Id.     3  vols. 
?  Horace.     Id. 
Nepos.     Id. 

Dictionary  of  Classical  Geography.     L.  [and  S.]  Eachard  (Chr.). 
S/v-eXeros  Cantabrigieusis.     Ki.  Parkeri.     Ed.  T.  Hearue.     Oxon. 
Puli'eudorf  de  Oti.     Camb. 
Euclidis  Elem.     J.  Keill  (Ball).     Oxon. 

Catoptricks,  &c.    D.  Gregory  (Ediub.  and  Ball.),  engl.  ed.  2.     W.  Browne 
(Pet.).     Lond. 
171G  N.  T.  Coptice.     David  Wilkius  (Camb.).     O.ron. 
Aristotelis  Ethica.  var.     G.  Wilkinson.     O.ron. 
Cicero  De  OtHciis,  var.     ?  J.  Cockman  (Univ.).     Oxon. 

De  Senectute,  engl.     S.  Hemming  (Qu.).     Oxon, 

De  Oratore.     Zach.  Pearce  (Trin.).     Camb. 

De  Claris  Oratoribus.     Ja.  Proust.     Oxon. 

Horatius.     Mich.  Maittaire  (Ch.  Ch.).     12mo,     Lond. 
Caesar.     Id. 

Q.  Curtius.     Id. 

Juvenal.     Id.  ' 

Martial.     Id. 

Athenae  Britt.    History  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Writers.     Miles  Davies. 

Loud. 
De  dea  Salute.     G.  Musgrave.     Oxon. 
Hist.  Plant.  Succulent,  (decas  i.).     R.  Bradley  (Camb.).     4to. 


APPENDIX   IX.       PUBLICATIONS.  399 

1717  Baskctt's  Imperial  Bible  (vellum).     2  vols.     Folio.     Oxon. 
Aristotelis  Ethica  Nicom.     W.  Wilkinson  (Qn.).     Oxun. 
Cicero  De  Officiis,  &c.     T.  Tooly  (Joh.).     Oxon. 

De  Amicitia,  &c.     T.  Tooly  {Joh.).     Oxon. 

Dionysius  Periegetes.     J.  Hudson  (Qu.,  Univ.  and  S.  Mary  11.).     Oxon. 

Ovid  Metamorpli.  transl.     S.  Garth  (Pet.).     Fol.     Loud. 

Aristarehus  Auti-Bentleianus.     Hi.  Johnson  (Joh.). 

Antieut  and  Present  Geography.     E.  Wells  (Ch.  Ch.). 

Musae  Auglicanae.     Oxon. 

'EUthv  "ZiiiKpaTLKT).     S.  Catherall.     Oxon. 

Treatise  on  Opticks.     Is.  Newton  (Trin.).     Bowyer.     Lond. 

1718  Aesop.     J.  Hudson  [Qu.,  Univ.  and  S.  Mary  II.).     Oxon. 
Aesop.     12mo.     Oxon. 

Cicero  De  Nat.  Deor.     J.  Davies  (Qu. ).     Camb. 

De  Fiuibus.     J.  Davies  (Qn.).     Camb. 

De  Finibus,  Paradoxa.     T.  Bentley  (Trin.).     Camb, 

Khetorica.     Ja.  Proust.     Oxon. 

Horace  Odes,  eugl.     H.  Coxwell.     4to.     Oxon. 

Longiuus.     J.  Hudson  [Qu.,  Univ.  and  S.  Mary  H.).     Oxon. 

Phalaris.     C.  Boyle  {Ch.  Ch.). 

Physica  Aristotelica  mod in  usum  Juv.  Acad.    Taswell.    Bowyer.    Loud. 

Miscellanea  in  Usum  Juvent.  Acad.     J.  Pointer  [Mert.).     Oxun, 

Viigil  Aen.  engl.     Jos.  Trapp  {]\'adh.). 

Remarks  on  Italy.     Jos.  Addison  {MngtL).     Lond. 

Optica  Newton.,  lat.     S.  Clark  (Caius).     Ed.  2.     Bowv-er.     Lond. 

Pharmapopoeia  Bateana.     T.  Fuller,  M.D.  Cantab.     Bowyer.     Loud. 

Clemens  Komanus.     H.  Wotton  (Joh.^,     Camb. 

Lactantius.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Camb. 

Bay's  Correspondence.     W.  Derham  {Trin.).     Lond. 

Physica  Ja.  Kohault.     S.  Clarke  (Cai.).     Ed.  4. 

1719  Apostolical  Fathers,  &c.    W.  Wake  {Ch.  Ch.).     Ed.  3.     Bowyer.     Loud. 
Ignatius,  &c. 

Justin  M.  Dialogues.     S.  Jebb  (Pet.).     Bowyer.     Loud. 

Clavis  Ling.  Sanctae.     Nic.  Trott  {D.  C.  I..).     Fol.     Oxon. 

Dissert,  ad  J.  Clericum  Episf'^  de  Quinctihauo.   Mich.  Maittake  {Ch.  Ch.). 

4to.     Lond. 
De  Asse.     J.  Ward  (Gresbam).     Lond. 
Hierocles.     P.  Needham  (Joh.).     Camb. 
Lucan.     M.  Maittaire  {Oh.  Ch.).     12mo.     Lond. 
Pomponius  Mela.     J.  Beynolds  (?  King's).     4to.     Lond. 
Saxon  Homilies.     W.  Elstob  (Cath.  H.,  Qu.  and  Univ.),  &c. 

1720  Vet.  Test.     Vol.3.     ?G.  Wigan  (C/(.  C7i.).     Lond. 
Bibliotheca  Biblica.     S.  Parker  {B.  N.  C).     4to.     Oxon. 
Cambridge  Concordance.     Fol. 

Origiues  Ecclesiasticae.     Jos.  Bingham  (r»ir.).     Bowyer.     Lond. 

Theologia  Spcculativa,  Body  of  Divinity.     Bi.  Fiddes  (U/n'r.).     Lond. 

Valesii,  Eusebii,  &c.     Hist.  Eccl.     W.  Beading.     3  vols.     Fol.     Cumb. 

De  P.  Pilati  epist.     T.  Woolston  (Sid.).     Lond. 

Cebetis  Tabula.     T.  Johnson  (King's  aud  Magd.).     Eton,  Loud. 

Cicero  De  Seucct.  &c.,  eugl.     S.  Parker  (/>'.  N.  C.).     Oxon. 

Josephus.     J.  Hudson  {Qu.,  Univ.  and  S.  Mary  II).     2  vols.     Fol.     Oxon. 

Textus  Roffensis.     T.  Hwirne  {Eilm.  II.). 

Chronological  Tables.     A.  Bhindy  {I'vinb.).     Oxon, 

Institute  of  the  Laws  of  Englaml.     T.  Wood  {Xtw  C). 

Canons  Ecclesiastical.     J.  Jolinsou  (Magd.  and  Benet.). 

1721  Proposals  for  Gk.  Test.     B.  Bentley  (Joli.  and  Trin.).     4to.     Lond. 
Anacreon.     Josh.  Barnes  (Emm.).     Ed.  2.     Camb. 
Batrachimiyomachia  gr.  lat.     M.  Maittaire  (Ch.  Ch.).     Loud. 
Cicero  De  Divinat.  et  De  Fato.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Camb. 
Demosthenes  Fals.  Legat.     H.  Brooke  {B.  *V.  C.  and  .1//  .S'.).     Oxon. 
Demosthenis  Oratioues  lxii.     Oxon. 


400  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Inscriptio  Rigca.     Edm.  ChisbuU  {Corpus).    Lond. 

(Ijuniiiia  Coiuitialia.     V.  Bourne  (Triii.). 

lutroductiou  to  True  Astronomy.     J.  Koill  {Ball.). 

On  the  Usefulness  of  Mathematical  Learning.     Ed.  2.     M.  Strong  (Line). 

0x0  n. 
Petra  Scandali   (Schism.  EccU.  Orient,  and  Occident.).     Arabic  version. 

J.  Gagnier.     Oxon. 
Leges  Saxonicae.     D.  Wilkins.     (Camb.) 

1722  Inquiry  into  Authority  of  Complutensian  N.  T.     Ei.  Bentley  (.loh.  and 

Trin.  and  Wadh.).     Loud. 
Beda  Hist.  Eccl.     J.  Smith  (.Job.).     Bowycr.     Lond.  and  Camb. 
A   Kempis   Imit.    Xti.   and    Three  Tabernacles.     W.  Willymot    (King's). 

Bowyer.     Loud. 
Bibliothcca  Litteraria  I.  II.     S.  Jebb  (Pet.),  &c.  (Camb.).    Bowyer.    Lond. 
Justin  M.,  Tiypho.     Styan  Thirlby  (Jes.).     London. 
Tertullian  adv.  Haeret.  et  Tiieopbili  Apol.     J.  Betty  {Exon.).     Oxon, 
Tbcophihis  ad  Autol.  engl.     Jo.  Betty  {Exon.).     Oxon. 
Aelius  Aristides.     S.  Jebb  (Pet.).     2  vols.  4to.     Oxon. 
Oppiau  Halieutica.     W.  Diaper  and  J.  Jones  {Ball.).     Oxon. 
Pliui  Epp.  et  Panegyr.     M.  Maittaire  {Ch.  Ch.).     Lond. 
Vidae  Poemata.     T.  Tristram  {Punb.).     E.  Owen  (Job.).     Oxon. 
Miscell.  Graecor.  Scriptt.  Carmina,  gr.  lat.     Mich.  Maittaire  (Ch.   Ch.). 

4to.     Lond. 
De  Obligatione  Juramenti.     Eo.  Sanderson  {Line).     Lond. 
Euclid.     Andr.  Tacquet  (Autw.),  W.  Whiston  (Ckre).     Ed.  3.     Camb. 

1723  Aretaeus  Cappadox  (medical).     J.  Wigau  {Ch.  Ch.).     Fol.     Oxon. 
Bibliotheca  Litteraria  III. — VI.     S.  Jebb  (Pet.).     Bowj'er.     Lond. 
Cicero  (Mauutii).     F.  Hare  (King's).     Camb. 

Disp.  Tusc.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Ed.  2.     Camb. 

Epictetus.     E.  Ivie  {Ch.  Ch.).     Ed.  2.     Oxnn. 

Epistola  Critica  ad  F.  Hare  (King's),  Jer.  Markland  (Pet.).     Camb. 

EuripiJis  Medea  et  Phoeniss.     W.  Piers  (Emm.).    Ed.  2.     Camb. 

Tereutius.     J.  Leug  (Cath.).     Camb. 

Carmiua  QuadragesimaUa.     C.  Este  {Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 

Vida  de  Arte  Poetica.     12mo.     Oxon. 

Hemingii  Chartularium  Vigorn.     T.  Hearne  (Edm.  H.). 

English  Particles.     W.  WiUymott  (King's).     Lond. 

Conic  Sections.     Ja.  Milues  (Oxon.).     Oxon. 

1724  Authol.  Graec.  Delectus  Westmonast.     Oxon. 
Antiquitates  Asiaticae.     E.  Cliishull  (Corpiis). 
Bibliotheca  Litteraria  VII. — X.     Bowyer,     Lond. 
Britauuia  Eomaua.     J.  Pointer  (Mert.).     Oxon. 
Louginus.     Zach.  Pearce  (Trin.).     Lond. 
Terence.     Fr.  Hare  (King's).     4to.     Lond. 
Eeligiou  of  Natm-e  Delineated.     W.  Wollaston  (Sid.). 

1725  Anacreon.     Mich.  Maittaire  (Ch.  Ch.).     Lond. 
Authol.  Poem.  Gr.  Minor.     Westmon.     Oxon. 
Cicero  Quaestt.  Acad.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Camb. 
[Horace.     John  Pine.     2  vols.     Lond.] 

Phileleutherus  Lipsiensis  on  Collins'  'Freethinking.'     Ei.  Bentley  (Joh. 

Trin.  and  Wadh.).     Ed.     Camb. 
Theophrastiis  transl.     H.  Gaily  (Benet).     Lond. 
Vida  Christiad.     E.  Owen  (Job.).     Oxon, 
Gradus  ad  Parnassum.     Lond. 
New  Theory  of  the  Earth.    W.  Whiston  (Clare).     Ed.  2.     Lond. 

1726  Ignatius.     Oxon. 

Sum  and  Substance  of  IV  EvangeUsts.     Oxon. 

Liber  Precum  Eccl.  Cathedr.  Oxon.     Oxon. 

Petra  Scandali.     J.  Gagnier.     Ed.  2.     0.ton. 

Three  Sermons  and  Preface.     Jos.  Butler  (Oriel). 

Euripidis  Hec.  Orest.  Phoen.     J.  King  (King's).     2  vols.     Camb. 


APPENDIX   IX.      PUBLICATIONS.  401 

Isocratis,  «&c.,  Orationes  Selectae.     Phil.  Fletcher.     Oxon. 

Demosth.   et  Aeschinis   Oratt.     P.   Foulkes   aud  J.    Freind    (Ch.    Ch.). 

Oxon. 
Terence,  Phaedrus  and  Publ.  Syrus.    R.  Bentley  (Trm.).    4to.     Camb. 
Sibylla  Capitolina.     Oxon. 
Poemata  Card.  Maffaei  Barberini.     Jo.  Brown  {Qu.).     Oxon. 

Urban  VIQ. 
Tasso's  Aminta.     P.  B.  Du  Bois  {S.  Mary  H.).     Oxon. 

J.  Faber.     Oxon. 
Astro-Tlieologia.     W.  Derhani  (Trin.).     Lond. 
Terrae  Filius.     N.  Ainhurst  [Joh.]. 
Arithmetick.     E.  Wells  (Ch.  Oh.).     Lond. 
Geography.     E.  Wells  (Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 
Principia  Mathem.     Is.  Newton  (Trin.).     Ed.  3.     Camb. 

1727  Holy  Bible.     2  vols.  fol.     Oxon. 

: arranged  for  the  Clementine  Libr.  by  E.   Warren  (?  Bras.). 

4to.     Oxon. 
The  Sacred  Classics  defended  and  illustrated.     Ant.  Blackwall.     Lond. 
Caesar.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Ed.  2.     4to.     Camb. 
Cicero  De  Legibus.     J.  Dalies  (Qu.).     Camb. 

Cato  Major,  &c.,  engl.     S.  Parker  {Bra>!.).     Oxon. 

Xenojihon  CjTopaed.     T.  Hutchinson  {Liiic).     Oxon. 
aud  Anabasis.     T.  Hutchinson  (Line).     4to.     Oxon. 

Oeconomics,  engl.  Ki.  Bradley  (prof.  Camb.).     Lond. 

Journey  of  Cyrus,  engl.     Oxon. 

Physico-Theologia.     W.  Derham  (Trin.).    Lond. 
Catalogue  of  Oxford  Graduates,  1603 — 1726.     Oxon. 

Principles  of  Philos.  of  Expansive  and  Contractive  Forces.    Eo.  Green 

(Clare).     Camb. 
Vegetable  Staticks.     Ste.  Hales  (Benet.).     Lond. 
Historiae  Plantarum  Succulent,  decas  5ta.   Ei.  Bradley  (prof.  Camb.).  4to. 

1728  De  Beued.  Patriarchac;  Jacob  conjectt.     G.  Hooper  yCh.  Ch.).    4to.    Oxon. 
Novatian.     J.  Jackson  (Jcs.).     Lond. 

Antiquitates  Asiaticae.     Edm.  Cliisliull  [Corpus).    Bowyer.     Lond. 
Aristotelis  Poetica,  editio  2do  Goulstoniana.     Camb. 

Ehetorica,  var.    ?  W.  Beattie  (Magd.).     Camb. 

Cicero  De  Finibus.    J.  Davles  (Qu.).     Camb. 

Dionys.  Hahcarn.     Ja.  Upton  (King's).    Bowyer.     Lond. 
Q.  Horatius  Flaccus  (an  edition  of  Beutley's).     Amst. 
Plato  Parmenides.     J.  W.  Thomson.     Oxon. 
Statii  Silv.     Jer.  Markland  (Pet.).     Bowyer.     Lond. 
Foundation  of  Moral  (roodness.     J.  Balguy  (Job.). 
Annals  of  University  Coll.     W.  Smith.     Newcastle. 
System  of  Opticks.     Eo.  Smith  (Trin.). 
Optice  Newtoni.     S.  Clarke  (Caius).     Loud. 

1729  Common  Prayer.     Oxon      8vo.  and  12mo. 

Antiquities  of  Constantinople.     J.  Ball  (Corpus).     Bowyer.     Lond. 

Aeschylus  Choii. ;  Soph,  and  Eurip.  Electra  Westmonast.     OxAtn. 

Ciceronis  Orationes.     Dolphin.     Camb. 

Homer.     Vol.  I.     S.  Clarke,  sen.  (Caius).     4  vols.    4to. 

Isocrates,  var.     Vol.  I.  (see  174'J).     W.  Battle  (King's).     Camb. 

Plutarchi  Vitae  (1723—9).     Aug'"-.  Biyan  (Trin.).     5  vols.  4to.     Loud. 

Sophocles  engl.     G.  Adams  (Job.).     Bowyer.     Loud. 

Instit.  Logicac.     J.  Wallis  (Emm.  and  Qu.  and  Oxon.).     Oxon. 

De  Laude  Univ.  Oxon.  Metrice.     Ed.  T.  Hcarne  (Edm.  II.).     Oxon. 

Parecbolae  Statnt.  Univ.  Oxon.     Oxon. 

Ambr.  Bonwicke  (Job.),  A  Pattern  for  Young  Students.     Loud. 

1730  Aelius  Ai-istides.     3  vols.  4to.     Oxon. 
Cicero  De  Divmatione  var.  ) 

Tusculan.  Disp.  '  J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Camb. 

Philosophica.  ) 

AV.  2(3 


402  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

Longinus.     J.  Hudson  (Qu.,  TJniv.  and  .S'.  Manj  II.).     Ed.  2.     Oomn. 
laiciau.     N.  Kent  (King's).     Camb. 
Sallust  (Minclli).     2-lmo.     Oxon. 

Xcnopbou  Cyioiiacdia.     T.  Hutchinson  (Line).     Lond. 
Viudiciao  Autiquit.  Acad.  0.\ou.  T.  Cai.     Ed.  llcarnc.     2  vols.     Ojcnn. 
Keill's  Oxf.  Astron.  Lectures.     Edm.  Halley  (Qit.).     Buwyer.     Loud. 
(JambridKc  Lectures  on  Materia  Medica.     Prof.  Ilk  Bradley.     Bowyer. 
Musick  Speeches  by  J.  Taylor  (Job.) 
Scripture  Clironolof^.     A.  Bedford  (Brn-i.). 
Articuh  XXXIX.     E.  Welchman  (Mert.).     Ed.  .5.     Oxon. 
A  System  of  Ecclesiastical  Law.     Hi.  Grey  (Line). 

A  New  Institute  of  Imperial  or  Civil  Law.  T.  Wood  {New  C).  Ed.  •!. 
Bowyer.     Lond. 

1731  Cicero's  Dialogues  (s.  a.  1727)  tr.  S.  Parker  (/?ras.).     4to.     Oxon. 
Demosthenes  Select  Oratt.  var.     E.  Mouuteuey,  Cambr.     Oxon. 
Horatii  Carmina.     G.  Wade  (Chr.).     Bowyer.     Lond. 
Tbucydides.     Jos.  Wasse  (Qu.)  and  Duker.     2  vols.  fol.     Ainst. 
Observationes  Miscellaneae  (Dutch  Philol.  Journ.)  trausl.     J.  Jortin  (Jcs.), 

&c.  (Camb.) 
Conic  Sections.     L.  Trevigar.     Camb. 

Eternal  and  Immutable  Morality.    Ka.  Cudworth  (Emm.,  Clare  and  Clu-.). 
TertuUian  adv.  Praxean.     Camb. 
Euclid.     Oxon. 

On  Moral  Obligation.     T.  Johnson  (King's  and  Magd.).     Camb. 
Origin  of  EvD.     W.  King  (T.  C.  D.).     Engl.  Edm.  Law  (Job.,  Chr.  and 

Pet.).     4to. 

1732  Apparatus   ad  Ling.   Graec.     G.  Thompson,  assisted  by   Prof.   Pilgrim 

(Trin.).     Bowyer.     Lond. 
Cicero  De  Oratore.     Z.  Pearce  (Trin.).     2  ed.     Camb. 

De  Nat.  Deor.     J.  Daties  (Qu.).     Camb. 

Offices,  trs.  T.  Cockman  (Univ.).    Ed.  8.    Bowyer.     Lond. 

Homeri  Ilias.     Vol.  2.     S.  Clarke  (Caius). 

Gemmae  Antiquae.     G.  Ogle  (?  Sid.).     Paris  (see  1741). 

Livy.     Mich.  Maittaire  (Ch.  Ch.).     G  vols. 

Longinus.     Z.  Pearce  (Trin.). 

Marmora  Oxoniensia.     Ed.  2.     Mich.  Maittaire  (Ch.  Ch.).     Fol.     Bowyer. 

Ilarmouia  Mensurarum.     Eog.  Cotes  (Trin.).     4to.     Camb. 

Hortus  Elthamensis.     J.  J.  Sherard  Dillenius  (Joh.). 

Oratio  Woodwardiana.     Conyers  Middleton  (Trin.).     Bowyer.     Lond. 

Origin  of  Evil.  W.  King  (T.  C.  D.).  Engl.  Edm.  Law  (Job.,  Chr.  and 
Pet.).     Ed.  2.     2  vols.     Lond. 

Observationes  in  Comment.  Gr.  Demosth.  Ulpiano  v.  adscriptae.  J.  Chap- 
man (King's). 

Oxonia  Depicta.     W.  Williams.     Fol. 

Quaestiones  Philosophicae  in  Usum  Juvent.  Acad.  T.  Johnson  (King's 
and  Magd.).     Camb. 

Tbucydides  (Duker). 

1733  Indices  III.  ad  Cyrillum.     T.  Hcarne  (Edm.).     Oxon. 
Appendix  ad  Marmora  Oxoniensia.     Bowyer.     Lond. 
Bacon  Opus  Majus.     S.  Jebb  (Pet.).     Fol.     Bowyer.     Lond. 
Bellus  Homo  et  Academicus,  etc.     Bo\vyer.     Lond. 

Cicero  Nat.  Deor.     Ed.  3.     J.  and  Ei.  Davies  (Qu.).     Camb. 

Epist.  Critica.     Jer.  Markland  and  Fr.  Hare  (Horace  emended).     Camb. 

1734  Some  Thoughts  concerning... studying  Divinity.     W.  Wotton  (Job.). 
Anacreon.     Josh.  Barnes  (Emm.).     Loud. 

Pandect  and  Parergon.     J.  Ayliffe  (Xciv  C).     2  vols.     Fol. 
Poematia.     V.  Bom-ne  (Trin.).     Westmon. 
Historia  Plantarum  Succulent.     Ei.  Bradley  (prof.).    Eepi-iut. 
Mathematical  Lectures.     Is.  Barrow  (Trin.).     Bo\\-yer.     Lond. 
Oratio  Woodwardiana.     C.  Mason  (Trin.).     4to.     Camb. 
Inquiry  into  the  Ideas  of  Space.     J.  Clarke,  E.  Law,  &c. 


APPENDIX   IX.      PUBLICATIONS.  403 

1735  Bibliotlieca  Biblica.     S.  Parker.     5  vols.  4to.     Oxon. 

Tho.  k  Kenipis'  Christian  Pattern.     J.  Wesley  (Ch.  Ch.,  Line). 

Ko.   Stephani  Thesaurus  Liuf,'.  Lat.     Augmented  and  emended  by  Edm. 

Law  (.Joh.,  Chr.,  Pet.),  J.  Tayloi   (.Joh.),  T.  Johnson  (King's,  Magd.), 

and  Sandys  Hutchinson  (bibl.  Trin.). 
The  Scholar's  Instructor,  Hebrew  Grammar.     Isr.  Lyons.     Camb. 
Ant.  Blackwall  De  Praestantia  Classic.  Auct.  trs.     G.  H.  Ayi-er.     Lipsiae. 
Usefulness  of  Mathematical  Learning.     Is.  Barrow.     Tr.  J.  Kirkby  (.Toll.). 
Enquiry  into  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Homer.     Ant.  Blackwall  (Emm.). 
Josephus,  trausl.     W.  "Winston  [Clare].     Bowyer.     Loud. 
Origin  of  Evil.     W.  King  (T.  C.  D.).     Engl.     Camb. 
Puffendorf  De  Off.  Hominis  et  Ci\as.     Johnson.     Camb. 
Quaestiones  Philosophicae.   T.  Johnson  (King's  and  Magd.)   Camb.   Ed.  2. 
Xenophon  Anabasis.    T.  Hutchinson  {Line).    4to.    Agesilaus.  8vo.  Oxon. 
Catoptricks,  &c.    D.  Gregory  {Ch.  Ch.).    Reflecting  Telescopes,  ttc.     J.  T. 

Desaguliers  {Ch.  Ch.,  Hart.  H.).     Lond. 
Critical  Eemarks  on  Capt.  GuUiver's  Travels.     E.  Bentley  (Trin.).    Camb. 

1736  S.  Scriptm-ae  Versio  Metrica.     J.  Biu'ton  {Corpus).     Oxon. 
Dissertationes  et  Conjectt.  in  Librum  Jobi.     S.  Wesley  {Exon.).    Bowyer. 
Solomon  de  Mundi  Vanitate.     Mat.  Prior  (Joh.),  W.  Dobson  (?  New  C). 

4to.     Oxon. 
Psalmi  Hebr.  Lat.    Fr.  Hare  (King's).     Lond. 
Cicero  Academica.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Camb. 
Lysias.     Jer.  Markland  (Pet.).     Lond. 
Newton's  Fluxions.     J.  Colson  (Sid.  and  Emm.) 
Praelectiones  Poeticae.     Jos.  Trapp  {Wadli.).     2  vols.     Lond. 
Catalogue  of  Oxford  Graduates.     Oxon. 

1737  Graecae  Linguae  Dialecti.     Mich.  Maittaire  (C7).  C7(.).     Ed.  2.     Lond. 
Hesiod.     T.  Kobiuscn  {Line,  Mert.).     4to.     Oxon. 

Xenophon  Cjt.     T.  Hutchinson  {Line).    4to.     Oxon. 

La  Secchia  of  Tasso.     2  pts.     1  vol.     Oxon. 

On  the  Sacrament.     D.  Waterlaud  (Magd.). 

Poems.     W.  Shenstone  {Prmb.).     Oxon. 

Concilia.     D.  Wilkins  (Camb.).     4  vols. 

New  Theory  of  the  Earth.     W.  Wliiston  (Clare).     Camb. 

1738  Catalogus  Interpp.  S.  Script.  Bodh     Eo.Fysher  (C/j.  C/i.).  2vols.fol.  Oxon. 
Census  habitus  nascente  Christo.  J.  Reinoldius  (?  King's,  and  O.ron.).   Oxon. 
Cicero  Disp.  Tusc.  em.  Bentl.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Ed.  4.     Camb. 
Lingua  Etrimae.     J.  Swinton  {Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 

The  Scholar's  Instructor,  Hebrew  Grammar.     Isr.  Lyons.    Ed.  2.    Camb. 

Bodleian  Catalogue.     O.con. 

Travels  in  Barbary.     T.  Shaw  {Qu.  and  Edm.  Hall). 

Hydrostatical  and  Pneumatical  Lectures.     Eog.  Cotes  (Trin.).     Bowyer. 

Complete  System  of  Opticks.    Ro.  Smith  (Trin.).     2  vols,    Bowj'er.    Lond. 

1739  Discourse  on  Anc.  and  Mod.  Learning,  from  MS.  of  Jos.  Addison  {Marjd.). 
De  antiq.  et  util.  Ling.  Arabicae.     T.  Hunt  (Ch.  Ch.,  Hart  H.).     Oxon. 
Epictetus.     Ja.  Upton  {Exon.).     Lond. 

Epictetus,  Cebes  and  Tlieojihrastus.     .Tos.  Simpson  {Qu.).     Oxon. 
Lysias.     J.  Taylor  (Joh.),  Jer.  Markland  (Pet.).     Bowj-er.     Lond. 
Manilius.     E.  Bentley  (Joh.,  Trin.  and  Wadli.).     4to.     Lond. 
Pomponius  Mela.     J.  Reynolds  (lung's).     4to.  ed.  3.    Loud. 
Tryphiodorus  Troja.     J.  IMcrrick.     Oxon. 
Origin  of  EviL     W.  lung  (T.  C.  D.).     Engl.  ed.  3.     Edm.  Law  (.Toll.,  Chr. 

and  Pet.)      Camb. 
Astronomy  of  tho  Moon  and  Tables  of  the  Moon's  Motions.     R.  Dun- 

thornc  (Pemb.  Lodge).     Camb. 

1740  Historiae  Litterariae.     Ed.  2.     Vol.  1.     W.  Cave  (Joh.)  and  II.  Wharton 

(Caius).     Oxon. 
Anacrcon.     Mich.  Maittaire  (C/f.  C/;.).     Ed.  2.     Lond. 
Epictetus,  Cebes,  Prodicns  and  Tlieophr.     Jos.  Simpson  (Qu.).     Oxon. 
Refl.  on  Logickin  the  Schools.    E.  Bentham  (Ch.  Ch.,  Corjuts,  Oriel).    Oxon. 

26—2 


404  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Tiysias.     J.  Taylor  (Job.).     Canili. 

Maxiini  Tyrii  Dissoitt.      J.  Duvics  (Qu.),  Jor.  Markland  (ret.).      Bowyer. 
On  Anti(inf  raiiiting.     (i.  TmiilMill  (?  Exoii.).     Lond. 
HiKtoiia  Muscunun.     J.  J.  Sliciiud  Dillciiius  (.T<jh.) 

N.   Sanderson's  (Clir.)  Talpable  Aritli.  and  Algebra.     J.  Colson  (Sid.  and 
Emm.).     4to.     Camb. 
1741  Callimaclius  Tlieognis,  Galen  of  Pergamos,  &c.  T.  Beiitley  (Triu.).   Loud. 
Cicero  De  Finibus,  var.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Ed.  2.     Camb. 

De  Divinatione.     J.  Davies  (Qu.).     Ed.  3.     Camb. 

De  Legibus,  &c.     Camb. 

Epistola.  Ja.  Tunstal  (Job.)  ad  Middletonum,  c.  dissert,  de  aetata 
Ciceronis  de  Legibus.     J.  Cliapman  (King's  and  Oxnn.).     Camb. 

Defence  of  the  Antient  Greek  Chronology,  and  Enquiry  into  the  Origin  of 
the  Greek  Language.     S.  Squire  (.Job.).     Camb. 

Carmina  Quadragesimalia.     Vol.  i.  ed.  2.     C.  Este  {Ch.  Ch.).     Lond. 

Epictetus  and  Arrian.     Ja.  Upton  {Exoii.).     2  vols.     Lond. 

(iemmae  Antiquae.     G.  Ogle  (?  Sid.).     Ed.  2.     Lond. 

I'lutarchi  Apophthegmata  llegum.     Mich.  Maittaire  [Ch.  Ch.).     Lond. 

Tryphiodorus,  var.  tr.  Ja.  Merrick  (Trin.).     Oxon. 

Virgil's  Georgicks,  engl.     J.  Martyn  (Emm.).     4to. 

Xenophon  Memorab.  Gr.  Lat.     Bolton  Simpson  {Qn.).     Oxon. 

Elements  of  Algebra.     N.  Saundcrson  (Chr.).    With  memoir.     2  vols.  4to. 

Logicae  Artis  Compendium.     E.  Sanderson  (Line).     Oxon. 

Quaestioues  Philosopliicae.  T.  Johnson  (King's  and  Magd.).  Camb, 
Ed.  3. 

Expence  of  Univ.  Education  Eeduced.  Ei.  Newton  (Ch.  Ch.,  Hart.  H.). 
ed.  4  (ed.  1.  1727).     O.von. 

1742  Nov.  Test.  Graec.     J.  Gambold.     12mo.     Oxon. 
Anacreon,  gr.  lat.     Camb. 

Cicero  and  Brutus.     Conyers  Middleton  (Trin.).     Lond. 

Commentarius   ad   Legem   Xviralem,  ttc.     J.  Taylor   (Job.),    R.  Bentley 

(Job.,  Trin.  and  IVadh.),  &c.     Camb. 
De  Graecis  Ulustribus.     Hum.  Hody  (]]'adh.).     Bowyer.     Lond. 
Observations  upon  Liberal  Education.     G.  TurnbuU  (?  Exon.).     Lond. 
Philo  Judaeus.     T.  Mangey  (Job.).     Bowyer,     Lond. 

Poetry  Lectures  in  Schol.  Philos.  Oxon.     Jos.  Trapp  (Wadh.).     Bowyer. 
Astronomy.     Roger  Long  (Pemb.).     4to.     Camb. 

1743  Cave  Historia  Literaria.     2  vols.  fol.     Oxon.     (s.  a.  1740.) 
Demosthenes  in  Midiam  and  Lycm-gus  c.  Leocr.     J.  Taylor  (Job.).    Camb. 
Jmiii  Etymologicon.     E.  Lye  (Hart.  H.).     Fol.     Oxon. 

Marmor  Sandviceuse  et  De  inope  Debitore  dissecando.     J.  Taylor  (Job.). 

Camb. 
Ordo  Institutiouum  Physicarum.     T.  Eutlierford  (Job.). 

1744  Cicero  De  Nat.  Deor.  var.     Ed.  2.     Camb, 

De  aetate  Ciceronis  De  Legibus.     J.  Chapman  (King's  and  Oxon.).     Camb. 

On  the  Genuineness  of  Cicero's  Epp.  ad  Brutum,  Ja.  Tunstall  (Job.), 
against  Middleton,  and  On  the  Numerals  of  the  Legions.  J.  Chap- 
man (Iving's  and  Oxon. ).     Bowyer.     Lond.     Cf.  1741. 

Jurisprudeutia  Philologica.     E.  Eden  (Line,  Univ.).     4to.     Oxon. 

Antiquities  near  Bishopsgate.     J.  Woodward,  M.D.,  Oxon.     (Ed.  1.  1712.) 

Marmor  Estonianum  in  agro  Nortbampt.     J.  Nixon  (?  King's).     Lond. 

Plutarch  Vitae  Parallelae  Demostb.  Ciccron.  gr.  lat.   P.  Barton.    (?)  Oxon. 

Plutarch  De  Iside  et  Osiride.     S.  Squire  (Job.).     Camb. 

Natm'e  and  Obligations  of  Virtue.     T.  Rutherford  (Job.). 

Genuineness  of  Clarendon's  Hist.     J.  Burton  (Corjjiit;).     0.ron. 

Shakespeare,  ed.  Sir  T.  Hanmer  (Ch.  Ch.).     6  vols.  4to.     O.ron. 

Harmonics.     R.  Smith  (Trin.).     Camb. 

Astronomic  Doubts.     P.  Parsons  (Sid.).     Camb. 

1745  Cicero  De  Officiis.     Z.  Pearce  (Trin.). 

De  Legibus,  var.     J.  Da%-ies  (Qu.).     Ed.  2. 

De  Oi;jitore,  var.     Lond. 


APPENDIX   IX.      PUBLICATIONS.  405 

Eemarks  on  tlie  Ei^istlos  of  Cicero  and  Brutus,  and  four  Orations.     Jer. 

Marklaud  (Pet.).     Bowycr.     Loud. 
Dissertations  of  Beutley  exam"'.     C.  Boyle  (Ch.  Cli.). 
Ethices  Compendium.     12mo.     Oxon. 
Laugbaeuii  Ethices  Compendium  et  Methodus  Arg.  Aristot.     J.   Hudson 

(Qu.,  Univ.,  S.  Mary  II.).     24mo.     Oxon. 
Xenopliou's  Anab.     T.  Hutchinson  (?  Line).    Ed.  2.     Oxon. 
Miscellanea  Critica.     li.  Dawes  (Emm.).     Camb. 
Moral  Philosophy.     E.  Bentham  {Ch.  Ch.,  Corpus,  Oriel).     Oxon. 
Platonis  Dialogi  v.  var.     Nat.  Forster  (Corpus).     Oxon. 
Mithridatium  et  Theriaca.     W.  Heberdeu  (Job.).     2  vols.     Lond. 
Enquiry  into  Anglo-Saxon  Government.     S.  Sc^uire  (Job.). 

1746  Specimen  of  an  Ed.  of  Aeschylus.     Ant.  Askew  (Emm.).     Lug.  Bat. 
Ciceronis  Quaestt.  Acad.  var.     Camb. 

De  Priscis  Horn,  litteris.     J.  Swinton  {Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 
Sophocles  Tragg.  VII.     T.  Johnson.     Bo\vyer.     Lond. 
Thueydidis,  Platonis  Lysiae,  Orationes  Funebrcs.     Oxon. 

,  Engl.  Notes.     E.  Bentham  {Ch.  Ch.,  Corpus,  Oriel).     Oxon. 

Virgil's  Georgicks.     J.  Martyn  (Emm.).     Lond. 

Pope's  Ode  on  S.  Caecilia's  Day,  lat.     Chr.  Smart  (Pemb.).     4to.     Camb. 

Two  Letters  to  M.  Folkes.     G.  Costard  {U'adh.). 

Appendix  Li\iana.     N.  Forster  {Corjms).     Oxon. 

1747  Calasio's  Hebrew  Concordance.     W.  Romaine  {Ilert.  and  Ch.  Ch.)  and 

E.  E.  Mores  {Qu.).     4  vols.  4to.     Lond. 
Demosthenis  Selectae  Orationes.    Ri.  Mounteney  (King's).   Bowj'er.   Loud. 
Demosth.  Aescli.  Deiuareh,  &c.     J.  Taylor  (Joh.).     3  vols.     Camb. 
Polymetis.     Jos.  Speuce  (New  Coll.).     Fol. 

Travels  in  Turkey  and  back.     E.  ChishuU  (Corpus).     Ed.  lii.  Mead,  M.D. 
Xenophon  CyroiJaedia.     T.  Hutchinson  (?  Line.).     Ed.  4.     Lond. 
Euclid.     J.  keill  (Ball.).     Ed.  4.     Oxon. 
Historia  Astronomiae.     Ra.  Heathcotc  (Jes.).     Camb. 
Observations  on  Job.     G.  Costard  (irrt(Z/t.).     Oxon. 
On  S.  John  eh.  VI.     H.  Katcliina  {All  S.,  Line).     Oxon. 
Euclides.     Oxon. 
Rules  and  Statutes  for  Hertford  College.     Ri.  Newton  {Ch.   Ch.,  Ilert.). 

Oxon. 
Isis.     W.  Mason  (Jcdi.,  Pemb.). 
Triumph  of  Isis.     T.  Warton  [Trin.]. 

1748  Aristarchus.     T.  Bowles  (Oxon.). 

Bion  and  Moschus,  var.     J.  Heskiu  {Ch.  Ch.).     O.wn. 

Carmina  Quadragesimalia,  vol.  ii.     A.  Parsons  (Ch.  Ch.). 

Demosthenes  and  Aeschines.    J.  Taylor  (Joh.)  (no  vol.  i.)  (Ch.  Ch.)    O.ron. 

System  of  Natural  Philos.     T.  Rutherforth  (Job.).     Camb. 

Harmonia  Trigonometrica.     H.  Owen  (Jes.). 

De  Patrum  Auctoritatc.     J.  Bear  (?  A'.con. ).      Oxon. 

De  Doctoruui  Auctoritatc.     C.  Whiting  (TriH.,  Ocu'/).     Oxon. 

De  Usu  Dialectt.  Orientalium.    T.  Hunt  (Hart  II.,  Ch.  Ch.).    4to.    O.ron. 

Astronomy  among  the  Autients.     (i.  Costard  {M'adh.).     O.ron. 

Letter  to  a  Young  Gentleman.     E.  Bentham  {Corpus,  Oriel).     0.ron.    (and 

1749.) 
Epistolae  II.     E.  Bentham  {Corpus,  Oriel).     O.ron. 
Nomina  Nobilium,  sub  Edv.  IIP.     G.  B.  Mores  (Qu.).     4to.     (and  1749.) 

1749  Cicero  Ad  Faniiliares.     J.  Ross  (Job.).     Camb. 

Isocrates.     W.  Battie  (King's).     Vol.  2.     See  1729.     Bowycr.     Lond. 
Pindar,  etc.,  engl.  verse.     Gil.  West  (Ch.  Ch.).     Lond. 
Virgil's  Bucolicks,  engl.     J.  Martyn  (Emm.).     4to.     Loud. 
Xenophon  Memorabilia,  var.     Bolton  Simpson  (Qu.).     Ed.  2.     Oxon. 
Harmonics.     Ro.  Smith  (Trin.).     Camb. 
Tabulae  Astronomicae.     Edni.  Hallcy  {Qu.).     4to.     Loud. 
Observations  on  Man.     D.  Hartley  (.les.).     2  vols. 
Josephus'  Account  of  Chri.-t.     N.  Forster  (Corpus).     Oxon. 


406  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Joiirney  from  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  Easter,  1C97.    H.  Maundrcll  (Exon.). 

cd.  7.     O.von. 
Poetae  Eleg.  and  Lyr.  Miuores. 
Xcuophon's  Memorabilia,  var.     Bolton  Simpson  (Qx.).     O.ron. 

1750  Biblia  Hcbraica  sine  punctis.     N.  Foster  (Corpus).     2  vols.  4to.     Oxon. 
Evauf^cliorum  V.  Gotliica.     E.  Lye  {Hart  Jl.)     Omjii. 

New  Testament.     12mo.     T.  Baskett  (also  1703).     Oxon. 

Catalogue  of  the  Bodleian  Coins.     F.  Wise  (Trin.).     Oxon. 

Homer  Odyssea.     Oxon. 

Metilia...e  nmnis  vet.  et  Inscriptiones  Citicae  accedit  De  Numis  Samarit. 

et  Plioeniciis.     J.  Swintun  (C'/(.  C/i.).     Oxon. 
On  the  Roman  Senate.     T.  Chapman  (Magd.).     Camb. 
Vh'gil.     G.  Sandby  {Mert.). 
Xenophon  Oeconomicus,  gi'.  lat.     Oxon. 

Elogium  Jacci  Etonensis.     E.  Bentham  {Ch.  Ch.,  Corpus,  Oriel).     Oxon. 
Notae  in  Terentium.     J.  Graevius  (Devent.,  Utr.).     Oxon. 
Persian-Ai-ab.-Engl.  Dictionaiy.     J.  Richardson.     O.ron. 
Delineation  of  Universal  Law.     Fettip.  Belters.     O.ron. 
Turnus  and  Drances.     W.  Beare  (Corpus).     O.ron. 
Artis  Logicae  Compendium.     H.  Aldrich  (Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 
Olvos  Kpidcvos.     S.  Rolleston  (Or.,  Mert.).     4to.     Oxon. 
De  Tabe  Glandular!  et  Aqua  Marina.     Ri.  Russell  (M.D.  Camb.).     0.ron. 

also  1753. 
Essay  on  Collateral  Consanguinity.     W.  Blackstone  (Pemb.,  All  S.,  Qu., 

New  C).     Oxon. 
Several  Cambridge  Pamphlets,  1750 — 52,  are  noted  in  Wordsworth's  Univ. 

Life,  pp.  613—632. 
The  Student  or  Oxford  (and  Cambridge)  Monthly  Miscellany.     Ri.  Raw- 

liuson  (Joh.),  T.  Warton  (Trin.),  S.  Johnson  (Pemb.),  B.  Thornton 

and  G.  Colman   (Ch.  Ch.),  and  Chr.  Smart   (Pemb.  Hall).     2  vols. 

1750—51. 

1751  Elihu,  Inquiry  on  Job.     W.  Hodges  (Oriel). 

Some  Conjectures  on  a  Coin  foimd  at  Eltham  in  Kent.     C.  Clarke  (Ball.). 

Horace  ad  Augustum  et  ad  Pisones.     Ri.  Hurd  (Emm.).     Bowj'er.     Lond. 

Dissertatio  de  Oriuna  Carausi  Uxore.     C.  Clarke  (Ball.).     Lond. 

In  Pindari  Pyth.  L     ?  W.  Barford  (Qu.).     Camb. 

Terence.     G.  Sandby  (Mert.). 

The  Theology  and  Philos.  in  Cic.  Somn.  Scip.  explained  (anti-newtonian). 

G.  Home  (Magd.).     Lond. 
Grammatica  Hebraea  sine  punctis.     G.  Wilmot  (?  Wore).     Oxon. 
Originals  Phys.  and  Theol.     B.  HoUoway  (Line).     2  vols.     Oxon. 
Pindar's  Isthmian  Odes  in  engl.  v.     4to.     Oxon. 
Modius  Salium.     Ant.  Wood  (Mert.).     Oxon. 
Drj'den's  Alexander's  Feast,  lat.     J.  Hughes  (?).     4to.     O.ron. 
Ai-gument  from  Prophecy.     J.  Rotheram  (Qu.).     Oxon.     also  1754. 
Interi3retation  of  'Elohim.'     W.  Hodges  (?  Oriel).     4to.     Oxon. 

1752  M.  Antoninus.     T.  Gataker  (Job.,  Sid.).     Camb. 

Inscriptt.  Gr.  Lat.  Numism.  Ptolemaeorum.     Ri.  Pococke  (Corpus).     Fol. 

Hist.  gr.  et  lat.  Litt.  et  Vita  Homeri.    J.  Reynolds  (King's,  0.ron).    Eton. 

Elfrida.     W.  Mason  (Joh.  and  Pemb.). 

Translations  in  Verse.     T.  Tyrwhitt  (Qu.,  Mert.).     Lond. 

Astronomical  Tables.     Edm.  Halley  (Qu.).     4to.     Lond. 

Aristotle's  De  Virt.  et  Vitiis.     S.  Fawconer  (J/t■r^).     Oxon. 

Plato's  Dialogtics.     N.  Forster  (Corpus).     Oxon. 

Memoirs  of  Learned  Ladies.     G.  Ballard.     4to.     Oxon. 

1753  State  of  the  Hebrew  Text.    B.  Kenuicott  (Waclh.,  Ex.  and  Ch.  Ch.).    O.coti. 
De  S.  Poesi  Hebraeorum.     Ro.  Lowth  (New  C).     Oxon. 

Enquiry  into  Anglo-Saxon  Government.     S.  Squire  (Joh.). 
Horace.     Ri.  Hurd  (Emm.).     Ed.  2.     (See  1751.) 
Ruins  of  Palmyra  (u-  Tadmor.     Ro.  Wood.     Lond. 
Progymnastica  Hellenica.     R.  Hiugeston  (Pemb.).     Camb. 


APPENDIX   IX.      PUBLICATIONS.  407 

Virgil.     Jos.  Warton  {Oriel)  and  Cbr.  Pitt  {Nfw  C). 

'Fair... State  of  Case  betw.  NewtoD  and  Hutcliiuson.'     G.  Horno  (Magd.). 

HI.  Quaestioues  [de  baptism.]  in  Vesi).  Comit.     H.  Savage  {Brax.).     -ito. 

Oxon. 
Letter  and  Spii-it.     B.  Holloway  (Lihc).     O.ron. 
Theological  works  of  J.  Potter  (L'h/v.,  Zinc. ).     3  vols.     Oxon. 
AoyoL  iwirdcpLoi  (see  17-10,  1708),  gr.  lat.,  uotis  angll.     E.  Beutliam  (Cor- 

2)us,  Oriel).     Oxon. 
Virgidemiaram  Satires.     Jos.  Hall  (Emm.),    ed.     Oxon, 
lloi  Homer.     S.  Clarke  (Caius).     Ed.  2.     4  vols.     Lend. 
Institutes  of  Natural  Law.     T.  Rutherford  (Joli.). 
Theophrastus,  Gr.  Lat.,  engl.  notes.     Hi.  Newton  {Hart  H.).     O.toii. 
Dissertation  on  Greek  Accents.     H.  Gaily  (Benet.).     Loud. 
The  Sacred  Hebrew  (against  Hunt).     B.  HoUoway  {Line).     Oxon. 
De  Ling.   Graecae  Institutionibus  (from  Iter  Surrieuse,   Lond.    1752).   J. 

Burton  {Ch.  Ch.,  M.D.  Ehcims).      Oxon. 
Xenophou's  Opuscula.     Bolton  Simpson  ((?«.).     Oxon. 
Antiquities  of  Cornwall.     W.  Borlase  {Kxon.).     Oxon. 
Several  Pamphlets  relating  to  Exeter  College.     1754 — 5. 
1755  Aeschines  and  Demosthenes  De  Corona,  engl.     Portal. 
Greek  Accents.     H.  Gaily  (Benet.).     Ed.  2.     Lond. 

Eoger  Long  (Pcmb.).     Oxon. 

Phaedrus  Fables,  Lat.  Eug.     Canib. 
English  Dictionary.     S.  Johnson  {Fevih.). 
W.  King  and  the  '  Society  of  Infonners.' 

Justin  MartjTf  c.  Tryi:)hou.  trs.     H.  BrowTi  (Ltotf. ).     2  vols.     Oxon. 
Advice  to  a  Young  Student.  D.  Waterland  (Magd.  Camb.).    2ud  ed.    Oxon. 
Sale  Catalogue  of  Library  of  Roger  Bouchier  (frlo.  H.).     Oxon. 
On  Logick.     E.  Bentham  (Corpus,  Oriel).     Oxon.     also  1740. 
De  Aqua  Marina.     J.  Si)eed  (Joh.).     Oxon. 
'MeXer-ijfj.aTa.     J.  Burton  (C'/(.  Ch.,  M.D.  Rheims).     Oxon. 
175G  Euripides  Hippolytus.     S.  Musgrave  {Corpus,  Univ.).     Oxon. 
Justinian,  engl.     G.  Harris  {Oriel).     4to.     Lond. 
Institutes  of  Natural  Law.     T.  Rutherford  (Joh.). 
Ordo  lustit.  Pliysicarum  in  privatis  Lectiouibus.     T.  Rutherford.     Ed.  2. 

4to.     Camb. 
Compendium  Auatomico-Medicum.     C.  Collignon  (Trin.). 
Apology  for  the  Hutchiusonians.     G.  Hodges  {Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 
Reply  to  Huddesford  on  Delegates  of  the  Press,     Ben.  Buckler  {Or.,  .ill 

S.).     4to.     Oxon. 
Ben  Jonsou's  Works.     7  vols.     Oxon. 
Letter  to  Univ.  of  Camb.  on  a  late  Resignation  (D.  of  Newcastle's).    0.ron. 

and  Lond. 
Observations  on  the  Island  of  Scilly.     W.  Borlase  {Exon.).     4to.     Oxon. 

1757  Demosthenes  and  Aeschines.     Vol.  .3.     J.  Taylor  (Job.).     Camb. 
Horace,  with  notes,  2  vols.     Ri.  Hurd  (Emm.).     Camb. 

Travels  in  Barbary  and  the  Levant.     T.  Shaw  {prof.  Gr.  Qu.  and  Edin. 

H.).     Ed.  2.     Bowj-er.     Lond. 
On  a  Parthian  Coin.     J.  Swiuton  {Ch.  Ch.).     Lond. 

The  Scholar's  Instructor,  Hebrew  Grammar.     Isr.  Lyons.     Ed.  .3.    Camb. 
Poems.     W.  Thompson.     Oxon. 
Sacerdos  Paroecialis.     J.  Burton  (Corpus).     Oxon. 
Works  of  bp.  G.  Hooper  (Ch.  Ch.).     f<tl.     Oxon. 
Comment,  in  Plutarcbi  Demosth.  and  Cic.     P.  Barton  (?  Sew  C).     O.ron. 

1758  Dio.  Halicarn.  (preface  and  Gk.  Accents).     E.  Spelman. 
Imitations  of  Horace.     T.  Nevile  (Emm.,  Jes.).     Bowycr.     Loud. 
De  Literarum  Graec.  Institutione.     J.  Burton  {Corpu.-f).     Oxon. 
Pentalogia  (Greek  Plays).     J.  Burton  {Corpu.'<).     Oxtin. 

Discourse  on  the  Study  of  Law.     W.  Blackstono  {Pemb.,  .ill  S.,  Qu.  and 

New  Inn).     4to.     <).ron. 
Menelai  Sphaerica.     E.  Halley  (Qu.),  G.  Costard  (U'odli.).     O.mn. 


408  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Origin  of  Evil.     W.  King  (T.  C.  D.)  eng,  Edm.  Law  (.Job.,  Chr.,  Tet.). 

C'amb. 
Plan  of  Clicmistry  Lecturps.     J,  Harlley  (Qn.).     Camb. 
The  Ne}^ative  Sign  in  Algebra.     F.  JMaseres  (Clare). 
Tracts  by  W.  Hawkins  {Pemb.).     3  vols.     Oxon. 
Praelectiones  Poeticae.     W.  Hawkins  (Pemb.).     Oxon. 
Poems  by  W.  Hawkins  (Pemb.),     Oxon. 
Poems  by  W.  Tbompson  (Qn.)     Oxon. 
Homer's  Iliad.     Oxon. 

Nat.  Hist,  of  Cornwall.     W.  Borlase  {E.von.).     fol.     Oxon. 
Analysis  of  Laws.    W.  Blackstone  {Pemb.,  All  S.,  Qn.,  New  C).     ed.  3. 

Oxon. 
First  lubabitauts  and  Langiiage  of  Europe.     F.  Wise  [Trln.).     Oxon. 

1759  State  of  tbe  Hebrew  Text  of  0.  T.    B,  Kennicott  ( Wadh.,  Ex.  and  C7t.  Ch.). 

2  ed.     Oxon. 
Aristotle  Rhetorica  (from  the  Camb.  ed.  of  1728).     Oxon. 
Xcnopbon  Memorabilia.     Bolton  Simpson  (Qh.).     Ed.  3.      Oxon. 
Clarendon's  History.     7  vols,     Oxon. 
Elegiaca  Graeca.     Oxon. 

General  State  of  Education,  to  Dr  Hales.     Ei.  Davies,  M.D.  ^Qu.) 
Treatise  on  Fluxions.     Isr.  Lyons,  junior  (Camb.).     Bowyer.     Lond. 
Harmonicks.     R.  Smith  (Trin.).     Ed.  2.     Camb. 
Tablet  of  Cebes.     T.  Po^vys  {Joh.).     Oxon. 
Poetae  Elegiaci  et  Lyrici.     Ei.  Chandler  (Magd. ).     Oxon. 
Cicero  De  Amicit.  &c.     T.  Tooly  {Joh.). 
Xenophon's  Memorabilia.     Oxon. 

Law  of  Descent  in  Fee  Simple,  8vo  ;  Charters  (the  Great  and  Forest).  4to. 
Analysis  of  Laws  of  England.    W.  Blackstone  {Pemb.,  AH  S.,  Qu.,  New  I.). 

Oxon. 
Autobiogi-aphy  of  E.  Hyde  Earl  of  Clarendon  {Magd.  H.).    Fol.  and  3 

vols.  Bvo.     Oxon. 

1760  Aristotle  Poetica.     ?  Ei.  Chandler  (?  Magd.).     Oxon. 
Cicero  Oratioues.     Delphiu.     Camb. 

Life  of  Erasmus.     J.  Jortin  (Jes.).     Lond. 

Lithophylacii  Brit.  Iconographia.     E.  Lhuyd  {Jes.).     Oxon. 

Lucau,  typis  Hor.  Walpole  (King's).     Strawberiy  HUl. 

Emendationes   in   Suidam.      Jonath.    Toup  {Exon.  and  Pemb.,   Camb.). 

Bowj^er.     Lond. 
Theocritus  Bion  and  Moschus.     T.  Martin  {Ball.).     Lond. 
Harmonicks.     Eo.  Smith  (Trin.). 
Observations  on  Waring's  'Misc.  Analyt.'.     W.  S.  Powell  (.Job.).     Bowyer. 

Lond. 
G.  Home  v.  Kennicott  on  tbe  Hebrew  Text.     Oxon. 
Hist.  Eelig.  Persariun.     T.  Hyde  {King's,  Qu.).  ed.  2.     G.  Costard.     4to. 

Oxon. 
Advice  to  a  Young  Man  of  Quality.     Camb. 

1761  Account  of  Collation  of  Hebrew  MSS.  i.     B.  Kennicott  {JVadh.,  Ex.  and 

Ch.  Ch.). 
Life  of  Clarendon.     Oxon. 
Catalogue  of  Oxford  Graduates.     Oxon. 
Codex  Juris  Eccles.  Anghcani.    E.  Gibson  (Qn.).     Ed.  2.     2  vols.    Fol. 

Oxon. 
Justinian,  engl.     G.  Harris  {Oriel).     Ed.  2.     4to.     Lond. 
Calendar  of  Flora.     B.  Stillingfleet  (Trin.). 
Harmonics.     E.  Smith  (Trin.).     Ed.  3. 

Pomponius  Mela.     J.  Eeyuolds  (King's).     4to.     Ed.  4.     Eton. 
Oruammts  of  Parish  Chm-ches  (St  Margaret,  Westmr.).     T.  Wilson  {Ch. 

Ch.).  Oxon. 
Catalogue  of  Ant.  Wood's  MSS.     W.  Huddesford  {Trin.).     Oxon. 

1762  Ace'  of  Collat-  of  Hebrew  MSS.  ii.   B.  Kennicott  {Wadh.,  E.c.  and  Ch.  Ch.). 
Essay  on  Natural  Philosophy.     W.  Jones.     Oxon. 


APPENDIX   IX.      PUBLICATIONS.  409 

Thesam-us  Graecae  Poeseos.     T.  Morell  (King's).     Uo.     Eton. 
Prologomena  in  Libr.  V.  T.  Poeticos.     T.  Edwards  (Clare).     Camb. 
Notae  et  Lectioues  ad  Aeschyhini,  Soplioclem,  et  Eui-ipidem,    lieu.  Hcatli. 

{Oxon.).     0x071. 
Exercitationes  in  Euripidem.     S.  Musgrave  {Corpus,  Univ.).    Lug.  Bat. 
Ou  the  Different  Natiu-e  of  Accent  and  Quantity.    J.  Foster  (King's). 
Medit.  Algebr.  ed.   1.     Misc.  Analyt.  de  Aeiiuatiouibus  dc.    E.  Waring 

(Magd.).     Camb. 
Heuocldsimis.     Jos.  Hall  (Emm.).     12mo.     Oxon. 
Pliny's  Pauegyi-.     Lipsius  (Traj.  ad  Rhen.).     12mo.     Oxon. 
Proposals  for  Theophrastus  for  the  benefit  of  Hertf.  Coll.     Ei.  Newton 

(Ch.  Ch.,  Hert.).     12mo. 
A  Companion  to  the  Guide  or  a  Guide  to  the  Companion.     T.  Warton 

{Trin.).     Oxon. 
17G3  Account  of  Collation  of  Hebr.  MSS.  in.     B.  Kennicott.     (Wadh.,  Ex.  and 

Ch.  Ch.). 
Greek  Testament.     Baskerville.     4to.  and  8vo.     Oxon. 
Accent  and  Quantity,  Dissertation  ii.     H.  Gallj-  (Benet.).     Lond. 

^Ed.  2.     J.  Foster  (King's).     Eton. 

Apologia  pro  Medicina  Empirica.     S.  Musgrave.     4to.     Lug.  Bat. 

Euripides  Supplices.     Jer.  Markland  (Pet.).    Bowyer.    Loud. 

Horace  (an  edition  of  Bentley's).     2  vols.     Lips. 

Juvenal  and  Persius.     G.  Sandby  [Mert.).     Oxon. 

Marmora  Oxonieusia.     E.  Chandler  {Magd.).     Fol.     Oxon. 

Plantae  et  Herbationes  Cantabr.     T.  Martyn  (Emm.  and  Sid.) 

Fasciculus  Plantarum  c.  Cantabr.     Isr.  Lyons.     Bowyer.     Lond. 

Harmonics.     R.  Smith  (Trin.).     Ed.  4. 

Poems  on  Sacred  Subjects.     Ja.  Merrick  {Trin.).     Oxon. 

Jacob  and  Moses  to  the  xii.     D.  Durell  {Pemh.,  Hert.).     4to.     Oxon. 

In  B.  Lowth.  Praelectt.     D.  Michaelis  (Gott.).     2  vols.     Oxon. 

Chronol.  Annals  of  the  War,  1755—62.     W.  Dobson  (?  Neic  C).     O.ron. 

1764  An  entj^uiry  into  structure  of  Human  Body.     C.  Colliguon  (Trin.).     Camb. 
De   Studiis    Tlieol.   Praelect.      E.   Beutham    {Ch.    Ch.,    Corpus,    Oriel). 

Oxon. 
De  Eebus  Gestis  Ricardi  Regis  in  Palaestina,  Abulpharagii.     P.  Ja.  Bruna 

{Oxon.  and  Hclnistadt)  Oxon.     See  1780. 
Accentus  Redivivi.     W.  Primatt  (Sid.).     Camb. 
The  Human  Rational  Soul.     Z.  Langton  {Magd.  H.).     Oxon. 
Hist,  and  Chronol.  of  Bacchus,  Heracles,  &c.   F.  Wise  {Trin.).  4to.  O.ron. 
Life  of  Card.  Pule.     T.  Phillips  (S.  J.).     4to.     0.ron. 
State  of  the  R.  Thames.     J.  Bmton  {Corjnis).     Oxon. 
Astronomy.     S.  Bamfield  (of  Honiton).     O.ron. 
The  Oxford  Sausage.     Edited  by  T.  Warton  {Trin.).     12mo.     O.ron. 

1765  Platonis  Dialog!  v.,  Gr.  Lat.     N.  Forster  {Corpus).     Oxon. 

Excerpta  cpiaedam  e  Newton.     Princip.,  G.  Wollaston  (Sid.).     J.  Jebb, 

Eo.  Thorp  (Pet.).     4to.     Camb. 
Stemraata  Chiceleana.     B.  Buckler.     4to.     Oxon.     (Suppl.  1775.) 
Ro.  Lowth  V.  Warburton. 

1766  Directions  to  Young  Students  in  Divinity.     H.  Owen  (Jes.). 
Cephalae  Anthol.  Gr.     J.  J.  Reiske  (Lcips.)     0.ron. 

On  Phillips"  Hist,  of  Reg.  Pole.     Tim.  Neve  {Corpus).     0.ron. 
Observations  and  Conj.  on  Shakespeare.    T.  Tyrwhitt  (Qu-,  Mert.).    Oxon. 
Proceedings  and  Debates,  1020—21,  fr.   Queen's  Coll.  MS.     T.  Tj-rwbitt 

{Qu.,  Mert.).     2  vols.     O.ron. 
On  Jurisprudence  (iutrod.  to  Lectures).     T.  Bever  {Or.,  All  S.).     Oxon. 
17G7  Critica  Hebraoa  (Diet.  Hebr.-Engl.).     Julius  Bate  (.Toh.).     Bowyer.  Lond. 
Account  of  Collation  of  Hebrew  MSS.  vii.     B.  Koniiicott  {Wadh.,  S:c.). 
Six  Assemblies... of  Learned  Arabians.     Leo.  Chai)pt'low  (Job.).     Cauib. 
Syntagma  Dissortationum.     T.  Hyde  (King's,  and  Qu.  Ox<ni.).     ed.  (.ircg. 

Sharpo  (.\ber(l.).     2  vols.     4to.     Oxon. 
Clarendon  State  I'apers.     Oxon. 


410  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Epistola   Critica   ad  Episc.   Gloccstr.      Jonathan    Toup    (Exon.,   Pcmb. 

Cixuil).).     Bowycr.     Lond. 
Statins  Thcbaid,  Engl.     W.  L.  Lewis  (Ponh.).     2  vols.     Oxon. 
Virgil  {rooi'gics,  Engl.     T.  Ncvilc  (Emm.  and  Jes.).     Camb. 
History  of  Astronomy.     G.  Costard  {]^'(l(lh.). 
Improvement  of  Roads.     H.  Homer  (Maud.).     Oxon. 
17G8  Account  of  Hebrew  MSS.  viii.     B.  Kennicott  (Wadlt.,  Ex.,  C'h.  C'h.). 

Justin  Martyr  Dialog.     C.  Ashton  (Qu.  and  Jes.).     ed.  E.  Keller  (Jes.). 

Canib. 
Aristophanes  Plutus.    Eton.     Oxon.  and  Camb. 
Ciceronis  Opuscula. 

Euripides  Iphigeniae.     Jer.  Markland  (Pet.).     Bowyer.     Loud. 
Elemouta  Rhetorica  [Cicero  aud  Qiiiutiliiin]. 
Orationes  Funebres,  c.  notis  angl.     [E.  Bentham,  Ch.  Cli-,  Corpus,  Oriel] 

Oxon.     (See  1716,  1753,  1776,  1780.     Cf.  1775.) 
On  Virgil.     E.  Holdsworth  (Maud.).     Bowyer.     Lond. 
The  Commentaries.    W.  Blackstone  (Pcmb.,  All  S.,  Qu.  aud  Neiv  Inn). 

4  vols.     Oxon. 
Institutiones  Metallurgicae.     Ri.  Watson  (Trin.). 
Bp.  Hall's  Enoch,  trs.  -  H.  Brown  (Line.)     Oxon. 
Leland's  Itiner.     9  vols.  ed.  3.     Oxon. 

Plutarchi  Apophthegmata.     Steph.  Pemberton  (Wore,  Or.).     Oxon, 
Corpus  Statut.  Acad.  Oxon.     4to.     Oxon. 
Whole  Doctrine  of  Parallaxes  (transit  of  Venus  and  Mercury).     Oxon. 

1769  Holy  Bible.     Refs.  revised  by  B.  Blayney  (Wore,  and  llcrtf.).     Oxon. 
An  Enquuy  into  the  Septuagint.     H.  Owen  (Jes.) 

Demosthenes  De  Cor.  aud  Fals.  Leg.  Gr.  Lat.  var.    J.  Taylor  ( Joh.).    2  vols. 

Camb. 
Ionian  Antiquities.     Ri.  Chandler  (Marjd.).     Lond. 
Cambridge  Astronomical  Observations.     W.  Ludlam  (Joh.).     Lond. 
Imitations  of  Juvenal  and  Persius.     T.  Nevile  (Jes.).     Bowyer.     Lond. 
Medical  and  Moral  Tracts.     C.  CoUignon  (Trin.). 
John  the  Baptist.     G.  HovaQ  (Univ.,  Magd.).     Oxon.     Also  1777. 
Des.  Jacotius.  De  Philos.  Doctr.  ex  Cicerone.     Ed.  2.     Oxon. 
Em-ipidis  Hippolytus.     Y.  n.'Egexion  (Ch.  Ch.,  All  S.).     4to.     O.ron. 

1770  Collected  Accounts  of  Collation  of  Hebrew  MSS.     B.  Kennicott  (Wadh., 

Ex.  and  Ch.  Ch.). 
Litania  et  Ordo  Caenae  Domin.     Oxon.     Common  Prayer.     Fol. 
Historiae  sive  Synopsis  Conchyliorum,  auct.     ]Martin  Lister  (Job.,  Camb. 

and   Oxon.),    'ed.  altera'   [?  tertia].     W.  Huddesford  (Trin.).    Fol. 

Oxon. 
Elementa  Logicae.     J.  Napleton.     Oxon. 
Extracts  from  Hippocrates.     T.  Okes.     Camb. 
Registrum  Privil.  Univ.  Oxon.     4to.     Oxon. 
Theocritus.     T.  Warton  (Trin.)  LJonathan  Toup.  (Exon.  and  Pemb.  H.), 

aud  Ja.  Saintamand  (Line.)] .     2  Vols.     4to.     Oxon. 
IMeditationes  Algebraicae.     E.  Waring  (Magd.).     ed.  2.     4to.     Camb. 
De  llelig.  Sonnitic.  arab.     J.  Ury.     4to,     Oxon. 

ApoUarius  Pergaeus.    S.  Horsley  (Trin.  H.,  Ch.  Ch.).    2  vols.    4to.    Oxon. 
Homer.     5  vols.     Oxon. 

Leland's  Itinerary.     9  vols,  in  5.  ed.  3.     Oxon. 
Commentaries.      W.   Blackstone  (Pemb.,  All   S.,  Qu.,  New  I.).    4  vols. 

Oxon. 
Oratio  Harveiana.     Swithin  Adee  (Corpu.^).     Oxon. 
Warm  Bathing  in  Palsies.     Rice  Charletou  (Qu.).     0.ron. 
De  Desceusu  Gravium.     Roger  Cotes  (Trin.).     4to.     Camb. 
The  Mechanic  Powers.     C.  Morgan  (Clare).     Camb. 

1771  Catalogus  LibroruminBibhoth.  Aul.D.Cath.  Cant.  C.  Prescot(Cath.).  4to. 
Study  of  Divinity,  with  Heads.     E.  Bentham  (Ch.  Ch.,  Cor2)us,  Oriel). 

O.ro)i. 
Demostheuis  Orationes  Selectae.     E.  Mouutcney  (Qu.).     Ed.  5. 


APPENDIX   IX.      PUBLICATIONS.  411 

Euripides  Iphigeuiae.     Jer.  Markland  (Pet.).     Bowyer.     Loud. 

Clavis  Homerica.     S.  Patrick  (?).     Bowyer.     Loud. 

Plato  Dialog!  iii.     W.  Etwall  {Ma(jd.).     Ozon. 

An  Enquiry  into  the  Structure  of  the  Body.     C.  Colliguon  (Trin.)     Ed.  2. 

Camb. 
Artis  Logicae  Compendium.     Oxon. 

Catalogus  Horti  Botauici  Cantabr.     T.  Martyn  (Emm.  and  Sid.).     Camb. 
Hadley's  Quadrant,  -with  Supplement.     W.  Ludlam  (Job.).     Loud. 
?  Pint.  ?  Opusc.  Misc.     J.  Burton  (Corpus).     Oxon. 
Epist.  TiU'c.  ;  Narr.  Persicae.     J.  Uri.     Oxon. 
Tracts  by  Sir  W.  Blackstone  (Pemb.  All  S.,  Qu.,  Neio  I.)     Ed.  .3.     4to. 

Oxen. 
Shakespeare's  Works.     6  vols.     Sir  T.  Hanmer  (C/i.  C/i.).     Oxon. 
Specimen  of  the  Lusiad  trs.     W.  J.  Mickle  (Ediub.).     Oxon. 
Pamphlets  ou  Subscription.     By  J.  Jebb  (Pet.),  itc.     Camb. 

on  Annual  Examination.     By  J.  Jebb,  Powell,  &c.     Camb. 

1772  Hist.  Uuiv.,  Oxon.     Sir  J.  Peshall.     Oxon. 
Asseri  Alfred.     Fr.  Wise  {Trin.). 

Indices    in    Longiuum,    Eunapium    et    EQeroclem,    cura    E.    Eobinsou. 

Oxon. 
Anglo-Saxon  and  Gothic  Dictionaiy.     E.  Lye  {Ilcrt.),  0.  Manuiug  (Qu.). 
Leges  Saxouicae.     0.  Manning  (Qu.). 
Longiuus,  Gr.  Lat.     E.  Kobinson.     Oxon. 

Xenophon  Memorabilia,  var.     Bolton  Simpson  (Qu.).     Ed.  4.     Oxon. 
Institute  of  the  Laws  of  England.     T.  Wood  (Neio  Coll.).     Ed,  10. 
Poems.     Sir  W.  Jones  (L'Hit'.).      Oxon. 

Catalogus  Horti  Botan.  Cant.    T.  Martyn  (Emm.  and  Sid.).     Ed.  2.    Camb. 
Catalogue  of  Oxford  Graduates.     J.  Chalmers  {Joli.) 
Proprietates  Algebr.  Curvanim.     E.  Waring  (Magd.).     4to.     Camb. 
On  the  Power  of  the  Wedge.     W.  Ludlam  (Juh.).     Lond. 
Hagiograiiha.     D.  Durell  (Pemb.,  Ilert.).     -Ito.     Oxon. 
Animadversions  on  Baker's  Chronicle.     T.  Blount.     Oxon. 
Lives  of  Leland,  Hearne  and  Wood.     2  vols.     Oxon. 
The  Oxford  Sausage.     Ed.  2  [T.  Warton,  &c.].     12mo.     Oxon. 
Notae  in  Tragg.  Graec.     B.  Heath  (Univ.).     -Ito.     Oxon. 
Platonis  v.  Dial,     N.  Forster  (Corpua).     Ed.  3.     Oxon. 
Xenophon  Cyrop.     T.  Hutchinson  (?  Line),  ed.     Oxon. 

Expeditio  Cp-i.     Oxon. 

1773  Antiquities  of  Herculaneum.     Vol.  I.,  Engl.     T.  Martyn  aud  J.  Lctticc 

(Sid.).     Bowyer.     Lond. 
Letters  concerning  Homer  the  Sleeper  in  Horace,  &c.     Kenriek  Prescot 

(Cath.).     4to.     Camb. 
Introd.  to  Logic.     E.  Beutham  (Ch.  Ch.,  &c.). 
Fragmeuta  II.  Plutarchi.     T.  Tyrwhitt  (Qu.,  Mcrt.).     Lond. 
Xenophon,  the  Soeratic  System.     E.  Edwards  (?  ./<*■.).     O.ron. 
Considerations  on  the  I']xerciscs  for  Degrees.     Oxon. 

1774  Critica  Sacra,  Hebr.     H.  Owen  (Jcs.). 

A  New  System  or  Analysis  of  Ajic.  Mythology.    Vols.  i.  ii.    Jacob  Brvaut 

(King's). 
Demosthenes  and  Aeschincs.     J.  Taylor  (Job.).     4to.     Camb. 
History  of  English  Poetry,  Vol.  i.     T.  Warton  (Trin.).     Oxon. 
Inscriptioncs  Antiquae  in  Asia  M.  &c.    Pi.  Cliandler  (Ma/jd.).    Fol.    Oxon. 
Selccta  Poemata  Anglorum.     E.  Po])liani  (Orirl).     Batli. 
Analysis  of  Konian  Civil  Law.     S.  Hallifax  (Jes.  and  Trin.  H.). 
lletlexions  and  Heads  of  Divinity.     E.  Beutham  (Corpus,  Or.).     Oxon. 
Vindication  of  tlie  Liturgy.     G.  Bingham  (Ch.  Ch.,  All  S.).     Oxon. 
Leland's  Collectanea.     T.  Hearne  (Kdin.  II.).     G  vols.     Oxon. 
Considerations  on  Ilcsideuce  required.     Oxon. 
Faringdon  Hill.     H.  J.  Pye  (.l/./.-/</,).     2  vols.     Oxon.     (.Uso  177S.) 

1775  On  the  Gospels.     Jos.  Trap])  (]l'(idh.).     Oxmi. 

De  Utilitate  Liugu.  Arab.     Jos.  White  (U^k//;.).     Oxon. 


412  UNIVERSITY   STUDIES. 

Travels  in  Asia  Minor.     Ri.  Chandlpr  {MdfiiL).    Loml.    2  vols.  4to.    Oxon. 

Lexicon  Ac^^'yjit,  Lat.     Lacroze,  Scholt/,  and  Woide.     Oxon. 

E.  Speltnau  on   Greek  Accents.     G.  W.  Lemon  (Norwich).     Ed.  Jacob 

liryant  (King's).     4to.     Lond. 
On  the  Genius  of  Homer.     Ed.  2.     Ro.  "Wood. 

A  New  System  of  Mythology.    Vol.  i.     Ed.  2.     Jacob  Brj'ant  (King's). 
woiKiXr]  IffTopia  ex  Aeliano,  Polyaeno,  Aristot.,  Max.  Tyrio  &c.,  and  Oratiouc8 

Funebres.     Ja.  Upton  (King's).     Eton. 
Pompouius  Mela.     J.  Keynolds  (King's).     4to.     Ed.  5.     Eton. 
Electa  ex  Ovidio  et  Tibullo.     Eton. 

Ovidii  Metamori)h.     Eton. 

Elements   of  Nat.   Hist.    [Mammalia].      T.   Martjni  (Emm.    and   Sid.). 

Camb. 
Book  of  Proverbs.     T.  Hunt  {Ch.  Ch.,  Hrrtf.).     Oxon. 
Beauties  of  Homer.     W.  Holwell  {Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 
Elegia  (Gray's)  lat.  verse.     Gil.  Wakefield  [Jes.].     Camb. 
Praelectiones  Poeticae.     Eo.  Lowth  {Xew  C).     Oxon. 
De  Rhythmis  Graecorum.     W.  Cleaver  (MagcL,  Bras.).     12mo.     Oxon. 
The  Lusiad  trs.     W.  J.  Mickle  (Ediub.).     Oxon. 
Commentaries.     Sir  W.  Blackstone  (Fcvib.,  All  S.,  Qu.,  New  I.),    i  vols. 

0x0)1. 

1776  Vetus  Testamentum  Hebraicum.      B.  Keunicott  {Wadh.,  Exon.  and  Ch. 

Ch.).     Vol.  I. 
Commentary  on  the  Psalms.     G.  Home  {Univ.  and  Magd.).     2  vols.    4to. 

Fol.     Oxon. 
De  Babrio.     T.  Tyrwhitt  (Qh.  and  J/cri.).     Bo^Tyer.     Lond. 
Cicero  De  Officiis,  Engl.     T.  Cockman  (C7»tr.).     12mo.  ed.  9.     Camb. 
Poemata  et  in  Horatium  Observationes.     G.  Wakefield  [Jes.].     Camb. 
Travels  in  Greece.     Hi.  Chandler  {Macid.).     Lond. 
Vindiciae  Flavianae.     Jacob  Bryant  (King's).      2  vols. 
Xenophon  Anabasis,  Engl.     E.  Spelman.     Camb. 

Meditatioues  Analyticae.     E.  Waring  [Magd.).     4to.  (1773 — .5).     Camb. 
De  Util.  Ling.  Arabicae.     J.  White  {WadJi.).     Oxon. 

Luciani  Quomodo  Hist.  Conscr.     F.  W.  Pdoally  (T.  C.  D.,  Ilertf.).    Oxon. 
Sophoclis  Oed.  Tyr. ,  eng.     T.  Frauckliu  (Trin.).     Camb. 
Funebres  Orationes.  lat.     E.  Bentham  {Ch.  Ch.,  Cor2)us,  Orid).     Camb. 
Elementa  Logices.     J.  Napleton  {Bras.).     Oxon. 
Netherby,  a  Poem..   T.  Maurice.     Oxon. 

1777  Commentary  on  the  Gospels  and  Acts,  with  new  trausl.  1  Cor.     Z.  Pearce 

(Trm.).     J.  Derby.     Loud. 
Apollonius  Ebodius.     J.Shaw.     Ja.  Saintamand.     (Line).     2  vols.      4to. 

0.wn. 
Phalaris  with  a  Latin  version  of  Bentley's  Dissertation  and  Boyle's  notes. 

J.  D.  a'Lennep  and  Valckenaer.     Groningae. 

Dissertation.     E.  Bentlev  (Job.  and  Trin.).     Lond. 

Cicero  De  Officiis.     Z.  Pearce  (Trin.).     Ed.  3. 

Decretum  Lacedaemoniorum.     W.  Cleaver  {Magd.,  Bras.).     0.eon. 

Epistola  ad  J.  D.  Miehaelis.     B.  Kennicott  ( V.'adh.,  Ex.  and  Ch.  Ch.).    Oxon. 

Xenophon  Anabasis.     T.  Hutchinson  (?  Line).     Ed.  3.     1st  Camb.  ed. 

Nov.  Test.  Vers.  Syriaca  Philoxen.     J.  White  {JVadh.).     4to.     Oxon. 

Grammat.  AegvjDt.,  Scholtz  et  Woide.     Oxon. 

John  the  Baptist.     G.  Home  {Univ.,  Magd.  Coll.).     Oxon. 

Persian- Arab. -Engl.  Dictiouary.     J.  Eichardson.     Oxon. 

Collectio  Sententiarum  in  usum  Juvent.     J.  Bennet.     Camb. 

Juvenal  trs.     Camb. 

Persius  trs.     T.  Sheridan  (D.D.,  T.  C.  D.).     ed.  3.     Camb. 

Xenophon's  Anabasis  engl.     E.  Spelman.     Ed.  3.     2  vols.     Camb. 

Letter  to  Adam  Smith  on  Hume.     G.  Home  {Univ.,  Maqd.).     Oxon. 

William  of  Wykeham.     E.  Lowth  {New  C).     Ed.  3.     Oxon. 

Locke's  Common  Place  Book  improved  bj'  a  Gentleman  of  Camb.  Univ. 

Ful.  and  4to.     Camb. 


APPENDIX   IX.      PUBLICATIONS.  413 

1778  Euripides.  S.  Musgi-ave  (Corjnts,  Univ.).     4  vols.    4to.     Oxon. 
Louginus.  Jouathau  Toup  {Exon.  and  Pemb.  Camb.)  and  D.  Riilinken. 

4to.  and  8vo.     Oxon. 
Observationes  iu  Tragoedias  Buitoni  'Pentalogia'  complexas.    T.  Burgess 

{Corpus). 
Albucasis  de  Chii-nrgia,  Arab,  Lat.,  J.  Cbauning  {Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 
Elementary  part  of  Smith's  Optics  (Trin.).     T.  Kipling  (Job.). 

1779  Apolloiiius  Ehodiiis,  J.  Sliaw  [Marid.).     Ed.  2.     2  vols.     8vo.     Oxon. 
Homeri  Ilias,  S.  Clarke  (Caius).     Ed.  nova.     Lond. 

Burtoni  Pentalogia.     Ed.  2.     T.  Burgess  (Corpus). 

Theocritus,  T.  Edwards  (Clare).     Camb. 

On  Versions  of  Scripture,  Ac.     Jos.  White  [Wadh.).     Oxon. 

Locke's  Essay  abridged.     12mo.     Camb. 

Analysis  of  Koman  Civil  Law,  S.  Hallifax  (Jes.  and  Trin.  II.). 

IV.  Evang.  MSS.  Eidl.     2  vols.  4to.     Oxon. 

On  the  Gospels,  &c.     T.  Townson  (Ch.  Ch.,  ^Inr/d.).    4to  and  Svo.     0.ton. 

Dissertation  on  Language,  Literature  and  Manners  of  Eastern  Nations. 

J.  Richardson.     Oxon.  k 

Alfred  and  Six  Sonnets.     B..  Holmes  (New  C,  Ch.  Ch.).     4to.     Oxon. 
Commentaries.      W.  Blackstoue  (Pemb.,  All  S.,  Qa.,  New  I.).     4  vols. 

Oxon. 
Institutes  of  National  Law,  Grotius.    T.  Rutherford  (Job.).    Ed.  2.    Camb. 
On  the  last  ii  chapters  of  Gibbon.     Ja.  Chelsum  (Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 
Fluxions.     Isr.  Lyons,  jnn.     Camb. 

1780  Biblia  Hebraica,  13.  Kennicott  (Wadh.  Ex.).     Vol.  ii.,  fol.     Oxon. 
Aristotelis  Poetica,  var.     T.  Wiustanley  (Hert.)     0.con. 

engl.     Theod.  Goulston  (Mcrt.).     Oxon. 

Ai-istophanes'  Frogs  engl.     C.  Dunster  (Oriel,  Trin.).     Oxon. 

Caesar  Oudendorp.     Oxon. 

G.  Abulpharagius  de  E.  Gestis  Eic.  Eegis.     P.  J.  Bruns  (Oxon.).     O.ron. 

Homer.     J.  A.  Ernesti  (Leips.).     Oxon. 

J.  Wall's  Medical  Tracts.     Mart.  Wall  (New  C).     Oxon. 

Locke's  Essay,  with  abstract.     Camb. 

Index  Homericus.     W.  Seber.     Oxon. 

Institutes  of  Timour.     Jos.  ^^^lite  (Wadh.)     Oxon. 

Orationes  Crewianae.     W.  Crowe  (New  C).     Oxon. 

Orationes  Funebres,  engl.  E.  Bentham  (Ch.  Ch.,  Corpus,  Oriel).     Camb. 

Xenophon  Memorabilia,  var.     Bolton  Simpson  {Qu.).     Ed.  5.     0.ton. 

On  Newton's  2nd  Law  of  Motion.     W.  Ludlam  (Joh.).     Lond. 

1781  Collectanea  Curiosa.     J.  Gutch  (All  S.).     Oxon. 

Linguae  Hebraicae  Studium.     G.  Jubb  (C/(.  C/i. ).     4to.     Oxon. 

Enchiridion.     T.  Walgrave  (?  Line.,  Macjd.).     Oxon. 

Dio.  Hahcarn.     E.  E.  Mores  (Qu.).     Oxon. 

Miscellanea  Critica.  Ei.  Dawes  (Emm.).  Ed.  2.  T. Burgess  (Corpw.v).   Oxon. 

Mason's  Caractacus  in  Greek  verse.     H.  (r.  Glasse.     O.ron. 

Orphica  De  Lapidibus.     T.  Tyrwhitt  (Qu.  and  Mert.).     Loud. 

Euclid  I— VI.     Examined  by  W.  Austin  (ITfuZ/i.).     0.ton. 

Euclid.     J.  Williamson  (?  Alh.,  Hertf.).     Oxon. 

Xenophon  Cyropaedia.     T.  Hutchinson  (?  Line.).     Camb. 

Chemical  Lectm-es.     Ei.  Watson  (Trin.). 

Conic  Sections.     S.  Viuce  (Caius).     Camb. 

1782  N.  T.  Quotations  compared  with  Hebr.  LXX.   J.  Eandolph  (Ch.  Ch.).  Oxon. 
On  the  Study  of  Anti(iuities.     T.  Burgess  (Corpus).     Ed.  2.     Oxon. 

The  XIX  Tragedies  and  Fragments  of  Euripides,   engl.     Mich.   Wodhul 

(Hras.).     4  vols. 
De  Graecae  Ling.  Studio  praelect.     J.  Eandolph  (Ch.  Ch.). 
Introd.  to  writing  Greek  for  Winchester.     G.  Is.  Iluutingford  (New  C). 

2  parts.     Oxon. 
Syllabus  of  Lectures.     Martin  Wall  (.V<'jr  C).     Oxm. 
llonieri  Odyssea,  Gr.  Lat.     Ed.  2.     Oxmi. 
Chemical  Lectures.     Ei.  Watson  (Trin.). 


414  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

Experiments  on  Mercury.     Ja.  Price  (?  Mcuid.  II.).     0.ron. 

Heads  of  Lectures  ou  Botany,  Nat.  Hist,  and  Fossils.     T.  Martyu     (Emm. 

and  Sid.). 
Mcditationes  Algcbraicae.     E.  Waring  (Magd.)     Ed.  .3. 

1783  Praxis  [latin  exercises].     H.  Bright  {New  C).     Oxun. 
Preacher's  Assistant.     J.  Cooke.     2  vols.     Oxon. 

Progi-ess  of  Refinement,  a  i^oem.     H.  J.  Pye  (Mac/d.).    4to.     Oxon. 
Cicero.     J.  T.  Oliveti  (.S'.  J.).     10  vols.      0.to?i. 
In  Strabonem  conjecturae.     T.  Tyrwhitt  {Qu.  and  Mert.).     Lond. 
(iemmarum  Autiquarum  Delectus.     Jacob  Bryant  (King's). 
Blackstone's  CDmnientaries.     Ri.  Burn  {Qit.).     4  vols.     Oxoji. 
Dissertations  in  Cheniisti-y  and  Medicine.     Mart.  Wall  {New  C).     Oxon. 
De  Graecae  Ling.  Studio  praelect.     J.  Randolph  {Ch.  €h.).     4to.     0.coii. 
A  Fair  Statement  on  Celibacy.     Camb. 

1784  Analysis  of  Greek  Metres.     J.  B.  Seale  (Chr.).    Camb. 

Jeremiah  and  Lamentations,  tr.     B.  Blayney  {Wore,    and  Ilert.).    4to. 

0x0)1. 
View  of  our  Saviour's  Ministry  and  Mission.  T.  Randolph  {Corjnis).  Oxon. 
Manners  and  Government  of  the  Greeks,  De  Mably,  tr.     Chamberland. 

Oxon. 
Cure  of  Apoplexies  and  Palsies.    B.  Chandler.     Camb. 
Plato  Eutliydemus  et  Gorgias.     Martin  Jos.  Routh  {Mar/d.).     Oxon, 
Plan  of  Education.     G.  Croft  {Univ.).     Wolverhampton. 
Letters   on   Infidelity.     G.    Home   {Univ.    and   Magd.).     8vo.  and  12mo. 

Oxon. 
Rectilinear  Motion.     G.  Atwood  (Trin.).     Camb. 
Analysis  of  Lectures  on  Nat.  Philos.     G.  Atwood  (Trin.). 
Astronomy.     Roger  Long  (Pemb.).     2  vols.     Camb. 
Meditationes  Analyticae,  E.  Waring  (Magd.).     Ed.  2.     4to.     Camb. 

1785  Aristotle  Poetica.    W.  Cooke  (King's).     Camb. 
Greek  Metres.    J.  B.  Seale  (Chr.).     Camb. 
Roman  Law.     A.  C.  Schomberg.     Oxon. 

Xenophon  Auab.  var,    T.  Hutchinson  (?  Line),  R.  Porson  (Trin.).    Camb. 

Memorabilia.     E.  Edwards  and  H.  Owen  {Jes.).     Oxon, 

Moral  and  Political  Philosophy.     W.  Paley  (Chr.).     Lond. 

Flora  Cantabrigieusis.     R.  Kelhan  (Trin.).     Camb. 

Rousseau's  Letters  on  Botany.     T.  Martyn  (Emm.  and  Sid.). 

Rudiments  on  Mathematics.     W.  Ludlam  (Joh.).     Lond. 

System  of  Mechanics  and  Hydrostatics.     T.  Parkinson  (Chr.).     2  vols. 

4to.     Camb. 
Prize  Essays  on  Gambling,  Duelling  and  Suicide.     Ri.  Hey  (Sid.,  Magd.). 

Camb. 

1786  Euripides  Hippolytus.     Hon^^  F.  H.  Egerton  {Ch.  Ch.,  All  S.).     Oxon. 
Shakespeare.     Jos.  Rann  {Trin.).     Oxon. 

Diversions  of  Purley.     J.  Home  [Tooke]  (Joh.). 

History  of  Oxford.    A.  Wood  {Mert.)     J.   Guteh  {All  S.).     2  vols.     4to. 

Oxon. 
Maritime  Laws  of  Rhodes.     A.  C.  Schomberg.     Oxon. 
Clinical  Observations  on  Opium.     Mart.  Wall.     Oxon, 
Chemical  Lectm-es.     R.  Watson  (Trin.). 
Florae  Cantabrigieusis  I.     R.  Relhan  (Trin.).     Lond. 

1787  Catalogue  of  Oriental  MSS.     Oxon.     J.  Uri.     fol.     Oxon. 

Historical  Accoiint  of  Textus  Rofieusis  with  mem.  of  the  Elstobs  and  J. 

Johnson.     S.  Pegge  (Joh.). 
Heads  of  Botanical  lectures.     R.  Relhan  (Trin.).     Camb. 
Eudiments  of  Mathematics.     W.  Ludlam  (Joh).     Lond. 

1788  Conspectus  Critt.     Observatiouuni  in  Scriptiuas,  Gr.  and  Lat.     T.  Bui'gess 

{Cor2)iis). 
The  Proverbs  from  the  Hebrew.  Ber.  Hodgson  {Ch.  Ch.,  Hert.).  4to.  Oxon. 
luitia  Homcrica.     T.  Burgess  {Corjjiis). 
Longinus.     Jonathan  Toup  {Exon.  and  Pemb.,  Camb.).     4to.     Oxon. 


APPENDIX   IX.      PUBLICATIONS.  415 

Sententiae  rhilosophorum  ocod.  Leidensi  Vossiauo.     T.  Burgess  (Corpus). 

12  mo. 
Miltou's  Samson  Agouistes  in  Greek  Verse.     J.  H.  Glassc  (Ch.  Ch.).   Oxon. 
Vii-gil  Georgicon.     Gil.  WakelielJ  (.Jes.).     Camb. 

Xenophon  Anabasis.     T.  Hiitcliinson,  &c.    Memorab.    B.  Simpson.   Oxon. 
Antitpiariau  Tracts.     F.  Wise  (!/>(«.).     2  vols.     Oxon. 
Italian  Selections  transl.  by  Camb.  gentlemen.     Ag.  Isola.     Camb. 
XXXVIII  Botanical  Plates.     T.  Martyn  (Emm.  and  Sid.). 
Considerations  on  the  Oaths  and  Discipline.     By  a  Member  of  the  Senate. 

Camb. 
Remarks  on  Enormous  Expence  in  Cambridge. 

1789  Ai-istotle's  Poetics.     T.  Twining  (Sid.).     4to.     Oxnn. 
Analysis  of  Greek  ]\Ietrcs.     J.  13.  Scale  (Chr.).     Camb. 
Ariosto.     Orlando  Furioso.     Ag.  Isola.     (Camb.). 

Elementa  Ai-chitecturae  Civilis.     H.  Aldrich  {Ch.  Ch.).     P.  Smyth.    O.ron. 

Sallust.     H.  Homer  (Emm.). 

Silvae  Criticae  I.     Gil.  Wakefield  (.Tes.).     Camb. 

Elements  of  Jiiris]n-udence.     Hi.  Woodeson  (Mugd.). 

General  Astronomical  Catalogue.     F.  Wollaston  (Sid.).     Lond. 

Bibliotheca  Classica.     J.  Lempriere  {Pcinh.). 

1790  Pentateuchus  Hebr.   Samarit.  charact.  Hebr.     B.   Blajiiey.     (Wore,  and 

Hart.).     Oxon. 
Ecclesiastes,  from  the  Hebrew.     Bern.  Hodgson  (Ch.  Ch.,  Hert.).     Oxon. 
Marmorum  Oxon.  Inscrr.  Graecae.  W.  Eoberts  (?  Pemb.  H.,  Mert.).  Oxon. 
Sophocles  Oedipus,  eugl.     G.  S.  Clarke  (Trin.).     Ocon. 
Emendationes    in  Suidam   et  Plesycli.,  &c.     Jonathan  Toup  (Exon.  and 

Pemb.   Camb.).     T.  Tyrwhitt  (Qu.   and  Mert.).     R.   Porson  (Trin.) 

4  vols.     Oxon. 
Tacitus.     H.  Homer  (Emm.). 

On  Practical  Astronomy.     S.  Vince  (Cai.  and  Sid.).     Camb.  and  Lond. 
Treatise  on  Gaming.     C.  Moore  (Trin.) 

1791  A  List  of  Books  for  the  Clergy  dio.  Cliester.     W.  Cleaver  {Magd.,  Bras.). 

Oxon. 
Demosthenis  Orr.  selectae.     Ri.  Mounteney  (King's).     Eton. 
Marmorixm  Oxon.  Inscriptiones.     W.  Roberts  (?  Pemb.  H.,  Mert.).     Oxon. 
Plutarch  de  Educ.  Liberorum.     T.  Edwards  (Clare,  ?  Jes.).     Camb. 
Shakespeare's  Plays.     Jos.  Rann  (Trin.).     G  vols.     Oxon. 
Tryphiodorus.     T.  Northmore,  F.  S.  A.     Oxon. 

1792  The  Book  of  Daniel  Translated.     T.  Wintle.     4to.     Oxon. 

A  List  of  Books,  &c.    Ed.  2  with  Dodwell's.    W.  Cleaver  (Mugd.,  Br.). 

Oxon. 
Enchiridion  Theologicum  (tracts).     J.  Randolph  (Ch.  Ch.).    5  vols.    Oxon. 
Ai'chimedes.     J.  Torelli  (Padua).    Fol.     Oxon. 
Aristotle's  Poetics  gr.  lat.     T.  Tyrwhitt  (Qu.,  Mert.).     Oxon. 
Maured  Allatufet...Annal('s  Aogypt.     J.  D.  Carlyle  (Chr.  and  Qu.). 
Flora  Rustica.     T.  Martyn  (Emm.  and  Sid.).     Vol.  1.     Loud. 
Graviuae  Opuscula.     T.  Burgess  (Corpus). 
Horace.  Combe.     2  vols.     Lond. 
Musei  Oxon.  fasc.  1.     T.  Burgess  (Corpus). 

Strictures  on  the  Discipline,  Cambridge.     [W.  Hebcrdon  (Job.)].     Lond. 
Tour  from  Oxford  to  Newcastle  on  Tyne  in  the  Long  Vacation.      J.  Briggs 

(S.  Mary  II.).     O.am. 
Herodotus,  trs.  with  notes.    Vol.  1,     J.  Lempriere  (Pemh.). 

1793  Articuli  XXXIX.     E.  Wclchman.     Oxon. 
Works  of  Ri.  Hooker  (Corpus).     .S  vols.     Oxon. 
Flora  Cantabrigiensis  iii.,  R.  Relhan  (Trin.).     Lond. 

Silva  Critica  iv.  &c.    quibus  accedunt  Hymui  Orphici  trcs.    Gil.  Wakefield 

[Jes.].     Lond. 
Systematic  View  of  the  Laws  of  England.     Ri,  Woodeson  (Mugd.).  .T  vols. 
Plan  of  Lectures  ou   Natural    I'hilosophy.    S.  Viucc  (Caius  and   Sid.). 

Lond. 


41 G  UNIVERSITY    STUDIES. 

Sectiones  Couicac.    A.  Robertson  (?  Ch.  Ch.).     4to.     Oxon. 
Universal  Meridian  Dial.     F.  Wollaston  (Sid.).     4to. 
I'oaco  and  Union.     W.  Frond  (Jo.s.). 
Alma  Matur.     T.  Castlcy  (Jes.).     Camb. 
On  Kiplinf^'s  Preface.     T.  Edwards  (Trin.  H.) 
1791  Holy  Bible.   Oxon. 

The  Cli.  of  England  Man's  Companion,  or  a  Rational  Illustration  of  the 

Book  of  Common  Prayer,  by  C.  Wheatley  [Job.)  [ed.  1.  1710].     Oxon. 
An  Attempt  to  render  the  daily  reading,'  of  the  I'salms  more  intelligible  to 

the  unlearned.     F.  Travell  (?  Exon.).     Oxon. 
Aristotelis  Poetiea,  var.     T.  Tyrwhitt  (Qii.  and  Mert.),  T.  Burgess  {Corpus) 

and  bp.  J.  Randolph  {Cii.  Ch.).     4to  and  8vo.     Oxon, 
Horace.     Gil.  Wakefield  [.Jcs.].     Lend. 
Flora  Oxoniensis.     J.  Sibthorp  {Line,  and  Univ.). 
Flora  Rustica.     T.  Martyn  (Emm.  and  Sid.).     4  vols.     Lond. 
Horti  Botauici  Catalogus.     Carab. 

Catalogue  of  Oxford  Graduates.     J.  Gutch  {All  Souls).     Oxon. 
Parecbolae  Statutorum.     Oxon. 

Tragoediarum  Graec.  Delectus.     Gil.  Wakefield  [Jes.].     Lond. 
Short  Treatise  on  Conic  Sections.     T.  Newton  (Jes.).     Camb. 
Letter  on  Celibacy  of  Fellows.     Camb. 

1795  Notitia  Librorum  Hebr.  Gr.  Lat.  saecl.  xv.,  et  Aldin.     Oxon. 

Bion  and  Moschus.     Gil.  Wakefield  [Jes.].     8vo.  and  12mo.     Loud. 
Chaucer  modernized  by  W.  Lipscomb  (Corpus).     3  vols.     Oxon. 
Translations  from  Petrarch,  Metastasio,  &c.     T.  Le  Mesui-ier  {New  C). 

Oxon. 
Plutarchi  Moraha.     Dan.  Wytteubach.     5  or  7  vols.      4to. ;    13  or  15  8vo. 

Oxon. 
Virgil,  Heyne.     2  vols.     Oxon. 

Phin.  Pett  {Cli.  Ch.).     Oxon. 

Analysis  of  Paley's  Moral  and  Polit.  Philos.     ed.  C.  V.  De  Grice  (Trin.). 

Camb. 
Analysis  of  Roman  Civil  Law.     S.  Hallifax  (Jes.  and  Trin.  Hall). 
Elements  of  Algebra  I.     Ja.  W^ood  (Job.).     Camb. 
Fluxions.     S.  Vince  (Caius  and  Sid. ).     Camb. 

1796  Novum  Testament.     Vulgatae  Edit.     Oxon. 
Job  trausl.    C.  Garden.     Oxon. 

XXXIX  Ai-ticles.     Gil.  Burnet  (Aberd.).     Oxon. 

Specimens  of  Arabic  Poetry.     J.  D.  Carlyle  (Chr.  and  Qu.). 

Cambridge  University  Calendar.     Camb. 

On  the  Cheltenham  Waters.     J.  Smith.     Oxon. 

Dissertation  concerning  the  War  of  Troy.     Jacob  Bryant  (King's). 

Euripidis  Hippolytus.    Hon.  F.  H.  Egertou  {Ch.  Ch.,  All  S.).    -Ito.    Oxon. 

Lucretius.     Gil.  Wakefield  [Jes.].     3  vol.     4to.     Lond. 

On  the  Prosodies  of  Greek  and  Latin.     [S.  Horsley  (Trin.  Hall)],     Lond. 

Virgil.     Gil.  Wakefield  [Jes.].     12mo.     Lond. 

W.  Blackstoue's  Commentaries,     ed.  E.  Christian  (Job.).     Loud. 

Syllabus  of  Locke's  Essay.     12mo.     Camb. 

Chrouological  Tables  from  Solomon  to  Alexander  the  Great.     J.  Falconer. 

4to.  Oxon. 
Arithmetic  and  Algebra.     T.  Manning  (Caius). 
Principles  of  Algebra.     W.  Frend  [Jes.]. 
Hj'di'ostatics.     S.  Vince  (Caius  and  Sid.). 
Principles  of  Mechanics.     Ja.  Wood  (Job.).     Camb. 

1797  BibUa  Graeca.     Ro.  Holmes  {Xew  C.  and  Ch.  CIt.).     fol.    Vol.  1.     O.von. 
Jeremiah,  Lamentations,  with  Daniel.    B.  Blayney  (IJ'orc.  and  Hert.).  4to. 

Oxon. 
Zechariah,  transl.    B.  Blajnej  {Wore,  and  Hert.).    4to.     Oxon. 
Zechariah,  ch.  ii.    T.  Wiutle  {Joh.).     0.von. 
On  the  Creed.     J.  Peai'son  (King's  and  Trin.  Camb.).     ed.  Oxon. 
Origines  Sacrae.     E.  Stillingfleet  (Joh.  Camb.).     2  vols.     O-von. 


APPENDIX   IX.      PUBLICATIONS.  417 

Aeschylus  typis  quos  vocaut  homeric's.  [K.  Person  (Triu.)].    Foulisi.  Ulasg. 

Euripidis  Hecuba.     Hi.  Pi.rson  (Triii.K     Lornl. 

In  Eur.  Hec.  Diatriljo  Extemixiralis.     Gil.  Wakefield  [Jes.].     Loud. 

Homeri  Odyssea.     2  vols.     Oxon. 

Musei  Oxen.     fasc.  ii.     T.  Burj,'css  {Corpus).     Oxon. 

Voyage  of  Hanno.     T.  Falconer  (Corpus).     Oxon. 

Introd.  Lecture  on  Chemistry.     11.  Bourne  (irorc).     Oxon. 

Syllabus  of  Lectm-es  on  the  Laws  of  England.    E.  Christian  (Joh.).    Lond. 

On  Plants,  &c.     Analogy  between  Animal  and  Vegetable  Kingdoms.     Ko. 

Hooper  (?  Pemh.).     Oxon. 
Complete  Analysis  of  Adam  Smith's  Wealth  of  Nations.    Jer.  Joyce.    Carab. 
Cambridge  University  Calendar. 

Astronomy.     Vol.  1.     S.  Vince  (Cains  and  Sid. ).     4to.     Camb. 
Astron.  Observations  at  Greenwich  1750 — 62.     Ja.  Bradley  (Ball.).    2  vols. 

fol.     Oxon. 

1798  Vet.  Testamentum  Graec.     vol.  1.     Eo.  Holmes  (New  C,  Ch.  Ch.).     Oxon. 
Greek  Testament,  vol.  i.  (Gospels).    J.  White  (Wadh.).     Oxon. 

Method  of  Settling  Canonical  Authority  of  N.  T.  Jer.  Jones  (noncouf.). 
Oxon. 

T.  Tyrwhitti  Conjecturae  in  Aesch.  Eurip.  and  Aristoph.  ed.  1.  T.  Bur- 
gess (Corpus). 

Aristotelis  II^TrXos  sive  Epitaphia.     T.  Burgess  (Corpus). 

Euripidis  Orestes.     R.  Porson  (Trin.).     Lond. 

Demosthenis  Olynth.  ii,  iii ;  I'hilijjp.  ii.     Jer.  Wolf,  etc.     Oxon. 

Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales,  ed.  T.  Tyrwhitt  (Qu.,  Mcrt.).  ed.  2.  2  vols. 
4to.    Oxon. 

Saxon  and  English  illustrative  of  each  other.    S.  Henshall  (Bra.t.). 

Interview  with  the  Jeshoo  Lama.     Capt.  S.  Turner.     12mo.     Oxon. 

Algebra,  vol.  ii.     T.  Manning  (Cains).     Lond. 

Elements  of  Optics.     Ja.  Wood  (.Joh.).     Camb. 

Greenwich  Observations.    J.  Braaley  (Ball.).    N.  Bliss,     vol.  1,  fol.     Oxon. 

Eeflections  on  the  Caelibacy  of  Fellows.     Camb. 

1799  Act.  Apost.  and  Epistt.  versio  Syr.  Philoxen.     J.  White  (Wadh.).    vul.  1. 

4to.     O.con. 
Appendix  ad  N.  T.  e  cod.  Alexandr.    C.  G.  Woide  (Haffn.,  Oxon.).    ed.  H. 

Ford  (Ch.  Ch.,  ^fa!|d.  II.).     fol.     Oxon. 
Diatessaron.     J.  White  (ir«<//(.).     Oxo7i. 
Horae  Biblicae.     C.  Butler  (Douay).     Oxon. 
History  of  the  Intcrpr.  of  Prophecy.     H.  Kett  (Trin.).     Oxon. 
Common  Prayer  with  Psalms  in  Metre.      Oxon. 
Antouiui  Iter  Brit.,  ed.  T.  Reynolds  (lAnc.  and  Camb.).     4to. 
Euripidis  Phoenissae.     R.  Porson  (Trin.).     Lond. 
Moliere.     2  vols.     O.r.on. 
Cambridge  University  Calendar. 
Principles  of  Algebra.     W.  Frend  [Jes.] 
Principles  of  Astronomy.     S,  Vince  (Cains  and  Sid.). 
The  Sizar  :  a  Rhapsodv.     12mo.     Camb. 
ISOO  AboUatiph  Hist.  Aegv-pt.     Jos.  White  (irarf/).).     Oxon. 
Diet.  Graec.     H.  Hoogeveen  (Leyd.).     4to.     Camb. 
Homer,     (h-enville.     Oxon. 
Livy.     H.  Homer  (Ennn.).     Oxon. 
Sophocles,  S.  Musgrave  (Corpus,  1'niv.).     Oxon. 
Cambridge  University  Calendar. 

Fasciculus  Astronomicus.     F.  WoUaston  (Sid.).     Lond. 
Latitude  of  the  N.  Hemisphere.     J.  Stephens  (Joh.).     Camb. 

Principles  of  Fluxions     |  S.  Vinco  (Cuius  and 

Prnici|)les  of  Hydrostatics      /         Sid  I      Camb 

Plane  and  Spherical  Trigonometry  and  Logarithms... ) 


W. 


INDEX. 


*»*  Navies,  etc.,  in  italics  refer  to  the  University  of  Oxford. 

Under  the  names  of  the  Colleges  or  Halls  it  has  not  been  thought  necessary 
to  give  a  reference  to  each  page  on  which  any  alumnus  is  mentioned,  though 
this  has  been  done  in  some  instances ;  the  use  of  the  bi-ackets  in  this  Index  and 
in  the  foregoing  List  of  rublicatious  will  enable  any  one  to  compile  such  a  li&t 
without  much  labom-  if  it  be  thought  worth  the  while. 


Abbott,  W.  (Joh.),  31. 

Abinger,  see  Scarlett. 

'Academic'  [Green's],  150. 

accents,  113. 

acts  —  comitia,  18. 

acts  (in  the  schools)  15,  3-1 — 43,  Gl, 
69,  218,  301,  321,  322. 

act's  breakfast,  36. 

Adams,  G.  (Job.),  42  n. 

Adams,  Sir  T.  (Camb.),  163. 

ad  Baptistam,  58,  GO  n. 

Addenbrooke,  J.  (Cath. ),  173, 176. 

ad  diem  cinerum,  58,  60  n. 

Adtlington,  H.  {Bras.),  2G5n. 

Addison,  Jos.  {Qu.  &  Magd.),  157. 

ad  eundem,  213  71.,  225. 

admission,  24,  60,  347.  See  matricu- 
lation. 

ad  oppositiun,  219. 

aegrotat,  44,  45,  48,  358  h.,  360,  362. 

afternoons,  331. 

Ainsley,  Mont.  F.  (Trm.),  374. 

Alcock,  J.  {Maffd. ),  237. 

Alcock,  Nathan  (Leyden  and  Jes.), 
185,  206  )i. 

Alderson,  Jonath.  (Pemb.),  375. 

Aldrich,  H.  {Ch.  Ch.),  237. 

algebra,  13,  14,  40,  72—80,  356. 

Allen,  J.  (Trin.),  375. 

Alhson,  Ja.  (Job.),  375. 

AlUs,  P.  (Qu.  and  Jes.),  164,  268 »., 
308. 

Allsopp,  T.  (Emm.),  375. 

AH  Suuls,  265. 


'  Alma  Mater  Cantabrigiae ',  367,  380. 

almanack  =  duty,  389. 

'  alphabet',  57. 

America,  South,  327. 

Amhui-st,  Nic.  [Job.],  156,  223. 

Amos,  W.  (Jes.),  358,  363. 

analytical  mathematics,  74 — 77,  257. 

anatomy,  174,  178,  182—186, 

Ancient  Concerts,  236. 

'  Anglicfe  "  bands'",  41. 

Anstev,  Chr.  (Juh.),  11. 

Anstey,  Chr.  (King's),  26,  156. 

answering,  217  (cf.  'respondent'). 

antecedens,  223n.,  228;;.,  369  n. 

anthems,  237,  238. 

antiquaries,  158. 

Apollouius'  Conies,  23. 

apostles,  57. 

Apthorpe,  East  (Jes.),  359,  362. 

Aquinas,  T.,  86. 

ai-abic,  163-170,  266-268. 

Ai'chdeacon,    J.    (printer),    389,    391, 

393. 
Aiden,  Ei.  P.  (Trin.),  142. 
arguments,  35—40,  321,  368—374,  376. 
Aristotle,  22,  65,  115,  124—126,  219, 

230. 
Arnold,  S.  (Mapd.),  237. 
articles  of  religion,  xxsix. ;  216,  221. 
ascendat,  37. 
Ash,  E.  (Ch.  Ch.),  155  h. 
Ashmolean,  10. 
Ashpiushaw,  J.  (Emm.),  361. 
Ashtou,  C.  (Jes.),  97. 


INDEX. 


41 U 


Ashworth,  Ei.  (Emm.),  302. 

Askew,  Ant.  (Emm.),  110. 

asses'  milk,  297. 

Astley,  H.  N.  (Chr.),  154  n. 

astronomy,    23,   35?i.,   46,    211-251, 

326  H.,  356. 
Atcherley,  Ja.  (Magd.),  363. 
Atkinson,  H.  (Caius),  375. 
AtwooJ,  G.  (Trill.),  250. 
Austins  (Aiigustiuenses^,  220. 
Avarne,  W.  (Emm  ),  360. 
Ayloffe,  T.  (Triu.  H.),  140. 
Aynsworth  or  Ainsworth,  Eo.,  100. 
Ayseough,  Sam.,  76. 

« R.  B.  Philomed.'  185  n. 

B.  A.,  62,  82—84,  118,  154,  213—233, 

241,  261,  273,  302,  324,  336. 
bachelor,  old; — 'of  the  stool,'  17. 
bachelor's  schools,  39  re. 
Backhouse,  Ja.  (Triu.),  27,  28. 
Bacon,  Fr.  (Triu.),  78,  126. 
Baker,  T.  ('Act  at  Oxford  ')  3  n. 
Baker,  T.  (Joh.  'eiectus'),  0—9,  158, 

305,  307. 
Balguy,  J.  (Joh.),  122,  129. 
baUad,  199,  238,  252  7t.,  287. 
Balliol  College,  3n.,  15. 
Balme,  E.  (Magd.),  360. 
bands,  41. 

Banks,  Jonat.  (Pemb.),  3f!5,  3«6. 
Banks,  Jos.  {Ch.  Cli.),  2(»6,  327. 
Barker,  E.  H.  (Triu.),  97  ?j. 
Barker,  S.  97. 
Barker,  W.  B.  (Joh.),  363. 
Barlow,  T.  (Qii.),  134. 
Baruaby  lectures,  78,  83,  89. 
Barnard,  F.  (Clare),  69. 
Barnes,  Josh.  (Emm.),  94,  387,  391  h. 
Barnet,  S.  (Univ.),  157. 
Barnwell,  F.  (Caius),  363. 
Baronius,  Vine.  (0.  S.  B.),  129. 
barristers,  144  n. 
Barrow,  Is.  (Pet.  and  Trin.),  64,  105  re., 

188,  248. 
Bartholin,  Casp.  (Copenhagen),  79. 
Baskerville,  J.  (printer),  393. 
Bateman,  S.  (Job.),  354. 
Bates,  Joah  (King's),  236,  239. 
Bates,  W.  (Emm.  and  Qu.),  35n.,  129. 
Bath,  12,  297. 

,  bishop  of,  318. 

Bathurst,  Ha.  (Trin.),  157. 
Battie,  W.  (King's),  177,  237  n. 
Baxter,  Ei.,  133. 
Bearblock,  Ja.  (King's),  158. 
Beaumont,  (Pet.),  140,  385. 
Beaver,  Herb.  (Corpus),  157,  168. 
Beckwith,  J.  C.  (Muqd.  H.),  237. 
Beddocs,  T.  (Z^f ;«/>.),  5. 
bedel),  esquire,  117,  270,  280,  282. 


Bedford,  A.  (Bras.),  168 n. 

Bedwell,  W.  (Trin.),  2Q7  n. 

Beevor,  Aug.  (Benet),  322. 

liecvor,  J.  (Chr.),  360. 

Belcher,  P.  (Job.),  375. 

]'.ell,  J.  (Trin.),  85  re. 

Bell,  Ei.  (Clare),  359. 

Bell,  W.  (Magd.),  361. 

Belward,  Ei.  (Caius),  326,  329. 

'bene  disputa.sti,'  38. 

Benet.     See    Corpus    Christi    College 

Cambridge  (322). 
Beureetr,  Ja.  (Jes.),  363. 
Benuet,  T.  (Job.),  268  n. 
Benuet,  W.  (Emm.),  58. 
Bennett,  Ja.  (Jes.),  303. 
Bennett,  J.  (Clare),  360. 
Bennett,  T.  (Job.),  268  re.,  385. 
Benson,  T.  (Qu.),  159,  100. 
Beutham,    E.    (Ch.  Ch.,    Corpus  and 

Oriel),  and  Ja.,  388  re. 
Bentham,  Jer.  (Qu.),  365  w. 
Bentbam,  Jos.  388,  389,  393. 
Bentley,  Ei.   (Job.,   Trin. ;   Wadh. ),  2, 

22  re.,  25,  57,  67  re.,  79,   92,  95,  97, 

102  re.,  112,  129,  148,  207,209,210, 

248,  344,  347,  383,  384,  387,  388. 
Bentley,  T.  (Trin.),  110,  111. 
Berdmorc,  S.  (Jes.),  359. 
Berkeley,  G.  (T.  C.  D.),  121,  129,  321, 

369,  376. 
Berkley,  C.  (King's),  363. 
Bernard,  E.  (Exon.),  92. 
Berney,  Sir  J.,  320. 
Bernouilli,  Ja.  (Bale,  Heidclb.).  79. 
Betteswortb,  J.  (Ch.  Ch.),  265  ». 
Beverley,  J.  (Chr.),  239,  359,  364. 
Bewicke,  T.  (Jes.),  362. 
Bezae,  codex,  6,  391. 
bibliotheca  critica,  93,  96. 
bibliothcca  literaria,  96,  97. 
Bilsborrow,  Dewh.  (Trin.),  862, 
binomial  theorem,  51,  76. 
'  lUon,'  57. 
Bircham,  S.,  201. 
IHackburn,  Ja.  (Trin.),  53 re. 
Blackstone,  Ja.,  (New  I.  II.),  144. 
Biackstonc.  W.   (Pemh.    All  S.,    Qu., 

New  I.  II.),  143,  144. 
Bland,  ?  (Corpu.f),  149  re. 
Blavney.B.  (Wore,  and  Hart  II.),  168, 

170. 
Blick,  B.  G.  (Pet.),  375. 
Bligb,  Reg.  (Qu.),  36h.,  55h. 
Bliss,  N:it.  (Pcmb.),  247,  251. 
Blithe,  385. 

Blomberg,  F.  W.  (Job.),  360. 
Blomefield,  F.  (Caius),  15H. 
Blomheld,  C.  J.  (Triu.),  97  re. 
Blomlield,  E.  V.  (Cai.  and  Emm.),  97n. 
blood,  circulation  of,  172  n.,  174. 


420 


INDEX. 


blood,  transfusion,  181. 

blood-letting,  305. 

blne-stockiugs,  207. 

Blunders  (Tiverton),  102. 

Blunt,  J.  (Job.),  300. 

'  boards,'  313. 

Bobart,  llo.  (Oxon.),  204,  206. 

Bobart,  llo.  (Oxou.),  203,  204,  20G. 

BotUfiitn  Library,  3 — 7. 

Boerbaavc,  Herm.  (Leyd.).  79. 

Boetbius  de  Musica,  287. 

'  bona  nova,'  277. 

Bonuycastlo,    J.   {' Ai-itb.'  1780.),   4C, 

77,  250. 
Bonwicke,  Aipbr.  (.Job.),  14. 
book-lists    1—10,    76—81,    129—132, 

160,   161,  206,  208,  248—251,  325, 

326  ?».,  328—336,  394—413. 
Borlase,  G.  (Pet.),  132. 
Btscawen,  W.  (Exon.),  144  «. 
Bcssut,  77. 

botany,  154,  154 n.,  178,  202—212. 
Bourcliier,  E.  (Chr.),  359. 
Bourdieu,  J.  (Clare),  375. 
Bourne,  J.  (Job.),  316. 
Bourne,  Laur.  (Qu.),  316. 
Bourne,  Vincent  (Trin.),  27,  102—104, 

106. 
Bouquet,  P.  (Trin.),  268  7i. 
Bowles,  W.  Lisle  {Trin.},  102. 
Bowles,  W.  (Pet.),  363. 
Bowstead,  Joe.  (Pemb.),  34  h. 
Bowtell,  J.,  llik 

♦box'  (in  tbe  Schools),  37,  39,  231. 
'  bos-flom-isb't '  type,  386» 
Boyce,  W.  (Camb.),  237. 
Boyle,  Ro.  (Oxo)i.),  248. 
Boys,  Ri.  (Job.),  363. 
brackets,  53 — 55. 
Bradford,  S.  (Benet),  309,  310. 
Bradley,  Ja.  (Ball.),  247,  251. 
Bradley,  Ri.  (Camb.),  79, 173,  209,  210. 
Bradley,  W.  S.  (Job.),  362. 
Bradstreet,  Ro.  (Job.),  360. 
Brasenosc  College,  Oxon.,  86. 
Brasse,  J.  (Trin.),  63. 
breakfasts  (acts'),  36  (father's),  50. 
brevier  type,  385,  392  n. 
Bridge,  Bewick  (Pet.),  76. 
Brinkley,  T.  (Cains),  257,  320^  323. 
Brockett,  L.  (Trin.),  150. 
Broderick,  ?  (Job.),  355,  356. 
Brome,  W.  (Job.),  157. 
Brooke,  P.  (Job.),  7  u. 
Brooke,  T.  (Clare),  393. 
'  brothers,'  276,  279,  281,  286. 
Brown,  Nio.  (Trin.),  363. 
Brown,  Nic.  (Chr.),  35'J. 
Brown,  T.  (Ch.  Ch.),  26ji.,  156. 
'Brown,'  Tom  (Rnghv),  36 n. 
Browne,  C.  (Ball.),  138. 


Browne,  Is.  Hawkins  (Trin.),  157. 

Browne,  J.  (Trin.),  154  w. 

Browne,  Pet.  (T.  C.  D.),  79,  129. 

Browne,  T.  (Jes.),  306. 

Browne,   Sir   W.    (PcL),    37,   58,   68, 

71  n.,  155,  173. 
Browning,  ¥.  (King's),  Win. 
Broxholnie,  N.  (Ch.  Ch.),  155  n. 
Brutton,  J.  V.  (Sid.),  359. 
Bryant,  Jacob  (King's)  93,  106,  158. 
Brydges,  Sir  Egerton  (Qu.),  158. 
Buck,  Ja.  (Caius),  326. 
Buck,  J.  &  T.  (Cath.), printers,  381, 382, 

3'.i3.     Fr.  393. 
Bncklaud,  C.  (Sid.),  374. 
Buddous,  J.  F.  (Halle  and.Jena),  129. 
Biiddle,  Adkam  (Cath.),  207. 
Bulkeley,  S.  (Clare),  363. 
bull-dog,  34,  37. 
Bullock,  J.  (Job.),  363. 
Burgersdicius,  F.  (Leyden),  85. 
Burges,  G.  (Trin.),  9. 
Burges.,  J.  (printer),  391,  393. 
Burgess,  T.  (Corjms),  94,  95,  98,  101. 
Burkley,  C.  (King's),  363. 
Burlamaqui,  J.  J.  (Geneva),  122. 
Burleigh,  lord,  379. 
Burmau,  P.  (Leyden),  92,  97. 
Burman,  P.  (Franeker)  93. 
Burn,  Ri.  (Qu.),  138  n. 
Burnaby,  J.  (Oriel),  149  w. 
Burnet,  Gil.  (Aberd.  and  Glasg.),  129, 

149. 
?  Burnet,  T.  (Neiu  C),  99.     (or  Mert.). 
Burnet.    T.    (Clare   and   Chr.),    35  /»., 

79,  129  (emend.),  248. 
Burrell,  Pet.  (Job.),  354. 
Burton,  Dan.  (Ch.  Ch.),  149  n. 
Biu-ton,  J.  (Corpus),  12,  101,  325. 
Burton,  H.  (Job.),  355. 
Bury   School,    27,    101,    162,    183  h., 

189  n.  (alsoE.  Leedes). 
de  Bussiferes,  Jean  (S.  J.),  148. 
Butler,  Jos.   (Oriel),  37,   52,   53,   121, 

122,  129,  354,  356. 
Butler,  Jos.  [MHner]  (Benet),  363. 
Butler,  T.  (Trin.),  360. 
butteries,  105  ».,  284,  294  n. 
bye-term  men,  58,  60».,  364. 
Byne,  H.  (Job.),  359. 
Byrom,  J.  (Trin.),  21  n.,  25, 152 «.,  347. 
Byron,  G.  Gordon,  Id.,  (Trin.),  88. 

cadit  quaestio,  39,  40,  369,  &c. 

Caedmou,  160,  161. 

Caius  College,  Gonville  and,  3,  30,  47, 

48,  172  H.,  182, 188,  273,  286— 288 u., 

319—344  n.,  356. 
Caldwell,  G.  (Jes.),  154  n. 
calendar,    Cambridge   Universitv,   33, 

48,  59,  323  n.,  364-367. 


INDEX. 


421 


Camm,  J.  (Joli.),  3G3. 

canonists,  134,  135,  142  ».,  265. 

cap,  24,  303. 

caricatimsts,  158. 

Carlyle,   Jos.  Dacre  (Cbr.,  Qu,),   164, 
106. 

Carlyon,  Clem.,  (Pemb.),  154  re. 

Carnan,  T.  (bookseller),  389. 

Carr,  J.  (Job.),  123. 

Carr,  Nic.  (Pemb.  and  Trin.),  108. 

Carswell,  or  Caswell,  J.  {Wadh.  and 
Hart  H.),  71,  246  «. 

Carter,  T.  (Trin.),  361, 

Cartes.     See  Descartes. 

'cartbarge  paper,'  329. 

Carver,  C.  (Gai.),  323. 

Gary,  H.  ¥.{Ch.  Ch.),  153, 170,  264  «. 

Gary,  J.  H.  S.  (Cbi-.),  375. 

Cas'aiibon,  Meric  (Ch.  Ch.),  159. 

Casborne,  J.  (Emm.),  364. 

cassock,  311. 

Castell,  Edm.  (Emm.  and  Job.),  163, 
208,  267  n. 

Castell,  J.  (Caius),  359. 

Castellus,  Bened.  (Moutp.),  79.    . 

'Castor  and  Pollux,'  57. 

casuistry,  132 — 134. 

Caswell,  J.  {Wadh.),  79. 

Catbarine-Hall,  Saint,  173. 

Cato  (Addison's),  102. 

Catten,  or  Catton,  T.  (Job.),  261. 

Caulet,  J.  (Job.),  354. 

Causton,  T.  (Job.),  362. 

cautions,  23,  218. 

Cavendisb,  H.  (Pet.),  187,  192. 

Caxton,  W.,  377. 

Caxton  post-bag,  312,  sqq. 

Cecil,  Sir  Re,  380. 

Cecill,  (Job.),  288 «. 

celibacy,  178,  264. 

Cbaffin,   or  Cbafin,  W.  (Emm.),   29, 

30,  358,  362,  363. 
cballenging,  55,  102. 
cbamber-fellow,  291. 
Cbaniberlayne,  J.  (Trin.),  160. 
Cbambers,  Epbr.,  129. 
Chambers,  Sir  Eo.  {Line,  and   Univ.), 

144. 
Cbandler,  Ei.  {Magd.),  12,  156. 
Cbanning,  J.  (Ch.  Ch.),  170  n.,  181. 
Cbapman,  Bened.  (Caius),  325. 
Chapman,  C.  J.  (Bcnet),  322. 
Chappelow,  Leon.  (Job.),  164,  268  n. 
Charles  II.,  K.  172  ».,  264. 
Charles  III.,  K.  of  Spain,  9. 
Charlett,  A.  {Univ.),  127,  158. 
•Chatham'  sloop,  327. 
'Cheese  College,'  3. 
Cheko,  Sir  J.  (Job.,  Kinq'.s:^Ch.  Ch., 

King's  Camb.),  lOfi     ]'()[). 
chemistry,  174,  176,  178 — 195. 


chest,  the  King's  Coll.,  174. 

chest,  the  University,  280,  304. 

Chestney,  J.  (Pet.),  361. 

Cbevallier,  Temple  (Magd.),  363. 

Cbevallier,  T.  (Pemb.),  375. 

Cheyne,  G.  (Edinb.),  79,  129. 

Cbiara,  315. 

Chisbull,  Edm.  {Corpus),  155. 

chocolate,  308,  310. 

chopsticks,  165. 

choristers,  3  n. 

Christ  Church,  13,  86,  102,  104,  114  n., 
146,  237,  267. 

Christ  College,  13,  68,  123,  125,  238  n., 
259  n. 

Christian,  E,  (Job.),  142,  145. 

chronology,  25,  117. 

Chubb,  T.,  129. 

Churchill,   Fleetwood   (Clare),  268  n., 
358. 

Cicero,  13,  27,  85  re,,  87,  326  «.,  354. 

civilians,    135,    136,    139—142,    145, 
264,  265. 

Clare  Hall,  52 n.,  67—69,  71  re.,  139 n., 
212  n.,  338. 

Clarendon  Press,  94,  96,  384  n. 

Clarendon's  History,  2. 

Clarke,  E.  D.  (Jes.),   77,  156,  192  n., 

198—202. 
Clarke,  Greg.  (Cath.),  168  n. 
Clarke,  J.  [\Ybitefield]  (T.  C.  D.,  Job. 

and  Trin.),  237. 
Clarke,  S.  (Caius),  13,  37,  52,  53,  67, 

68,  79,  121  n.,  124,  129,  242,  298, 
Clarke,  Wilfrid  (Pet.),  361. 
Clarkson,  T.  (Job.),  128. 
'classes,'  45—48,  50,  53,  260,  261,  363. 
Classical  Journal,  97  re, 
classics,  9,  13,  90,  225,  331—334,  337, 

354, 
Clay,  C.  J.  (Trin.),  printer,  393, 
Cleaver,  W,  {Bras.),  95, 
Gierke,  J,  (Pet),  177. 
Clinton,  H.  Fynes  {CJu  Ch.),  102  «. 
Globery.     See  Glynn, 
close  fellowships,  Ac.,  343. 
Glubbe,  W.  (Gains),  157. 
Cockshutt,  T,  (Ghr.),  363, 
de  Goetlogon,  G,  E,  (Pemb.),  360. 
Colbatch,  J.  (Trin.),  132. 
Colchester,  W.  (Job.),  359, 
Cole,  W.  (Clare  and  King'.s),  158, 
Cole's  Dictionarv,  32()  «. 
Coleridge,  S.  T.  (Jes.),  84, 121, 123, 157, 
Golladon,  Theod.  (Geneva),  189. 
collectiom,  119,  258  n. 
collectorn,  220  re.,  232  n. 
'college  mss.',  75—77. 
CoUiber,  S.  129. 
Collier,  Arthur,  130. 
Collier,  Jer.  (Caius),  158, 


422 


INDEX. 


Collier,  W.  (Trin.),  106. 

CoUignon,  C.  (Trin.),  IH.3. 

Collins,  Aut.  (King's),  129. 

Collins,  Brian  Bury  (Job. ),  355. 

Collins,  W.  (Qu.  and  Magd.),  157. 

Colman,  G.  (Ch.  Ch.),  15(5,  157. 

Colson,  J.  (Sid.  &  Emm.),  70. 

Colwell,  J.  {Trill.),  155 n. 

Comber,  T.  (Trin.),  163  «. 

combination-room,  30,  52. 

combinations,  387. 

Comings,  T.  (Trin.),  875. 

comitialia,  carmiua,  19,  103. 

comitia  maiora  et  minora,  18,  38. 

commencement,  18,  38. 

'  commodious  schools,'  232  n. 

common  law,  142 — 145. 

conimon-place-books,  331,  332. 

commons,  291,  293  n.,  319. 

compendiums,  227. 

composition  (see  'classics'),  225,  332. 

compounders,  52. 

Compton,  W.  (Cains),  363. 

concerts,  238—240,  245,  315,  317. 

confession,  133  n. 

conic   sections,   74,   75,    77,    79,    80, 

326?!.,  336,  376. 
Conington,  J.  {Corpus),  233,  234. 
cousequens     and     consequentia,     39, 

369  n. 

•  Constant  Quantities,'  57. 

*  consulate,'  57. 

cook,  a  college,  321,  324. 

Cook,  capt.  Ja.  325,  329. 

Cooke  ?  (Job.),  355. 

Cookson,  H.  W.  (Pet.),  91,  198. 

Copley,  J.  Singleton  (Trin.),  154  n. 

Cornwall,  Ff.  H.  (Job.),  363. 

Cornwall,  C.  W.,  327. 

Corpus  Cbristi  or  Benet  College,  175, 

188,  212  n. 
Cosin,  J.  (Cai.,  Pet.),  235. 
Costard,  G.  {Jrndh.),  247. 
Cotes,  Koger  (Trin.),  10,  49,  70,  74, 

242,  243,  245,  326  «.,  376. 
Cotter,  Kogerson  (Trin.),  344  n. 
counties,  343,  344. 
CoveU,  J.  (Cbr.),  162  71.,  385. 
Coventry,  Fr.  (Magd.),  183. 
Coventry,  H.  (Magd.),  183  «. 
Cowell's  Institutio  Jm-is,  143  n. 
Cowper,  J.  (Benet),  268  n. 
Crab,  3,  5. 

Crabb,  H.  B.  (Trin.),  360. 
Cradock,  J.  (Catli.),  364. 
Crasbaw,  Ei.  (Pemb.,  and  Pet.),  163  n. 
Craster,  T.  (Job.),  359. 
Craven,  W.  (.Job.),  29,  164,  166,  363. 
Crawford,  J.  (.Job.),  361. 
crcaticni,  281. 
Creed  1,  T.  (Ifarf/i.),  157. 


Cresswell,  spberics,  76. 

Creygbtuu,  lii.  (Trin.),  287. 

cribbage,  324,  327. 

Crick,  T.  (Cains),  300, 

Croft,  G.  {Univ.)  87 n.,  144. 

Croft,  W.  {Ch.  Ch.),  237. 

Croke,  Alex.  {Oriel),  265  n. 

Croke,  Ei.  (King's),  106. 

crosses  (coins),  279,  284  n. 

Crotcb,  W.  {S.  Mary  H.),  237. 

Crowutield,  Corn,  (printer),  282—288, 

382—388,  .393. 
Cubit,  J.  (Caius),  375. 
Cudwortli,  Ea.  (Emm.,  Clare,  Cbr.), 

121  w.,  125,  130. 
Cullum,  Ja.  (Cbr.),  360. 
Cumberland,  Ei.  (Magd.),  1.30. 
Cumberland,  Ei.  (Trin.),  27-29,  33, 

37  n.,  102,  344—346. 
Cumming,  Ja.  (Trin.),  194. 
curate,  309. 

Cm-rey,  W.  W.  (Qu.),  375. 
Curteis,  C.  (Job.),  360. 
Cutbbert,  E.  (Jes.),  375. 
Cutbbert,  G.  (Cbr.),  360. 

'  Dfedalus,'  H.  M.  S.,  327,  329. 

'  Damon  and  Pytbias,'  57. 

Daniel,  Eoger  (printer),  381,  393. 

Da\-ies,  Ei.  (Qu.),  177,  1/8. 

Davey,  J.  (Caius),  30. 

Dawes,  Ei.  (Emm.),  35  n.,  95,  114. 

Dawes,  Sir  W.  {Joh.  and-Catb.),  130. 

days  in  tbe  tripos,  53. 

dean,  88  n.,  89,  166  n. 

Dealtry,  W.  (Trin.),  77. 

Debreczin  Univ.,  99. 

decimals,  52,  56. 

declamations,  26,  88,  89,  213,  220. 

'decus  et  tutamen,'  105. 

Degge,  Sir  Simon,  139. 

degrees,  172. 

Deigbton's,  45;  J.  Deigbton  (booksel- 
ler), 393. 

Delaval,  E.  (Pemb.),  15,  358. 

Demostbenes,  326,  354,  356,  383. 

Denne,  J.  (Benet),  363. 

Derbam,  W.  {Trin.),  130. 

Desaguliers,  J.  Tbeo.,  (Ch.  Ch.),  246. 

Descartes,  Eene  (La  Flecbe),  65—69, 
79,  121,  125  n.,  129,  176,  241  n. 

'descendas,'  38,  39,  145  n. 

D'Ewes,  Symonds  (Job.),  87,  90. 

Dibdiu,  T.  Frognall  {Joh.),  3  «. 

Dickes,  T.  (Jes.),  375. 

Dickins,  F.  (Trin.  H.),  140. 

Dicldnsou,  W.  (Trin.),  360. 

dictionaries,  100,  328. 

digamma,  112  n. 

Dillcnius,  .T.  J.  (Darmst.,  Gies.,  Oxon.) 
204.  206.  211  n. 


IXDEX. 


423 


dinner-hour,  38  n. 

Diopbantus,  92. 

disjunctive  syllogism,  SO. 

Disney,  W.  (Triu.),  29,  106,  2r)8H.,3C3. 

disputations,  145,  220—223,  291. 

disputationum  formulae,  R.  F.,  35  n. 

Dixon,  J.  (Qu.),  375. 

Dobree,  V.  P.  92  n. 

Dodson's  Repository,  77. 

Dodsworth,  F.  (Cbr.),  359. 

'  dogging,''  232  n. 

Donn,  Ja.,  208. 

dormiat,  36. 

Douglass,  J.  {Ball),  149??. 

Dowdaswell,  G.  {Ch.  Ch.),  loon. 

Downes,  (Job.),  363. 

Downing  Professor  of  Laws,  145. 

D'Oyly,  Matt.  (Benot),  359. 

Drake,  Ja.  (Job.),  3G2. 

Ducarel,  Andr.  C.  (Job.),  158. 

duelUng,  123,  128,  376. 

Duncan's  logic,  13,  85,  87  n.,  127. 

'dunce's  day,'  56,  58. 

Duncombe,  J.  (Corpus),  157. 

duplicity,  Mr  Woodd's,  63. 

Duport,  Ja.  (Trin.  and  Magd.),  273— 

286. 
Duport,  J.  (Jes.),  273. 
dutch,  97,  100,  386. 
Dyer,  G.  (Emm.),  157. 
Dymoke,  Nedham  (Job. ),  154  n. 

Eachard,  J.  (Cath.),  176,  2iln. 

Eaton,  Ja.  (Pet.),  268??. 

Eaton,  Ei.  (Job.),  360. 

Edinbm-gb,  211. 

Edmund  Hall,  S.,  2,  92,  126??.,  127, 

225. 
Edwards,  Ei.  S.  (Job.),  363. 
Edwards,  T.  (Clare),  94,  95. 
Edwards,  Jonath.   {Ch.  Ch.  and  Jes.), 

99  n. 
'elabatorv,'  187??. 
election,  280,  281,  306—310,  313,  315, 

345,  347. 
electricity,  190. 
'  elegant  extracts,'  57. 
Elliot,  Lam-.  (Magd.),  29. 
Ellis,  T.  (Caius),  154  ?i. 
Elmsall,  H.  (Job.),  358,  359??. 
Elstob,  Miss  E.  159,  160,  161. 
Elstob,  W.  (Cath.  and   Univ.),  158— 

161. 
Ely,  bp.  of,  306—311,  344. 
Emerson,  W.  (math.),  50. 
Emmanuel  College,  18, 29, 58,  65,  344  ?i. 
Encyclopaedia,  Green's  Scheme,  338 — 

342. 
Encyelnpaodia  Brit.,  326??. 
England,  W.  (Joli.),  306. 
enthusiasm,  54. 


epigrams,  103 — 105. 

Episcopius.  35  ??.,  130. 

Erasmus,  Desid.  (Eoterd.,  Qu.),  87??. 

Erncsti,  J.  A.  (Loii)S.),  92. 

ethics,  14,  62  n.,  65,  333,  336. 

'etists,'  107. 

Eton,  104  n.,  105??. 

Euclid,  23,  46,  66,  73—75,  355. 

Euripides,  356. 

Evans,  T.  (Jes.),  268  ??,. 

Evans,  W.  (Cbr.),  375. 

Eveleigh,  J.  {Oriel),  222. 

Ewbank,  T.  (Cath.),  361. 

Ewin,  W.  H.  (Job.),  363. 

examinations,  14,  16,  33,  46,  49—56, 
114  ?(.,  116,  215,  217,  221—222,  256, 
258,  262,  322,  323,  343—357. 

'  executive  directory,'  57. 

Eyre,  Ja.  {Mert),  265 ?t. 

R.  F.  35  ??. 

Faber,  T.  (Job.),  363. 

Fancourt,  T.  (Qu.),  375. 

Fanccurt,  S.,  130. 

Farish,  C.  (Qu.),  41??.,  264??. 

Farish,  W.  (Magd.),  40—42,  77,  190— 

192,  201. 
Farmer,  Ei.  (Emm.),  58. 
'father,'  24,  44,  47,  50,  52,  275,  281. 
Fawcett,  ?  Ja.  (Job.),  122??. 
Fawkes,  Fr.  (Jes.),  157. 
fees  (college),  213,  262  ??. 
fellow-commoners,  15,  33,  88,  200,  299, 

352, 
fellowships,  178,  262—265,  280,   281, 

299,  306—311,  343—346,  348. 
Felton,  H.  {Edm.  JI.),  130. 
Fenn,  Sir  J.  (Caius),  11  ??.,  30,  31,  47. 
Fenton,  Elijah  (Jes.  and  Trin.  II.),  157. 
Fenwicke,  T.  T.  (Job.),  375. 
Ferguson,  Ja.,  49. 
Feme,  H.   (.S\  Mary  II.,  and  Trin.  C. 

Camb.),  134. 
Ferraud,  T.  (Trin.),  39  ??. 
Ferrari,  Ant.,  6. 
Fiddes,  Ei.  {Univ.),  35??.,  130. 
Field,  J.  (printer),  382,  393. 
'fights,'  102. 

Filmer,  Sir-  Eo.  (Trin.),  130. 
Finch's  Discourse,  143. 
fireworks,  322. 
Fisher,  Edm.  (Benet),  363. 
Fitz-Herbert,  AUeync,  (Job.),  154  ?i. 
Flaxman,  J.,  201. 
Fletcher,  Carter  (Job.),  363. 
Flitcroft,  H.  (Benet),  208  ??. 
'  florence,'  303. 
Floras,  325??. 
fluxions,    29,    10??.,   46,    49—51.   65, 

73  7?.,  77,  369—371. 
Folkcs,  Martin  (Clare).  60,  176. 


424, 


LNDEX. 


Footc,  C.  (Job.  ?  Kmm.),  359. 

forciKiiorH,  98—100,  172,  'iO-l,  247,  322. 

'  formn,'  xtare  pro,  213,  220. 

'form- follow,'  299. 

rorostor,  J.  (Tiin.),  360. 

Fortcscuo,  Sir  J.  143  n.,  144. 

Foster,  J.  (Qn.),  364, 

Foster,  J.  (KiuK'H)  HI,  H"^. 

Fox,  Hopkins  (Trin.),  359. 

Fox,  T.  (Oath.),  375. 

Francis,  Ko.  Bransby  (Benet),  301. 

Fraucks,  Wa.  {Mert'),  149 n. 

Franclin,  T.  (Triu.),  116. 

P'rancoenr,  77. 

Frankfort  on  Oder,  98,  99,  295. 

Fraiikland,  T.  327. 

Freind,  J.  {Ch.  Ch.),  175. 

Freeman,  J.  (Clare),  359. 

french   language,   25,    158,    225,   324, 

326. 
french  matbcmatics,  74,    75,  79,   80, 

257  n. 
Frend,  W.  (Jes.),  72  7(.,  253,  254. 
Frere,  J.  (Cains),  47,  48. 
Frere,  Sbeppard  (Trin.),  189. 
Frewin,  Ei.  (Ch.  Ch.],  176. 
Friend,  187  «.,  189. 
'  furies,'  57. 

Gael,  Eldred  (King's),  385. 

Gagnier,  Jean,  267. 

Gainford  (co.  Durbam),  27. 

Gaisford,  T.  (Ch.  Ch.),  96. 

(iallv,  H.  (Benet),  111,  112. 

Gambler,  J.  E.  (Sid.),  371,  374. 

gardens,  202—206. 

Gardiner,  Stephen  (Trbi.  II.),  107. 

Garnier,  aJgebr.,  76,  77. 

Gascoigne,  Wade  (Trin.),  239. 

Gaskin,  T.  (Jes.),  34  n. 

Gastrell,  Fr.  (Ch.  Ch.),  130. 

Garth,  S.  Fct.,  157,  173. 

Gee,  W.  (Pet.),  363. 

Geldart,  Ja.  W.  (Tr.  H,,  Cath.),  145. 

\qencrals,' 217,  229. 

Gentilis,  Alb.    (Perig.,   New  Inn  II.), 

243. 
geography,  147. 
geology,  196—198. 
geometry,  25,  30. 
George  I.,  7. 
Gergonne,  77. 
Giardini,  Felice,  239. 
Gibbon,  Edm.  (Maud.),  5  ??.,  12,  15. 
Gibson,  Edm.  (Qn.),  138  h.,  159. 
Gifford,  W.  (E.ron.),  157. 
Giles,  Saint,  Camb.,  40,  41/;.,  108. 
Gill,  Joseph  (Job.),  362. 
GinkoU,  or  Gingell,  324. 
Gisborne.  T.  (Job.),  15,  54,  122,  177, 
Glissoi'.  F.  (Caiu.-^).  172. 


Glynn  (Clobcry),  Ro.  (King's),  173,  174, 

177. 
Godfrey,  Garrot  (printer),  378,  .393. 
Godolilbin,  J.  ((Hon.  11.),  139,  143. 
Goldwyer,  (t.  (Job,),  363. 
Goocb,  sir  T.  (Caius),  In.,  27,  153. 
Gooch,  \V.  (Cains),  55  7i.,  319—329. 
Goodson,  Ri.  (Ch.  Ch.),  238. 
Goodwin,  T.  (Trin.),  312,  317. 
gooseljerries,  preserved,  327. 
Gordon,  Jeminy,  36  n. 
Gorbam,  G.  Corn.  (Qn.),  198. 
Gongh,  Ri.  (Benet),  158. 
Grabe,  J.  E.  (Oxon.),  99. 
Graces,  Three,  57. 
'  (J radons  days,'  232  n. 
grammar,  83,  84. 
'  gratuitous  bonorati,'  362. 
Graves  Ri.  (Pcwh.),  157. 
'rt  Gravesande,  W.  J.  (Levd.),  130. 
Grav,  T.  (Pet.  and  Pemb.),  26,  32,  150, 

152,  153,  157,  173,  237,  327. 
Gray,  W.  (Pet.),  321,  362. 
Greame,  J.  (Trin),  360. 
greek,  84,  106—118,  290,  300. 
Greek's  coffee-house,  10. 
Greek  Testament,  350—355. 
Grce7i,  Chr.  (Caius),  172. 
Green,  J.  (Job.  and  Benet),  73,  150. 
Green,  Leon,  (iiriuter),  393. 
Green,  Maur.  (Cambr.),  237. 
Green,  Eo.  (Clare),  69,  127,  130,  338. 
Green,  T.  (Pet,),  363. 
Green,  T.  (Triu.),  198. 
Greene,  J.  (Benet),  363. 
Gregory,  Dav.  (Ch.  Ch.),  71,  99  n.,  149, 

173,  246  7J. 
Gresham  College,  176. 
Gretton,  Phil.  (Trin.),  130. 
Gretton,  Walthall  (Trin.),  361. 
(xrew.  Neb.  (F.R.S.),  25,  130. 
Grey,  Ri.  (Line),  138?;. 
Grigby,  G.  (Caius),  375. 

GriggI  W.  (Jas.),  98,  290,  291,  295/;. 
Grigson,  W.  (Caius),  360. 
Cirimwood,  Nic.  L.  (Job.),  360. 
'groats,'  to  save,  169  7;. 
Grotius,  Hugo  (Leyd.),  14,  121,   130, 

143/7.,  146,  299,  353. 
'gulpbing  it,'  45. 
Gunning,  H.  (Chr.),  11;/.,  34,  53,  54, 

58,  257. 
Gwynne,  Jonath.  (Magd.),  363. 
gyp,  365. 

Hadlcy,  J.  (Qu.),  188,  189,  363. 

llaggitt,  J.  (Clare).  361. 

Hailstone,  J.  (Trin.),  198. 

Hale,  sir  M.  (Mar/d.  H),  130,  143, 

Hales,    Stephen    (Benet    and    0.ion.), 

174,  175. 


INDEX. 


425 


Halforil,  Pet.  (Cbr.),  303. 

Hall,  E.  (printer),  882,  3'J3. 

Hall,  .los.  (Emm.),  133. 

Hall  (.Toll.),  3.54. 

Hall,  W.  (.Toll.),  47. 

Hallara,  J.  (Qu.),  364. 

von  IJaller,  Alb.  (Clott.),  185. 

Hallev,   Edm.    ((^i.),  d'Jii.,  210,  217, 

372,  37fi. 
Hallifax,  S.  (.Jes.),  77,  141,  142,   ICl, 

2(;.s?(. 

Hamilton,  Hugh  (?  T.  C.  T>.),  49,  370. 
Hammond,  H.  [Mnr/d.),  2r,C,,  2r,7. 
Hammcnd,  Hor.  (13enet),  3(51). 
Handel,  236,  237,  240. 
Hankinson,  Eo.  (Chr.),  268 h. 
Hankinson,  Eo.  (Tiiu  ),  321,  322,  324, 

302. 
Hardcastle,  T.  {Mert.),  101. 
Hardwicke,  Id.,  (Benet),  9. 
Hardy,  T.  (Sid.),  154  w. 
Hargrave,  Jos.  (Magd.),  375. 
Harland,  E.,327. 
Harlcstou  school,  320. 
Harper  (Job.),  303. 
harpsichord,  230,  237  n.,  322. 
Harris,  G.  {Oriel),  205  n. 
Harris,  J.  (Job.),  100. 
Harris,  S.  (Pet.),  149. 
Harrison,  T.  (Trin.),  301. 
Harrow  school,  101,  109. 
harry  soph,  33,  140,  3(55  h. 
Hart,  E.  C.  (Joh.),  354. 
Hartley,   David   (Jes.),   37,   122,   123, 

127. 
Hartley,  David  {Mcrt.),  123  71.,  155  n. 
Harvey,    W.    (Caius,    Padua,    Mert.), 

123  ».,  155  n. 
Harwood,  Busick  (Chr.),   170  n.,  183, 

184,  255,  324. 
Hasted,  H.  (Chi-.),  375. 
Hawaii,  320. 

Hawcs,  J.  (Jes.),  359,  302. 
Hawkins,  J.  {Femh.),  157. 
Hawkins,  W.  (Pemh.),  158. 
Haworth,  J.  (Bran.),  155  n. 
Hay,  C^.  (Jo7(.),205». 
Hayes,  J.  (printi'r),  382,  393. 
Hayes,  S.  (Trin.),  128. 
Hayes,  P.  (Marjd.),  238. 
Hayes,  W.  {Ch.  Ch.  and  Maod.),  238. 
Haynes,  Hoptou  (Clare),  303. 
Hayward,  C.  (Caius),  301. 
Hoarne,  T.  (Kdm.  11.),  3—5,  71,  127, 

158,  160,  185. 
Heathcote,  Ea.  (Jes.),  310. 
Heaton,  E.  (Caius),  359. 
Hcberden,  C.  (Joh.),  375. 
Heberden,  W.  (Job.),   00,   177,  179  - 

181. 
Heberden.  \V.  (Job  ),  177. 


hcbrew,  162—170,  215  n. ,  222  «.,  224— 

220,  207,  208,  335,  379. 
Hedges,  C.  (Pet.),  3.58. 
Hellins,  J.  (Trin.),  320 h. 
Hclsham,  Ei.  (T.  C.  D.),  49. 
Heming,  (Job.),  324. 
Hemsterhuvs,  Tilj.  (Amst.,  Franeker, 

Leyd.),  92,  95. 
Henley,  J.  (Job.),  100. 
Henshall,  S.  (/.V-as  ),  101. 
Henslow,  J.  S.  (Job.),  209. 
TIepwortli,  J.  (Caius),  302,  375. 
Hepworth,  J.  (Benet),  359. 
Herbert,  G.  (Trin.),  87. 
'  Hercules  and  Atlas,'  57. 
Herman,  J.  Godf.  Ja.  (Leips.),  112. 
Hertford  College,  89. 
Hewitt,  B.  (Jes.),  359. 
Hey,  Ei.  (Magd.  and  Sid.),  12S. 
Heywood,  J.  [Pemh.),  157. 
H:ckcs,  G.  (.Joh.,  Miuid.  C,  Mo<jd.  II. 

and  Line),  159,  109. 
Hickin,  W.  (Magd.),  300. 
Hickman,  Matt.  (Qu.),  155  h. 
Hierocles,  13. 

Hill,  S.  Heyrick  (Trin.),  301. 
Hiuckesman,  J.  (Qu.),  313 — 315,  31G — 

318 
Hinckesman,  T.  (Trin.),  315,  318,  319. 
'  bine  lucem  et  pocula  sacra,'  307,  380. 
history,  147—157,  158,  215  h.,  222/;. 
Hoadley,  B.  (Catb.),  130. 
Hoadly,  J.  (Benet),  157. 
Hobbes,  T.  [Magd.  II.),  121,  130. 
Hobson,  T.,  283. 
'  hodiissime,'  213  «. 
Hody,  Hum.  [Wadh.),  134. 
Hogg,  E.  (Pet.),  63. 
Holcombe,  S.  (Trin.),  149  ». 
Holdswortb,  E.  [Maqd.),  12. 
Holford,  P.  (Chr.),  303. 
Hollingworth,  J.  B.  (I'et.),  53  n. 
Holme,  J.  (Pet.),  199. 
Holmes,  Eo.  [Kvw  C.  and  (7*.  (7/.),  157. 
Holmes,  W.  (Jvh.),  149. 
Holwell,  W.  (Ch.  Ch.),  157. 
Homer,  325  /(. 
hoodling,  59. 
hoods,  24,  25,  59. 
Hooke,  P.  (Catb.),  303. 
Hooke,  Eo.  (Ch.  Ch.),  71. 
Hooper,  Fr.  (Trin.),  89,  345. 
honorary  optimes,  30  h.,  57,  58,  358 — 

303. 
honours,  honour-list,  55,  215,  210,  224, 

20O,  305  H.,  321—325. 
Hope,  C.  (Job.),  358. 
Hi)pkinson,  S.  E.  (Clare),  360. 
Horace,  355. 
Home,  Ci.  (I'nic.  and  Magd.),  12,  71  «., 

72.  lOM. 


42G 


INDEX. 


ITornc,  T.  (Caius),  303. 

llornc  [Tooke],  J.  (Job.),  IGO. 

'  lioiricla  Pains,'  ()3  ;(,. 

Ilon.sl.y,  T.  (Corpm),  181,  217,  327. 

Hoisloy,  S.  (Trin.  H.),  112. 

HoukIi,  II.  (.Ioli.),.303. 

Lours,  38,  45,  47,  50,  225,  25G,  257. 

Howe,  m.  (Eton),  327. 

Howell,  L.  (Jes.),  134. 

Ilownian,  Koger  Freston  (Pemb.),  301. 

liuadling,  33,  38,  59— G2,  213  w.,  214, 

218. 
Hudson,  T.  (Qu.,  Univ.  and  S.  Mary 

H.),  3—5,  110. 
Huet,  P.  D.  (Caen),  130. 
Hughes,  J.  (Qu.),  361. 
Hughes,  T.  (Trill.),  185. 
Hughes,  T.  (Joh.),  356. 
Hugonots,  149. 
humanity  ('literac  humaniorcs '),  87, 

90—225. 
Hume,  David,  37. 
Hunt,  T.  {Hart  H.),  168. 
le  Hunt,  J.  (Joh.),  363. 
Hurdis,  Ja.  A.  (Magd.),  158. 
Hurst,  T.  (Trin.),  314. 
Hutcheson,  Fr.  (Glasg.),  121,  130. 
Hutchinson,  J.  71  n.  ?  355. 
Hutchinson,  Jul.  (Sid.),  359. 
Hutchinson,  (Trin.),  85  n. 
Hutton,  J.  (Joh.),  47. 
Hyde,  T.  (King's  and  Qu.),  168. 
hydrodynamics,  66. 
hydi'ostatics,  46,  75. 

lapis  (  =  Glynn),  173. 
Ingram,  Eo.  Acklom,  (Qu.),  151,  214. 
insignia  doctoralia,  22. 
inspector  of  the  press,  383,  388. 
instruments,  mathematical  and  astro- 
nomical, 245,  325. 
international  law,  146. 
'  Inviucibles,'  57. 
Isherwood,  C.  (Magd.),  375. 
Isola,  Agostino,  153,  327,  390,  391. 
Isola,  C.  (Emm.),  153. 
Isted,  G.  (Trin.),  360. 
Italian,  150,  152,  327,  390,  391. 

Jack,  T.  (Joh.),  375, 

Jackson,  Ja.  (Camb.),  printer,  393. 

Jackson,  J.  (Jes.),  163  n. 

Jackson,  J.  130,  131. 

Jackson,  Cyi-il  (Ch.  Ch.),  222,  237,  247. 

jacobitism,  24,  298. 

Jago,  Ei.  (Univ.),  157. 

James  I.,  287. 

James,  H.  (Qu.),  140,  ?386. 

Jebb,  J.  (Pet.),  31,  33,  35,  42,  71,  85, 

125  n.,  161  H.,  164,  16C,  177,  183  «., 

215,  352—355. 


.Tebb,  J.  (Joh.  and  Chr.),  149  Ji.,  313  ;j. 

Jebb,  Joshua,  313  n. 

Jebb,  B.  (I'et.),  96,  lO'Jn.,  111. 

Jebb,  S.  (Trill.),  312—318. 

Jeffries,  Edin.  (?  Pemb.,  Pet.),  385. 

Jeiikes,  H.  (printer),  39l>. 

Jenner,  C.  (Pemb.),  238, 

Jesuits,  77,  261  n. 

Jesus  College  Cambridge,  13,  83,  80, 

201  n.,  290—311. 
Jesus  College,  Oxon.,  126. 
Jewel,  J.  [Mert.  and  Corpus),  87. 
'  jips,'  365. 
S.  John  Evangelist  College,  Cambridge, 

6,  13—15,  23,  36,  83,   8.5,   87,  123, 

243  n.,  255,  256,  260,  264,  321,  322, 

314,  352—356. 
Johnson,  J.   (Magd.  and  Benet),   134, 

160,  161. 
Johnson,  S.  (Pcmh.),  156,  157,  160. 
Johnson,  T.  (King's  and  Magd.),  20, 

34,  131. 
Johnson,  W.  (Caius),  359. 
Jolland,  G.  (Joh.),  363. 
Jolliffe,  P.  W.  (Joh.),  361 
Jones,  Owen  (Jes.),  361. 
Jones,  T.  (Joh.  and  Trin.),  123,  128, 

353  n. 
Jones,  W.  (Univ.),  of  Nayland,  71  n. 
Jones,  Sir  W,  {Univ.),  11  n.,  127,  169. 
Jortiu,  J.  (Jes.),  97. 
Joiu'nal  Polytechnique,  77. 
journals,  classical,  97,  98  7in, 
Jowett,  Jos,  (Trin.  H.),  141. 
Joyce,  Jer.,  152  n. 
juraments,  216,  217. 
Jurin,  Ja.  (Trin.),  99  n.,  147  n.,  148. 
Justinian,  143. 
Juvenal,  354. 

Karakakooa-bay,  329. 

'  Kase  Collegium,'  3. 

Keckerman's  logic,  85. 

Keill,    Ja.      (Edinb.,     Leyd.,     Ojcoh., 

Camb.),  182,  187. 
Keill,  J.  {Ball.),  49,  24.5,  246. 
Kempton,  T.  (Qu.),  363. 
Kennett,  White  {Edm.  H.),  158. 
Kennicott,  B.  {Wadli.,  E.ron.  and  Ch. 

Ch.),  94,  169. 
Kent,  Ja.  (Trin.),  238. 
Kepple,  ?  327. 
Kerrich,  T.  (Magd.),  154. 
kettle-drum,  238. 
Kidbv,  J.  {Ball.),  155. 
Kidd"  T.  (Trin.),  97, 
Kidgell,  J.  {Hert.),  157. 
Kidman,  C.  (Benet),  127. 
Kilbye,  Ei.  {Line),  167. 
King,  C.  {Mert.),  238. 
King,  Joshua  (Qu.),  63. 


INDEX. 


42; 


King,  W.  {Ch.  Ch.),  176,  194. 
King,  W.  (T.  C.  D.),  3.5  n.,  121,  1.31. 
Kingdom,  Koger  (Juh.),  154  n. 
King's  College,  Canibiidge,  20,  34,  83, 

162,  173,  174,  238,  313,  343,  352. 
Kingston,  J.  (printer),  393. 
Kinnersley,  ?  (Joli.),  355. 
Kinsman  or  Kynnesman,  Arth.  (Triu.), 

27,  183. 
Kipling,  T.  (.Toh.),  86,  250,  251,  391. 
Knapp,  H.  (King's),  363. 
Knight,  S.  (Triu.),  158. 
Knipe,  F.  (Qu.),  305. 
knocking-out,  00. 
Knox,  Vicesimus  (Joh.),  5n.,  15,  214  ;j., 

228—233. 
Kuster,   Ludolph   (Camb.),   97  n.,  98, 

387,  388. 

laboratories,  175,  176,  183,  187—189. 

Labutte,  Rene,  153. 

Lacroix,  76,  77. 

'lads,'  291,  294??. 

Lag  ange,  Jo.  L.  (Turin),  77. 

Lambe,  W.  (Job.),  85  ??. 

Lambert,  Ja.  (Triu.),  207. 

Lane,  Obad.  (Emm.),  359. 

Langley,  S.  (Femb.),  157. 

Langtou,  W.  (Clare),  303. 

languages,  25,  150,  152,  153,  163  ??. 

Laplace,  P.  S.  (Paris),  77. 

latin,  27,  28,  32,  37,  40—43,  59,  66, 

87  n.,  90—92,  94. 
Laud,  W,  (Joh.),  159,  167,  381  ??. 
Laughton,  J.  (Triu.),  6,  385. 
Laugbton,  Ei.   (Clare),  11,   25,  34??., 

37??.,  58,  68,  125,  385. 
laureat,  87. 
Lavater,  J.  C. ,  185. 
law,  33,  134—146,  214,  264,  265,  285, 

331. 
Law,  E.  lord  Ellenborough  (Pet.),  142. 
Law,  Edm.  (Pet.),  31,  128,  132,  ?  164. 
Law,  G.  (Qu.),  36  n. 
Law,  J.  (Cbr.),  238  ??.,  259  n. 
Law,  W.   (Emm.),    18  ?i.,   2 In.,   103, 
•     ? 122, 131. 

Lawrence,  Souldeu  (.lob.),  265??. 
Lax,  W.  (Triu.),  38,  244,  260,  321,  323, 

373,  375. 
Layard,  C.  P.  (.Job.),  128. 
lay-fellows,  263,  204,  346. 
lectures,  10—14,  86—89,  122??.— 121, 

179—181,  244,  259,  281,  292,  312, 

348.  (See  '  in-ograrama'). 
Lee,  H.  (Emm.),  69??.,  127,  131. 
Lee,  or  Leigh,  Tim.  (Triu.),  313. 
Legat,  J.  and  J.  (pruiters),  379,  380, 

393. 
Lcggc,  Cantrell  (printer),  380,  393. 
Legrice,  C.  Val.  (Trin.),  89??.,  151  ?(. 


Logrew,  Ja.  (Job.),  375. 

Leibnitz,  Godf.  W.  (Leips.  and  Jena), 

131. 
Lei^b,  Eg.  (Sid.),  360. 
Le  Hunt,  J.  (Job.),  363. 
Le  Neve,  J.  (Trin.),  158. 
Lcug,  J.  (Cath.),  383  ??.,  .385. 
lent.     See  'quadragesima.' 
letters  from  Cambridge,  289—829. 
Lewis,  G.  (archd".),  9,  165. 
Lewis,  Ko.  (Jes.),  359. 
Leybourue's  Mathematical  Reposiloiv. 

76,  77. 
Leycester,  G.  (Trin.),  859, 
Leyden,  99. 
Lhuyd,  E.  (Jes.),  196. 
libraries,  2 — 10,  55. 
liccat.  217,  229. 
light,  60,  CO ;?. 
Liglitfoot,  Ro.  (Trin.),  385. 
van  Limborch,  P.  (Utrecht),  131. 
Liuacre,  T.  (All  S.},  84. 
Liudewood's  Constitution,  139. 
'hue'  (  =  faculty),  173. 
Lingard,  J.  (Cath.),  359. 
Linuaeus,  C.  von  Linue,  2,  203,  2i)7, 

210,  211  ??. 
liuseed-oil,  387. 
Littledalc,  J.  (Job.),  205  n. 
Livy,  355. 

Lloyd,  C.  (Caius),  157. 
Lloyd,  H.  (Trin.),  100??.,  208,  269  ?i. 
Locke,  J.  (67(.  Ch.),  2,  6,  13,  14,  25, 

37,  52—54,  62??.,  76,  86,    87,  121, 

122??.,   124,   126—128,    131,   187/1., 

326??.,  353—356. 
Locke,  .Jos.  (Qu.),  359. 
Locke,  Ro.  (.Job.),  303. 
Lochugtou,  Jos.  (Si<l.),  300. 
Loft,  Capel  (Pet.),  1.57. 
logic,  13,  14,  23,  02  ??.,  05,  GO,  84—87, 

127,  226,  333,  336,  356. 
Lomax,  J.  (Cath.),  360. 
Lombard,  Peter  (Paris),  86. 
Long,  Roger  (Pemb.),    49,    103,    111, 

189  71. 
Longe,  J.  (Magd.).  STl. 
Louge,  J.  (Trin.)  301. 
longitude,  Board  of,  327. 
Lort,  Mich.  (Trin.),  115. 
Losb,  .Ja.  (Triu.),  301. 
lounging',  3.31. 
Louvain,  107??.,  201  n. 
Lowtou,  Tim.  (Job.),  57. 
Lowth,  Ro.  (.\>(('  C),  157,  109,  255. 
Lucas,  Ri.  (./.■.s.).  131. 
Lucas,  Ri.  (Caius),  323. 
Lucian,  325  ??. 
Lucretius,  35(i. 
Ludiam,  W.  (Job.),  70.  3;»1. 
'  hiuibcr-hole,'  l.ss. 


428 


INDEX. 


Lupton,  W.  (Qh.,  Line),  35 n.,  131. 
Lye,  E.  {Hart  II.),  KJO. 
Lynch,  Ko.  [Corjjus),  155  n, 
Lyudhnrst.     See  Copley. 
Lyons,  Isr.  5(»,  IGO,  107. 
Lyons,  Isr.,  206,  208. 
Lyttelton,  G.  (Ch.  Vh.),  157. 
Macclesfield,  T.  Parker,  carl    (Trin.), 

110,  158,  15'Jh.,  100  71.,  203, 
Mackenzie,  G.  (Trin.),  304. 
Maclaurin,      Colin     (Ulasg. ,     Aberd., 

Edin.),  49,  50,  72  n.,  373,  376. 
Madan,  Spencer  (Trin.),  236. 
magazines,  96 — 98. 
S.  Mary  Magdalen  College  Cambridge, 

183,  190,  212  ;t.,  330. 
(S'.   Mary   Magdalene    College,    Oxon., 

12,  13,  89. 
Majendie,  H.  W.  (Chr.),  58,  360. 
Malebranclie,  Nic.  (Sorboune),  131. 
Maltby,  E.  (Pemb.),  375. 
Malyn,  Ko.  (Jes.),  363. 
Manning,  0.  (Qu.),  160. 
Manning,  W.  (Caii;s),  375. 
Mausell,  .L  (Emm.),  303. 
Mansfield,  lord,  (Ch.  Ch.),  266  ii. 
'  Maps,'  386  n. 

Marisball,  Edm.  (Joh.),  363. 
Markbam,  W.  {Ch.  Ch.),  86. 
Markland,  Jer.  (Pet.),  96. 
IMarlborough,  J.  Cliu.  duke  of,  9. 
Marriott,  (Sir  Ja.  (Trin.  H.),  138/1. ,.827. 
Marsh,  Herbert  154,  353. 
Marsh,  Ja.  (Qu.),  303. 
Marsh,  W.  H.  (13enet),  362. 
Marshall,  Edm.  (.Joh.),  363. 
Marshall,  J.  (Chr.),  155. 
Marshall,  T.  H.  (Clare),  360. 
Martin,  Era.  (Trin.)  41,  42. 
Martin,  Hugh  (Pemb.),  printer,  393. 
Martyu,  J.  (Emm.),  208,  210. 
Martyn,  T.   (Emm.  and  Sid.),  184  h., 

198,  208,  211,  212. 
Maryland  mission,  2. 
Masclef  s  hebrew  gi'ammar,  167. 
Maseres,  Era.  (Clare),  72  h,  141. 
Maskelyue,  N.  (Cath.,  Trin.),  326  n., 

327. 
Mason,   C.   (Trin.),  189,   190  n.,  197, 

345. 
Mason,  W.  (.Joh.),  368. 
Mason,  W.  (Joh.  and  Pemb.),  157. 
Massev,  MiUington  (Joh.),  200. 
Massey,  Boger  (Joh.),  371,  374. 
Masters'  Hist,  of  C.  C.  C.  C,  288. 
masters  of  arts,  213—215,   218—227, 

232—234,  275. 
masters  of  the  .<<chools,  22,  217,  229. 
materia  medica,  173,  179,  210. 
mathematics,  23,  40,  49—52,  56,  64  — 

82,  84,  90—92,  214,  225,  226,  235  n., 


249—251,  254,  255,  292,  300,  322, 

matriculation,  63,  258. 

Matthias,  T.  J.  (Trin.),  153,  300. 

Maty,  P.  H.  (Trin.),  154  n. 

Maule,  J.  (Chr.),  375. 

Mawer,  J.  (Trin.),  363. 

Mawson,    Matthias    (Benet),    26,    32, 

34  7(.,  183,  210. 
29"'  May,  300. 
May  examination,  350. 
Mayer,  Tob.  ((iott.),  326  n. 
Mayo,  C.  (Joh.),  161. 
Mead,  Hi.,  92,  210. 
mechanics,   04,   77,  255,    326  n.,    350 ; 

practical,  190,  191. 
medals  (Browne's),  115,  173. 

(Chancellor's),  20h.,  91  n. 

medicine,  171. 

Meeke,    W.    (Emm.    and    Downing), 

154  n. 
Meredith,  Moore  (Trin.),  303. 
Merrick,  J.  {Joh.),  149  n. 
metaphrases,  105. 
metaphysics,  23,  29,  40,  52,  53,  120— 

127,  226. 
Metcalf,  G.  (Trin.),  359. 
Meyrick,  W.  (Joh.),  375. 
Mickleborough,  J.  (Qu.),  188,  189. 
Middleton,  C.  327. 
Middleton,  Couyers  (Trin.),  153,  165, 

197,  314,  315,  378. 
Middleton,  lady  320. 
Midleton,  lord  (Job.),  355. 
Milboiurne,  T.  (Pemb.),  363. 
Mill  [or  Mills],  J.   {Edm.  II.)  2,   92, 

120  n. 
Miller,  C,  211. 
Miller,  P.,  210. 
Milles,  Is.  (Joh.),  163  n. 
Milles,  T.  {Edm.  H.),  126. 
Milman,  Era.  {Exon.),  155 re. 
Milner,  Is.   (Qu.),   36  n.,  55,   71,  193, 

305,  371. 
Milnes,  Jos.  (Qu.),  173,  190,  391. 
Milton,  J.  (Chi-.),  85,  121,  131,  273. 
mineralogy,  18,  190—201. 
Mii-ehouse,  J.  (Clare),  300. 
Miscellanea  Critica,  95. 
Miscellaneae  Observationes,  97. 
Mitchell,  J.  (Qu.),  197. 
moderators,    19,   23,    28,    30,    33—42, 

44 — 49,  52,  228  H.,  229  n.,  321,  322. 
moderators  of  bachelors,  213  n. 
moderator's  man,  34. 
'  modern  schoUars'  (see  '  languages  '), 

149  n. 
'  modeste  te  geras,'  39  /(. 
Molincus'  logic,  85. 
Monge,  Gasp.  (Beaune,  &c.),  77. 
Monk,  Ja.  H.  (Trin.),  212. 


INDEX. 


42!) 


Monro,  J.  {Jolt.},  153  n. 

Montagu,   Basil  (Chr.),  210h.,  25jh., 

389  n.,  392. 
Moore,  J.  (Clare),  7. 
niootings,  62. 
moral  philoeophy,  40,  52 — 51,  120 — 

128,  355. 
moral  question,  29,  87,  40,  373,  376, 
moral  theology,  133. 
More,  H.  (Chr.),  121,  123,  131. 
Morell,  T.  (King's),  95. 
IMorgan's  Mechanics,  370. 
Morgan,  J.  (Trin.),  183. 
Morris,  Edin.  (Trin.),  151 ». 
Morris,  E.  (Pet.),  151  h. 
Morris,  Morris  iJrake,  (Trin.),  158. 
Morrison  [Morison,  or  Morisoiic],  llo. 

(Aberd.,  Anjou  and  Univ.),  20-1. 
Moryson,  Fynes  (Pet.),  154,  155. 
Moss,  (Benet),  385. 
Mountague,  J.  (Trin.),  385. 
Moxon,  Ko.  (Trin.),  363. 
Mules,  C.  (Cath.),  375. 
Mundy,  E.  esq.,  320,  322. 
Musae  Cautabrigieuses,  115. 
Musae  Etouenses,  104  n. 
Museum  Criticum,  97  n. 
Museum  Oxoniense,  98. 
Musgrave,  S.  {(Jorpus),  93 — 95,  155  n. 
music,  235—240,  245,  315,  317. 
musick-act,  musick-lecture,  236. 
musick-speech,  287,  288. 


Nairn,  Ri.  (Joh.),  863. 

Nares,  Ja.  (Camb.),  238. 

Nasmith,  Ja.  (Benet),  3,  9. 

natural  philosophy,  30,  254,  255,  298. 

natural  religion,  52,  53. 

Neale,  Edm.  (C7i.  Ch.),  156. 

Nelson,  Ro.  (Trin.),  160  ?j. 

'  Neocorus.'     See  Kuster. 

nervous  system,  172  n. 

•ncscio,'  02,  63. 

New,  Capt".,  327. 

New  College  Oxon.,  247. 

Newcome,  H.  (Emm.),  304,  305. 

Newcome,  J.  (Joh.),  6;;.,  11,  122. 

New  Inn  Hall,  Oxon.,  143,  144. 

Newman,  S.  (Caius),  363. 

Newman,  T.  (Benet),  363. 

Newton,  sir  Is.  (Trin.),  2,  11,  29,  35, 
40,  46,  49,  50,  65—72,  92,  121,  127, 
131,  175,  189,  241,  245,  (at  Oson. 
246),  254,  326  7t.,  344  n. 

new-y ear's  gift,  114  «.,  176. 

Nichulls,  F.  (Exon.),  185. 

Nichols,  C,  M.P.,  320. 

Nichols,  T.  (.les.),  196. 

Nichols,  W.  ( Wadh. ,  Mert.),  35  ».,  131. 

Nichols  or  NicoU,  J.  {Ch.  Ch.),  27. 


Nicholson,  Is.  (Qu.),  375. 

Nicholson,  Ro.  (press  messenger),  386, 

Nicholson,  Segar  {Gonv.  //.),  378,  399. 

Nicholson,  J.  ('Maps'),  38<)  h. 

Nicholson's  Lending  Library,  366. 

'  Noah  Daniel  and  Job,'  57. 

noblemen,  88. 

Noke,  Ri.  (printer),  393. 

'  non  babes  quod  debes,'  41. 

nonjurors,  5. 

non-reading  men,  34,  38. 

non-residence,  233,  259  n.,  323. 

Nootka,  329. 

Norman,  J.,  134. 

Non-is,  J.  {Exon.),  131. 

Norris,   T.   {Ch.   Ch.   and  Joh.),    238, 

?240. 
North,  J.  (Caius),  154  h.,  326. 
north  and  south,  308,  343. 
5">  November,  317,  318. 
Novell,  T.  {Oriel),  149. 
Nourse,  Pet.  (Joh.),  385. 
Nycholson,  Segar  {Gunv.  II.),  378,  393. 


oars,'  'next,  307. 
oath  of  allegiance,  316. 
observatories,  241,  243  h.— 245,  247. 
Ockley,  Simon  (Qu.),  163,  260. 
Ode,  Ja.  (Utrecht),  131. 
Ogden,  S.  (Joh.),  197. 
Ogle,  G.  (Sid.),  157. 
Okes,  T.  (King's),  181. 
Oldershaw,  J.  (Emm.),  158. 
opponents,   25,   27,  35,   37 — 41,  321, 

322. 
optics,   35«.,  46,   64,   243,  218,   33G, 

355. 
optime,  305,  321. 
optimes,  senior  and  junior,  20,  29,  33, 

49,  56,  57,  261  n. 
orange  pills,  293  n. 
Orde,  T.  327. 
Orde,  T.  (King's),  158. 
orders,  holy,  311,  312,  317,  331,  :i;?5, 

336. 
ordinaries  (lectures),  10,  83. 
Oriel  College,  Oxon.,  222,  223. 
oriental  studies,  162 — 170. 
Osterwald,  J.  F.  (Neufchatel),  131. 
Otlev,  ?  (Joh.),  356. 
Otter,  W.  (Jes.),  85  n. 
'  ould  bachilour,'  17. 
Outlaw,  Ro.  (Qu.),  359. 
Owen,  A.  (Chr.),  361. 
Owen,  Hugh  (Job.),  361. 
Owlivhee,  329. 
Oxford  (*  our  aunt"),  252,  378,  .^92 >i., 

394. 
Oxford  race.^,  10. 
'  Oxford  Sau»(ige,'  157. 


430 


INDEX. 


TiiKet,  Mif-H  (Lynn),  321. 

puintinp,  15S. 

Paluv,  W.   (Cln-.),  .'53,  35,   39,  47,  53, 

54,  Of),  75,  70,  105,  121,  122;/.,  123, 

127,  12H,  133  jt.,  151,  238h.,257«., 

374,  37fj. 
Palmer,  J.  (Joh.),  5G,  ?  IGG,  2C6. 
palmer  and  roclde. 
paiurs,  IC),  25G,  345,  348-351,  356. 
paraf^ou  type,  387. 
parcliment,  387. 
Paris,  J.  (Triu.),  26. 
Parker,  S.  [Magd.),  131. 
Parker,  T.     See  Macclesfield. 
Parker,  J.  W.  (printer),  393. 
Parkburst,  J.  (Clare),  71  n.,  165. 
Parldnson,    T.    (Clai\),    74,    76,    257, 

259  »i.,  326  7(. 
parliamentary  debate,  124. 
]iarlour,  36. 

Parr,  S.  (Joh.),  13,  100. 
Parslow,  T.  (Beuet),  363. 
Parsons,  J.  (Ch.  Ch.),  186. 
Parsons,  J.  [Ball.),  222. 
partiality  suspected,  260. 
party  spirit,  291,  298. 
parvis,  135  71.,  216,  217. 
pattens,  173. 
pauperistae,  139. 
'  paving,'  101. 

Peacock,  D.  M.  (Trin.),  321—324. 
Pears,  J.  (Magd.),  375. 
Pearson,  Ben.  (Qu.),  149. 
Pearson,  (King's  and  Trin.),  131. 
Peck,  F.  (Trin.),  158. 
Peck,  J.  (Joh. ),  printer,  393. 
Pegge,  S.  (Job.),  116,  158. 
Pegge,  S.  (Joh.),  161. 
Pelham,  H.  (Benet),  358. 
Pemberton,  Andi-.  (Pet.),  141,  363. 
Pemberton,  Jer.  (Pemb.),  142. 
Pembroke  College,  Oxon.,  15,  156. 
Pembroke  Hall,  Camb.,  3, 15,  73,  89  n., 

128. 
Penneck,  J.  (Trin.  and  Pet.),  360. 
Pennington,  Sir  Is.   (Job.),  172,   173, 

190,  243  n. 
Penny,  Nic.  (Qu.),  386. 
Penrice,  H.  (Trin.  H.),  98. 
PtniT,  J.  (Pet.  ;  Alb.  H.),  370. 
TTivToKoyla.  (Burton  and  Burgess),  94, 

101,  116. 
Pepper,  J.  (Jes.),  375. 
lieppermint-drops,  327. 
Perigall,  J.  G.  (Pet.),  375. 
Perkins,  W.  (Chr.),  133??.. 
Perkins,  ?  W.  (Job.),  385. 
Pern,  Andr.  (Pet.),  319. 
Peterbouse  Cambridge,  3??.,  4??.,  13, 

37,  53  ??.,  58.  62  ?(.,  70,  71,  ^<9,  132, 

133,  149,   151,   157,    ICG,   173,   177, 


198,  199,  207,  319  «.,  321,  343,  352, 

381. 
Peters,  C.  {Ch.  Ch.)  155??. 
Petberam,  J.  159. 
I'ettiward,  J.  (Trin.),  3C0. 
Petty,  W.  (Job.),  175. 
Pbilaletbes,  5n.,  123. 
Pbiloleutberus  Lipsiensis,  388. 
Philips,  Ambr.  (Job.),  157. 
Phillips,  Erasm.  (Pemb.),  15. 
Phillips,  J.  (Job.),  354. 
Phillips,  S.  M.  (Sid.),  15. 
philosopher's   stone,    187,   188,   279— 

284. 
philosophical  society,  Oxon.  175. 
philoso2)bus  resjjoudens,  288. 
philosophy,  65,  254,  299,  322,  331  ??, 
philosophy  (experimental),  193. 
phreuologj',  200. 
physicians'  college,  172,  177. 
physick,  171— iHl,  331. 
physick-fellows,  155,  173,  264. 
phy  sick-gar  den,  205,  209,  210. 
physics,  23,  65,  226,  229,  333. 
pica,  double,  385. 
Piers,  W.  (Emm.),  383  n.,  385. 
Pigott,  ?  (Job.),  356. 
Pilgrun,  J.  (Job.),  363. 
Pilgrim,  Nic.  (printer),  393. 
Pindar,  Jonath.  (printer),  382,  393. 
Pitt,  Chr.  (Xeic  C),  156,  157. 
Pitt,  W.  (Pemb.),  152,  367. 
[Place's]  Complete  Incumbent,  139  ??. 
do  la  Placette,  J.,  131. 
Plato,  12,  115,  121,  131,235??. 
Playfaii-,  J.  (St.  And,,  Ed.),  67,  68  n., 

125. 
Plott,  Eo.  {Magd.  H.),  187  n.,  196. 
plough  monday,  44. 
plucking,  25,  55,  227. 
Plumptre,  H.  (Qu.),  98. 
Plumptre,  Eo.  (Qu.),  36??.,  106,   133, 

390. 
Plumptre,  Eussell  (Qu.),  106?;.,  172, 

183  ??. 
'plus,'  371  n. 

Pococke,  E.  {Corpus),  168. 
poets,  156—158. 
points,  bebrew,  167. 
Poiret,  P.  (Heidelb.  and  Ball.),  131. 
Poisson,  S.  D.,  77. 
poUtical  economy,  151,  152,  367. 
poll,   oi   iroWoi,   38,  46,   56,  58,   116, 

128,  323,  354,  364. 
Polwhele,  E.  (67?.  Ch.),  157. 
'Polymetis'  (Spence's),  158. 
'  Pompey  the  Little,'  183. 
Popbam,  E.  (Oriel), 
Person,  Ei.   (Trin.),  92,   95,  96,    100, 

112—114,  156,  190  ??.,  344  ??. 
Person  type,  392. 


INDEX. 


431 


Portal,  W.  (Job.),  35G. 
Porter,  J.  (printer),  sm. 
Porter,  J.  (Trin.),  IGO. 
'2>0!>ti>i(j  and  dogijiii;/,'  232  ?J. 
Postou,  A.  (Joh.),  355. 
Postlethwaite,  T.  (Triu.),  11,  31G,  350, 

363. 
Potter,  J.  [Univ.),  100. 
Potter,  Ix.  (Emm.),  157. 
Powell,  W.  B.  (Joh.),  11,  70,  71,  215, 

352. 
Powis,  lord  (Joh.),  355,  356. 
prae-elcction,  307. 
praevaricator,  18,  273—287. 
press,  Cambridge  University,  99,  377 — 

393. 
Preston,  W.  (Trin.),  183,  363. 
Pretender,  319. 

Pretyman,  J.  (Pemb.),  36,  152,  360. 
pre\ious  examination,  116. 
Prideaux,  Humf.  (Ch.  Ch.),  267. 
Primatt,  Humf.  (Clare),  359. 
Primatt,  W.  (Sid.),  112. 
printing,  159,  376,  377—393. 
Prior,  Mat.  (Job.),  383. 
priorums  of  Aristotle,  60. 
Pritcbett,  C.  P.  (Job.)  359. 
private  tutors,  259— 2ol,  322,  321. 
prizes,  66,  321. 
'probes  aliter,'  37,  40. 
problems,  49—52,  74. 
•proctors,  i^rofessors  in  moral  pbiloso- 

pby,  123,  363,  364. 
proctor's  man,  34,  37. 
proctors'  optimcs,  30  n.,  57,  58,  358 — 

362. 
professional  education,  171,  191,  255, 

264, 
professorsbips,  262,  263. 
programma,  162,  163,  174,  179,  214, 

254,  255. 
pronunciation,  106 — 112,  149. 
'  propria  quae  maribus,'  100. 
prosody,  105,  106,  110—113. 
Puffendorf,  S.  (Leips. ,  Jena),  121,  116. 
'pulpiteers,'  101 /t. 
Putney,  297. 

Q.  E.  (  =  quaestio  est),  35. 

Q.  S.  (  =  quaestioues  sunt),  35. 

quackeries,  179. 

quadragesima,  16,   19,  22,  32,  61,  62, 

219. 
(jnadraficsimaUa,  Carmlna,  104  h. 
quadratic  equations,  74,  75. 
quadriemiium,  82. 
quadrivials,  quadi-i-\aum,  82,  83,  213, 

235. 
quantity,  105,  106 ;  cp.  235. 
Qurenx  CoUcije,  Oxon.,  117,  124,  150, 

160. 


Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  36  h.,  55, 

71,  90,  173,  188,  197,   198,   203  h., 

212  n.,  313—316,  36.5. 
questionists,  26,  14,  59 — 63. 
questions,  11,  22,  24,  25,  26,  29,  34— 

37,  39,  42,  103  n.,  214  n.,  274,  301. 
'quid  est  Nomen?— Hex? — aes?',  62, 

63. 
Quiutilian,  87,  326  n. 
quiz,  323. 
quodiibets,  220,  232. 

Eadcliffe,  J.  (Univ.,  Line),  155,  209. 
Kamus,  Pet.  (Navarre),  85. 
Kaudall,  J.  (King's),  237. 
Kaudolpb,  J.  (C7i.  C7(.),  157. 
Itansome,  ^Y.  (Caiusj,  363. 
liaper,  J.  (Job.),  360. 
liapbson,  Jos.,  131. 
ratios,  73  n.,  75. 
Eawliusou,  Cbr.  (Qu.),  159. 
KawUnson,  Ki.  (Joh.),  149,  158,  161. 
Eawliusou,  Wa.  (Trin.),  359. 
Eawortb,  B.  C.  (Trin.  H.),  152,  304, 

365. 
Eay,  J.  (Cath.  and  Trin.),  2,  25,  133, 

182  71.,  203,  211 «. 
reading  men,  34,  257. 
'  Eear-Guard,'  57. 
llebow.  Is.  M.  (Trin.),  358,  803. 
'recte  statuit,'  35,  42,  61. 
Eede  lecture,  19. 
Eedesdale,  lord  (New  C),  266  h. 
Eeeve,  J.  (Job.),  361. 
Eeeve,  S.  (Caius),  359. 
regent-walk,  313. 
Eelban,  Ei.  (Trin.),  208,  212  h.,  360, 

390. 
Eeneu,  P.,  289,  290,  309,  310. 
Eeneu,  W.  (Jes.),  289—312. 
respondeat,  34,  364,  371,  373. 
respondent,  34,  288,  363,  364. 
responsal  stall,  22. 
Eeynolds,  ?  H.  (Xfw  C),  149  n. 
rbetoric,  23,  27,  62  n.,  82,  87—89,  337. 
Eiciiardson,  Alex.  (Benet),  151  h. 
llicbardson,  Alex.  (Pet.),  363. 
Eicbardsou,  W.  (Emm.),  158. 
Eicbmond,  Legb,  (Trin.),  362. 
Eider,  Edm.  (Emm.),  363. 
Eideout,  J.  (Jes.),  361. 
Eiley,  Ei.  (Job.),  373,  374. 
ring,  275  n. 

Eobertson,  Barry  (Job.),  361. 
Eobertsou,  Ja.  (<^".),  155  n. 
Eobinson,  Betbel  (Cbr.).  3f>0. 
llobinson,  G.  (Trin.),  358,  363. 
Eobinson,  M.  (Joii.),  57  h. 
Eobinson,    T.    (Trin.),     30  h.,    73  n., 

344  ;i.,  346. 
Eobinson,  T.  (Job.),  301. 


4:}2 


INDKX. 


Koilciick,  C.  (Kint^''-),  :!<>• 
lloducy,  G.  ]jryil>;c's,  H'i?. 
lioliiinlt's  rbybics,   IH,    G7,   1:^2,   298, 

h:^:j,  380. 
rolliiiR-iiress,  38fi. 
llomilly,  Jos.  (Triu.),  63. 
Boss,  G.,  327. 
Eoss,  J.  (.loll.),  95. 
rostiiuu,  102.     See  'box.' 
Bonsi',  J.  (King's),  359. 
Eouth,  Mart.  Jos.  {Maqd.),  12. 
lioval  Society,  175,  17(;,  194,  195. 
Rulmken,  Dav.  (Lcyd.),  93— 9(5,  100. 
llussel,  Bort.  (Triii.),  359. 
Rust,  G.  of  Gamb.,  132. 
Kustat,  Tobias  (Jes.),  291,  29G. 
Riitberfonl,  T.  (Job.)  G7,  77. 
Hymer,  T.  (SiJ.),  35».,  132. 

Sadler,  or  Sadlcir,  lady,  72. 
Sanderson,  Ant.  (Clare),  363. 
Sanderson,  or  Saiuiderson,  Nic.  (Cbr.), 

11,  25,  50,  66—70,  133. 
Sanderson,  J.  (Douay),  84  n. 
Sanderson,  J.  (Clare),  363. 
Sanderson,   Eo.     {Line),   Sin.    85»)., 

121,  132,  133,  134,  257. 
Sandwieb,  lord  (Triu.),  238,  204. 
Sandys,  Edwin  (Wadli.),  204. 
Sandys,  Fr.  (Cauab.),  185)/. 
vau    Santen,  L.   (Amst.   and    Lcyd. ), 

93. 
sashes,  387. 
'  satis  et  optimfe,'  38. 
Saunders,  W.  (IVadh.),  149  h. 
Saunderson.     See  Sanderson. 
Savile,  sir  H.  {Mert.),  72. 
saxou,  158 — 161. 

Scarlett,  Ja.  lord  Abiuger  (Trin.).  15. 
schemes,  11,  221  n.,  230. 
scholarships,  343,  344,  346. 
Schomberg,  Is.  (Trin.),  172. 
schools,    22—43,    60,    140,    228—233, 

306,  321,  322,  335. 
schools,  public,  76,  100—105. 
Schuldham,  Fr.  (Caius),  324. 
Scliulteu,  H.  A.  (Leyd.  and  0.vo)i.)  93, 

164  II.,  170. 
'  Scipios,'  57. 
Scott,  Alex.  J.  (Job.),  361. 
Scott,  J.,  lord  Eldou  (Univ.),  222  n. 
Scott,   Sir  W.,  lord   Stowell,   (Corpus 

and  Univ.),  12,  148. 
scribbling-paper,  323. 
Sc-urtield,  G.  (Job.),  359. 
Sedgwick,   A.    (Trin.),    121?(.,    192;;., 

198. 
Seelev,  G.  (bookseller),  393  n. 
Stlden,  J.  (Hart  H.),  132. 
senate-house,    6,    7,    25,    26.  44—55, 
Co,  323 ;  gallery,  54,  69. 


Senhousc,    Hunif.    (Cbr.    and    I'eni), 

363. 
'  Sei)teravirate,'  57. 
Seton's  logic,  85. 
'  Seven  Wise  Men,'  '  Seven  Wonders,' 

57. 
Sewell,  W.  (Cbr.).  373,  374. 
Sbadwell,  Lane.  (Job.),  265  n. 
Shaftesbury,  A.  A.  C,  121. 
Sharp,  J.  (Cbr.),  132. 
'  Shavius,'  94,  168. 
Shaw,  G.  (Maiid.),  111. 
Shaw,  T.  (Magd.),  94. 
Shaw,  T.  (Qu.  and  Kdm.  11.),  155,  168. 
Sbeeles,  Ja.  (Trin.),  268  ;/. 
Sheepshanks,  T.  (Job.),  354. 
Sheustoue,  W.  (Pemb.),  157. 
Shepbeard,  ?  (Line),  287. 
Shepherd,  Ant.  (Job.  and  Clir.),  238  »., 

240,  244,  327. 
Sherard  or  Sherwood,  W.  (Joli.),  206. 

209. 
Sherman,  E.  (Clare),  364. 
Shers,  Pet.  (printer),  393. 
Sherwill,  ?  T.  (Chr.),  385. 
Shrewesburv,  101  h. 
Shilleto,  Ei".   (Trin.  and  Pet.),  41,  42, 

392. 
Shnckford,  S.  (Caius),  363. 
Sibert,   or  Siberch,  J.   (printer),   378, 

393. 
Sibthorp,  Humf.  (Magd.),  204. 
Sibthorp,  J.  (Line,   Unic),  204,  207, 

155  H. 
Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  15. 
Sigean  inscription,  155. 
Sike,  H.  (Trin.),  165. 
Simons,  Nic.  (Chr.  &  Clare),  360. 
Simson,  Eo.,  50,  72  h. 
singing,  235 — 240. 
slave-trade,  128,  376. 
Sleep,  Ant.  (Triu.),  288;;. 
Sloaue,  sir-   Hans    (Oxon.),   17 o,    195, 

207. 
smallpox,  316. 
Smiglecius,  86. 
Smith,  Adam  (Ball),  152. 
Smith,  Edm.  (Magd.  and  0.von.),  359. 
Smith,  J.  (Qu.),  132. 
Smith,  J.  (Job.),  363. 
Smith,  J.  (Caius),  327. 
Smith,  J.  (?  Job.),  160. 
Smith,  J.  (printer),  393. 
Smith,  sen.  (Job.),  355,  356. 
Smith,  sir  J.  E.,  212. 
Smith,  Eo.  (Trin.),  27,  49,  67,  236.  260, 

345. 
Smith,  Svdnov  (Xeiv  C),  13  n. 
Smith,  T.  (Qii.),  106—138. 
Smithsou,  T.  (Emm.),  321,  324. 
cinoah-  (i.e.  smock-)  race,  10. 


INDEX. 


433 


smoking,  299,  305. 

Smoult,  T.  (Joh. ),  385. 

'  smugglers,'  101  n. 

Smyth,  W.  (Pet.),  148 «.,  151,  19'J. 

'  solidus  antjuhm,'  224. 

S.  merset,  C.  duke  of,  383,  384. 

Somerville,  W.  {New  C),  157. 

sons,  60.     See  'father.' 

'  sooty-fellows,'  55. 

soph,  junior,  (sophista),  298,  299. 

Sophocles,  325  Ji.,  355. 

sophs,  26,  62,  354. 

sophs  schools,  60. 

South,  E.  {Ch.  Ch.),  175,  194. 

Southern,  T.  (Pemh.),  157. 

Southey,  Eo.  (Ball.),  157. 

S.  P.  C.  K.  and  S.  P.  G.,  2. 

Spanheim,  Ez.  (Genev.),  99. 

Spanish,  326,  327. 

Spearman,  Jac.  (Pet.),  3?;. 

Spelman,  Sir  H.  (Triu.),  159. 

Spelman,  lloger,  159. 

Spence,  Jos.   {New  C),  72,  149,   157, 

158. 
Speryug,  Nic.  (printer),  378,  393. 
spinuet,  237  «. 

Spmoza,  Beuet  (Amst.),  121,  132. 
Squire,  S.  (Joh.),  160,  161. 
Stackhouse,  Nat.  (Joh.),  361. 
'  standing-up,'  101. 
Stanger,  Edm.  (Joh.),  375. 
Stanhope  presses,  392. 
Stanley,  Ja.  (Pet.),  375. 
statutes,  30. 

Steele,  sir  Ei.  (Mert.),  87. 
Stephens,  Ja.  {Corpus),  155  ??. 
Stephens,  J.  (Camb.),  238. 
Stephens,  L.  P.  (Pemb.),  361. 
Stephens,  P.,  327. 
Stephens,  Ei.  (All  S.),  99  h. 
Stephens'  Thesaurus,  388. 
Stephenson,  Josh.  (Joh.),  154  ii. 
Stevenson,  W.  (Joh.),  359. 
Stewart,  Dugald  (Edinb.,  Glasg.),  76. 
Stillingfleet,  Ben.  (Triu.),  207. 
Stillingfleet,  Ed.  (Job.),  132. 
'stool.'    See  'bachelor'  and  'tripos,' 
Stowell,  see  Scott. 
'strings,'  36  H.,  221,  223,  228  h. 
Strong,  W.  (Triu.),  359. 
Slrutt,  S.  (Mert.),  132. 
Strymesius    (Erankft.    on   Odor),   98, 

99  71. 
Strype,  Hester,  292—294  n. 
Strype,  J.  (Jes.  and  Cath.),  158,  289— 

312. 
Stubbs,  H.  (Trin.),  347. 
Student  or  U.r ford  [and Camb.]  Monthly 

Miscellany,"  97,  167,  1H5,  247. 
Student's  Guides,  330—337,  338—342, 

347,  348. 

W. 


Sturm,  J.  Chr.  (Altd.),  99  u. 

subscrii)tion,  24,  54,  59. 

'  suicidium,'  42. 

'  Suitors  of  the  Muses,'  57. 

sui)plicat,  59,  61. 

surgery,  171,  172. 

Sutton,  C.  Manners  (Emm.),  154  ;/. 

suspension,  356  ii. 

Swinburne,  H.  '  On  Testaments,'  143. 

Swinden,  Tob.  (Jes.),  132. 

Sykes,  A.  Ashley,  (Benet),  165. 

Sykes,  Godf.  (Sid.),  375. 

syllabus,  75. 

syllogism,  35,  39. 

Symouds,   J.   (Joh.  and  Pet.),  148 »., 

150,  151. 
Symonds,  J.  (Joh.),  363. 
syuaphea,  112. 

Tacquet's  Euclid,  13. 

'  take  off  an  argimient,'  37,  42. 

Talbot,  Ja.  (Trin.),  383  n.,  385. 

Tamehameha,  329. 

'  tam  moribus  quam  doctrina,'  60  h. 

Tanner,  T.  (Qu.  and  All  S.),  158. 

tar-water,  175. 

Tasker,  W.  (E.ron.),  157. 

Tatham,  E.  (Qu.,  Line),  8o7i. 

Tavel,  G.  F.  (Triu.),  375. 

Taylor,  Brook  (Job.),  243  >i. 

Tavlor,  Jer.  (Cains),  121,  132,  133. 

Taylor,  J.  (Joh.),  383. 

tea-parties  (act's),  36;  cf.  52,  275,  321. 

tee-totum,  54. 

Templer,  J.  (Trin.),  132. 

Tennaut,  Smithson  (Emm.),  151,  193, 

199. 
Terence,  12,  13,  78,  83,  383. 
term,  322. 
term-trotters,  233. 
terrae-filiiis,  274,  278,  288. 
testamur,  227. 
testimonium,  230,  231. 
thea,  310. 

Theatre  Coffee-House,  314. 
themes,  347,  348. 
Theology,  162,  171,  331—336. 
theses,  35,  37,  88,  306. 
'thin,  perhaps  Turkish,'  164  h. 
Thirlby,  Styan,  (Jes.), 
Thistlethwaite,  Eo.  (Job.),  363. 
Thomas  Thomasius  (printer),  379,  393. 
Thornhill,  J.  (Job.),  354. 
Thornton,  Bounel  (Ch.  Ch.),  156. 
Thorp,  Eo.  (Pet.),  71. 
Thwaites,  E.  (Qu.),  159,  160. 
Tickell,  T.  (Qu.),  157. 
'  tigcUis  paludinosis,*  288. 
Tighe,  T.  (.Toll.,  Pet.),  354. 
Tillotson,  J.  (Clare),  35  ».,  132. 
Tilyaid,  Eo.  (Caius),  359. 

28 


4:34 


INDEX. 


Tyndiil,  N.  C.  (Triii.),  205  n. 

Titley,  Wa.  (Triii.), 

Tivortou  school,  102. 

TotlLimter,  Jos.  (Qii.),  159, 

'togatae,'  31-1. 

Tomliiic,  J.  [Prctyman]  (Pomb.),  30?;., 

152,  3(50. 
Touson,  Jacob,  385. 
toriacall,  298. 
Torriauo,  C.  (Tiin.),  IGG. 
Totty,  J.  (Wore),  149 n. 
Toiip,    Jouath.    (Eocon. ;    Pemb.    H. ), 

93  II.,  94:. 
Towers,  Johnson  (Qu.),  3G1. 
town  and  gown,  313. 
Townsend,  S.  (Jes.),  161,  298. 
Towusheud,  J.  (Joh.),  355. 
translators,  157. 
Trapp,  Jos.  (U'adh.),  157. 
travelling-fellowshijjs,  154,  155,  2G4. 
treats,  36  n. ,  302. 
Tremenheere,  W.  (Pemb.),  157. 
Treuchard,  ?  (Jes,),  291,  292,  296. 
trieuuium,  82,  219. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  2,  3,  13 — • 

15,  21,  25,  62  n.,  67,  240—245,  313, 

316,  343—351. 
Trinity   Hall,    Cambridge,    13,    34  n., 

138  H.,  139  ».,  255  ?(. 
tripos,  16—21,  44,  103,  261,  323. 
tripos,  mathematical,  17. 
'  Triumph  of  Duhiess,'  261  n. 
trivials,  trivium,  82,  83. 
'  Tschies  CoUedge,'  3. 
Tudway,  T.  (Khig's),  298. 
Tm-key,  155. 

Tm-ner,  Jos.  (Pemb.),  73. 
Turner,  Shallot  (Pet.),  150. 
Tiu-uer,  Sharon,  161. 
Turner,  W.  (Chr.),  375.     . 
turret-staircase,  317. 
Turton,  .J.  (Qa.),  155  «. 
tutor,  11,   12,  258  n.,  259—262,  290- 

293  H.,    295,    313,    315,    330,    331, 

353  n. 
Tweddell,  J.  (Trin.),  20?;.,  101  h. 
Twells,  J.  (Emm.),  359. 
'  Twelve  Judges,'  57. 
Twigger,  Jos.  (Oath.),  361. 
Twyford  school,  102  n. 
Tyrwhitt,  E.  (Cath.),  364. 
Tyi-whitt,  Eo.  (Jes.),  93,  94. 
Tyson,  Mich.  (Benet),  158. 

von  Uffenbach,  Zach.  C,  2—5,  9—11, 

71. 
Uiiirersity    College,    Oxou.,  127,    155, 

222  n. 
universitv  church,  304. 
Uri,  J.,  170. 
Urry,  J.  (Ch.  Ch.),  153. 


vacation,  306,  .322. 

Vachell,  J.  (Pemb.),  361. 

Vancouver,  Capt".,  327. 

varier.     See  '  praevaricator.' 

'  varying,'  105. 

Vaughan,C.  K.  {Mert.&ndAllS.),  155n. 

VeUy,  T.  (Qu.),  149  n. 

vepers,  uesperiae.     See  '  comitia.' 

Verelst,  A.  C.  (Clare),  152. 

Vernon,  W.  (Pet.),  154,  207. 

verse  comijosition,  103 — 106, 113 — 115, 

344. 
'verte  canem  ex,'  41. 
Vigani,  J.  F.,  173,  188. 
Villiers,  J.  C.  (Job.),  356. 
Vince,  S.  (Caius),  74,  75,  77,  193,  244, 

250,  251,  254,  320,  326. 
Viuerian  i:)rofessor,  143,  144. 
Virgil,  325  n.,  383  n. 
uiua  uoce  examination,  117,  224,  256, 

344—346. 
Vivian,  J.  (Ball),  149. 
'vortices,'  cartesian,  (J8n.,  125 /(.,  241. 
Voskins,  widow,  387. 
'  vulgus,'  104. 

Wace,  H.  (Job.),  91  n. 
WacUtam  Colleqe,  Oxen.  175. 
Wagstaff,  T.  (Chr.),  359. 
Wake,  Is.  {Mert),  288  n. 
Wake,  J.  (Jes.),  268  n. 
Wake,  T.  (Caius),  288. 
Wakefield  school,  101  n. 
Wakefield,  G.  (Trin.),  313. 
Wakefield,  Gil.  (Jes.),  57,  58,  74,  100, 

113,  157,  167,  391. 
Wakefield,  Ko.  (Camb.  and  O.roH.),  379. 
AValdegi-ave,  T.  {:\lagd.),  12. 
Walker,  Chr.  (Qu.),  363. 
Walker,  Ei.  (Trin.),  132,  208,  210 »., 

211,  245. 
Walkiugham  (arith.),  76. 
Wall,  Adam  (Chr.),  358. 
Wallace,  T.  (Benet),  361. 
2raU-lecture.%  10,  185,  220,  232. 
Waller,  J.  (Benet),  188. 
Wallis,  J.  (Qu.  and  E.ron.),  65,  172  »., 

175. 
Walter,  P.  (Clare),  368. 
Walton,  Brian  (Magd.   and   Pet.   and 

O.ron.),  163. 
Wauley,  Humf.  (Univ.),  7,  158,  159, 

160. 
Ward,  Eo.  Plumcr  {Ch.  Ch.),  266  n. 
Ward,  Seth  (Sid.  and  Trin.),  132,  175. 
Warmg,  E.  (Magd.),  31,  46,  70,  74,  77, 

183,  323,  327,  390. 
Warton  Jos.  {Oriel),  101,  156. 
Warton,  T.  {Mogd.),  157. 
Warton,  T.  {Trin.),  87,  148,  156,  157. 
Wasse,  Jos.  (Qu.),  96,  97. 


INDEX. 


435 


Watei-land,  Dan.  (Magd  ),  10,  11,  330. 

(Advice  to  a  Youug  Studeut),  xii.  //., 

40G. 
Watson,  G.  (Trin.),  360. 
Watson,  Jos.  (Sid.),  371,  373,  374,  375. 
Watsou,  Ki.  (Trin.),  31,  35,  77  «.,  106, 

183,  18'J,  190,  260,  352  n. 
Watts,  Is.,  132. 

Watts,  J.  Stauhawe  (Gains),  300. 
Watts,  E.  (printer),  386  n.,  392,  393. 
Wangh,  J.  (Cbr.),  363. 
Webb,  W.,  (Clare),  174,  892. 
Webster,  W.  (Caius),  132. 
weigh-goes,  387. 
Weldon,  J.  (Neiv  C),  238. 
Wells  oriliuation  examination,  317, 318. 
Wentwortb's  '  Executor,'  143. 
Wesley,  C.  (Chr.),  35«.,  37,  39,  87. 
Wesley,  J.  (Line),  175,  223  «.,  337. 
Wesley,  S.  {Ch.  Ch.)  102,  156. 
West,  Gil.  {Ch.  Ch.),  149  «.,  157. 
West,  ?  T.  (Ex.,  Mert.),  172. 
Westminster  school,  27, 101—105, 102, 

347. 
Wetstein,  J.  Ja.  (Amst.),  387. 
Wbateley,  Ki.  {Oriel  and  Alh.  II.),  86. 
Wbear,  Deg.  {E.von.),  25. 
Wheeler,  Ben.  {Magd.),  157. 
Wheelocke,    Abr.    (Trin.    and   Clare), 

159,  163. 
Wlieler,  C.  (Clare),  363. 
Wheler,  G.  {Luic),  156. 
Whewell,  W.  (Trm.),  41  n.,  43,  67. 
Whinn,  Mat.  (Job.),  printer,  393. 
Wbisson,  Steph.  (Trin.)  346,  347,  353. 
Whistler,  J.  {Maqd.  II.),  149  h. 
Whiston,    W.   (Clare),   11  n.,    25,    67, 

242,  245,  308,  320  n. 
Whitaker,  T.  (Emm.),  301. 
Whitby,  Dan.  (Trin.),  35  n.,  132. 
Whitcher,  G.  (Pemb.),  300. 
White,  H.  Kirke  (Job.),  88. 
White,  Jos.  (midh.),  170. 
Whitehead,  W.  (Clare),  157. 
Whiter,  Wa.  (Clare),  90,  300. 
Whittield,  J.  {Ch.  Ch.),  158. 
Whitgift,  abp.  J.  (Pemb.,  Pet.,  Trin.), 

379. 
Wilkins,  Dav.  (D.D.),  138  n.,  100,  103, 

104,  nOn.,  175. 
Wilkins,    J.    {Xcw    Iini,    Magd.    II., 

Wadh.  and  Trin.),  132. 
Wilkinson,  (Joh.),  354. 
Williams,  H.  (Trin.),  300. 
Willis,  Browne  {Ch' Ch.),  158. 
Willis,  T.  (Job.),  354. 
Willugbby,  Fr.  (Trin.),  182  n. 
Wilson,  Chr.  (Sid.),  301. 
Wilson,  Dan.  {Edm.  II.),  223—227. 
Wilson,  F.  C.  (Trin.),  375. 
Wilson,  J.  (Pet.),  31,  70,  100,  142. 


Wilson,  J.  (Trin.),  268  n.,  ?313;j. 

Wilson,  Mat.  (Trin.),  361,  371,  374. 

Wilson,  T.  (Trin.),  106. 

Winchester  school,  12, 101,104, 236,238. 

wines,  36, 

Wingtield,  T.  (Job.),  321,  362. 

Winstanley,  T.  {Hertf.),  94. 

Wise,  Fr.  (Trin.),  160. 

Wish,  Ei.  (Trin.),  360. 

wits,  156,  157. 

Wittenberg,  99. 

Woaboo,  329. 

Wollaston,  C.  H.  (Sid.),  275. 

Wollaston,  F.  (Sid.),  250,  251. 

Wollaston,  G.  (Clare),  361. 

Wollaston,  G.  (Sid.,  Qu.),  71. 

WoUaston,  F.  J.  H.  (Trin.  H.  and  Sid.), 

190,  193,  194,  244,  255,  371,  374. 
WoUaston,  H.  J.  (Sid.  and  King's),  362. 
Wollaston,  W.  (Sid.),  132,  370. 
Wollaston,  W.  H.  (Caius),  193. 
Wolsey,  T.  cardinal,  379. 
Wood,  A.  (Magd.),  374. 
Wood,  Ja.  (Job.),  30,  74,  75,  70,  323. 
Wood,  T.  {Xew  C),  138,  142. 
Woodcock,  T.  (Sid.  and  Cath.),  375. 
Woodds,  03. 
wooden-spoon,  50. 
Woodeson,  Ei.  {Magd.),  144. 
Woodford,  W.  {Neiu  C),  185. 
Woodhouse,  Eo.  (Cai.),  76. 
WoodhuU,  Mich.  {Litic),  157. 
Woodward,  J.,  196,  197. 
Wordsworth,  Chr.  (Trin.),  75,  255,  354. 
Wordsworth,  J.  (Trin.),  97«.,  165. 
Wordsworth,  W.  (Job.),  75,  153,  157. 
Worsley,  sir  E.  benefactor,  9. 
Worthington,  benefactor,  9. 
Worts,  W.  (Caius),  7  n.,  154,  303,  344  ; 

(travelling  bachelors,  154  h.,  304). 
Wotton,  W.  (Job.),  97,  160. 
Wrangbam,    Fr.    (Magd.,    Trin.     H., 

Trin.  C),  20  n.,  142  «.,  255  h. 
wi-anglers,  33,  48,  49,  55,  73,  321—323, 

362. 
Wright,  ?  W.  (Job.),  354. 
Wright,  J.  (Chr.),  359. 
Wyatt,  {Ch.  Ch.  and  S.  Marij  II.),  99. 
Wycherley,  J.  (Qu.  and  Sid.),  359. 
Wyudbam,  G.  (Wadh.),  149  «. 
Wynne,  J.  (./<'.s.),  126. 
Wyntlc,  Eo.  (Mert.),  155;;. 
Wyttenbach,  Dan.  (Leydeu),  93—90. 
Wyvill,  J.  (Trin.),  98. 

Yalden,  T.  (Magd.  C),  157. 

Yardley,  J.  (Trin.),  188  h. 

Young,  P.  (Trin.),  27. 

Young,  T.  (Emm.  and  Gott.)  00,  178  ». 

Zouch,  T.  (Trin.),  31,  57,  317. 


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